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Title: Early English Alliterative Poems
       in the West-Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth Century

Author: Various

Editor: Richard Morris

Release Date: October 19, 2009 [EBook #30282]

Language: English

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[Transcriber's Note:

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The book has been separated into six independent units, set off by
triple rows of asterisks:

  [1] Introductory Material
  [2] The Pearl
  [3] Cleanness
  [4] Patience
  [5] Glossarial Index (excluding Postscript)
  [6] Collected Sidenotes (section added by transcriber: editor's
    sidenotes can be read as a condensed version of full text)

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  Early English

  Alliterative Poems

  in the

  West-Midland Dialect

  of the

  Fourteenth Century


  Edited From
  The Unique Manuscript
  British Museum MS. Cotton
  Nero A. x

  by

  Richard Morris


  _Published for_
  THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY
  _by the_
  OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
  London  New York  Toronto




  First Published 1864
  Second Edition 1869
  Reprinted (1869 Version) 1965


  Original Series, No. 1

  Originally Printed by Stephen Austin, Hertford
  and now Reprinted Lithographically in Great Britain
  at the University Press, Oxford
  by Vivian Ridler, Printer to the University




CONTENTS

[List added by transcriber. Items in brackets do not have headers in the
body text, but were treated as subsections for grouping footnotes.]

  Preface
    [Introduction to _The Pearl_]
    [Introduction to _Cleanness_]
    [Introduction to _Patience_]
    [General Introduction]
    Remarks Upon the Dialect and Grammar
    Grammatical Details
      I. Nouns
      II. Adjectives
      III. Pronouns
      IV. Verbs
      V. Adverbs
      VI. Prepositions
      VII. Conjunctions
  Description of the Manuscript
  Contractions Used in the Glossary

  The Pearl
  Cleanness
  Patience

  Notes [distributed among the three poems]
  Glossarial Index




PREFACE.


The following poems are taken from a well known manuscript in the
Cottonian collection, marked Nero A. x, which also contains, in the same
handwriting and dialect, a metrical romance,[1] wherein the adventures
of Sir Gawayne with the "Knight in Green," are most ably and
interestingly described.

Unfortunately nothing can be affirmed with any certainty concerning the
authorship of these most valuable and interesting compositions. The
editor of "Syr Gawayn and the Green Knight" considers that Huchowne, a
supposed[2] Scotch _maker_ of the fourteenth century, has the best
claims to be recognised as the author, inasmuch as he is specially
referred to by Wyntown as the writer of the _Gret gest of Arthure_ and
the _Awntyre of Gawayne_.

I do not think that any certain conclusions are to be drawn from the
Scotch historian's assertion. It is well known that more versifiers than
one during the fourteenth century attempted romance composition in the
English language, having for their theme the knightly deeds of Arthur or
Sir Gawayne. These they compiled from French originals, from which they
selected the most striking incidents and those best suited to an
Englishman's taste for the marvellous. We are not surprised, then, at
finding so many romance poems treating of the exploits of the same hero,
and laying claim to be considered as original productions. In Scotland,
Huchowne's works might no doubt have been regarded as the standard
romances of the period, but that they were the only English _gests_ is
indeed very doubtful.

The Early English alliterative romance, entitled the _Morte Arthure_,
published from a manuscript in Lincoln Cathedral by Mr. Halliwell,[3] is
considered by Sir F. Madden to be the veritable _gest of Arthure_
composed by Huchowne. An examination of this romance does not lead me to
the same conclusion, unless Huchowne was a Midland man, for the poem is
not written in the old Scotch dialect,[4] but seems to have been
originally composed in one of the Northumbrian dialects spoken _South_
of the Tweed.[5]

The manuscript from which Mr. Halliwell has taken his text is not the
original copy, nor even a literal transcript of it. It exhibits certain
orthographical and grammatical peculiarities unknown to the Northumbrian
dialect which have been introduced by a Midland transcriber, who has
here and there taken the liberty to adapt the original text to the
dialect of his own locality, probably that one of the North Midland
counties, where many of the Northumbrian forms of speech would be
intelligible.[6]

A comparison of the Arthurian romance with the following poems throws no
light whatever upon the authorship of the poems. The dialect of the two
works is altogether different, although many of the terms employed are
common to both, being well known over the whole of the North of England.
The grammatical forms (the best test we can have) in the poems are quite
distinct from those in the _Morte Arthure_, and of course go far to
prove that they do not proceed from the pen of the same writer.

The Editor of "Syr Gawayn and the Green Knight" acknowledges that the
poems in the present volume, as now preserved to us in the manuscript,
are not in the Scottish dialect, but he says "there is sufficient
internal evidence of their being _Northern_,[7] although the manuscript
containing them appears to have been written by a scribe of the Midland
counties, which will account for the introduction of forms differing
from those used by writers beyond the Tweed."

Now, with regard to this subsequent transcription of the poems from the
Scotch into a Midland dialect,--it cannot be said to be improbable, for
we have abundant instances of the multiplication of copies by scribes of
different localities, so that we are not surprised at finding the works
of some of our popular Early English writers appearing in two or three
forms; but, on the other hand, a comparison of the original copy with
the _adapted transcriptions_, or even the reading of a transcribed copy,
always shows how the author's productions have suffered by the change.
Poetical works, especially those with final rhymes, of course undergo
the greatest amount of transformation and depreciation. The changes
incident upon the kind of transcription referred to are truly
surprising, and most perplexing to those who make the subject of Early
English _dialects_ a matter of investigation.

But, in the present poems, the uniformity and consistency of the
grammatical forms is so entire, that there is indeed no internal
evidence of subsequent transcription into any other dialect than that in
which they were originally written. However, the dialect and grammatical
peculiarities will be considered hereafter.

Again, in the course of transcription into another dialect, any literary
merit that the author's copy may have originally possessed would
certainly be destroyed. But the poems before us are evidently the work
of a man of birth and education; the productions of a true poet, and of
one who had acquired a perfect mastery over that form of the English
tongue spoken in his own immediate locality during the earlier part of
the fourteenth century. Leaving out of consideration their great
philological worth, they possess an intrinsic value of their own as
literary compositions, very different from anything to be found in the
works of Robert of Gloucester, Manning, and many other Early English
authors, which are very important as philological records, but in the
light of poetical productions, cannot be said to hold a very
distinguished place in English literature. The poems in the present
volume contain many passages which, as Sir F. Madden truly remarks, will
bear comparison with any similar ones in the works of Douglas or
Spenser.

I conclude, therefore, that these poems were not transcribed from the
Scotch dialect into any other, but were written in their own
West-Midland speech in which we now have them.

Mr. Donaldson, who is now editing for the Early English Text Society the
Troy Book, translated from Guido di Colonna, puts forward a plea for
Huchowne as its author, to whom he would also assign the _Morte Arthure_
(ed. Perry) and the Pistel of Sweet Susan.[8] But Mr. Donaldson seems to
have been misled by the similarity of vocabulary, which is not at all a
safe criterion in judging of works written in a Northumbrian, West or
East Midland speech. The dialect, I venture to think, is a far safer
test. A careful examination of the Troy Book compels me to differ in
toto from Mr. Donaldson, and, instead of assigning the Troy Book to a
Scotchman, say that it cannot even be claimed, in its present form, by
any Northumbrian south of the Tweed; moreover, it presents no appearance
of having been tampered with by one unacquainted with the dialect,
though it has perhaps been slightly modernised in the course of
transcription.

The work is evidently a genuine West-Midland production,[9] having most
of the peculiarities of vocabulary and inflexions that are found in
these _Alliterative Poems_.[10] I feel greatly inclined to claim this
English Troy Book as the production of the author of the _Alliterative
Poems_; for, leaving out identical and by no means common expressions,
we find the same power of description,[11] and the same tendency to
inculcate moral and religious truths on all occasions where an
opportunity presents itself.[12] Without dwelling upon this topic, which
properly falls to the Editor of the Troy Book, it may not be out of
place to ask the reader to compare the following description of a storm
from the Troy Book, with that selected from the present volume on pp. 14
and 18.


A TEMPEST ON ŽE SEE.

    There a tempest _hom_ toke on že torres hegh:--
    A _rak_ and a royde wynde rose in _hor_ saile,
    A myst & a _merkenes_ was mervell to se;
    With a _routond_ rayn ruthe to be-holde,
    Thonr{et}[13] full _throly_ with a thicke haile;
    With a leuenyng light as a _low_ fyre,
    Blas{et} all the brode see as it bren wold.
    The flode with a felle cours flow{et} on hepis,
    Rose uppon rockes as any _ranke_ hylles.
    So wode were the waghes & že wilde _ythes_,
    All was like to be lost žat no lond hade
    The ship ay shot furth o že _shire waghes_,
    As qwo clymbe at a clyffe, or a clent[14] hille.
    Eft _dump_ in the depe as all drowne wolde.
    Was no _stightlyng_ with stere ne no stithe ropes,
    Ne no sayle, žat might serue for _unsound_ wedur.
  But all the buernes in the bote, as _hom_ best liked,
  Besoght unto sainttes & to sere goddes; (p. 65)


A STORME ON THE SE.

  All the company enclin{et} cair{yn} to ship;
  Cach{yn} in cables, knyt up _hor_ ancres,
  Sesit vp _hor_ sailes in a sad hast;
  _Richet_ žere rapes, rapit unto see.
  Hokit out of hauyn, all the hepe somyn,
  _Hade bir at hor bake_, blawen to že depe;
  Sail{yn} forthe _soberly_, somyn but a while,
  Noght fyftene forlong fairly to the end.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  When sodenly the softe aire _unsoberly_ rose;
  The cloudis overcast, _claterrit_ aboute;
  Wyndes full wodely _walt_ up the ythes;
  Wex _merke_ as the mydnighte mystes full thicke:
  Thunret in the _thestur throly_ with all;
  With a _launchant laite_ lightonyd the water;
  And a _ropand_ rayne _raiked_ fro the heuyn.
  The storme was full stithe with mony stout windes,
  Hit _walt_ up the wilde se vppon wan hilles.
  The ffolke was so ferd, that _on flete_ were,
  All drede for to drowne with dryft of the se;
  And in perell were put all the proude kynges. --(p. 150.)

    [Footnote 1: Edited by Sir Frederic Madden for the Bannatyne Club,
    under the title of "Syr Gawayn and the Grene Kny[gh]t," and by me
    for the Early English Text Soc., 1865.]

    [Footnote 2: Wyntown nowhere asserts that Huchowne is a
    Scotchman.]

    [Footnote 3: Edited for E. E. T. Soc. by Rev. G. G. Perry, M.A.]

    [Footnote 4: This is evident from the following particulars:--

    I. In old Scotch manuscripts we find the guttural _gh_ (or [gh])
    represented by _ch_; thus, _aght_, _laght_, _saght_, _wight_, are
    the English forms which, in the Scotch orthography, become _aucht_
    (owed), _laucht_ (seized), _saucht_ (peace), _wicht_ (active). It
    is the former orthography, however, that prevails in the Morte
    Arthure.

    II. We miss the Scotch use of (1) _-is_ or _-ys_, for _-es_ or
    _-s_, in the plural number, and of possessive cases of nouns, and
    in the person endings of the present tense indicative mood of
    verbs; (2) _-it_ or _-yt_, for _-ed_ or _-d_, in the preterites or
    passive participles of regular verbs.

    III. There is a total absence of the well-known Scotch forms
    _begouth_ (began), _sa_ (so), _sic_ (such), _throuch_, _thorow_
    (through). Instead of these _bigan_, _so_, _syche_, _thrughe_
    (_thurgh_) are employed. See Preface to Hampole's Pricke of
    Conscience, pp. vii, viii.]

    [Footnote 5: This is shown by the frequent employment of _-es_ as
    the person ending of the verb in the present tense, plural number.
    The corresponding Southern verbal inflexion _-eth_ _never_ occurs;
    while the Midland _-en_ is only occasionally met with in the third
    person plural present, and has been introduced by a later copyist.
    There are other characteristics, such as the predominance of words
    containing the A.S. long _a_; as _hame_ (home), _stane_ (stone),
    _thra_ (bold), _walde_ (would), etc.; the frequent use of _thir_
    (these), _tha_ (the, those), etc.]

    [Footnote 6: The peculiarities referred to do not appear to be
    owing to the copyist of the Lincoln manuscript (Robert de
    Thornton, a native of Oswaldkirk in Yorkshire), who, being a
    Northumbrian, would probably have restored the original readings.
    The non-Northumbrian forms in the Morte Arthure are-- 1. The
    change of _a_ into _o_, as _bolde_ for _balde_, _bote_ for _bate_,
    _one_ for _ane_, _honde_ for _hande_, _londe_ for _lande_;
    2. _they_, _theyre_, _them_, _theym_, for _thay_, _thaire_,
    _tham_; 3. _gayliche_, _kindliche_, _semlyche_, etc., for _gayly_,
    _kindly_, _seemly_, etc. (the termination _lich_, _liche_, was
    wholly unknown to the Northumbrian dialect, being represented by
    _ly_ or _like_); 4. _churle_, _churche_, _iche_, _mache_, _myche_,
    _syche_, _wyrche_, etc., for _carle_, _kirke_, _ilk_, _make_,
    _mykelle_, _swilk_, _wyrk_, etc.; 5. infinitives in _-en_, as
    _drenschen_, _schewenne_, _wacchenne_, etc.; 6. the use of _eke_,
    _thos_, for _als_ (_alswa_), _thas_; 7. the employment of _aye_
    for _egg_. The former word _never_ occurs in any pure Northumbrian
    work, while the latter is seldom met with in any Southern
    production.]

    [Footnote 7: The poems are _Northern_ in contradistinction to
    _Southern_, but they are not Northern or Northumbrian in
    contradistinction to _Midland_.]

    [Footnote 8: Printed by Mr. D. Laing in his "Inedited Pieces,"
    from a MS. of Mr. Heber's. Other copies are in the Vernon MS., and
    Cotton Calig. A. ii.; the latter imperfect.]

    [Footnote 9: Other specimens of this dialect will doubtless turn
    up. Mr. Brock has found a MS. in British Museum (Harl. 3909) with
    most of the peculiarities pointed out by me in the preface to the
    present work, and I believe that this dialect was probably a
    flourishing one in the 13th century. See O.E. Homilies, p. li.]

    [Footnote 10: (1) _en_ as the inflexion of the pres. tense pl.,
    indic. mood of verbs; (2) _s_ in the second and third pers. sing.
    of verbs; (3) _ho_ = she; (4) _hit_ = its; (5) _tow_ = two;
    (6) _de[gh]ter_ = daughters, etc.]

    [Footnote 11: See p. 36, ll. 1052-1066; p. 37, ll. 1074-1089; pp.
    161-162, ll. 4956-4975.]

    [Footnote 12: See pp. 25, 26 (Jason's unfaithfulness); pp. 74, 75,
    ll. 2241-2255; p. 75, ll. 2256-2263; p. 69, ll. 2267-2081; p. 158,
    ll. 4839-4850; p. 189, ll. 4881-4885; p. 165, ll. 5078-5086, etc.]

    [Footnote 13: In the Harl. MS. 3909, nearly all the p. part. and
    preterites end in _-et_ (_-ut_ and _-et_ occur in Romances ed. by
    Robson).]

    [Footnote 14: This seems to furnish an etymology for _Clent_
    Hills, Worcestershire--_brent_ is the term employed in
    Alliterative.]


The poems in the present volume, three in number, seem to have been
written for the purpose of enforcing, by line upon line and precept upon
precept, Resignation to the will of God; Purity of life as manifested in
thought, word, and deed; Obedience to the Divine command; and Patience
under affliction.

In the first poem, entitled by me "_The Pearl_", the author evidently
gives expression to his own sorrow for the loss of his infant child, a
girl of two years old, whom he describes as a

  Perle plesaunte to prynces paye
  _Pearl pleasant to princes' pleasure,_
  To clanly clos in golde so clere
  _Most neatly set in gold so clear._

Of her death he says:

  Allas! I leste hyr in on erbere
  _Alas! I lost her in an arbour,_
  Žur[gh] gresse to grounde hit fro me yot
  _Through grass to ground it from me got._ --(p. 1.)

The writer then represents himself as visiting his child's grave (or
arbour) in the "high season of August," and giving way to his grief
(p. 2). He falls asleep, and in a dream is carried toward a forest,
where he saw rich rocks gleaming gloriously, hill sides decked with
crystal cliffs, and trees the leaves of which were as burnished silver.
The gravel under his feet was "precious pearls of orient," and birds "of
flaming hues" flew about in company, whose notes were far sweeter than
those of the cytole or gittern (guitar) (p. 3). The dreamer arrives at
the bank of a stream, which flows over stones (shining like stars in the
welkin on a winter's night) and pebbles of emeralds, sapphires, or other
precious gems, so

  Žat all the lo[gh]e lemed of ly[gh]t
  _That all the deep gleamed of light,_
  So dere wat[gh] hit adubbement
  _So dear was its adornment._ --(p. 4.)

Following the course of the stream, he perceives on the opposite side a
crystal cliff, from which was reflected many a "royal ray" (p. 5).

  At že fote žer-of žer sete a faunt
  _At the foot thereof there sat a child,_
  A mayden of menske, ful debonere
  _A maiden of honour, full debonnair;_
  Blysnande whyt wat[gh] hyr bleaunt
  _Glistening white was her robe,_
  (I knew hyr wel, I hade sen hyr ere)
  _(I knew her well, I had seen her before)_
  At glysnande golde žat man con schore
  _As shining gold that man did purify,_
  So schon žat schene an-vnder schore
  _So shone that sheen (bright one) on the opposite shore;_
  On lenghe I loked to hyr žere
  _Long I looked to her there,_
  Že lenger I knew hyr more & more
  _The longer I knew her, more and more._ --(pp. 6, 7.)

The maiden rises, and, proceeding along the bank of the stream,
approaches him. He tells her that he has done nothing but mourn for the
loss of his Pearl, and has been indeed a "joyless jeweller" (p. 8).
However, now that he has found his Pearl, he declares that he is no
longer sorrowful, but would be a "joyful jeweller" were he allowed to
cross the stream (p. 8). The maiden blames her father for his rash
speech, tells him that his Pearl is not lost, and that he cannot pass
the stream till after death (p. 10). The dreamer is in great grief; he
does not, he says, care what may happen if he is again to lose his
Pearl. The maiden advises him to bear his loss patiently, and to abide
God's doom (p. 11). She describes to him her blissful state in heaven,
where she reigns as a queen (p. 12). She explains to him that Mary is
the Empress of Heaven, and all others kings and queens (p. 13). The
parable of the labourers in the vineyard[15] (pp. 15-18) is then
rehearsed at length, to prove that "innocents" are admitted to the same
privileges as are enjoyed by those who have lived longer upon the earth
(p. 18). The maiden then speaks to her father of Christ and his one
hundred and forty thousand brides (p. 24), and describes their blissful
state (p. 26). She points out to him the heavenly Jerusalem, which was
"all of bright burnished gold, gleaming like glass" (p. 29). Then the
dreamer beholds a procession of virgins going to salute the Lamb, among
whom he perceives his "little queen" (p. 33). On attempting to cross the
stream to follow her, he is aroused from his dream (p. 35), laments his
rash curiosity in seeking to know so much of God's mysteries, and
declares that man ever desires more happiness than he has any right to
expect (p. 35).

    [Footnote 15: Matthew, chapter xx.]


The second poem, entitled "_Cleanness_," is a collection of Biblical
stories, in which the writer endeavours to enforce Purity of Life, by
showing how greatly God is displeased at every kind of impurity, and how
sudden and severe is the punishment which falls upon the sinner for
every violation of the Divine law.

After commending cleanness and its "fair forms," the author relates (I.)
The Parable of the Marriage Feast (p. 39); (II.) the Fall of the Angels
(p. 43); (III.) The wickedness of the antediluvian world (p. 44),

  He wat[gh] famed for fre žat fe[gh]t loued best
  _He was famous as free that fight loved best,_
  & ay že bigest in bale že best wat[gh] halden
  _And ever the biggest in sin the best was held;_ (p. 45.)

(IV.) The destruction of mankind by the Flood. When all were safely
stowed in the ark,

  Thenne sone com že seuenže day, when samned wern alle
  _Then soon came the seventh day when assembled were all,_
  & alle woned in že whichche že wylde & že tame.
  _And all abode in the ark (hutch), the wild and the tame._
  Žen bolned že abyme & bonke[gh] con ryse
  _Then swelled the abyss and banks did rise,_
  Waltes out vch walle-heued, in ful wode streme[gh]
  _Bursts out each well-head in full wild streams,_
  Wat[gh] no brymme žat abod vnbrosten bylyue
  _There was no brim (stream) that abode unburst by then,_
  Že mukel lauande loghe to že lyfte rered
  _The much (great) flowing deep (loch) to the loft (sky) reared._
  Mony clustered clowde clef alle in clowte[gh]
  _Many a clustering cloud cleft all in clouts (pieces),_
  To-rent vch a rayn-ryfte & rusched to že vrže
  _Rent was each a rain-rift and rushed to the earth;_
  Fon neuer in forty daye[gh], & žen že flod ryses
  _Failed never in forty days, and then the flood rises,_
  Ouer-walte[gh] vche a wod and že wyde felde[gh]
  _Over-flows each wood and the wide fields;_
  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
  Water wylger ay wax, wone[gh] žat stryede
  _Water wildly ever waxed, abodes that destroyed,_
  Hurled in-to vch hous, hent žat žer dowelled
  _Hurled into each house, seized those that there dwelt._
  Fyrst feng to že fly[gh]t alle žat fle my[gh]t
  _First took to flight all that flee might,_
  Vuche burde with her barne že byggyng žay leue[gh]
  _Each bride (woman) with her bairn their abode they leave,_
  & bowed to že hy[gh] bonk žer brentest hit wern
  _And hied to the high bank where highest it were,_
  & heterly to že hy[gh]e hille[gh] žay [h]aled on faste
  _And hastily to the high hills they rushed on fast;_
  Bot al wat[gh] nedle[gh] her note, for neuer cowže stynt
  _But all was needless their device, for never could stop_
  Že ro[gh]e raynande ryg [&] že raykande wawe[gh]
  _The rough raining shower and the rushing waves,_
  Er vch božom wat[gh] brurd-ful to že bonke[gh] egge[gh]
  _Ere each bottom (valley) was brim-ful to the banks' edges,_
  & vche a dale so depe žat demmed at že brynke[gh]
  _And each dale so deep that dammed at the brinks._ --(pp. 47, 48).

The ark is described as "heaved on high with hurling streams."

  Kest to kyže[gh] vncouže že clowde[gh] ful nere
  _Cast to kingdoms uncouth the clouds ful near,_
  Hit waltered on the wylde flod, went as hit lyste
  _It tossed on the wild flood, went as it list,_
  Drof vpon že depe dam, in daunger hit semed
  _It drove upon the deep dam, in danger it seemed,_
  With-outen mast, ožer myke, ožer myry bawe-lyne
  _Without mast, or mike,[16] or merry bow-line,_
  Kable, ožer capstan to clyppe to her ankre[gh]
  _Cable or capstan to clip to their anchors,_
  Hurrok, ožer hande-helme hasped on rožer
  _Oar or hand-helm hooked on rudder,_
  Ožer any sweande sayl to seche after hauen
  _Or any swinging sail to seek after haven,_
  Bot flote forthe with že flyt of že felle wynde[gh]
  _But floated forth with the force of the fell winds._
  Wheder-warde so že water wafte, hit rebounde
  _Whither-ward so (as) the water waft, it rebounded,_
  Ofte hit roled on-rounde & rered on ende
  _Oft it rolled around and reared on end,_
  Nyf our lorde hade ben her lode[gh]-mon hem had lumpen harde
  _Had our Lord not been their (pilot) leader hardship had befallen
them._ --(p. 49.)

(V.) The Visit of Three Angels to Abraham (p. 54).

(VI.) The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (pp. 64, 65), including a
description of the Dead Sea, the tarn (lake) of traitors (p. 66).

(VII.) The invasion of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar (p. 71), and the
captivity of Judah (p. 74).

The following is a paraphrase of the fourth and fifth verses in the
twenty-fifth chapter of the second book of Kings.[17]

  Ženne že kyng of že kyth a counsayl hym takes
  _Then the king of the kingdom a counsel him takes,_
  Wyth že best of his burnes, a blench for to make
  _With the best of his men a device for to make;_
  Žay stel out on a stylle ny[gh]t er any steuen rysed
  _They stole out on a still night ere any sound arose,_
  & harde hurles žur[gh] že oste, er enmies hit wyste
  _And hard hurled through the host, ere enemies it wist,_
  Bot er žay at-wappe ne mo[gh]t že wach wyth oute
  _But ere they could escape the watch without,_
  Hi[gh]e skelt wat[gh] že askry že skewes an-vnder
  _High scattered was the cry, the skies there under,_
  Loude alarom vpon launde lulted was ženne
  _Loud alarm upon land sounded was then;_
  Ryche, ružed of her rest, ran to here wedes,
  _Rich (men) roused from their rest, ran to their weeds,_
  Hard hattes žay hent & on hors lepes
  _Kettle hats they seized, and on horse leap;_
  Cler claryoun crak cryed on-lofte
  _Clear clarion's crack cried aloft._
  By žat wat[gh] alle on a hepe hurlande swyžee
  _By that (time) was all on a heap, hurling fast,_
  Fol[gh]ande žat ožer flote, & fonde hem bilyue
  _Following that other fleet (host), and found them soon,_
  Ouer-tok hem, as tyd,[18] tult hem of sadeles
  _Over-took them in a trice, tilted them off saddles,_
  Tyl vche prynce hade his per put to že grounde
  _Till each prince had his peer put to the ground;_
  & žer wat[gh] že kyng ka[gh]t wyth calde prynces
  _And there was the king caught with crafty princes,_
  & alle hise gentyle for-iusted on Ierico playnes
  _And all his nobles vanquished on Jericho's plains._ --(pp. 71, 72.)

(VIII.) Belshazzar's impious feast (pp. 76-80), and the handwriting upon
the wall (pp. 80, 81).

  In že palays pryncipale vpon že playn wowe
  _In the palace principal upon the plain wall,_
  In contrary of že candelstik žat clerest hit schyned
  _Opposite to the candlestick that clearest there shone._
  Žer apered a paume, with poyntel in fyngres
  _There appeared a palm with a pointel in its fingers,_
  Žat wat[gh] grysly & gret, & grymly he wrytes
  _That was grisly and great, and grimly it writes,_
  None ožer forme bot a fust faylaynde že wryst
  _None other form but a fist failing the wrist_
  Pared on že parget, purtrayed lettres
  _Pared on the plaister, pourtrayed letters._
  When žat bolde Balta[gh]ar blusched to žat neue
  _When that bold Belshazzar looked to that fist,_
  Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert
  _Such a dazzling dread dashed to his heart._
  Žat al falewed his face & fayled že chere
  _That all paled his face and failed the cheer;_
  Že stronge strok of že stonde strayned his ioyntes
  _The strong stroke of the blow strained his joints,_
  His cnes cachche[gh] to close & cluchches his hommes
  _His knees catch to close, and he clutches his hams,_
  & he with plat-tyng his paumes displayes his lers[19]
  _And he with striking his palms displays his fears,_
  & romyes as a rad ryth žat rore[gh] for drede
  _And howls as a frightened hound that roars for dread,_
  Ay biholdand že honde til hit hade al grauen,
  _Ever beholding the hand till it had all graven,_
  & rasped on že ro[gh] wo[gh]e runisch saue[gh]
  _And rasped on the rough wall uncouth saws (words)._

(IX.) The story of Nebuchadnezzar's pride and its punishment (pp. 84,
85), and the interpretation of the handwriting by Daniel (p. 86).

(X.) The invasion of Babylon by the Medes (pp. 87, 88).

  Balta[gh]ar in his bed wat[gh] beten to deže
  _Belshazzar in his bed was beaten to death,_
  Žat bože his blood & his brayn blende on že cložes
  _That both his blood and his brains blended on the clothes;_
  Že kyng in his cortyn wat[gh] ka[gh]t by že heles
  _The king in his curtain was caught by the heels,_
  Feryed out bi že fete & fowle dispysed
  _Ferried out by the feet and foully despised;_
  Žat wat[gh] so do[gh]ty žat day & drank of že vessayl
  _He that was so doughty that day and drank of the vessels,_
  Now is a dogge also dere žat in a dych lygges
  _Now is as dear (valuable) as a dog that in a ditch lies._ --(p. 88.)

    [Footnote 16: See Glossary.]

    [Footnote 17: "4. And the city was broken up, and all the men of
    war fled by night by the way of the gate between two walls, which
    is by the king's garden: (now the Chaldees were against the city
    round about:) and the king went the way toward the plain.

    "5. And the army of the Chaldees pursued after the king, and
    overtook him in the plains of Jericho: and all his army were
    scattered from him."]

    [Footnote 18: Immediately.]

    [Footnote 19: ? feres.]


The third poem, entitled "_Patience_," is a paraphrase of the book of
Jonah. The writer prefaces it with a few remarks of his own in order to
show that "patience is a noble point though it displease oft."

The following extract contains a description of the sea-storm which
overtook Jonah:--

  Anon out of že norž est že noys bigynes
  _Anon out of the north east the noise begins,_
  When bože brežes[20] con blowe vpon blo watteres
  _When both breezes did blow upon blue waters:_
  Ro[gh] rakkes žer ros with rudnyng an-vnder
  _Rough clouds there arose with lightning there under,_
  Že see sou[gh]ed ful sore, gret selly to here
  _The sea sobbed full sore, great marvel to hear;_
  Že wyndes on že wonne water so wrastel togeder,
  _The winds on the wan water so wrestle together,_
  Žat že wawes ful wode waltered so hi[gh]e
  _That the waves full wild rolled so high,_
  & efte busched to že abyme žat breed fyssches
  _And again bent to the abyss that bred fishes;_
  Durst nowhere for ro[gh] arest at že bothem.
  _Durst it nowhere for roughness rest at the bottom._
  When že breth & že brok & že bote metten
  _When the breeze and the brook and the boat met,_
  Hit wat[gh] a ioyles gyn žat Ionas wat[gh] inne
  _It was a joyless engine that Jonah was in,_
  For hit reled on round vpon že ro[gh]e yžes
  _For it reeled around upon the rough waves._
  Že bur ber to hit baft žat braste alle her gere
  _The bore (wave) bear to it abaft that burst all her gear,_
  Žen hurled on a hepe že helme & že sterne
  _Then hurled on a heap the helm and the stern,_
  Furste to murte[21] mony rop & že mast after
  _First marred[21] many a rope and the mast after._
  Že sayl sweyed on že see, ženne suppe bihoued
  _The sail swung on the sea, then sup behoved_
  Že coge of že colde water, & ženne že cry ryses
  _The boat of the cold water, and then the cry rises;_
  [Gh]et coruen žay že cordes & kest al žer-oute
  _Yet cut they the cords and cast all there-out._
  Mony ladde žer forth-lep to laue & to kest
  _Many a lad there forth leapt to lave and to cast,_
  Scopen out že scažel water, žat fayn scape wolde
  _To scoop out the scathful water that fain escape would;_
  For be monnes lode neuer so lužer, že lyf is ay swete
  _For be man's lot never so bad, the life is aye sweet._ --(p. 93.)

The writer, in concluding the story of Jonah, exhorts his readers to be
"patient in pain and in joy."

  For he žat is to rakel to renden his clože[gh],
  Mot efte sitte with more vn-sounde to sewe hem togeder.
  _For he that is too rash to rend his clothes,
  Must afterwards sit with more unsound (worse ones)
      to sew them together._ (p. 104.)

    [Footnote 20: Eurus and Aquilo.]

    [Footnote 21: ? = to-marte.]


This brief outline of the poems, together with the short extracts from
them, will, it is hoped, give the reader stomach to digest the whole. It
is true that they contain many "uncouth" terms; but this will be their
highest merit with the student of language, as is shown, by Dr. Guest's
testimony, that they are "for several reasons curious, and especially so
to the philologist."[22] To those readers who do not appreciate the
importance of such a very large addition to the vocabulary of our Early
Language as is made by these treatises, let Sir Frederic Madden's
opinion of their literary merit suffice. That distinguished editor says,
of the author's "poetical talent, the pieces contained in the MS. afford
unquestionable proofs; and the description of the change of the seasons,
the bitter aspect of winter, the tempest which preceded the destruction
of Sodom and Gomorrah, and the sea storm occasioned by the wickedness of
Jonas, _are equal to any similar passages_ in Douglas or Spenser."[23]
Moreover, as to the hardness of the language--inasmuch as the subject
matter of the poem will be familiar to all who may take up the present
volume, the difficulty on the word-point will not be such as to deter
the reader from understanding and appreciating the production of an old
English poet, who--though his very name, unfortunately, has yet to be
discovered--may claim to stand in the foremost rank of England's early
bards.

The Editor of the present volume has endeavoured to do justice to his
author by giving the text, with some few exceptions, as it stands in the
manuscript.[24] The contractions of the scribe have been expanded and
printed in italics, a plan which he hopes to see adopted in every future
edition of an early English author.

The Glossary has been compiled not only for the benefit of the reader,
but for the convenience of those who are studying the older forms of our
language, and who know how valuable a mere index of words and references
sometimes proves.

In conclusion, I take the present opportunity of acknowledging the kind
assistance of Sir Frederic Madden and E. A. Bond, Esq., of the British
Museum, who, on every occasion, were most ready to render me any help in
deciphering the manuscript, in parts almost illegible, from which the
poems in the present volume are printed.

    [Footnote 22: History of English Rhythms, vol. i. p. 159.]

    [Footnote 23: Syr Gawayn, ed. Madden, p. 302.]

    [Footnote 24: Wherever the Text has been altered, the reading of
    the MS. will be found in a foot-note.]


REMARKS UPON THE DIALECT AND GRAMMAR.

Higden, writing about the year A.D. 1350, affirms, distinctly, the
existence of three different forms of speech or dialects, namely,
Southern, Midland, and Northern;[25] or, as they are sometimes
designated, West-Saxon, Mercian, and Northumbrian. Garnett objects to
Higden's classification, and considers it certain "that there were in
his (Higden's) time, and probably long before, five distinctly marked
forms, which may be classed as follows:-- 1. Southern or standard
English, which in the fourteenth century was perhaps best spoken in Kent
and Surrey by the body of the inhabitants. 2. Western English, of which
traces may be found from Hampshire to Devonshire, and northward as far
as the Avon. 3. Mercian, vestiges of which appear in Shropshire,
Staffordshire, and South and West Derbyshire, becoming distinctly marked
in Cheshire, and still more so in South Lancashire. 4. Anglian, of which
there are three sub-divisions--the East Anglian of Norfolk and Suffolk;
the Middle Anglian of Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and East Derbyshire;
and the North Anglian of the West Riding of Yorkshire--spoken most
purely in the central part of the mountainous district of Craven.
5. Northumbrian," spoken throughout the Lowlands of Scotland,
Northumberland, Durham, and nearly the whole of Yorkshire.

Garnett's division is based upon peculiarities of pronunciation, which
will be found well marked in the _modern_ provincial dialects, and not
upon any essential differences of inflexion that are to be found in our
Early English manuscripts.[26]

The distinction between Southern and Western English was not at all
required, as the Kentish Ayenbite of Inwyt (A.D. 1340) exhibits most of
the peculiarities that mark the Chronicles of Robert of Gloucester
(Cottonian MS. Calig. A. xi.) as a Southern (or West-Saxon) production.
The Anglian of Norfolk, Lincolnshire, and Nottinghamshire may be
referred to one group with the Mercian of Lancashire, as varieties of
the Midland dialect.

A careful examination of our early literature leads us to adopt Higden's
classification as not only a convenient but a correct one.

There is, perhaps, no better test for distinguishing these dialects from
one another than the verbal inflexions of the plural number in the
present tense, indicative mood.

To state this test in the briefest manner, we may say that the Southern
dialect employs _-eth_, the Midland _-en_, and the Northumbrian _-es_ as
the inflexion for all persons of the plural present indicative:[27]--

              Southern.   Midland.   Northern.

  1st pers.   Hop-_eth_.  Hop-_en_.  Hop-_es_.  (we) hope.
  2nd  "      Hop-_eth_.  Hop-_en_.  Hop-_es_.  (ye) hope.
  3rd  "      Hop-_eth_.  Hop-_en_.  Hop-_es_.  (they) hope.

It is the constant and systematic employment of these inflexions, and
not their occasional use that must be taken as the criterion of
dialectical varieties.

In a pure specimen of the Southern dialect, we never find the
Northumbrian _-es_. We do occasionally meet with the Midland _-en_, but
only in those works written in localities where, from their geographical
position, Southern and Midland forms would be intelligible.[28] We might
look in vain for the Southern plural _-eth_ in a pure Northumbrian
production, but might be more successful in finding the Midland _-en_ in
the third person plural; as, "thay _arn_" for "they _ar_", or "thay
_er_."

In a work composed in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, or Lancashire, we
should be sure to find the occasional use of the Northumbrian plural
_-es_.[29]

The inflexions of the verb in the singular are of value in enabling us
to discriminate between the several varieties of the Midland
dialect.[30] The Southern and Midland idioms (with the exception of the
West-Midland of Lancashire, Cheshire, etc.) conjugated the verb in the
singular present indicative, as follows:--

  1st pers.  hope            (I) hope.
  2nd  "     hop-_est_  (thou) hopest.
  3rd  "     hop-_eth_  (he) hopes.

The West-Midland, corresponding to Garnett's Mercian, instead of _-est_
and _-eth_ employs the inflexions that are so common in the so-called
Northumbrian documents of the ninth and tenth centuries:--

  1st pers.  hope      (I) hope.
  2nd  "     hop-_es_  (thou) hopest.
  3rd  "     hop-_es_  (he) hopes.

The Northumbrian dialect takes _-es_ in all three persons; but mostly
drops it in the first person.

The peasantry of Cheshire and Lancashire still preserve the verbal
inflexions which prevailed in the fourteenth century, and conjugate
their verbs in the present indicative according to the following
model:--

             Singular.  Plural.
  1st pers.  hope       hopen.
  2nd  "     hopes      hopen.
  3rd  "     hopes      hopen.

Inasmuch as the poems in the present volume exhibit the systematic use
of these forms, we cannot but believe that they were originally composed
in one of those counties where these verbal inflexions were well known
and extensively used. We have to choose between several localities, but
if we assign the poems to Lancashire we are enabled to account for the
large number of Norse terms employed. It is true that the ancient
examples of the Lancashire dialect contained in Mr. Robson's Metrical
Romances,[31] the Boke of Curtasye,[32] and Liber Cure Cocorum,[33]
present us with much broader forms, as _-us_ for _-es_ in the plural
number and possessive case of nouns, _-un_ for _-en_ in the plural
present indicative mood, in passive participles of irregular (or strong)
verbs, _-ud_ (_-ut_) for _-ed_ in the past tense and passive participle
of regular (or weak) verbs, and the pronominal forms _hor_ (their),
_hom_ (them), for _her_ and _hem_.[34]

These forms are evidence of a broad pronunciation which, at the present
time, is said to be a characteristic of the northwestern division of
Lancashire, but I think that there is good evidence for asserting that
this strong provincialism was not confined, formerly, to the
West-Midland dialect, much less to a division of any particular county.
We find traces of it in Audelay's Poems (Shropshire), the Romance of
William and the Werwolf,[35] and even in the Wickliffite version of the
Scriptures.

Formerly, being influenced by these broad forms, I was led to select
Cheshire or Staffordshire as the probable locality where the poems were
written; but I do not, now, think that either of these counties ever
employed a vocabulary containing so many Norse terms as are to be found
in the Lancashire dialect. But although we may not be able to fix, with
certainty, upon any one county in particular, the fact of the present
poems being composed in the West-Midland dialect cannot be denied. Much
may be said in favour of their Lancashire origin, and there are one or
two points of resemblance between our poems, the Lancashire Romances,
and Liber Cure Cocorum, that deserve especial notice.

I. In Sir Amadace,[36] lxviii. 9, there occurs the curious form
_mi[gh]tus_ = _mi[gh]tes_ = _mightst_.[37] As it appears only once
throughout the Romances we might conclude that it is an error of the
scribe for _mi[gh]test_, but when we find in the poems before us not
only _my[gh]te[gh]_ = _my[gh]tes_ (mightst), but _wolde[gh]_ = _woldes_
(wouldst), _couthe[gh]_ = _couthes_ (couldst), _dippte[gh]_ (dippedest),
_travaylede[gh]_ (travelledst), etc., we are bound to consider
_mi[gh]tus_ as a genuine form.[38] In no other Early English works of
the fourteenth century have I been able to find this peculiarity. It is
very common in _the Wohunge of Ure Lauerd_ (xiiith cent.). See O.E.
Homilies, p. 51. The Northumbrian dialect at this period rejected the
inflexion in the second person preterite singular, of regular verbs,[39]
and in our poems we find the _-es_ often dropped, so that we get two
conjugations, which may be called the inflected and the uninflected
form.

             Inflected.  Uninflected.
  1st pers.  hopede      hoped         (I) hoped.
  2nd  "     hoped_es_   hoped         (thou) hopedest.
  3rd  "     hopede      hoped         (he) hoped.

Originally the inflected form may have prevailed over the whole of the
North of England, but have gradually become confined to the West-Midland
dialect.

II. The next point of resemblance is the use of the verb SCHIN or SCHUN
= schal = shall. It is still preserved in the modern dialect of
Lancashire in combination with the adverb _not_, as schunnot[40] = shall
not. The following examples will serve to illustrate the use of this
curious form:--

  "---- žay _schin_ knawe sone,
  Žere is no bounté in burne lyk Balta[gh]ar žewes."[41] --(B. l. 1435.)

  "& žose žat seme arn & swete _schyn_ se his face."[42]
      --(_Ibid._ l. 1810.)

  "Pekokys and pertrikys perboylyd _schyn_ be."[43]
      --(Liber Cure Cocorum, p. 29.)

  "For žer bene bestes žat _schyn_ be rost."[44] --(_Ibid._ p. 34.)

  "Alle _schun_ be dra[gh]un, Syr, at žo syde."[45] --(_Ibid._ p. 35.)

  "Seche ferlies _schyn_ falle."[46]
      --(Robson's Met. Rom. p. 12, l. 4.)

III. Nothing is more common in the present poems than the use of _hit_
as a genitive = its, which is also found in the Lancashire romances.

  "Foržy že derk dede see hit is demed ever more,
  For _hit_ dede[gh] of deže duren žere [gh]et."[47]
    --(Patience, l. 1021.)

  "And, as hit is corsed of kynde & _hit_ cooste[gh] als,
  Že clay žat clenges žer-by arn corsyes strong."[48]
      --(_Ibid._ l. 1033.)

  "For I wille speke with the sprete,
  And of _hit_ woe wille I wete,
  Gif that I may _hit_ bales bete."[49]
      --(Robson's Met. Romances, p. 5, ll. 3, 4.)

The present dialect of Lancashire still retains the uninflected
genitive:--

  "So I geet up be strike o' dey, on seet eawt; on went ogreath tilly
  welly coom within two mile oth' teawn; when, os tha dule woud
  height, o tit wur stonning ot an ale heawse dur; on me kawve (the
  dule bore eawt _it_ een for me) took th' tit for _it_ mother, on
  woud seawk her."[50] (Tummus and Meary).

Thus much for the dialectical peculiarities of our author. The scanty
material at our disposal must be a sufficient excuse for the very meagre
outline which is here presented to the reader. As our materials
increase, the whole question of Early English dialects will no doubt
receive that attention from English philologists which the subject
really demands, and editors of old English works will then be enabled to
speak with greater confidence as to the language and peculiarities of
their authors. Something might surely be done to help the student by a
proper classification of our manuscripts both as to date and place of
composition. We are sadly in want of unadulterated specimens of the
Northumbrian and East-Midland idioms during the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries. There must surely be some records of these dialects in our
university libraries which would well repay editing.[51]

    [Footnote 25: Polychronicon R. Higdeni, ap. Gale, p. 210, 211. See
    Garnett's Philological Essays, p. 43, and Specimens of Early
    English, p. 338.]

    [Footnote 26: It is to be regretted that Garnett did not enter
    upon details, and give his readers some tests by which to
    distinguish the "five distinctly marked forms."]

    [Footnote 27: In English works of the fourteenth century the _-en_
    of the Midland, and the _-es_ of the Northumbrian is frequently
    dropped, thus gradually approximating to our modern conjugation.]

    [Footnote 28: We are here speaking of works written in the
    thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.]

    [Footnote 29: Robert of Brunne, in his "Handlyng Synne," often
    employs it instead of _-en_, but only for the sake of the rhyme.]

    [Footnote 30: The Midland dialect is a very difficult one to deal
    with, as it presents us with no uniform type; and, moreover, works
    written in this idiom are marked by Northern or Southern
    peculiarities, which have led many of our editors altogether
    astray in determining the locality of their composition.]

    [Footnote 31: Published by the Camden Society, 1842.]

    [Footnote 32: Edited by Mr. Halliwell for the Percy Society.]

    [Footnote 33: Edited by me for the Philological Society, 1862.]

    [Footnote 34: _-us_ and _-ud_ for _-es_ and _-ed_, as well as
    _hom_, _hor_, do occasionally occur in the MS. containing our
    poems.]

    [Footnote 35: The Romance of William and the Werwolf is written in
    the West-Midland dialect as spoken probably in Shropshire.]

    [Footnote 36: Robson's Metrical Romances, p. 54, l. 9.]

    [Footnote 37: _Woldus_ = _woldes_ = _wouldst_, appears in
    Audelay's poems (in the Shropshire dialect of the fifteenth
    century), p. 32, l. 6.]

    [Footnote 38: The so-called Northumbrian records of the ninth and
    tenth centuries frequently use _-es_ instead of _-est_, in the 2nd
    pers. preterite of regular verbs, _e.g._,

    _šu forcerdes usic on-bec_ = Thou turnedst us hindward.
        --(Ps. xliii. 11.)
    _šu saldes usic_ = Thou gavest us. --(Ps. xliii. 12.)
    _šu bi-bohtes folc šin butan weorše_ = Thou soldest thy folk
        without price. --(Ps. xliii. 12.)
    šu _ge-hiowades_ me & _settes_ ofer me hond šine = Thou madest me
        and settest over me thy hand. --(Ps. cxxxviii. 5.)
    šu _šreades ša_ ofer-hygdan = Thou hast rebuked the proud.
        --(Ps. cxviii. 21.)

    Ic ondeto še fader drihten heofnes foršon šu _gedeigeldes_ šas
    ilco from snotrum & hogum & _ędeaudes_ ša šęm lytlum = I thank
    thee, O father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid
    these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them
    unto babes. --(Matt. xi. 25).]

    [Footnote 39: Žou _torned_ us hindward. --(Early English Nn.
    Psalter, xliii. 11.)

    Žou _salde_ ži folk. --(_Ibid._ xliii. 12.)
    Žou _meked_ us. --(_Ibid._ xliii. 20.)
    Žou _made_ me and set ži hand over me. --(_Ibid._ cxxxviii. 5.)
    Žou _snibbed_ proude. --(_Ibid._ cxviii. 21.)]

    [Footnote 40: I am informed by a Shropshire friend that it
    prevails in his county under the form _shinneh_.

    _Win_ = will, in _winnot_, _wunnot_ = will not, is still heard in
    the West-Midland districts. It is found in Robson's Romances and
    in Liber Cure Cocorum.]

    [Footnote 41: They _shall_ know soon there is no goodness in man
    like Belshazzar's virtues.]

    [Footnote 42: And those that seemly are and sweet _shall_ see His
    (God's) face.]

    [Footnote 43: Peacocks and partriches parboiled _shall_ be.]

    [Footnote 44: For žer are beasts žat _shall_ be roasted.]

    [Footnote 45: All _shall_ be drawn (have the entrails removed),
    Sir, at the side.]

    [Footnote 46: Such marvels _shall_ happen.]

    [Footnote 47:
      Wherefore the dark dead sea it is called ever more.
      For _its_ deeds of death endure there yet.]

    [Footnote 48:
      And as it is cursed of kind and _its_ properties also,
      The clay that clings thereby are corrosives strong.]

    [Footnote 49:
      I will speak with the spirit,
      And of _its_ woe will I wit (know),
      If that I may _its_ bales (grief) abate.]

    [Footnote 50: So I got up by break of day and set out; and went
    straight till I well nigh came within two miles of the town, when,
    as the devil would have it, a horse was standing at an ale-house
    door; and my calf (the devil bore out _its_ eyes for me) took the
    horse for _its_ mother, and would suck her.]

    [Footnote 51: Three specimens of the East-Midland dialect have
    come to light since writing the above. Harl. MS. 3909; Troy Book,
    ed. Donaldson, E. E. T. Soc.; The Lay-folks Mass-Book, ed.
    Simpson, E. E. T. Soc.]


GRAMMATICAL DETAILS.

I. +Nouns.+

(1) _Number._--The plurals generally end in _-es_ (_e[gh]_), _-s_.
_Y[gh]en_ (eyes), _trumpen_ (trumpets), are the only plurals in _-en_
that occur in the poems. In Robson's Metrical Romances we find _fellun_
(fells, hills,), _dellun_ (dells), and _eyren_ (eggs), in Liber Cure
Cocorum. The plurals of _brother_, _child_, _cow_, _do[gh]ter_
(daughter), are _brether_, _childer_, _kuy_, and _de[gh]ter_.

(2) _Gender._--The names of inanimate things are in the neuter gender,
as in modern English. The exceptions are _deep_ (fem.), _gladnes_
(fem.), and _wind_ (masc.).

(3) _Case._--The genitive singular (masc. and fem.) ends in _-es_
(_-e[gh]_), _-s_, but occasionally the inflexion is dropped; as,
"Balta[gh]ar thewes," the virtues of Balshazzar.[52] If "_honde_
my[gh]t," "_honde_ werk," "_hellen_ wombe," are not compounds, we have
instances of the final _-e_ (_en_) which formed the genitive case of
_feminine_ nouns in the Southern English of the fourteenth century.

In the phrases "_besten_ blod" (blood of beasts), "_blonkken_ bak" (back
of horses), "_chyldryn_ fader" (father of children), "_nakeryn_ noyse"
(noise of nakers), we have a trace of the genitive plural _-ene_ (A.S.
_-ena_).

    [Footnote 52: In the romance of "Syr Gawayn and the Grene Kny[gh]t"
    we find "_blonk_ (horse) sadele," "_fox_ felle" (skin). In _blonk_
    an _e_ has probably been dropped.]


II. +Adjectives.+

(1) _Number._--The final _e_, as a sign of the plural, is very
frequently dropped. _Pover_ (poor), _sturn_ (strong), make the
plurals _poveren_ and _sturnen_. In the phrase, "žo sy[gh]te[gh] so
_quyke[gh]_"[53] (those sights so living), the _-e[gh]_ (= _-es_) is a
mark of the plural, very common in Southern writers of the fourteenth
century, and employed as a plural inflexion of the adjective until a
very late period in our literature.

The Article exhibits the following forms:

  SINGULAR.        PLURAL.
  Masc.  Fem.
  The.   tho.[54]  tho.

_This_ forms the plural _thise_ and _thes_ (_these_). _That_ is always
used as a demonstrative, and never as the neuter of the article; its
plural is _thos_ (those).[55] The older form, _theos_ = _these_, shows
that the _e_ is not a sign of the plural, as many English grammarians
have asserted.

(2) _Degrees of Comparison._--The comparative degree ends in _-er_, and
the superlative in _-est_.

Adjectives and adverbs terminating in the syllable _-lyche_ form the
comparative in _-loker_ and the superlative in _-lokest_; as, positive
_uglyche_ (= ugly), comp. _ugloker_, superl. _uglokest_. The long vowel
of the positive is often shortened in the comp. and superl., as in the
modern English _late_, _latter_, _last_.

  Positive.             Comparative.    Superlative.
  Brade (broad),        bradder,        braddest.
  Dere (dear),          derrer,         derrest.
  Lyke (like),          lykker,         lykkest.
  Swete (sweet),        swetter,        swettest.
  Wayke (weak),         wakker,         wakkest.
  Wode (mad),           wodder,         woddest.

The following irregular forms are occasionally met with:

  Positive.             Comparative.    Superlative.
  Fer (far),            ferre (fyrre),  ferrest.
  He[gh]e (high),       herre,          he[gh]est (hest).
  Ne[gh]e (nigh, near)  nerre,          nerrest (nest).
  Sare (sore),          sarre,          sarrest.
  Forme (first),                        formast.
  Mikelle (great),      mo              most.
  Yvel, ill (bad),      wers (worre),   werst.

_Numerals._--_Twinne_ and _thrinne_ occur for two and three. The ordinal
numbers are--

  first (fyrste), the forme,
  secunde, that other, tother,
  thryd,   }
  thrydde, }
  furže,
  fyfže,
  sexte,
  sevenže,
  a[gh]tže,
  nente,
  tenže, }
  tyže.  }

The Northumbrian numerals corresponding to _sevenže_, _a[gh]tže_,
_nente_, _tenže_, are _sevend_, _aghtend_, _neghend_, _tend_. The
Southern forms end in _-the_, as _sevenže_, _ei[gh]teože_, _nyže_,
_teože_ (_tyže_).

    [Footnote 53: The feminine form is seldom employed.]

    [Footnote 54: The Northumbrian plural article is _tha_.]

    [Footnote 55: The Northumbrian corresponding form is _thas_.]


III. +Pronouns.+

In the following poems we find the pronoun _ho_, she, still keeping its
ground against the Northumbrian _scho_.[56] _Ho_ is identical with the
modern Lancashire _hoo_ (or _huh_ as it is sometimes written), which in
some parts of England has nearly the same pronunciation as the
accusative _her_.

The Northumbrian _thay_ (they) has displaced the older Midland _he_,
corresponding to the Southern pronoun _hii_, _hi_ (A.S. _hķ_). _Hores_
and _thayre[gh]_ (theirs) occasionally occur for _here_.[57] The
genitives in _-es_, due no doubt to Scandinavian influence, are very
common in Northumbrian writers of the fourteenth century, but are never
found in any Southern work of the same period.

_Hit_ is frequently employed as an indefinite pronoun of all genders,
and is plural as well as singular. It is, as has been previously shown,
uninflected in the genitive or possessive case.

_Me_ in Southern writers is used as an indefinite pronoun of the _third_
person, and represents our _one_, but in the present poems it is of all
persons, and seems to be placed in apposition with the subject of the
sentence corresponding to our use of myself, thyself, himself, etc.; as,

  "_He_ swenges _me_ žys," etc. = He himself sends this, etc.[58]
  "Now swe[gh]e _me_ žider swyftly" = Now go (thou) thyself thither
      swiftly.[59]
  "_He_ mete[gh] _me_ žis good man" = He himself meets this
      good man.[60]

Sturzen-Becker ("Some Notes on the leading Grammatical Characteristics
of the Principal Early English Dialects, Copenhagen, 1868") thinks that
I have been led astray with regard to this use of _me_, which he says is
nothing more than the _dativus ethicus_.

The _me_ in these examples may be merely an expletive, having arisen out
of the general use of the dative ethicus, but the context does not
satisfy me that it has the force of a dative. Dr. Guest (Proceedings of
Philolog. Soc., vol. i. p. 151-153, 1842-1844) has discussed this
construction at some length, and he carefully distinguishes the dative
of the 1st person from the indeterminate (or indefinite) pronoun _me_ =
Fr. one. He says that in Old Frisian the indefinite pronoun has two
forms, _min_ and _me_, "the latter of which seems to be always used as a
suffix to the verb, as _momme_, one may; _somme_, one should," etc. The
same construction was occasionally used in our own language, and it no
doubt gave rise to those curious idioms which are noticed by Pegge in
his "Anecdotes of the Eng. Lang.," p. 217. This writer, whose evidence
to a _fact_ we may avail ourselves of, whatever we think of his
criticism or his scholarship, quotes the following as forms of speech
then prevalent among the Londoners: "and so says _me_ I;" "well what
does _me_ I;" "so says _me_ she;" "then away goes _me_ he;" "what does
_me_ they?" Here it is obvious that _me_ is the indeterminate pronoun,
and represents the _subject_, while the personal pronoun is put in
apposition to it, so that "says _me_ I" is equivalent to "_one says,
that is I_,"[61]. These idioms are not unknown to our literature.

  (1) 'But as he was by diverse principall young gentlemen, to his no
  small glorie, lifted up on horseback, _comes me a page_ of
  Amphialus, etc.' Pembr. Arcad. B. iii.

Other idioms, which have generally been confounded with those last
mentioned, have the indeterminate pronoun preceded by a nominative
absolute.

  (2) '_I_, having been acquainted with the smell before, knew it was
  Crab, and--_goes me_ to the fellow, who whips the dogs,' etc. Two
  Gent. of Verona, 4. 4.

  (3) '_He thrusts me_ himself into the company of three or four
  gentlemanlike dogs under the Duke's Table.' _Ib._ See B. Jons. Ev.
  Man in his Humour, 3, 1.

Johnson considers the _me_ in examples 2 and 3 to be the oblique case of
the first pers. pron., and treats it as "a ludicrous expletive." It is
difficult to say how he would have parsed example 2 on such a
hypothesis.

With these instances of the use of _me_ (indef. or reflexive), the
reader may compare the following:

  (1) "Suche a touche in that tyde, _he_ ta[gh]te (Gauan) hym in tene
      And _gurdes me_, Sir Gallerun, evyn grovelonges on grounde."
        (The Anturs of Arther at the Tarnewathelan, p. 22.)

  (2) There at the dore he (the Fox) cast _me_ downe hys pack.
        Spenser's Shep. Cal. ed. Morris, p. 460, l. 243.

Cp. _Cut me_, i. Hen. IV. Act 4. Sc. 4; _steps me_, Ib. Act 4, Sc. 3;
_comes me, runs me_, Ib. Act 3, Sc. 1.

  (3) "Juno enraged, and fretting thus,
      _Runs me_ unto one Ęolus." --(Virgile Travestie, 1664.)

The indefinite _me_ = one is not uncommon in Elizabethan writers. Cf.
"_touch me_ his hat;" "_touch me_ hir with a pint of sack," etc.; "and
_stop me_ his dice you are a villaine" (Lodge's Wit's Miserie).

The following table exhibits the declension of the personal and relative
pronouns:--

  SINGULAR.
  Nom. I,            thou,        he,   ho,         hit.
  Gen. My, myn,      thy, thyn,   his,  hir, her,   hit.
  Dat. Me,           the,         him,  hir, her,   hit.
  Acc. Me,           the,         him,  hir, her,   hit.

  PLURAL.
  Nom. We,           [gh]e,       thay,             hit.
  Gen. Oure,         yor, youre,  her (here), hor,  hit.
  Dat. Vus (= uus),  yow, you,    hem, hom,         hit.
  Acc. Vus (= uus),  yow, you,    hem, hom,         hit.

  Nom. Who (quo).
  Gen. Whose (quos).
  Dat. { Whom, Wham } (quom).
  Acc. { Whom, Wham } (quom).

    [Footnote 56: _Scho_ occurs _once_ in the present poems.]

    [Footnote 57: _Yowre[gh]_ (yours) sometimes takes the place of
    _youre_ in the romance of "Sir Gawayne and the Grene Kny[gh]t."]

    [Footnote 58: Page 92, l. 108.]

    [Footnote 59: Page 91, l. 72.]

    [Footnote 60: Syr Gawayn, l. 1932.]

    [Footnote 61: I would say that _says me I_ = I myself say. --R. M.]


IV. +Verbs.+

_Infinitive Mood._--The _-en_ of the infinitive is frequently dropped,
without even a final _-e_ to mark its omission. Infinitives in _-y_, as
_louy_ (love), _schony_ (shun), _spotty_ (spot, defile), _styry_ (stir),
_wony_ (dwell), occasionally occur, and probably owe their appearance to
the author's acquaintance with Southern literature.[62]

_Indicative Mood._--The final _e_ often disappears in the first and
third persons of the preterite tense, as I _loved_, he _loved_, instead
of I _lovede_, he _lovede_.

The _-en_ in the plural of the present and preterite tenses is
frequently dropped. The pl. present in _-e[gh]_ occasionally occurs.

_Imperative Mood._--The imperative plural ends in _-es_ (_e[gh]_), and
not in _-eth_ as in the Southern and ordinary Midland dialects.

_Participles._--The active or imperfect participle ends in _-ande_[63]
and never in _-ing_.

The participle passive or perfect of regular verbs terminates in _-ed_;
of irregular verbs in _-en_. Occasionally we find the _n_ disappearing,
as _bigonn-e_, _fund-e_, _runn-e_, _wonn-e_, where perhaps it is
represented by the final _-e_.

The prefix _-i_ or _-y_ (A.S. _-ge_) occurs twice only in the poems, in
_i-chose_ (chosen), and _i-brad_ (extended); but, while common enough in
the Southern and Midland dialects, it seems to be wholly unknown to the
Northumbrian speech.

The verb in the West-Midland dialect is conjugated according to the
following model:--

  I.--+Conjugation of Regular Verbs.+

  INDICATIVE MOOD.

    PRESENT TENSE.
  Singular.                 Plural.
  (I) hope,                 (We) hopen.
  (Thou) hopes,             ([Gh]e) hopen.
  (He) hopes,               (Thay) hopen.

    PRETERITE TENSE.
  (I) hopede[64] (hoped),   (We) hopeden.
  (Thou) hopedes (hoped),   ([Gh]e) hopeden.
  (He) hopede[64] (hoped),  (Thay) hopeden.

  IMPERATIVE MOOD.

  Hope (thou).              Hopes ([gh]e).

  PARTICIPLES.

  Imperfect or Active.      Perfect or Passive.
  Hopande.                  Hoped.

  II.--+Conjugation of Irregular Verbs.+

  INDICATIVE MOOD.

    PRESENT TENSE.

  Singular.
  (I) kerve,      renne,   smite,   stonde.
  (Thou) kerves,  rennes,  smites,  stondes.
  (He) kerves,    rennes,  smites,  stondes.

  Plural.
  (We)    kerven,    rennen,  smiten,  stonden.
  ([Gh]e)    "         "         "        "
  (Thay)     "         "         "        "

    PRETERITE TENSE.

  Singular.
  (I) carf,       ran,     smot,    stod.
  (Thou) carve,   ranne,   smote,   stode.
  (He) carf,      ran,     smot,    stod.

Very frequently the _e_ in the second person is dropped,[65] as in the
Northumbrian dialect, but we never meet with such forms as carves
(= carvedest), rannes (= ranst), smotes (= smotest), etc.

  Plural.
  (We)    corven,    runnen,  smiten,  stonden.
  ([Gh]e)    "          "       "         "
  (Thay)     "          "       "         "

  PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.

  Corven,         runnen,  smiten,  stonden.

The Northumbrian dialect does not preserve any separate form for the
preterite plural, and this distinction is not always observed in the
present poems.

+Table of Verbs.+

A.--SIMPLE ORDER.

    Present.            Preterite.     Passive Participle.

  Class I.
    Hate,               hatede,        hated.

  Class II. (_a_)
    Bede (offer),       bedde,         bed.
    Dype (dip),         dypte,         dypt.
    Kythe (show),       kydde,         kyd.
    Lende,              lende,         lent.
    Rende,              rende,         rent.
    Sende,              sende,         sent.
  (_b_)
    Clothe,             cladde,        clad.
    Dele (deal),        dalte,         dalt.
    Lede,               ladde,         lad.
    Leve,               lafte,         laft.
    Rede (advise),      radde,         rad.
    Sprede (spread),    spradde,       sprad.
    Swelt (die),        swalte,        ----
    Swette (sweat),     swatte,        ----
    Threte (threaten),  thratte,       thrat.

  Class III.
    Byye (buy),         bo[gh]te,      bo[gh]t
    Bringe,             bro[gh]te,     bro[gh]t.
    Cache (catch),      ca[gh]te,      ca[gh]t.
    Lache (seize),      la[gh]te,      la[gh]t.
    Reche (reck),       ro[gh]te,      ----
    Reche (reach),      ra[gh]te,      ----
    Selle,              solde,         sold.
    Worche (work),      wro[gh]te,     wro[gh]t.

B.--COMPLEX ORDER.

    Present.              Preterite.        Passive Participle.

+Division I.+

  Class I.
    Bere (bear),          ber,              born.
    Bete (beat),          bet,              beten.
    Breke (break),        brek,             broken.
    Chese (choose),       ches (chos),      chosen.
    Cleve (cleave),       clef,             cloven.
    Ete (eat),            ette (_for_ et),  eten.
    For[gh]ete (forget),  for[gh]et,        for[gh]eten.
    Frese (freeze),       fres,             frosen.
    Gife (give),          gef,              given, geven.
    Heve (heave),         hef,              hoven.
    Ligge (lie),          le[gh],           leyen, le[gh]en.
    Lepe (leap),          lep,              lopen.
    Nemme } (take),       nem (nam),        nomen.
    Nimme }
    Schere (shear),       scher,            schorn.
    Slepe (sleep),        slep,             slepen.
    Speke (speak),        spek,             spoken.
    Stele (steal),        stel,             stolen.
    Swere (swear),        swer,             sworen.
    Wepe (weep),          wep,              wopen.
    Wreke (avenge),       wrek,             wroken.

  Class II.
    Falle,                fell,             fallen.
    Fonge (take),         feng,             fongen.
    Growe,                grew,             growen.
    Hange, honge,         heng,             hangen, hongen.
    Knowe, knawe,         knew,             knawen, knowen.
    Schape (make),        schep,            schapen.
    Walke,                welk,             walken.
    Wasche,               wesch,            waschen.

  Class III.
    Drawe, dra[gh]e,      dro[gh],          drawen.
    Fare (go),            for,              faren.
    La[gh]e (laugh),      lo[gh],           la[gh]en.
    Stande, stonde,       stod,             standen.
    Slaye,                slow, slew,       slayn.
    Take,                 tok,              tane, tone.
    Wake,                 wok,              waken.

+Division II.+

    Present.           Preterite.          Passive Participle.

  Class I.
    Biginne,           bigon,              bigonnen, bigunnen.
    Breste,            brast, borst,       brusten, bursten.
    Climbe,            clamb, clomb,       clumben.
    Drinke,            dronk, drank,       drunken, dronken.
    Finde,             fand, fond,         funden.
    Fi[gh]te,          fa[gh]t, fe[gh]t,   fo[gh]ten.
    Helpe,             halp,               holpen.
    Kerve (cut),       carf,               corven.
    Melte,             malt,               molten.
    Renne (run),       ran,                runnen.
    Ringe,             rong,               rungen, rongen.
    Singe,             song, sang,         sungen.
    Steke,             stac,               stoken.
    Sterve (die),      starf,              storven.
    Werpe (throw),     warp,               worpen.
    Win,               wan, won,           wonnen, wunnen.
    [Gh]elde (yield),  [gh]ald,            [gh]olden.

  Class II.
    Bide (abide),      bod,                biden.
    Bite,              bot,                biten.
    Drive,             drof,               driven.
    Fine (cease),      fon,                ----
    Glide,             glod,               gliden.
    Ride,              rod,                riden.
    Rise,              ros,                risen.
    Schine,            schon,              ----
    Slide,             slod,               sliden.
    Smite,             smot,               smiten.
    Trine (go),        tron,               ----

  Class III.
    Fly,               fle[gh],
                         flegh, fla[gh],   flowen.
    See,               se[gh],
                         segh, sy[gh],     seen.
    Sti[gh]e,
      ste[gh]e,        ste[gh]                ----

+Anomalous Verbs.+

    Can,          pret. couthe.
    Dare,          "    dorste.
    May,           "    mi[gh]te.
    Mot,           "    moste.
    O[gh]e (owe),  "    o[gh]te.
    Schal,         "    scholde, schulde.
    Thar,          "    thurte.
    Wote,          "    wiste.
    Wille,         "    wolde.

_Schal_ (shall) in the second person singular is _schal_ or _schalt_;
so, too, we occasionally find _wyl_ for _wylt_.

The present plural of _schal_ is _schul_, _schulen_, or _schyn_.

The verb _to be_ is thus conjugated:--

  INDICATIVE MOOD.

  PRESENT TENSE.           PAST TENSE.

  Singular.
  (I) am.                  (I) was, wat[gh].
  (Thou) art.              (Thou) was, wat[gh].
  (He) is, bes, bet[gh].   (He) was, wat[gh].

  Plural.
  (We) arn, are, ar.       (We) wern, were.
  ([Gh]e) arn, are, ar.    ([Gh]e) wern, were.
  (Thay) arn, are, ar.     (Thay) wern, were.

The verbs _be_, _have_, _wille_, have negative forms; as, _nam_ = am
not; _nar_ = are not; _nas_ = was not; _naf_ = have not; _nade_ = had
not; _nyl_ = will not.

The following contractions are occasionally met with: _bos_ = behoves;
_byhod_ = behoved; _ha_ = have; _ma_ = make; _man_ = make (pl.)
_mat[gh]_ (_mas_) = makes; _ta_ = take; _tat[gh]_ (= _tas_) = takes;
_tane_, _tone_ = taken.

    [Footnote 62: _Schonied_ occurs for _schoned_. No Southern writer
    would retain, I think, the _i_ in the preterite.]

    [Footnote 63: Garnett asserts that the present participle in
    _-ande_ is "a _certain criterion_ of a Northern dialect subsequent
    to the thirteenth century." It is never found in any Southern
    writer, but is common to many Midland dialects. Capgrave employs
    it frequently in his Chronicles. It is, however, no safe criterion
    by itself.]

    [Footnote 64: The final _e_ is often dropped.]

    [Footnote 65: In _The Wohunge of Ure Lauerd_ the _e_ is constantly
    omitted.]


V. +Adverbs.+

The Norse forms _hethen_, _quethen_ (_whethen_),[66] and _thethen_, seem
to have been known to the West-Midland dialect as well as the Saxon
forms _hence_ (_hennes_, _henne_), _whence_ (_whennes_), _thence_
(_thennes_), etc. The adverbs _in-blande_ (together), _in-lyche_
(alike), _in-mydde_ (amidst), _in-monge_ (amongst), are due, perhaps, to
Scandinavian influence.

    [Footnote 66: "Syr Gawayn and the Grene Kny[gh]t."]


VI. +Prepositions.+

The preposition _from_ never occurs in the following poems; it is
replaced by _fro_, _fra_ (Northumbrian), O.N. _frį_.


VII. +Conjunctions.+

The conjunction _if_ takes a negative form; as, _nif_ = if not, unless.




DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPT USED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.[67]


+Cotton MS. Nero A. x.+ A small quarto volume, consisting of three
different MSS. bound together, which originally had no connection with
each other. Prefixed is an imperfect list of contents in the
hand-writing of James, the Bodley Librarian.

The first portion consists of a panegyrical oration in Latin by Justus
de Justis, on John Chedworth, archdeacon of Lincoln, dated at Verona
16th July, 1468. It occupies thirty-six folios, written on vellum, and
is the original copy presented by the author.

The second portion is that we are more immediately concerned with. It is
described by James as "_Vetus poema Anglicanum, in quo sub insomnii
figmento multa ad religionem et mores spectantia explicantur_," and this
account, with some slight changes, is adopted by Smith and Planta, in
their catalogues; both of whom assign it to the fifteenth century. It
will appear, by what follows, that no less than four distinct poems have
been confounded together by these writers.

This portion of the volume extends from fol. 37 to fol. 126, inclusive,
and is written by one and the same hand, in a small, sharp, irregular
character, which is often, from the paleness of the ink, and the
contractions used, difficult to read. There are no titles or rubrics,
but the divisions are marked by large initial letters of blue,
flourished with red, and several illuminations, coarsely executed, serve
by way of illustration, each of which occupies a page.

  1. Four of these are prefixed to the first poem. In the first the
  Author is represented slumbering in a meadow, by the side of a
  streamlet, clad in a long red gown, having falling sleeves, turned
  up with white, and a blue hood attached round the neck.

  In the second the same person appears, drawn on a larger scale, and
  standing by the stream. In the third he occurs nearly in the same
  position, with his hands raised, and on the opposite side a lady
  dressed in white, in the costume of Richard the Second's and Henry
  the Fourth's time, buttoned tight up to the neck, with long hanging
  sleeves. Her hair is plaited on each side, and on her head is a
  crown. In the fourth we see the author kneeling by the water, and
  beyond the stream is depicted a castle or palace, on the embattled
  wall of which appears the same lady, with her arm extended towards
  him.

The poem commences on fol. 39, and consists of one hundred and one
twelve-line stanzas,[68] every five of which conclude with the same
line, and are connected by the iteration of a leading expression. It
concludes on fol. 55b.

  2. Then follow two more illuminations; in the first of which Noah
  and his family are represented in the ark; in the second the prophet
  Daniel expounding the writing on the wall to the affrighted
  Belshazzar and his queen. These serve as illustrations to the second
  poem, which begins at fol. 57, and is written in long alliterative
  lines. It concludes on fol. 82.

  3. Two illuminations precede, as before; one of which represents the
  sailors throwing the prophet Jonas into the sea, the other depicts
  the prophet in the attitude of preaching to the people of Nineveh.
  The poem is in the same metre as the last, and commences at fol. 83.

It is occupied wholly with the story of Jonas, as applicable to the
praise of meekness and patience; and ends on fol. 90.

  4. The Romance intitled _Sir Gawayne and the Grene Kny[gh]t_ follows,
  fol. 91. Prefixed is an illumination of a headless knight on
  horseback, carrying his head by its hair in his right hand, and
  looking benignly at an odd-eyed bill-man before him; while from a
  raised structure above, a king armed with a knife, his queen, an
  attendant with a sabre, and another bill-man scowling looks on. Here
  and elsewhere the only colours used are green, red, blue, and
  yellow. It ends on fol. 124b., and at the conclusion, in a later
  hand, is written "Hony soit [-q] mal penc," which may, perhaps, allude
  to the illumination on the opposite page, fol. 125, representing the
  stolen interview between the wife of the Grene Kny[gh]t and Sir
  Gawayne. Above the lady's head is written:

    Mi mind is mukel on on, ž{a}t wil me no[gh]t amende,
    Sum time was trewe as ston, & fro schame couž{e} hir defende.

It does not appear very clearly how these lines apply to the painting.
Two additional illuminations follow; in the first of which Gawayne is
seen approaching the _Grene Chapel_, whilst his enemy appears above,
wielding his huge axe; and in the second Sir Gawayne, fully equipped in
armour, is represented in the presence of king Arthur and queen
Guenever, after his return to the court.

The third and concluding portion of the Cotton volume extends from fol.
127 to fol. 140b, inclusive, and consists of theological excerpts, in
Latin, written in a hand of the end of the thirteenth century. At the
conclusion is added _Epitaphium de Ranulfo, abbate Ramesiensi_, who was
abbot from the year 1231 to 1253, and who is erroneously called _Ralph_
in the _Monasticon_, vol. ii. p. 548, new ed.

    [Footnote 67: Taken with some few alterations from Sir F. Madden's
    "Syr Gawayn."]

    [Footnote 68: A line, however, is missing from the MS. on fol.
    55b. See page 15.]




CONTRACTIONS USED IN THE GLOSSARY.


The letters A. B. C. refer severally to the poems, entitled by me, "The
Pearl," "Cleanness," and "Patience."

  A.S.          Anglo-Saxon.
  Dan.          Danish.
  Du.           Dutch.
  E.            English.
  O.E.          Old English.
  Prov.E.       Provincial English.
  N.Prov.E. }   North Provincial English.
  N.P.E.    }
  Fr.           French.
  O.Fr.         Old French.
  Prov.         Fr. Provincial French.
  Fris.         Frisian.
  G. Doug.      Gawin Douglas's Ęneid, published by the
                    Bannatyne Club, 2 vols.
  Ger.          German.
  Goth.         Gothic.
  Icel.         Icelandic.
  Jam.          Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary.
  K. Alex.      King Alexander, Romance of (Ed. Stevenson).
  Met. Hom.     Metrical Homilies (Ed. Small).
  O.N.          Old Norse.
  O.S.          Old Saxon.
  Prompt. Parv. Promptorium Parvulorum (Ed. Way).
  Sc.           Scotch.
  O.Sc.         Old Scotch.
  S.Sax.        Semi-Saxon.
  Sw.           Swedish.
  O.Sw.         Old Swedish.
  Town. Myst.   Townley Mysteries.
  T. B.         Troy Book (Ed. Donaldson).




  Errata (noted by transcriber)

  PREFACE:
  [Footnote 4.III]
  ... for _-ed_ or _-d_  [or _d_]
  ... pp. vii, viii.  [vii. viii.]
  [Footnote 5]
  ... verbal inflexion _-eth_ _never_ occurs  [_-eth_. _never_]
  [Footnote 9]
  ... See O.E. Homilies, p. li.  [O.E]
  [Footnote 10]
  ... (5) _tow_ = two;  [two:]
  their blissful state (p. 26).  [(p. 26),]
  (IX.) ... by Daniel (p. 86).  [p, 86]
  _First marred[21] many a rope and the mast after._
    [_footnote number misprinted "2"; shared note is 1_]

  DIALECT AND GRAMMAR:
  "For žer bene bestes žat _schyn_ be rost."[44]  [""For žer bene]

  GRAMMATICAL DETAILS: Pronouns
  [Footnote 59]
  ... Page 91, l. 72.  [l, 72.]
  _hi_ (A.S. _hķ_)  [_closing ) missing_]
  The same construction  ["The same]
  ----: Verbs
  _comes me, runs me_, Ib. Act 3, Sc. 1.  [me_. Ib.]
  Nom. I, thou, he, ho, hit.  [he ho]
  PRETERITE TENSE.  [_. missing_]
  (I) hopede[64] (hoped), (We) hopeden.  [hopeden,]
  Wreke (avenge), wrek, wroken.  [(avenge) wrek,]
  Class III. Drawe, dra[gh]e, dro[gh], drawen.  [drawen,]
  Helpe, halp, holpen.  [holpen,]
  Sterve (die), starf, storven. [storveu]
  Schal, " scholde, schulde.  [_. missing_]
  ----: Adverbs
  The Norse forms _hethen_, _quethen_  [Ths Norse]
  _thence_, (_thennes_), etc.
    [_opening ( missing; "etc{t}" with italic {t} for ._]

  CONTRACTIONS:
  Ger.  [_the abbreviations O.H.G. and M.H.G. are not listed_]
  N.P.E.  [_note that this abbreviation is never used_]
  Prompt. Parv.  Promptorium Parvulorum  [Prampt.]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


THE PEARL.


  [Headnotes:
  A FATHER VISITS HIS CHILD'S GRAVE, AND THERE FALLING ASLEEP,
    HE DREAMS.
  HE SEES A BEAUTIFUL FOREST, WHICH CAUSES HIS GRIEF TO ABATE.
  THE FATHER SEES HIS LOST CHILD DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES.
  THE MAIDEN ADDRESSES HER FATHER.
  SHE TELLS HIM OF HER BLISS.
  DEATH IS THE ROAD TO PARADISE.
  ALL MUST ABIDE GOD'S DOOM.
  THE BEREAVED PARENT ASKS HIS CHILD'S PITY.
  SHE DESCRIBES HER MODE OF LIFE.
  MARY IS THE EMPRESS OF HEAVEN.
  THE PARABLE OF THE LABOURERS IN THE VINEYARD.
  THE PAYMENT OF THE LABOURERS.
  THE APPLICATION OF THE PARABLE.
  GOD IS NO NIGGARD.
  PARADISE WAS LOST THROUGH AN APPLE.
  INNOCENTS ARE SAVED BY RIGHT.
  CHRIST BLESSED LITTLE CHILDREN.
  FORSAKE THE MAD WORLD.
  THE LAMB AND HIS BRIDES.
  THE LAMB WAS SLAIN IN JERUSALEM.
  THE VISION OF SAINT JOHN.
  THE ABODE OF CHRIST'S BRIDES.
  THE OLD AND NEW JERUSALEM.
  A DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW JERUSALEM.
  NO SUN NOR MOON IN HEAVEN.
  NO CHURCH IN HEAVEN.
  A PROCESSION OF VIRGINS.
  HE WISHES TO CROSS THE STREAM.
  THE FATHER OF THE MAIDEN AWAKES.
  GOD GIVE US GRACE TO SERVE HIM.]


[Headnote: A FATHER VISITS HIS CHILD'S GRAVE, AND THERE FALLING
ASLEEP, HE DREAMS.]

I.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 39a.]]
    [Sidenote: Description of a lost pearl (_i.e._ a beloved child).
    The father laments the loss of his pearl.]
    Perle plesau{n}te to prynces paye,
  To clanly clos in golde so clere,
  Oute of oryent I hardyly saye,
  Ne proued I neu{er} her precios pere,                                4
  So rou{n}de, so reken in vche araye,
  So smal, so smože her syde[gh] were.
  Quere-so-eu{er} I Iugged ge{m}me[gh] gaye,
  I sette hyr sengeley i{n} synglure;                                  8
  Allas! I leste hyr i{n} on erbere,
  Žur[gh] gresse to grou{n}de hit fro me yot;[1]
  I dewyne for-dolked of luf daungere,
  Of žat pryuy perle w{i}t{h}-outen spot.                             12

    [Sidenote 1: ? _got._]

    [Sidenote: He often visits the spot where his pearl disappeared,
    and hears a sweet song.]
    Syžen i{n} žat spote hit fro me sprange,
  Ofte haf I wayted wyschande žat wele,
  Žat wont wat[gh] whyle deuoyde my wrange,
  & heuen my happe & al my hele,                                      16
  Ž{a}t dot[gh] bot žrych my hert žrange,
  My breste in bale bot bolne & bele.
  [Gh]et žo[gh]t me neu{er} so swete a sange,
  As stylle stou{n}de let to me stele,                                20
  For-sože ž{er} fleten to me fele,
  To ženke hir color so clad i{n} clot;
  O moul[2] ž{o}u marre[gh] a myry mele.
  My p{r}iuy perle w{i}t{h}-outen spotte,                             24

    [Sidenote 2: ? _mould._]

    [Sidenote: Where the pearl was buried there he found lovely
    flowers. Each blade of grass springs from a dead grain.]
    Žat spot of spyse[gh] my[gh]t nede[gh] sprede,
  Žer such ryche[gh] to rot[3] is ru{n}nen;
  Blome[gh] blayke & blwe & rede,
  Žer schyne[gh] ful schyr agayn že su{n}ne.                          28
  Flor & fryte may not be fede,
  Žer hit dou{n} drof i{n} molde[gh] du{n}ne,
  For vch gresse mot grow of grayne[gh] dede,
  No whete were elle[gh] to wone[gh] wo{n}ne;                         32
  Of goud vche goude is ay by-go{n}ne.
  So semly a sede mo[gh]t fayly not,
  Ž{a}t spry{n}gande[4] spyce[gh] vp ne spo{n}ne,
  Of žat p{re}cios perle wyth-outen spotte.                           36

    [Sidenote 3: ? _rote._]
    [Sidenote 4: The MS. reads _sprygande_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 39b.]]
    [Sidenote: In the high season of August the parent visits the
    grave of his lost child. Beautiful flowers covered the grave.
    From them came a delicious odour.]
    To žat spot žat I in speche expou{n}
  I entred in žat erber grene,
  In augoste in a hy[gh] seysou{n},
  Quen corne is coruen wyth croke[gh] kene.                           40
  On huyle žer perle hit trendeled dou{n},
  Schadowed žis worte[gh] ful schyre & schene
  Gilofre, gyngure & gromylyou{n},
  & pyonys powdered ay by-twene.                                      44
  [Gh]if hit wat[gh] semly on to sene,
  A fayr reflayr [gh]et fro hit flot,
  Žer wonys žat woržyly I wot & wene,
  My p{re}cio{us} perle, wyth-outen spot.                             48

    [Sidenote: The bereaved father wrings his hands for sorrow,
    falls asleep upon the flowery plot, and dreams.]
    Bifore žat spot my honde I spe{n}n[e]d,
  For care ful colde žat to me ca[gh]t[e];
  A denely dele in my hert de{n}ned,
  Ža[gh] resou{n} sette my seluen sa[gh]t[e].                         52
  I playned my perle ž{a}t ž{er} wat[gh] spe{n}ned
  Wyth fyrte skylle[gh] žat faste fa[gh]t[e],
  Ža[gh] kynde of kryst me comfort ke{n}ned,
  My wreched wylle i{n} wo ay wra[gh]te.                              56
  I felle vpon žat flo{ur}y fla[gh]t[e],
  Suche odo{ur} to my herne[gh] schot;
  I slode vpon a slepy{n}g sla[gh]te,
  On žat p{re}c[i]os perle w{i}t{h}-outen spot.                       60


[Headnote: HE SEES A BEAUTIFUL FOREST, WHICH CAUSES HIS GRIEF
TO ABATE.]

II.

    [Sidenote: In spirit he is carried to an unknown region,
    where the rocks and cliffs gleamed gloriously.]
    Fro spot my spyryt žer sprang i{n} space,
  My body on balke žer bod i{n} sweuen,
  My goste is gon in gode[gh] grace,
  In auenture ž{er} meruayle[gh] meuen;                               64
  I ne wyste in žis worlde quere ž{a}t hit wace,
  Bot I knew me keste ž{er} klyfe[gh] cleuen;
  Towarde a foreste I bere že face,
  Where rych rokke[gh] wer to dyscreuen;                              68
  Že ly[gh]t of hem my[gh]t no mon leuen,
  Že glemande glory žat of hem gle{n}t;
  For wern neu{er} webbe[gh] žat wy[gh]e[gh] weuen,
  Of half so dere adubmente.                                          72

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 40a.]]
    [Sidenote: The hill sides were decked with crystal cliffs.
    The leaves of the trees were like burnished silver. The gravel
    consisted of precious pearls.]
    Dubbed wern alle žo downe[gh] syde[gh]
  W{i}t{h} crystal klyffe[gh] so cler of kynde,
  Holte-wode[gh] bry[gh]t aboute hem byde[gh];
  Of bolle[gh] as blwe as ble of ynde,                                76
  As bornyst syluer že lef onslyde[gh],
  Žat žike con trylle on vch a tynde,
  Quen glem of glode[gh] agayn[gh] hem glyde[gh],
  Wyth schym{er}y{n}g schene ful schrylle žay schynde.                80
  Že grauayl žat on grou{n}de con grynde
  Wern p{re}cio{us} perle[gh] of oryente;
  Že su{n}ne beme[gh] bot blo & blynde,
  In respecte of žat adubbement.                                      84

    [Sidenote: The father forgets his sorrow. He sees birds of the
    most beautiful hues, and hears their sweet melody.]
    The adubbemente of žo downe[gh] dere
  Garten my goste al greffe for-[gh]ete
  So frech flauore[gh] of fryte[gh] were,
  As fode hit con me fayre refete.                                    88
  Fowle[gh] ž{er} flowen i{n} fryth i{n} fere,
  Of flau{m}bande hwe[gh],[5] bože smale & grete,
  Bot sytole stry{n}g & gyt{er}nere,
  Her reken myrže mo[gh]t not retrete,                                92
  For quen žose brydde[gh] her wynge[gh] bete
  Žay songen wyth a swete asent;
  So grac[i]os gle couže no mon gete
  As here & se her adubbement.                                        96

    [Sidenote 5: Or _hiwe[gh]_.]

    [Sidenote: No tongue could describe the beauty of the forest.
    All shone like gold. The dreamer arrives at the bank of a river,
    which gave forth sweet sounds.]
    So al wat[gh] dubbet on dere asyse;
  Žat fryth žer fortwne forth me fere[gh],
  Že derže žer-of for to deuyse
  Nis no wy[gh] worže žat tonge bere[gh].                            100
  I welke ay forth i{n} wely wyse,
  No bonk so byg ž{a}t did me dere[gh],
  Že fyrre i{n} že fryth že feier con ryse,
  Že playn, že plontte[gh], že spyse, že pere[gh],                   104
  & rawe[gh] & rande[gh] & rych reuere[gh],
  As fyldor fyn her b[o]nkes brent.
  I wan to a water by schore žat schere[gh],
  Lorde! dere wat[gh] hit adubbement!                                108

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 40b.]]
    [Sidenote: In it, stones glittered like stars in the welkin on a
    winter night.]
    The dubbemente of žo derworth depe
  Wern bonke[gh] bene of beryl bry[gh]t;
  Swangeande swete že water con swepe
  Wyth a rownande rourde raykande ary[gh]t;                          112
  I{n} že fou{n}ce ž{er} stonden stone[gh] stepe,
  As glente žur[gh] glas žat glowed & gly[gh]t,
  A[6] stremande sterne[gh] quen strože me{n} slepe,
  Staren i{n} welkyn i{n} wynt{er} ny[gh]t;                          116
  For vche a pobbel i{n} pole žer py[gh]t
  Wat[gh] Emerad, saffer, ož{er} ge{m}me gente,
  Žat alle že lo[gh]e lemed of ly[gh]t,
  So dere wat[gh] hit adubbeme{n}t.                                  120

    [Sidenote 6: ? _As._]


III.

    [Sidenote: His grief abates, and he follows the course of the
    stream.]
    The dubbeme{n}t dere of dou{n} & dale[gh],
  Of wod & wat{er} & wlonk playne[gh],
  Bylde in me blys, abated my bale[gh],
  For-didden my [dis]tresse, dystryed my payne[gh].                  124
  Dou{n} after a strem žat dry[gh]ly hale[gh],
  I bowed in blys, bred ful my brayne[gh];
  Že fyrre I fol[gh]ed žose floty vale[gh],
  Že more strenghže of ioye myn herte strayne[gh],                   128
  As fortune fares ž{er} as ho frayne[gh],
  Whež{er} solace ho sende ož{er} elle[gh] sore,
  Že wy[gh], to wham her wylle ho wayne[gh],
  Hytte[gh] to haue ay more & more.                                  132

    [Sidenote: No one could describe his great joy. He thought that
    Paradise was on the opposite bank. The stream was not fordable.]
    More of wele wat[gh] i{n} žat wyse
  Že{n} I cowže telle ža[gh] I tom hade,
  For vržely herte my[gh]t not suffyse
  To že tenže dole of žo gladne[gh] glade;                           136
  For-žy I žo[gh]t ž{a}t paradyse
  Wat[gh] žer ož{er} gayn žo bonke[gh] brade;
  I hoped že water were a deuyse
  By-twene myrže[gh] by mere[gh] made,                               140
  By-[gh]onde že broke by slente ož{er} slade,
  I hope[de] ž{a}t mote merked wore.
  Bot že water wat[gh] depe I dorst not wade
  & eu{er} me longed a more & more.                                  144

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 41a.]]
    [Sidenote: More and more he desires to see what is beyond the
    brook. But the way seemed difficult. The dreamer finds new
    marvels.]
    More & more, & [gh]et wel mare,
  Me lyste to se že broke by-[gh]onde,
  For if hit wat[gh] fayr ž{er} I con fare,
  Wel loueloker wat[gh] že fyrre londe.                              148
  Abowte me con I stote & stare
  To fynde a forže, faste con I fonde,
  Bot wože[gh] mo i-wysse ž{er} ware,
  Že fyrre I stalked by že stronde,                                  152
  & euer me žo[gh]t I schulde not wonde
  For wo, žer wele[gh] so wy{n}ne wore.
  Že{n}ne nwe note me com on honde
  Žat meued my mynde ay more & more,                                 156

[Headnote: THE FATHER SEES HIS LOST CHILD DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES.]

    [Sidenote: He sees a crystal cliff, at the foot of which, sits
    a maiden clothed in glistening white. He knows that he has seen
    her before.]
    More meruayle con my dom adau{n}t;
  I se[gh] by-[gh]onde žat myry mere,
  A crystal clyffe ful relusau{n}t,
  Mony ryal ray con fro hit rere;                                    160
  At že fote ž{er}-of ž{er} sete a fau{n}t,
  A mayden of menske, ful debonere;
  Blysnande whyt wat[gh] hyr bleau{n}t,
  (I knew hyr wel, I hade sen hyr ere)                               164
  As glysnande golde žat man con schere,
  So schon žat schene an vnder schore;
  On lengh{e} I loked to hyr žere,
  Že lenger I knew hyr more & more                                   168

    [Sidenote: He desires to call her but is afraid, at finding her
    in such a strange place.]
    The more I frayste hyr fayre face.
  Her fygure fyn, quen I had fonte,
  Suche gladande glory con to me glace,
  As lyttel byfore žerto wat[gh] wonte;                              172
  To calle hyr lyste con me enchace,
  Bot baysme{n}t gef myn hert a bru{n}t,
  I se[gh] hyr in so strange a place,
  Such a burre my[gh]t make my{n} herte blu{n}t                      176
  Že{n}ne vere[gh] ho vp her fayre frou{n}t,
  Hyr vysayge whyt as playn yuore,
  Žat stonge my{n} hert ful stray atou{n}t,
  & eu{er} že lenger, že more & more.                                180


IV.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 41b.]]
    [Sidenote: So he stands still, like a well trained hawk.
    He fears lest she should escape before he could speak to her.
    His long lost one is dressed in royal array--decked with
    precious pearls.]
    More žen me lyste my drede aros,
  I stod ful stylle & dorste not calle,
  Wyth y[gh]en open & mouth ful clos,
  I stod as hende as hawk i{n} halle;                                184
  I hope ž{a}t gostly wat[gh] ž{a}t porpose,
  I dred on ende quat schulde byfalle,
  Lest ho me eschaped žat I ž{er} chos,
  Er I at steuen hir mo[gh]t stalle.                                 188
  Žat gracios gay w{i}t{h}-outen galle,
  So smože, so smal, so seme sly[gh]t,
  Ryse[gh] vp i{n} hir araye ryalle,
  A p{re}c[i]os pyece[7] i{n} perle[gh] py[gh]t.                     192

    [Sidenote 7: MS. looks like _pyete_.]

    [Sidenote: She comes along the stream towards him.
    Her kirtle is composed of 'sute,' ornamented with pearls.]
    Perle[gh] py[gh]te of ryal prys,
  Žere mo[gh]t mon by grace haf sene,
  Quen žat frech as flor-de-lys,
  Dou{n} že bonke con bo[gh]e by-dene.                               196
  Al blysnande whyt wat[gh] hir beau uiys,
  Vpon at syde[gh] & bou{n}den bene
  Wyth že myryeste margarys at my deuyse,
  Žat eu{er} I se[gh] [gh]et with myn y[gh]en;                       200
  Wyth lappe[gh] large I wot & I wene,
  Dubbed with double perle & dy[gh]te,
  Her cortel of self sute schene,
  W{i}t{h} p{re}cios perle[gh] al vmbe-py[gh]te.                     204

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 42a.]]
    [Sidenote: She wore a crown of pearls. Her hair hung down
    about her. Her colour was whiter than whalebone. Her hair
    shone as gold.]
    A py[gh]t coroune [gh]et wer žat gyrle,
  Of mariorys & non ož{er} ston,
  Hi[gh]e pynakled of cler quyt perle,
  Wyth flurted flowre[gh] perfet vpon;                               208
  To hed hade ho non ož{er} werle,
  Her here heke[8] al hyr vmbe-gon;
  Her semblau{n}t sade, for doc ož{er} erle,
  Her ble more bla[gh]t žen whalle[gh] bon;                          212
  As schorne golde schyr her fax že{n}ne schon,
  On schyldere[gh] žat legh{e} vnlapped ly[gh]te;
  Her depe colo{ur} [gh]et wonted non,
  Of p{re}cios perle i{n} porfyl py[gh]te,                           216

    [Sidenote 8: In the MS. it is _lere leke_.]

    [Sidenote: The trimming of her robe consisted of precious
    pearls. A wonderful pearl was set in her breast.]
    Py[gh]t wat[gh] poyned & vche a he{m}me,
  At honde, at syde[gh], at ouerture,
  Wyth whyte perle & non ož{er} ge{m}me,
  & bornyste quyte wat[gh] hyr uesture.                              220
  Bot a wonder perle w{i}t{h}-outen we{m}me,
  In mydde[gh] hyr breste wat[gh] sette so sure;
  A ma{n}ne[gh] dom mo[gh]t dry[gh]ly de{m}me,
  Er mynde mo[gh]t malte i{n} hit mesure;                            224
  I hope no tong mo[gh]t endure
  No sau{er}ly saghe say of ž{a}t sy[gh]t,
  So wat[gh] hit clene & cler & pure,
  Žat p{re}cios perle ž{er} hit wat[gh] py[gh]t,                     228

    [Sidenote: No man from here to Greece, was so glad as the father,
    when he saw his pearl on the bank of the stream. The maiden
    salutes him.]
    Py[gh]t in perle žat p{re}cios p[r]yse.
  On wyž{er} half wat{er} com dou{n} že schore,
  No gladder gome hežen i{n} to grece,
  Že{n} I, quen ho on bry{m}me wore;                                 232
  Ho wat[gh] me nerre žen au{n}te or nece,
  My Ioy for-žy wat[gh] much že more.
  Ho p{ro}fered me speche ž{a}t special spyce,
  Enclynande lowe i{n} wo{m}mon lore,                                236
  Ca[gh]te of her corou{n} of grete tresore,
  & haylsed me wyth a lote ly[gh]te.
  Wel wat[gh] me ž{a}t eu{er} I wat[gh] bore,
  To sware žat swete i{n} perle[gh] py[gh]te!                        240


[Headnote: THE MAIDEN ADDRESSES HER FATHER.]

V.

    [Sidenote: The father enquires of the maiden whether she is his
    long-lost pearl, and longs to know who has deprived him of his
    treasure.]
    "O perle," q{uod} I, "in perle[gh] py[gh]t,
  Art ž{o}u my perle žat I haf playned,
  Regretted by my{n} one, on ny[gh]te?
  Much longey{n}g haf I for že layned,                               244
  Syžen into gresse ž{o}u me agly[gh]te;
  Pensyf, payred, I am for-payned,
  & ž{o}u i{n} a lyf of lyky{n}g ly[gh]te
  In paradys erde, of stryf vnstrayned.                              248
  What wyrde hat[gh] hyder my iuel vayned,
  & don me in žys del & gret dau{n}ger?
  Fro we i{n} twy{n}ne wern towen & twayned,
  I haf ben a Ioyle[gh] Iuelere."                                    252

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 42b.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden tells him that his pearl is not really
    lost. She is in a garden of delight, where sin and mourning
    are unknown.]
    That Iuel že{n}ne in ge{m}my[gh] gente,
  Vered vp her vyse w{i}t{h} y[gh]en graye,
  Set on hyr corou{n} of perle orie{n}t,
  & soberly after že{n}ne con ho say:                                256
  "Si{r} [gh]e haf yo{ur} tale myse-tente,
  To say yo{ur} perle is al awaye,
  Žat is i{n} cofer, so comly clente,
  As i{n} žis gardyn gracios gaye,                                   260
  Here-i{n}ne to lenge for eu{er} & play.
  Žer mys nee morny{n}g com neu{er} here,
  Her were a forser for že i{n} faye,
  If ž{o}u were a gentyl Iueler.                                     264

[Headnote: SHE TELLS HIM OF HER BLISS.]

    [Sidenote: The rose that he had lost is become a pearl of price.
    The pearl blames his rash speech.]
    Bot Iueler gente if ž{o}u schal lose
  Žy ioy for a ge{m}me žat že wat[gh] lef,
  Me žynk že put i{n} a mad porpose,
  & busye[gh][9] že aboute a raysou{n} bref,                         268
  For žat ž{o}u leste[gh] wat[gh] bot a rose,
  Žat flowred & fayled as kynde hyt gef;
  Now žur[gh] kynde of že kyste ž{a}t hyt con close,
  To a perle of prys hit is put i{n} pref;                           272
  & ž{o}u hat[gh] called žy wyrde a žef,
  Žat o[gh]t of no[gh]t hat[gh] mad že cler;
  Ž{o}u blame[gh] že bote of žy meschef,
  Ž{o}u art no kynde Iueler."                                        276

    [Sidenote 9: Looks like _husye[gh]_ in MS.]

    [Sidenote: The father begs the maiden to excuse his speech, for
    he really thought his pearl was wholly lost to him.]
    A Iuel to me žen wat[gh] žys geste,
  & iuele[gh] wern hyr ge{n}tyl sawe[gh],
  "I-wyse," q{uod} I, "my blysfol beste,
  My grete dystresse ž{o}u al to-drawe[gh],                          280
  To be excused I make requeste;
  I trawed my perle don out of dawe[gh],
  Now haf I fonde hyt I schal ma feste,
  & wony w{i}t{h} hyt i{n} schyr wod schawe[gh],                     284
  & loue my lorde & al his lawe[gh],
  Žat hat[gh] me bro[gh][t] žys blys ner;
  Now were I at yow by-[gh]onde žise wawe[gh],
  I were a ioyfol Iueler."                                           288

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 43a.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden tells her father that he has spoken
    three words without knowing the meaning of one. The first word.
    The second. The third.]
    "Iueler," sayde žat ge{m}me clene,
  "Wy borde [gh]e men, so madde [gh]e be?
  Žre worde[gh] hat[gh] ž{o}u spoken at ene,
  Vn-avysed, for sože, wern alle žre,                                292
  Žou ne woste in worlde quat on dot[gh] mene,
  Žy worde byfore žy wytte con fle.
  Žou says ž{o}u trawe[gh] me i{n} žis dene,
  By cawse ž{o}u may w{i}t{h} y[gh]en me se;                         296
  Anož{er} ž{o}u says, i{n} žys cou{n}tre
  Žy self schal won w{i}t{h} me ry[gh]t here;
  Že žrydde, to passe žys wat{er} fre,
  Žat may no ioyfol Iueler.                                          300


[Headnote: DEATH IS THE ROAD TO PARADISE.]

VI.

    [Sidenote: He is little to be praised who loves what he sees.
    To love nothing but what one sees is great presumption.]
    I halde žat iueler lyttel to prayse.
  Žat loue[gh] wel ž{a}t he se[gh] wyth y[gh]e,
  & much to blame & vn-cortoyse,
  Žat loue[gh][10] oure lorde wolde make a ly[gh]e,                  304
  Žat lelly hy[gh]te yo{ur} lyf to rayse,
  Ža[gh] fortune dyd yo{ur} flesch to dy[gh]e;
  [Gh]e setten hys worde[gh] ful westernays
  Žat loue[gh][11] no žy{n}k bot [gh]e hit sy[gh]e,                  308
  & žat is[12] a poy{n}t o sorquydry[gh]e,
  Žat vche god mon may euel byseme
  To leue no tale be t{ru}e to try[gh]e,
  Bot žat hys one skyl may dem[e].                                   312

    [Sidenote 10: Looks at first sight like _lyue[gh]_--MS. rubbed, but
    read _leue[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 11: Read _leue[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 12: The MS. reads _[-i]s_.]

    [Sidenote: To live in this kingdom (_i.e._ heaven) leave must be
    asked. This stream must be passed over by death.]
    Deme now žy-self, if ž{o}u con, dayly
  As man to god worde[gh] schulde heue.
  Ž{o}u sayt[gh] ž{o}u schal won i{n} žis bayly;
  Me žynk že burde fyrst aske leue,                                  316
  & [gh]et of grau{n}t ž{o}u my[gh]te[gh] fayle;
  Ž{o}u wylne[gh] ou{er} žys water to weue,
  Er moste ž{o}u ceuer to ož{er} cou{n}sayl,
  Žy corse i{n} clot mot calder keue,                                320
  For hit wat[gh] for-garte, at paradys greue
  Oure [gh]ore fader hit con mysse[gh]eme;
  Žur[gh] drwry deth bo[gh] vch ma dreue,
  Er ou{er} žys dam hy{m} dry[gh]ty{n} deme."                        324

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 43b.]]
    [Sidenote: The father asks his pearl whether she is about to
    doom him to sorrow again. If he loses his pearl he does not care
    what happens to him.]
    "Deme[gh] ž{o}u me," q{uod} I, "my swete
  To dol agayn, že{n}ne I dowyne;
  Now haf I fonte žat I for-lete
  Schal I efte for-go hit er eu{er} I fyne?                          328
  Why schal I hit bože mysse & mete?
  My p{re}cios perle dot[gh] me gret pyne,
  What serue[gh] tresor, bot gare[gh] men grete
  When he hit schal efte w{i}t{h} tene[gh] tyne?                     332
  Now rech I neu{er} forto declyne,
  Ne how fer of folde žat man me fleme,
  When I am partle[gh] of perle[gh] myne.
  Bot durande doel what may men deme?"                               336

[Headnote: ALL MUST ABIDE GOD'S DOOM.]

    [Sidenote: The maiden tells her father to suffer patiently.
    Though he may dance as any doe, yet he must abide God's doom.]
    "Thow deme[gh] no[gh]t bot doel dystresse,"
  Ženne sayde žat wy[gh]t "why dot[gh] ž{o}u so?
  For dyne of doel, of lure[gh] lesse,
  Ofte mony mon for-gos že mo;                                       340
  Že o[gh]te better žy seluen blesse,
  & loue ay god &[13] wele & wo,
  For anger gayne[gh] že not a cresse.
  Who nede[gh] schal žole be not so žro;                             344
  For žo[gh] ž{o}u dau{n}ce as any do
  Brau{n}dysch & bray žy braže[gh] breme,
  When ž{o}u no fyrre may, to ne fro,
  Ž{o}u moste abyde žat he schal deme.                               348

    [Sidenote 13: _in_ or _an_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: He must cease to strive. All lies in God's power
    to make men joyful or sad.]
    Deme dry[gh]tyn, euer hy{m} adyte,
  Of že way a fote ne wyl he wryže,
  Žy mende[gh] mou{n}te[gh] not a myte,
  Ža[gh] ž{o}u for sor[gh]e be neu{er} blyže;                        352
  Sty{n}st of žy strot & fyne to flyte,
  & sech hys blyže ful swefte[14] & swyže,
  Žy prayer may hys pyte byte,
  Žat mercy schal hyr crafte[gh] kyže;                               356
  Hys comforte may žy lango{ur} lyže,
  & žy lure[gh] of ly[gh]tly leme,
  For marre ož{er} madde, morne & myže,
  Al lys i{n} hym to dy[gh]t & deme."                                360

    [Sidenote 14: MS. _sweste_.]


[Headnote: THE BEREAVED PARENT ASKS HIS CHILD'S PITY.]

VII.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 44a.]]
    [Sidenote: The father beseeches the pearl to have pity upon him.]
    Thenne demed I to žat damyselle,
  Ne worže no wrath že vnto my lorde,
  If rapely raue[15] spornande i{n} spelle.
  My herte wat[gh] al w{i}t{h} mysse remorde,                        364
  As wallande water got[gh] out of welle;
  I do me ay i{n} hys myserecorde.
  Rebuke me neu{er} w{i}t{h} worde[gh] felle,
  Ža[gh] I forloyne my dere endorde,                                 368
  Bot lyže[gh] me kyndely yo{ur} cou{m}forde,
  Pytosly ženkande vpon žysse;
  Of care & me [gh]e made acorde,
  Žat er wat[gh] grou{n}de of alle my blysse;                        372

    [Sidenote 15: _rane_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: He says that she has been both his bale and bliss.
    And when he lost her, he knew not what had become of her.]
    My blysse, my bale [gh]e han ben bože,
  Bot much že bygger [gh]et wat[gh] my mon,
  Fro ž{o}u wat[gh] wroken fro vch a wože.
  I wyste neu{er} quere my perle wat[gh] gon;                        376
  Now I hit se, now leže[gh] my lože,
  & quen we departed we wern at on,
  God forbede we be now wrože,
  We meten so selden by stok ož{er} ston;                            380
  Ža[gh] cortaysly [gh]e carp con,
  I am bot mol & marere[gh] mysse,
  Bot crystes mersy & mary & Ion,
  Žise arn že grou{n}de of alle my blysse.                           384

    [Sidenote: And now that he sees her in bliss, she takes little
    heed of his sorrow. He desires to know what life she leads.]
    In blysse I se že blyžely blent
  & I a man al mornyf mate,
  [Gh]e take ž{er}-on ful lyttel tente,
  Ža[gh] I hente ofte harme[gh] hate.                                388
  Bot now I am here i{n} yo{ur} p{re}sente,
  I wolde bysech wythouten debate,
  [Gh]e wolde me say i{n} sobre asente,
  What lyf [gh]e lede, erly & late,                                  392
  For I am ful fayn žat yo{ur} astate
  Is woržen to worschyp & wele I wysse,
  Of alle my Ioy že hy[gh]e gate
  Hit is i{n} grou{n}de of alle my blysse."                          396

[Headnote: SHE DESCRIBES HER MODE OF LIFE.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 44b.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden tells him that he may walk and abide
    with her, now that he is humble. All are meek that dwell
    in the abode of bliss.]
    "Now blysse burne mot že bytyde;"
  Žen sayde žat lufsou{m} of lyth & lere,
  "& welcu{m} here to walk & byde,
  For now žy speche is to me dere;                                   400
  Maysterful mod & hy[gh]e pryde
  I hete že arn heterly hated here;
  My lorde ne loue[gh] not forto chyde,
  For meke arn alle ž{a}t wone[gh] hy{m} nere,                       404
  & when i{n} hys place ž{o}u schal apere,
  Be dep deuote i{n} hol mekenesse;
  My lorde že lamb, loue[gh] ay such chere,
  Žat is že grou{n}de of alle my blysse.                             408

    [Sidenote: All lead a blissful life. She reminds her father
    that she was very young when she died. Now she is crowned
    a queen in heaven.]
    A blysful lyf ž{o}u says I lede,
  Žou wolde[gh] knaw ž{er}-of že stage;
  Žow wost wel when žy perle con schede,
  I wat[gh] ful [gh]ong & tender of age,                             412
  Bot my lorde že lombe, žur[gh] hys god-hede,
  He toke my self to hys maryage,
  Corou{n}de me quene i{n} blysse to brede,
  I{n} lengh{e} of daye[gh] žat eu{er} schal wage,                   416
  & sesed i{n} alle hys herytage
  Hys lef is, I am holy hysse;
  Hys prese, hys prys & hys parage,
  Is rote & grou{n}de of alle my blysse."                            420


[Headnote: MARY IS THE EMPRESS OF HEAVEN.]

VIII.

    [Sidenote: The father of the maiden does not fully understand
    her. Mary, he says, is the queen of heaven. No one is able
    to remove the crown from her.]
    "Blysful," q{uod} I, "may žys be trwe,
  Dysplese[gh] not if I speke erro{ur};
  Art žou že quene of heuene[gh] blwe,
  Ž{a}t al žys worlde schal do hono{ur}?                             424
  We leuen on marye žat grace of grewe,
  Žat ber a barne of vyrgyn flo{ur},
  Že croune fro hyr quo mo[gh]t remwe,
  Bot ho hir passed i{n} su{m} fauo{ur}?                             428
  Now for synglerty o hyr douso{ur},
  We calle hyr fenyx of arraby,
  Žat freles fle[gh]e of hyr fasor,
  Lyk to že quen of cortaysye."                                      432

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 45a.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden addresses the Virgin. She then explains
    to her father that each has his place in heaven.]
    "Cortayse quen" že{n}ne s[a]yde žat gaye,
  Knelande to grou{n}de, folde vp hyr face,
  "Makele[gh] moder & myryest may,
  Blessed bygy{n}ner[16] of vch a grace!"                            436
  Že{n}ne ros ho vp & con restay,
  & speke me towarde i{n} žat space:
  "S{ir} fele here porchase[gh] & fonge[gh] pray
  Bot supplantore[gh] none w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne žys place;                440
  Žat emp{er}ise al heue{n}[gh] hat[gh],
  & vrže & helle i{n} her bayly;
  Of erytage [gh]et non wyl ho chace,
  For ho is quen of cortaysye.                                       444

    [Sidenote 16: MS. reads _b[-y]gyner_.]

    [Sidenote: The court of God has a property in its own being.
    Each one in it is a king or queen. The mother of Christ holds
    the chief place.]
    The co{ur}t of že kyndom of god alyue,
  Hat[gh] a p{ro}perty i{n} hyt self bey{n}g;
  Alle žat may žer-i{n}ne aryue
  Of alle že reme is quen ož{er} ky{n}g,                             448
  & neu{er} ož{er} [gh]et schal depryue,
  Bot vchon fayn of ož{er}e[gh] hafy{n}g,
  & wolde her corou{n}e[gh] wern worže žo fyue,
  If possyble were her mendy{n}g.                                    452
  Bot my lady of quom Iesu con spry{n}g,
  Ho halde[gh] že empyre ou{er} v{us} ful hy[gh]e,
  & žat dysplese[gh] non of oure gy{n}g,
  For ho is quene of cortaysye.                                      456

    [Sidenote: We are all members of Christ's body. Look that
    each limb be perfect.]
    Of co{ur}taysye, as sayt[gh] say{n}t poule,
  Al arn we me{m}bre[gh] of ih{es}u kryst,
  As heued & arme & legg & naule,
  Temen to hys body ful trwe & t[r]yste;                             460
  Ry[gh]t so is vch a krysten sawle,
  A longande lym to že mayster of myste;
  Že{n}ne loke what hate ož{er} any gawle,
  Is tached ož{er} ty[gh]ed žy ly{m}me[gh] by-twyste,                464
  Žy heued hat[gh] naužer greme ne gryste,
  On arme ož{er} fynger, ža[gh] ž{o}u ber by[gh]e;
  So fare we alle wyth luf & lyste,
  To ky{n}g & quene by cortaysye."                                   468

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 45b.]]
    [Sidenote: The father replies that he cannot understand how
    his pearl can be a queen. He desires to know what greater
    honour she can have.]
    "Cortayse," q{uod} I, "I leue
  & charyte grete be yow amo{n}g,
  Bot my speche žat yow ne greue,
      .    .    .    .    .                                          472
  Žy self in heuen ou{er} hy[gh] ž{o}u heue,
  To make že quen žat wat[gh] so [gh]onge,
  What more-hond mo[gh]te he acheue
  Žat hade endured i{n} worlde stronge,                              476
  & lyued i{n} penau{n}ce hys lyue[gh] longe,
  W{i}t{h} bodyly bale hy{m} blysse to byye?
  What more worschyp mo[gh]t ho fonge,
  Žen corou{n}de be ky{n}g by cortayse?                              480


[Headnote: THE PARABLE OF THE LABOURERS IN THE VINEYARD.]

IX.

    [Sidenote: She was only two years old when she died,
    and could do nothing to please God. She might be a countess
    or some great lady but not a queen.]
    That cortayse is to fre of dede,
  [Gh]yf hyt be soth žat ž{o}u cone[gh] saye,
  Ž{o}u lyfed not two [gh]er i{n} oure žede,
  Ž{o}u cowže[gh] neu{er} god nauž{er} plese ne pray,                484
  Ne neu{er} nawžer pater ne crede,
  & quen mad on že fyrst day!
  I may not traw, so god me spede,
  Žat god wolde wryže so wrange away;                                488
  Of cou{n}tes damysel, par ma fay,
  Wer fayr i{n} heuen to halde asstate
  Až{er} elle[gh] a lady of lasse aray,
  Bot a quene, hit is to dere a date."                               492

    [Sidenote: The maiden informs her father that there is no limit
    to God's power. The parable of the labourers in the vineyard.]
    "Žer is no date of hys god-nesse,"
  Žen sayde to me žat woržy wy[gh]te,
  "For al is trawže žat he con dresse,
  & he may do no žynk bot ry[gh]t,                                   496
  As mathew mele[gh] i{n} yo{ur} messe,
  I{n} sothfol gospel of god al-my[gh]t
  I{n} sample he can ful grayžely gesse,
  & lykne[gh] hit to heuen ly[gh]te."                                500
  "My regne, he sayt[gh], is lyk on hy[gh]t,
  To a lorde žat hade a uyne I wate,
  Of tyme of [gh]ere že terme wat[gh] ty[gh]t,
  To labor vyne wat[gh] dere že date,                                504

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 46a.]]
    [Sidenote: The lord of the vineyard hires workmen for a penny a
    day. At noon the lord hires other men standing idle in the
    market place.]
    Žat date of [gh]ere wel knawe žys hyne;
  Že lorde ful erly vp he ros,
  To hyre werkmen to hys vyne,
  & fynde[gh] ž{er} su{m}me to hys porpos,                           508
  Into acorde žay con de-clyne,
  For a pené on a day & forth žay got[gh],
  Wryžen & worchen & don gret pyne,
  Keruen & caggen & man hit clos;                                    512
  Aboute vnder, že lorde to marked tot[gh]
  & ydel men stande he fynde[gh] žer-ate,
  "Why stande [gh]e ydel" he sayde to žos,
  Ne knawe [gh]e of žis day no date?                                 516

    [Sidenote: He commands them to go into his vineyard, and he will
    give them what is right.]
    "Er date of daye hider arn we won{n}e,"
  So wat[gh] al samen her answar so[gh]t;
  "We haf standen her syn ros že su{n}ne,
  & no mo{n} bydde[gh] v{us} do, ry[gh]t no[gh]t."                   520
  "Gos i{n}-to my vyne, dot[gh] žat [gh]e co{n}ne."
  So sayde že lorde & made hit to[gh]t.
  "What resonabele hyre be na[gh]t be ru{n}ne,
  I yow pray i{n} dede & žo[gh]te."                                  524
  Žay wente i{n} to že vyne & wro[gh]te,
  & al day že lorde ž{us} [gh]ede his gate,
  & nw men to hys vyne he bro[gh]te;
  Wel ne[gh] wyl day wat[gh] passed date,                            528

    [Sidenote: At an hour before the sun went down the lord sees
    other men standing idle. Tells them to go into the vineyard.]
    At že day of date of euen-songe,
  On oure byfore že so{n}ne go dou{n}
  He se[gh] žer ydel men ful stronge
  & sa[y]de to hem[17] w{i}t{h} sobre sou{n};                        532
  "Wy stonde [gh]e ydel žise daye[gh] longe."
  Žay sayden her hyre wat[gh] nawhere bou{n}.
  "Got[gh] to my vyne [gh]emen [gh]onge
  & wyrke[gh] & dot[gh] ž{a}t at [gh]e mou{n}."                      536
  Sone že worlde by-com wel brou{n},
  Že su{n}ne wat[gh] doun &[18] hit wex late;
  To take her hyre he mad su{m}ou{n};
  Že day wat[gh] al apassed date.                                    540

    [Sidenote 17: MS. _hen_.]
    [Sidenote 18: MS. & &.]


[Headnote: THE PAYMENT OF THE LABOURERS.]

X.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 46b.]]
    [Sidenote: As soon as the sun was gone down the "reeve" was told
    to pay the workmen. To give each a penny. The first began to
    complain.]
    The date of že daye že lorde con knaw,
  Called to že reue "lede pay že meyny,
  Gyf hem že hyre žat I hem owe,
  & fyrre, žat non me may repreue,                                   544
  Set hem alle vpon a rawe,
  & gyf vchon i{n}-lyche a peny.
  Bygyn at že laste žat sta{n}de[gh] lowe,
  Tyl to že fyrste žat ž{o}u atteny;"                                548
  & že{n}ne že fyrst by-go{n}ne to pleny
  & sayden žat žay hade trauayled sore,
  Žese bot an [h]oure hem con streny,
  V{us} žy{n}k v{us} o[gh]e to take more.                            552

    [Sidenote: Having borne the heat of the day he thinks that he
    deserves more. The lord tells him that he agreed only to give
    him a penny.]
    More haf we serued v{us} žy{n}k so,
  Žat suffred han že daye[gh] hete,
  Že{n}n žyse žat wro[gh]t[e] not houre[gh] two,
  & ž{o}u dot[gh] hem v{us} to cou{n}terfete.                        556
  Že{n}ne sayde že lorde to on of žo,
  "Frende no wrang[19] I wyl že [gh]ete,
  Take žat is žyn owne & go;
  & I hyred že for a peny a grete,                                   560
  Quy bygy{n}ne[gh] ž{o}u now to žrete;
  Wat[gh] not a pené žy couenau{n}t žore?
  Fyrre že{n} couenau{n}de is no[gh]t to plete,
  Wy schalte žou že{n}ne ask more?                                   564

    [Sidenote 19: MS. _wanig_.]

[Headnote: THE APPLICATION OF THE PARABLE.]

    [Sidenote: The last shall be first, and the first last.
    The maiden applies the parable to herself.]
    More wež{er} louyly is me my gyfte
  To do wyth myn quat so me lyke[gh]?
  Ož{er} elle[gh] žyn y[gh]e to lyž{er} is lyfte,
  For I am goude & no{n} by-swyke[gh]."                              568
  "Ž{us} schal I," q{uod} kryste, "hit skyfte,
  Že laste schal be že fyrst žat stryke[gh],
  & že fyrst že laste, be he neu{er} so swyft,
  For mony ben calle[d] ža[gh] fewe be myke[gh]."                    572
  Ž{us} pore men her part ay pyke[gh],
  Ža[gh] žay com late & lyttel wore,
  & ža[gh] her sweng wyth lyttel at-slyke[gh],
  Že merci of god is much že more.                                   576

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 47a.]]
    [Sidenote: She came to the vine in eventide, and yet received
    more than others who had lived longer.]
    "More haf I of ioye & blysse here-i{n}ne,
  Of ladyschyp gret & lyue[gh] blom,
  Žen alle že wy[gh]e[gh] i{n} že worlde my[gh]t wy{n}ne
  By že way of ry[gh]t to aske dome.                                 580
  Whežer wel nygh[t] now I con bygy{n}ne,
  In euentyde in-to že vyne I come,
  Fyrst of my hyre my lorde con my{n}ne,
  I wat[gh] payed anon of al & sum;                                  584
  [Gh]et ož{er} žer werne ž{a}t toke more tom,
  Žat swange & swat for long [gh]ore,
  Žat [gh]et of hyre no žynk žay nom,
  Parau{n}t{er} no[gh]t schal to [gh]ere more."                      588

    [Sidenote: The father says that his daughter's tale is
    unreasonable.]
    Then more I meled & sayde apert,
  "Me žynk žy tale vnresou{n}able,
  Godde[gh] ry[gh]t is redy & eu{er} more rert,[20]
  Ož{er} holy wryt is bot a fable;                                   592
  I{n} sauter is sayd a verce ouerte
  Žat speke[gh] a poy{n}t determynable,
  'Ž{o}u quyte[gh] vchon as hys desserte,
  Ž{o}u hy[gh]e ky{n}g ay p{re}termynable,'[21]                      596
  Now he žat stod že long day stable,
  & ž{o}u to payment com hym byfore,
  Že{n}ne že lasse i{n} werke to take more able,
  & eu{er} že lenger že lasse že more."                              600

    [Sidenote 20: _ert_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 21: MS. p{er}termynable.]


[Headnote: GOD IS NO NIGGARD.]

XI.

    [Sidenote: In heaven, the maiden says, each man is paid alike.
    God is no niggard. The grace of God is sufficient for all.]
    "Of more & lasse in gode[gh] ryche,"
  Žat gentyl sayde "lys no Ioparde,
  For žer is vch mon payed inliche,
  Whežer lyttel ož{er} much be hys rewarde,                          604
  For že gentyl cheuentayn is no chyche,
  Quež{er}-so-eu{er} he dele nesch ož{er} harde,
  He laue[gh] hys gyfte[gh][22] as wat{er} of dyche,
  Ož{er} gote[gh] of golf žat neu{er} charde;                        608
  Hys frau{n}chyse is large ž{a}t eu{er} dard,
  To hy{m} žat mat[gh] i{n} sy{n}ne no scogh{e}[23]
  No blysse bet[gh] fro hem reparde,
  For že grace of god is gret I-nogh{e}.                             612

    [Sidenote 22: MS. _gyste[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 23: In the MS. it looks like _rescoghe_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 47b.]]
    [Sidenote: Those who live long on the earth often forfeit heaven
    by sinning.]
    Bot now ž{o}u mote[gh] me for to mate
  Žat I my peny haf wrang tan here,
  Ž{o}u say[gh] žat I žat com to late,
  Am not woržy so gret lere.                                         616
  Where wyste[gh] ž{o}u eu{er} any bourne abate
  Euer so holy i{n} hys prayere,
  Žat he ne forfeted by su{m}kyn gate,
  Že mede su{m}-tyme of heuene[gh] clere;                            620
  & ay že ofter, že alder žay were,
  Žay laften ry[gh]t & wro[gh]ten wogh{e}
  Mercy & g{ra}ce moste hem že{n} stere,
  For že g{ra}ce of god is gret i{n}-no[gh]e.                        624

    [Sidenote: Innocents are saved by baptism. Why should not
    God allow their labour.]
    Bot i{n}-nogh{e} of grace hat[gh] i{n}nocent,
  As sone as žay arn borne by lyne
  I{n} že water of babtem žay dyssente,
  Ž{en} arne žay boro[gh]t i{n}-to že vyne,                          628
  Anon že day w{i}t{h} derk endente,
  Že my[gh]t of deth dot[gh] to en-clyne
  Žat wro[gh]t neuer wrang er že{n}ne žay wente;
  Že gentyle lorde že{n}ne paye[gh] hys hyne,                        632
  Žay dyden hys heste, žay wern žere-ine,
  Why schulde he not her labo{ur} alow,
  [Gh]y[rd] & pay hem[24] at že fyrst fyne
  For že grace of god is gret i{n}-nogh{e}?                          636

    [Sidenote 24: MS. _hym_.]

[Headnote: PARADISE WAS LOST THROUGH AN APPLE.]

    [Sidenote: Our first father lost heaven by eating an apple.
    And all are damned for the sin of Adam. But there came one
    who paid the penalty of our sins.]
    Ino[gh]e is knawen ž{a}t man-kyn grete,
  Fyrste wat[gh] wro[gh]t to blysse parfyt;
  Oure forme-fader hit con forfete,
  Žur[gh] an apple žat he vpon con byte;                             640
  Al wer we dampned for žat mete,
  To dy[gh]e i{n} doel out of delyt,
  & syžen wende to helle hete,
  Ž{er}-i{n}ne to won w{i}t{h}-oute respyt;                          644
  Bot žer on com a bote as-tyt.
  Ryche blod ran on rode so rogh{e},
  & wy{n}ne [&] wat{er}, že{n} at žat plyt
  Že g{ra}ce of god wex gret i{n}-nogh{e}.                           648

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 48a.]]
    [Sidenote: The water that came from the pierced side of Christ
    was baptism.]
    Innogh{e} žer wax out[25] of žat welle,
  Blod & wat{er} of brode wou{n}de;
  Že blod v{us} bo[gh]t fro bale of helle,
  & delyu{er}ed v{us} of že deth secou{n}de;                         652
  Že water is baptem že sože to telle;
  Žat fol[gh]ed že glayue so gry{m}ly grou{n}de,
  Žat wasche[gh] away že gylte[gh] felle,
  Žat adam wyth i{n}ne deth v{us} drou{n}de.                         656
  Now is ž{er} no[gh]t i{n} že worlde rou{n}de
  Bytwene v{us} & blysse bot žat he w{i}t{h}-dro[gh]
  & žat is restored i{n} sely stou{n}de,
  & že grace of god is gret i{n}-nogh.                               660

    [Sidenote 25: MS. _out out_.]


XII.

    [Sidenote: Repentance must be sought by prayer with sorrow and
    affliction. The guilty may be saved by contrition.]
    Grace i{n}-nogh že mon may haue,
  Žat sy{n}ne[gh] že{n}ne new, [gh]if hy{m} repente,
  Bot w{i}t{h} sor[gh] & syt he mot hit craue,
  & byde že payne žer-to is bent,                                    664
  Bot resou{n} of ry[gh]t žat con not raue,
  Saue[gh] eu{er} more že i{n}nosse{n}t;
  Hit is a dom ž{a}t neu{er} god gaue,
  Žat eu{er} že gyltle[gh] schulde be schente.                       668
  Že gyltyf may contryssyou{n} hente
  & be žur[gh] mercy to grace žry[gh]t;
  Bot he to gyle žat neu{er} glente,
  At i{n}-oscente is saf & ry[gh]te.                                 672

[Headnote: INNOCENTS ARE SAVED BY RIGHT.]

    [Sidenote: Two sorts of people are saved, the _righteous_ and
    the _innocent_. The words of David. The innocent is saved by
    right.]
    Ry[gh]t ž{us}[26] I knaw wel i{n} žis cas,
  Two men to saue is god by skylle;
  Že ry[gh]t-wys man schal se hys face,[27]
  Že harmle[gh] hažel schal com hym tylle,                           676
  Že saut{er} hyt sat[gh] ž{us} i{n} a pace:
  "Lorde quo schal klymbe žy hy[gh] hylle[gh]
  Ož{er} rest w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne žy holy place?"
  Hymself to on-sware he is not dylle;                               680
  "Hondely{n}ge[gh] harme žat dyt not ille,
  Žat is of hert bože clene & ly[gh]t,
  Žer schal hys step stable stylle,"
  Že i{n}nosent is ay saf by ry[gh]t.                                684

    [Sidenote 26: MS. ž{us} ž{us}.]
    [Sidenote 27: MS. _fate_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 48b.]]
    [Sidenote: The words of Solomon.]
    The ry[gh]twys man also sertayn
  Aproche he schal ž{a}t proper pyle,
  Žat take[gh] not her lyf in vayne
  Ne glauere[gh] her nie[gh]bor wyth no gyle;                        688
  Of žys ry[gh]t-wys sa[gh][28] salamon playn,
  How kyntly oure con aquyle
  By waye[gh] ful stre[gh]t he con hym strayn,
  & scheued hy{m} že rengne of god a whyle,                          692
  As quo says "lo [gh]on louely yle,
  Ž{o}u may hit wy{n}ne if ž{o}u be wy[gh]te,"
  Bot hardyly w{i}t{h}-oute peryle,
  Že i{n}nosent is ay saue by ry[gh]te!                              696

    [Sidenote 28: _sat[gh]_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: David says no man living is justified.
    Pray to be saved by innocence and not by right.]
    An-ende ry[gh]twys men, [gh]et sayt[gh] a gome
  Dauid in sauter, if eu{er} [gh]e se[gh] hit,
  "Lorde žy seruau{n}t dra[gh] neuer to dome,
  For[29] non lyuyunde to že is Iustyfyet."                          700
  For-žy to corte quen ž{o}u schal com,
  Žer alle oure cause[gh] schal be tryed,
  Alegge že ry[gh]t ž{o}u may be i{n}-nome,
  By žys ilke spech I haue asspyed;                                  704
  Bot he on rode žat blody dyed,
  Delfully žur[gh] honde[gh] žry[gh]t
  Gyue že to passe when ž{o}u arte tryed
  By in{n}ocens & not by ry[gh]te.                                   708

    [Sidenote 29: MS. _sor._]

[Headnote: CHRIST BLESSED LITTLE CHILDREN.]

    [Sidenote: When Jesus was on earth, little children were brought
    unto him. The disciples rebuked the parents. Christ said,
    "Suffer little children to come unto me," etc.]
    Ry[gh]t-wysly quo con rede,
  He loke on bok & be awayed
  How Ih{esu}c hy{m} welke in are žede,
  & burne[gh] her barne[gh] vnto hy{m} brayde,                       712
  For happe & hele žat fro hy{m} [gh]ede,
  To touch[30] her chylder žay fayr hym prayed.
  His dessypele[gh] w{i}t{h} blame let be hy{m} bede,
  & wyth her resou{n}e[gh] ful fele restayed;                        716
  Ih{esu}c že{n}ne hem swetely sayde,
  "Do way, let chylder vnto me ty[gh]t.
  To suche is heuen-ryche arayed,"
  Že i{n}nocent is ay saf by ry[gh]t.                                720

    [Sidenote 30: MS. _touth_.]


XIII.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 49a.]]
    [Sidenote: No one can win heaven except he be meek as a child.]
    Ih{esu}c con calle to hy{m} hys mylde
  & sayde hys ryche no wy[gh] my[gh]t wy{n}ne.
  Bot he com žyder ry[gh]t as a chylde,
  Ož{er} elle[gh] neu{er} more com žer-i{n}ne,                       724
  Harmle[gh], trwe & vnde-fylde,
  W{i}t{h}-outen mote ož{er} mascle of sulpande sy{n}ne;
  Quen such žer cnoken on že bylde,
  Tyt schal hem men že [gh]ate vnpy{n}ne,                            728
  Žer is že blys žat con not bly{n}ne,
  Žat že Iueler so[gh]te žur[gh] perre pres
  & solde alle hys goud bože wolen & ly{n}ne,
  To bye hy{m} a perle [žat] wat[gh] mascelle[gh].                   732

[Headnote: FORSAKE THE MAD WORLD.]

    [Sidenote: The pearl of price is like the kingdom of heaven,
    pure and clean. Forsake the mad world and purchase the spotless
    pearl.]
    This makelle[gh] perle žat bo[gh]t is dere,
  Že Ioueler gef fore alle hys god,
  Is lyke že reme of heuenesse clere
  So sayde že fader of folde & flode,                                736
  For hit is we{m}le[gh], clene & clere,
  & endele[gh] rou{n}de & blyže of mode,
  & co{m}mune to alle žat ry[gh]twys[31] were,
  Lo! euen i{n} mydde[gh] my breste hit stode;                       740
  My lorde že lombe žat schede hys blode,
  He py[gh]t hit žere i{n} token of pes;
  I rede že forsake že worlde wode,
  & porchace žy perle maskelles."                                    744

    [Sidenote 31: MS. _ry[gh]tywys_.]

    [Sidenote: The father of the maiden desires to know who formed
    her figure and wrought her garments. Her beauty, he says,
    is not natural. Her colour passes the fleur-de-lis.]
    "O maskele[gh] perle i{n} perle[gh] pure
  Žat bere[gh]," q{uod} I, "že perle of prys,
  Quo formed že žy fayre fygure?
  Žat wro[gh]t žy wede, he wat[gh] ful wys;                          748
  Žy beaute com neu{er} of nature,
  Pymalyon paynted neu{er} žy vys,
  Ne arystotel nawž{er} by hys lettrure
  Of carpe že kynde žese p{ro}perte[gh].                             752
  Žy colo{ur} passe[gh] že flo{ur}-de-lys,
  Žyn angel hauy{n}g so clene corte[gh]
  Breue me bry[gh]t, quat-kyn of p{r}iys[32]
  Bere[gh] že perle so maskelle[gh]."                                756

    [Sidenote 32: The MS. has _triys_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 49b.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden explains to her father that she is a bride
    of Christ. She is without spot or blemish. Her weeds are washed
    in the blood of Christ.]
    "My makele[gh] lambe žat al may bete,"
  Q{uod} scho, "my dere destyné
  Me ches to hys make al-ža[gh] vnmete,
  Su{m} tyme semed ž{a}t assemblé                                    760
  When I wente fro yor worlde wete.
  He calde me to hys bon{er}té,
  'Cu{m} hyder to me my le{m}man swete,
  For mote ne spot is non i{n} že:'                                  764
  He gef me my[gh]t & als bewté.
  I{n} hys blod he wesch my wede on dese,
  & coronde clene i{n} v{er}gynté,
  & py[gh]t me i{n} perle[gh] maskelle[gh]."                         768

    [Sidenote: The father asks the nature of the Lamb that has
    chosen his daughter, and why she is selected as a bride.]
    "Why maskelle[gh] bryd žat bry[gh]t con flambe
  Žat reiate[gh] hat[gh] so ryche & ryf,
  Quat-kyn žy{n}g may be žat lambe,
  Žat že wolde wedde vnto hys vyf?                                   772
  Ou{er} alle ož{er} so hy[gh] ž{o}u clambe,
  To lede w{i}t{h} hy{m} so ladyly lyf
  So mony a cumly on v{n}der cambe,
  For kryst han lyued i{n} much stryf,                               776
  & ž{o}u con alle žo dere out-dryf,
  & fro žat maryag al ož{er} depres,
  Al only žyself so stout & styf,
  A makele[gh] may & maskelle[gh]."                                  780


[Headnote: THE LAMB AND HIS BRIDES.]

XIV.

    [Sidenote: The Lamb has one hundred and forty thousand brides.
    St. John saw them on the hill of Sion in a dream, in the new
    city of Jerusalem.]
    "Maskelles," q{uod} žat myry quene,
  "Vnblemyst I am wyth-outen blot,
  & žat may I w{i}t{h} mensk me{n}teene;
  Bot makele[gh] quene že{n}ne sade I not,                           784
  Že lambes vyue[gh] i{n} blysse we bene,
  A hondred & forty žowsande flot
  As i{n} že apocalyppe[gh] hit is sene;
  Sant Ioh{a}n hem sy[gh] al i{n} a knot,                            788
  On že hyl of syon žat semly clot.
  Že apostel hem segh i{n} gostly drem
  Arayed to že weddy{n}g i{n} ž{a}t hyl coppe,
  Že nwe cyte u I{e}r{usa}l{e}m.                                     792

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 50a.]]
    [Sidenote: Isaiah speaks of Christ or the Lamb. He says that
    He was led as a lamb to the slaughter.]
    Of I{e}r{usa}l{e}m I in speche spelle.
  If ž{o}u wyl knaw what-kyn he be,
  My lombe, my lorde, my dere Iuelle,
  My ioy, my blys, my le{m}man fre,                                  796
  Že p{ro}fete ysaye of hy{m} con melle,
  Pitously of hys debonerté
  Žat gloryo{us} gyltle[gh][33] ž{a}t mon con quelle,
  W{i}t{h}-outen any sake of felonye,                                800
  As a schep to že sla[gh]t ž{er} lad wat[gh] he
  & as lombe žat clypper i{n} lande nem,[34]
  So closed he hys mouth fro vch query,
  Quen Iue[gh] hy{m} iugged i{n} Ih{erusal}em.                       804

    [Sidenote 33: MS. reads _gystle[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 34: MS. _men_.]

    [Sidenote: In Jerusalem was Christ slain. With buffets
    was His face flayed. He endured all patiently as a lamb.
    For us He died in Jerusalem.]
    In I{e}r{usa}l{e}m wat[gh] my le{m}man slayn
  & rent on rode w{i}t{h} boye[gh] bolde;
  Al oure bale[gh] to bere ful bayn,
  He toke on hy{m} self oure care[gh] colde,                         808
  W{i}t{h} boffete[gh] wat[gh] hys face flayn,
  Žat wat[gh] so fayr on to byholde;
  For sy{n}ne he set hy{m} self i{n} vayn,
  Žat neu{er} hade non hym self to wolde,                            812
  For v{us} he lette hy{m} fly[gh]e & folde
  & brede vpon a bostwys bem,
  As meke as lomb[35] žat no playnt tolde.
  For v{us} he swalt i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m:                           816

    [Sidenote 35: The MS. reads _lomp_.]

[Headnote: THE LAMB WAS SLAIN IN JERUSALEM.]

    [Sidenote: The declaration of St. John, "Behold the Lamb
    of God," etc. Who can reckon His generation, that died
    in Jerusalem?]
    I{e}r{usa}l{e}m, Iordan & galalye,
  Žer as baptysed že goude say{n}t Ion,
  His worde[gh] acorded to ysaye;
  When Ih{esu}c con to hy{m} warde gon                               820
  He sayde of hy{m} žys p{ro}fessye,
  "Lo gode[gh] lombe as trwe as ston,
  Žat dot[gh] away že sy{n}ne[gh] dry[gh]e!"
  Žat alle žys worlde hat[gh] wro[gh]t vpon,                         824
  Hy{m} self ne wro[gh]t neu{er} [gh]et non,
  Whež{er} on hym self he con al clem,
  Hys generacyou{n} quo recen con,
  Žat dy[gh]ed for v{us} i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m?                       828

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 50b.]]
    [Sidenote: In the New Jerusalem St. John saw the Lamb sitting
    upon the throne.]
    In I{e}r{usa}l{e}m ž{us} my le{m}man swatte,
  Twye[gh], for lombe wat[gh] taken žere,
  By trw recorde of ayž{er} p{ro}phete,
  For mode so meke & al hys fare,                                    832
  Že žryde tyme is ž{er}-to ful mete
  In apokalype[gh] wryten ful [gh]are.
  In myde[gh] že trone žere saynte[gh] sete,
  Že apostel ioh{a}n hy{m} sayt[gh] as bare,                         836
  Lesande že boke with leue[gh] sware,
  Žere seuen sy{n}gnette[gh] wern sette i{n}-seme
  & at ž{a}t sy[gh]t vche douth con dare,
  In helle, i{n} erže & I{e}r{usa}l{e}m.                             840


XV.

    [Sidenote: The Lamb is without blemish. Every spotless soul
    is a worthy bride for the Lamb. No strife or envy among
    the brides.]
    Thys I{e}r{usa}l{e}m lombe hade neu{er} pechche
  Of ož{er} huee bot quyt Iolyf
  Žat mot ne masklle mo[gh]t on streche
  For wolle quyte so ronk & ryf,                                     844
  For-žy vche saule žat hade neu{er} teche,[36]
  Is to žat lombe a worthyly wyf;
  And ža[gh] vch day a store he feche,
  Among v{us} co{m}me[gh] non ož{er} strot ne stryf,                 848
  Bot vchon enle[37] we wolde were fyf,
  Že mo že myryer so god me blesse.
  I{n} compayny gret our luf con žryf
  In hono{ur} more & neu{er} že lesse.                               852

    [Sidenote 36: MS. _tethe_.]
    [Sidenote 37: _vch onlepi_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: None can have less bliss than another.
    Our death leads us to bliss.]
    Lasse of blysse may non v{us} bry{n}g
  Žat beren žys perle vpon oure bereste,
  For žay of mote couže neu{er} my{n}ge,
  Of spotle[gh] perle[gh] ža[y] beren že creste,                     856
  Al-ža[gh] oure corses i{n} clotte[gh] cly{n}ge,
  & [gh]e remen for rauže wyth-outen reste,
  We žur[gh]-outly hauen cnawy{n}g;
  Of [o]n dethe ful oure hope is drest,                              860
  Že lonbe v{us} glade[gh], oure care is kest;
  He myrže[gh] v{us} alle at vch a mes,
  Vchone[gh] blysse is breme & beste,
  & neu{er} one[gh] hono{ur} [gh]et neu{er} že les.                  864

[Headnote: THE VISION OF SAINT JOHN.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 51a.]]
    [Sidenote: What St. John saw upon the Mount of Sion.
    About the Lamb he saw one hundred and forty thousand maidens.
    He heard a voice from heaven, like many floods.]
    Lest les ž{o}u leue my tale[38] farande,
  I{n} appocalyppece is wryten i{n} wro
  I segh{e}, says Ioh{a}n, že lou{m}be hy{m} stande,
  On že mou{n}t of syon ful žryuen & žro,                            868
  & wyth hym mayde{n}ne[gh] an hu{n}dreže žowsande
  & fowre & forty žowsande mo
  On alle her forhede[gh] wryten I fande,
  Že lombe[gh] nome, hys fadere[gh] also.                            872
  A hue fro heuen I herde žoo,
  Lyk flode[gh] fele laden, ru{n}ne{n} on resse,
  & as žu{n}der žrowe[gh] i{n} torre[gh] blo,
  Žat lote I leue wat[gh] neu{er} že les.                            876

    [Sidenote 38: MS. _talle_, but _tale_ in the catchwords.]

    [Sidenote: He heard the maiden sing a new song. So did
    the four beasts and the elders "so sad of cheer."]
    Nauželes ža[gh] hit schowted scharpe,
  & ledden loude al-ža[gh] hit were.
  A note ful nwe I herde hem warpe,
  To lysten žat wat[gh] ful lufly dere,                              880
  As harpore[gh] harpen in her harpe,
  Žat nwe songe žay so{n}gen ful cler.
  In sou{n}ande note[gh] a gentyl carpe,
  Ful fayre že mode[gh] žay fonge i{n} fere                          884
  Ry[gh]t byfore gode[gh] chayere,
  & že fowre beste[gh] žat hy{m} obes,
  & že alder-men so sadde of chere,
  Her songe žay songen neu{er} že les;                               888

    [Sidenote: This assembly was like the Lamb, spotless and pure.]
    Nowže-lese non wat[gh] neu{er} so quoy{n}t,
  For alle že crafte[gh] žat eu{er} žay knewe.
  Žat of žat songe my[gh]t sy{n}ge a poy{n}t,
  Bot žat meyny že lombe žay swe,                                    892
  For žay arn bo[gh]t fro že vrže aloynte.
  As newe fryt to god ful due
  & to že gentyl lombe hit arn amoy{n}t,
  As lyk to hym self of lote & hwe,                                  896
  For neu{er} lesy{n}g ne tale vn-trwe,
  Ne towched her tonge for no dysstresse.
  Žat moteles meyny may neu{er} remwe,
  Fro žat maskele[gh] mayster neu{er} že les."                       900

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 51b.]]
    [Sidenote: The father replies to the maiden. He says he is
    but dust and ashes. He wishes to ask one question,]
    "Neuer že les let be my žonc,"
  Q{uod} I, "my perle ža[gh] I appose,
  I schulde not tempte žy wyt so wlonc,
  To kryste[gh] chambre žat art Ichose,                              904
  I am bot mokke & mul amo{n}g,
  & ž{o}u so ryche a reken rose,
  & byde[gh] here by žys blysful bonc
  Žer lyue[gh] lyste may neu{er} lose,                               908
  Now hynde žat sympelnesse co{n}e[gh] enclose,
  I wolde že aske a žy{n}ge expresse,
  & ža[gh] I be bustwys as a blose
  Let my bone vayl neu{er} že lese.                                  912


[Headnote: THE ABODE OF CHRIST'S BRIDES.]

XVI.

    [Sidenote: whether the brides have their abode in castle-walls
    or in manor. Jerusalem, he says, in Judea. But the dwelling
    of the brides should be perfect.]
    Neuer že lese cler I yow by-calle
  If [gh]e con se hyt be to done,
  As ž{o}u art gloryo{u}s w{i}t{h}-outen galle,
  W{i}t{h}-nay ž{o}u neu{er} my ruful bone.                          916
  Haf [gh]e no wone[gh] i{n} castel walle,
  Ne man{er} žer [gh]e may mete & won?
  Ž{o}u telle[gh] me of I{e}r{usa}l{e}m že ryche ryalle,
  Žer dauid dere wat[gh] dy[gh]t on trone,                           920
  Bot by žyse holte[gh] hit con not hone
  Bot in Iudee hit is ž{a}t noble note;
  As [gh]e ar maskele[gh] vnder mone,
  Yo{ur} wone[gh] schulde by wyth-outen mote.                        924

    [Sidenote: For such "a comely pack" a great castle would be
    required.]
    Žys motele[gh] meyny ž{o}u cone[gh] of mele,
  Of žousande[gh] žry[gh]t so gret a route,
  A gret cete, for [gh]e arn fele,
  Yow by-hod haue w{i}t{h}-outen doute;                              928
  So cu{m}ly a pakke of Ioly Iuele,
  Wer euel don schulde ly[gh] ž{er}-oute;
  & by žyse bonke[gh] žer I con gele
  & I se no bygy{n}g nawhere aboute,                                 932
  I trowe al-one [gh]e lenge & loute,
  To loke on že glory of žys g{ra}c[i]o{us} gote;
  If ž{o}u hat[gh] ožer lygy{n}ge[gh] stoute,
  Now tech me to žat myry mote.                                      936

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 52a.]]
    [Sidenote: The city in Judęa, answers the maiden, is where
    Christ suffered, and is the Old Jerusalem. The New Jerusalem is
    where the Lamb has assembled his brides.]
    "That mote ž{o}u mene[gh] in Iudy londe,"
  Žat specyal spyce žen to me spakk,
  "Žat is že cyte žat že lombe con fonde
  To soffer i{n}ne sor for mane[gh] sake,                            940
  Že olde I{e}r{usa}l{e}m to vnder-stonde,
  For žere že olde gulte wat[gh] don to slake,
  Bot že nwe žat ly[gh]t of gode[gh] sonde,
  Že apostel in apocalyppce i{n} theme con take.                     944
  Že lombe[39] ž{er}, w{i}t{h}-outen spotte[gh] blake,
  Hat[gh] feryed žyder hys fayre flote,
  & as hys flok is w{i}t{h}-outen flake,
  So is hys mote w{i}t{h}-outen moote.                               948

    [Sidenote 39: The MS. reads _lompe_.]

[Headnote: THE OLD AND NEW JERUSALEM.]

    [Sidenote: Jerusalem means the city of God. In the Old city
    our peace was made at one. In the New city is eternal peace.]
    Of motes two to carpe clene
  & I{e}r{usa}l{e}m hy[gh]t bože nawželes,
  Žat nys to yow no more to mene,
  Bot cete of god ož{er} sy[gh]t of pes.                             952
  I{n} žat on oure pes wat[gh] mad at ene,
  W{i}t{h} payne to suffer že lombe hit chese,
  In žat ož{er} is no[gh]t bot pes to glene,
  Žat ay schal laste w{i}t{h}-outen reles,                           956
  Žat is že bor[gh] žat we to pres,
  Fro ž{a}t oure flesch[40] be layd to rote;
  Žer glory & blysse schal eu{er} encres,
  To že meyny ž{a}t is w{i}t{h}-outen mote.                          960

    [Sidenote 40: MS. _fresth_.]


XVII.

    [Sidenote: The father prays his daughter to bring him to the
    blissful bower. His daughter tells him that he shall see
    the outside, but not a foot may he put in the city.]
    "Motele[gh] may so meke & mylde,"
  Žen sayde I to žat lufly flor,
  "Bry{n}g me to žat bygly bylde,
  & let me se žy blysful bor."                                       964
  Žat schene sayde, žat god wyl schylde,
  "Ž{o}u may not enter w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne hys tor,
  Bot of že lombe I haue že aquylde
  For a sy[gh]t žer-of žur[gh] gret fauor.                           968
  Vt-wyth to se žat clene cloystor,
  Ž{o}u may, bot i{n}wyth not a fote,
  To strech in že strete ž{o}u hat[gh] no vygo{ur},
  Bot ž{o}u wer clene w{i}t{h}-outen mote.                           972


[Headnote: A DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW JERUSALEM.]

XVIII.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 52b.]]
    [Sidenote: The maiden then tells her father to go along the bank
    till he comes to a hill. He reaches the hill, and beholds the
    heavenly city.]
    If I žis mote že schal vn-hyde,
  Bow vp to-warde žys borne[gh] heued,
  & I an-ende[gh] že on žis syde
  Schal sve, tyl ž{o}u to a hil be veued,                            976
  Že{n} wolde [I] no lenger byde,
  Bot lurked by lau{n}ce[gh] so lufly leued,
  Tyl on a hyl žat I asspyed
  & blusched on že burgh{e}, as I forth dreued,                      980
  By-[gh]onde že brok fro me warde keued,
  Žat schyrrer žen su{n}ne w{i}t{h} schafte[gh] schon;
  I{n} že apokalypce is že fasou{n} preued,
  As deuyse[gh] hit že apostel Ihoń.                                 984

    [Sidenote: As St. John saw it, so he beheld it. The city was
    of burnished gold. Pitched upon gems, the foundation composed
    of twelve stones.]
    As Ioh{a}n že apostel hit sy[gh] w{i}t{h} sy[gh]t
  I sy[gh]e žat cyty of gret renou{n},
  I{e}r{usa}l{e}m so nwe & ryally dy[gh]t,
  As hit wat[gh] ly[gh]t fro že heuen adou{n}.                       988
  Že bor[gh] wat[gh] al of brende golde bry[gh]t,
  As glemande glas burnist brou{n},
  W{i}t{h} gentyl ge{m}me[gh] an-vnder py[gh]t;
  W{i}t{h} bantele[gh] twelue on basy{n}g boun,                      992
  Že fou{n}demente[gh] twelue of riche tenou{n};
  Vch tabelment wat[gh] a serlype[gh] ston,
  As derely deuyse[gh] žis ilk tou{n},
  I{n} apocalyppe[gh] že apostel Ioh{a}n.                            996

    [Sidenote: The names of the precious stones.]
    [Sidenote: i. Jasper. ii. Sapphire. iii. Chalcedony.
    iv. Emerald. v. Sardonyx. vi. Ruby.]
    As žise stone[gh] i{n} writ con ne{m}me
  I knew že name aft{er} his tale;
  Iasper hy[gh]t že fyrst ge{m}me,
  Žat I on že fyrst basse con wale,                                 1000
  He glente grene i{n} že lowest he{m}me.
  Saffer helde že secou{n}de stale,
  Že calsydoyne že{n}ne w{i}t{h}-outen we{m}me,
  I{n} že žryd table con purly pale;                                1004
  Že emerade že furže so grene of scale;
  Že sardonyse že fyfže ston;
  Že sexte že rybe he con hit wale,
  I{n} že apocalyppce že apostel Ioh{a}n.                           1008

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 53a.]]
    [Sidenote: vii. Chrysolite. viii. Beryl. ix. Topaz.
    x. Chrysoprasus. xi. Jacinth. xii. Amethyst.]
    [Gh]et Ioyned Ioh{a}n že crysolyt,
  Že seuenže ge{m}me i{n} fundament;
  Že a[gh]tže že beryl cler & quyt
  Že topasye twy{n}ne how že ne{n}te endent;                        1012
  Že crysopase že tenže is ty[gh]t;
  Že Iacy{n}gh[41] že enleuenže gent;
  Že twelfže že gentyleste i{n} veh a plyt,
  Že amatyst purpre w{i}t{h} ynde blente;                           1016
  Že wal abof že bantels bent,
  Masporye as glas žat glysnande schon,
  I knew hit by his deuysement,
  I{n} že apocalyppe[gh] že apostel I{o}h{a}n.                      1020

    [Sidenote 41: _Iacynth_ (?).]

    [Sidenote: The city was square. The wall was of jasper.
    Twelve thousand furlongs in length and breadth.]
    As Ioh{a}n deuysed [gh]et sa[gh] I žare.
  Žise twelue de-gres wern brode & stayre,
  Že cyte stod abof ful sware,
  As longe as brode as hy[gh]e ful fayre;                           1024
  Že strete[gh] of golde as glasse al bare,
  Že wal of Iasper žat glent as glayre;
  Že wone[gh] w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne enurned ware
  Wyth alle ky{n}ne[gh] perre žat mo[gh]t repayre,                  1028
  Že{n}ne helde vch sware of žis manayre,
  Twelue forlonge space er eu{er} hit fon,
  Of he[gh]t, of brede, of lenže to cayre,
  For meten hit sy[gh] že apostel Ioh{a}n.                          1032


[Headnote: NO SUN NOR MOON IN HEAVEN.]

XIX.

    [Sidenote: Each "pane" had three gates. Each gate adorned with
    a pearl. Such light gleamed in all the streets, that there
    was no need of the sun or moon.]
    As Ioh{a}n hy{m} wryte[gh] [gh]et more I sy[gh]e
  Vch pane of žat place had žre [gh]ate[gh],
  So twelue i{n} po{ur}sent I con asspye
  Že portale[gh] pyked of rych plate[gh]                            1036
  & vch [gh]ate of a margyrye,
  A parfyt perle žat neu{er} fate[gh];
  Vchon i{n} scrypture a name con plye,
  Of isr{ae}l barne[gh] folewande her date[gh],                     1040
  Žat is to say as her byrž whate[gh];
  Že aldest ay fyrst ž{er}-on wat[gh] done.
  Such ly[gh]t žer lemed i{n} alle že strate[gh]
  Hem nedde nawž{er} su{n}ne ne mone.                               1044

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 53b.]]
    [Sidenote: God was the light of those in the city.
    The high throne might be seen, upon which the "high God" sat.
    A river ran out of the throne;]
    Of su{n}ne ne mone had žay no nede
  Že self god wat[gh] her lompe[42] ly[gh]t,
  Že lombe her lantyrne w{i}t{h}-outen drede,
  Žur[gh] hy{m} blysned že bor[gh] al bry[gh]t.                     1048
  Žur[gh] wo[gh]e & won my loky{n}g [gh]ede,
  For sotyle cler mo[gh]t[43] lette no ly[gh]t;
  Že hy[gh]e trone žer mo[gh]t [gh]e hede
  W{i}t{h} alle že apparaylmente vmbe-py[gh]te,                     1052
  As Ioh{a}n že appostel in terme[gh] ty[gh]te;
  Že hy[gh]e gode[gh] self hit set vpone.
  A reu{er} of že trone žer ran out-ry[gh]te
  Wat[gh] bry[gh]ter žen bože že su{n}ne & mone.                    1056

    [Sidenote 42: MS. _lombe_.]
    [Sidenote 43: MS. _no[gh]t_.]

[Headnote: NO CHURCH IN HEAVEN.]

    [Sidenote: it flowed through each street. No church was seen.
    God was the church; Christ the sacrifice. The gates were
    ever open.]
    Su{n}ne ne mone schon neu{er} so swete;
  A! žat foysou{n} flode out of žat flet,
  Swyže hit swange žur[gh] vch a strete,
  W{i}t{h}-outen fylže ož{er} galle ož{er} glet.                    1060
  Kyrk žer-i{n}ne wat[gh] non [gh]ete,
  Chapel ne temple žat eu{er} wat[gh] set,
  Že al-my[gh]ty wat[gh] her mynyster mete,
  Že lombe že saker-fyse žer to reget;                              1064
  Že [gh]ates stoken wat[gh] neu{er} [gh]et,
  Bot eu{er} more vpen at vche a lone;
  Žer entre[gh] non to take reset,
  Žat bere[gh] any spot an-vnder[44] mone.                          1068

    [Sidenote: There is no night in the city. The planets,
    and the sun itself, are dim compared to the divine light.
    Trees there renew their fruit every month.]
    The mone may žer-of acroche no my[gh]te
  To spotty, ho is of body to grym,
  & al-so ž{er} ne is neu{er} ny[gh]t.
  What schulde že mone žer compas clym                              1072
  & to euen wyth žat woržly ly[gh]t[45],
  Žat schyne[gh] vpon že broke[gh] brym?
  Že planete[gh] arn i{n} to pou{er} a ply[gh]t,
  & že self su{n}ne ful fer to dym.                                 1076
  Aboute žat wat{er} arn tres ful schym,
  Žat twelue fryte[gh] of lyf con bere ful sone;
  Twelue syže[gh] on [gh]er žay beren ful frym
  & re-nowle[gh] nwe i{n} vche a mone.                              1080

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 54a.]]
    [Sidenote: The beholder of this fair city stood still as a
    "dased quail."]
    An-vnder mone so gret m{er}wayle
  No fleschly hert ne my[gh]t endeure,
  As quen I blusched vpon žat baly,
  So ferly ž{er}-of wat[gh] že falure.                              1084
  I stod as stylle as dased quayle,
  For ferly of žat french[46] fygure,
  Žat felde I nawž{er} reste ne t{ra}uayle,
  So wat[gh] I rauyste wyth gly{m}me pure;                          1088
  For I dar say, w{i}t{h} conciens sure,
  Hade bodyly burne abiden žat bone,
  Ža[gh] alle clerke[gh] hy{m} hade i{n} cure,
  His lyf wer loste an-vnder mone.                                  1092

    [Sidenote 44: MS. _an-vnde[gh]_.]
    [Sidenote 45: Or _sy[gh]t_.]
    [Sidenote 46: _fresch_ (?).]


[Headnote: A PROCESSION OF VIRGINS.]

XX.

    [Sidenote: As the moon began to rise he was aware of a
    procession of virgins crowned with pearls, in white robes,
    with a pearl in their breast.]
    Ry[gh]t as že maynful mone con rys,
  Er že{n}ne že day-glem dryue al dou{n},
  So sodanly on a wonder wyse,
  I wat[gh] war of a prosessyou{n},                                 1096
  Žis noble cite of ryche enpresse
  Wat[gh] sodanly ful w{i}t{h}-outen so{m}mou{n}
  Of such v{er}gyne[gh] i{n} že same gyse
  Žat wat[gh] my blysful an-vnder crou{n},                          1100
  & coronde wern alle of že same fasou{n}
  Depaynt i{n} perle[gh] & wede[gh] qwyte,
  I{n} vchone[gh] breste wat[gh] bou{n}den bou{n},
  Že blysful perle w{i}t{h} gret[47] delyt.                         1104

    [Sidenote 47: MS. _with outen_.]

    [Sidenote: As they went along they shone as glass.
    The Lamb went before them. There was no pressing.]
    W{i}t{h} gret delyt žay glod i{n} fere,
  On golden gate[gh] žat glent as glasse;
  Hu{n}dreth žowsande[gh] I wot žer were,
  & alle in sute her liure[gh] wasse,                               1108
  Tor to knaw že gladdest chere.
  Že lombe byfore con proudly passe,
  Wyth horne[gh] seuen of red golde[48] cler,
  As praysed perle[gh] his wede[gh] wasse;                          1112
  Towarde že throne žay trone a tras.
  Ža[gh] žay wern fele no pres i{n} plyt,
  Bot mylde as maydene[gh] seme at mas,
  So dro[gh] žay forth w{i}t{h} gret delyt.                         1116

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 54b.]]
    [Sidenote: The "alder men" fell groveling at the feet of the
    Lamb. All sang in praise of the Lamb.]
    Delyt ž{a}t hys come encroched,
  To much hit were of for to melle;
  Žise alder men quen he aproched,
  Grouely{n}g to his fete žay felle;                                1120
  Legyou{n}es of au{n}gele[gh] togeder uoched,
  Žer kesten ensens of swete smelle,
  Žen glory & gle wat[gh] nwe abroched.
  Al songe to loue žat gay Iuelle,                                  1124
  Že steuen mo[gh]t stryke žur[gh] že vrže to helle,
  Žat že v{er}tues of heuen of Ioye endyte,
  To loue že lombe his meyny in melle,
  I-wysse I la[gh]t a gret delyt;                                   1128

    [Sidenote 48: MS. _glode_.]

    [Sidenote: The Lamb wore white weeds. A wide wound was seen
    near his breast.]
    Delit že lo{m}be forto deuise,
  W{i}t{h} much meruayle in mynde went.
  Best wat[gh] he, blyžest & moste to pryse,
  Žat eu{er} I herde of speche spent,                               1132
  So woržly whyt wern wede[gh] hys;
  His loke[gh] symple, hy{m} self so gent,
  Bot a wou{n}de ful wyde & weete con wyse
  An-ende hys hert žur[gh] hyde to-rente;                           1136
  Of his quyte syde his blod out-sprent,
  A-las! žo[gh]t I, who did žat spyt?
  Ani breste for bale a[gh]t haf for-brent,
  Er he žer-to hade had delyt,                                      1140

    [Sidenote: Joy was in his looks. The father perceives
    his little queen.]
    The lombe delyt non lyste to wene,
  Ža[gh] he were hurt & wou{n}de hade,
  I{n} his sembelau{n}t wat[gh] neu{er} sene,
  So wern his glente[gh] gloryo{us} glade.                          1144
  I loked amo{n}g his meyny schene,
  How žay wyth lyf wern laste & lade,
  Že{n} sa[gh] I žer my lyttel quene,
  Žat I wende had standen by me i{n} sclade;                        1148
  Lorde! much of mirže wat[gh] žat ho made,
  Amo{n}g her fere[gh] žat wat[gh] so quyt!
  Žat sy[gh]t me gart to ženk to wade,
  For luf longy{n}g i{n} gret delyt.                                1152


[Headnote: HE WISHES TO CROSS THE STREAM.]

XXI.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 55a.]]
    [Sidenote: Great delight takes possession of his mind.
    He attempts to cross the stream. It was not pleasing to the Lord.]
    Delyt me drof i{n} y[gh]e & ere,
  My mane[gh] mynde to maddy{n}g malte;
  Quen I se[gh] my frely I wolde be žere,
  By[gh]onde že water, ža[gh] ho were walte,                        1156
  I žo[gh]t žat no žy{n}g my[gh]t me dere
  To fech me bur & take me halte;
  & to start in že strem schulde non me stere,
  To swy{m}me že remnau{n}t, ža[gh] I žer swalte,                   1160
  Bot of žat mu{n}t I wat[gh] bi-talt;
  When I schulde start i{n} že strem astraye,
  Out of žat caste I wat[gh] by-calt;
  Hit wat[gh] not at my prynce[gh] paye,                            1164

[Headnote: THE FATHER OF THE MAIDEN AWAKES.]

    [Sidenote: The dreamer awakes, and is in great sorrow.]
    Hit payed hym not žat I so flonc,
  Ou{er} meruelo{us} mere[gh] so mad arayde,
  Of raas ža[gh] I were rasch & ronk,
  [Gh]et rapely žer-i{n}ne I wat[gh] restayed;                      1168
  For ry[gh]t as I sparred vn-to že bonc,
  Žat brathe out of my drem me brayde;
  Žen wakned I i{n} žat erber wlonk,
  My hede vpon žat hylle wat[gh] layde,                             1172
  Žer as my perle to grou{n}de strayd;
  I raxled & fel i{n} gret affray,
  & syky{n}g to my self I sayd:
  "Now al be to žat prynce[gh] paye."                               1176

    [Sidenote: He addresses his pearl; laments his rash curiosity.]
    Me payed ful ille to be out-fleme,
  So sodenly of žat fayre regiou{n},
  Fro alle žo sy[gh]te[gh] so quyke[gh] & queme.
  A longey{n}g heuy me strok i{n} swone,                            1180
  & rewfully že{n}ne I con to reme;
  "O perle," q{uod} I, "of rych renou{n},
  So wat[gh] hit me dere ž{a}t ž{o}u con deme,
  I{n} žys v{er}ay avysyou{n};                                      1184
  If[49] hit be ueray & soth sermou{n},
  Žat ž{o}u so styke[gh] i{n} garlande gay,
  So wel is me i{n} žys doel dou{n}gou{n},
  Žat ž{o}u art to žat prynse[gh] paye."                            1188

    [Sidenote 49: MS. _inf_.]

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 55b.]]
    [Sidenote: Men desire more than they have any right to expect.]
    To žat prynce[gh] paye hade I ay bente,
  & [gh]erned no more žen wat[gh] me geuen,
  & halden me žer in trwe entent,
  As že perle me prayed žat wat[gh] so žryuen,                      1192
  As helde drawen to godde[gh] p{re}sent,
  To mo of his mysterys I hade ben dryuen.
  Bot ay wolde man of happe more hente
  Žen mo[gh]ten by ry[gh]t vpon hem clyuen;                         1196
  Žer-fore my ioye wat[gh] sone to-riuen,
  & I kaste of kythe[gh] žat laste[gh] aye.
  Lorde! mad hit arn žat agayn že stryuen,
  Ož{er} proferen že o[gh]t agayn žy paye;                          1200

[Headnote: GOD GIVE US GRACE TO SERVE HIM.]

    [Sidenote: The good Christian knows how to make peace
    with God. God give us grace to be his servants!]
    To pay že p{r}ince ož{er} sete sa[gh]te,
  Hit is ful eže to že god krystyin;
  For I haf fou{n}den hym bože day & na[gh]te,
  A god, a lorde, a frende ful fyin.                                1204
  Ou{er} žis hyl[50] žis lote I la[gh]te,
  For pyty of my perle enclyin,
  & syžen to god I hit by-ta[gh]te,
  In kryste[gh] dere blessy{n}g & myn,                              1208
  Žat in že forme of bred & wyn,
  Že preste v{us} schewe[gh] vch a daye;
  He gef v{us} to be his homly hyne,
  Ande precio{us} perle[gh] vnto his pay. Amen. Amen.               1212

    [Sidenote 50: MS. _hyi[i]l_.]
    [[Second "i" appears to be printed without dot.]]




NOTES: _The Pearl_.


Page 1.

  l. 2, _to_, very.
  8 _sengeley in synglure_, ever in singleness (uniqueness).
    Now is Susan in sale _sengeliche_ arayed.
      Pistel of Susan, Vernon MS., fol. 317.
  11 _dewyne_, pine; _for-dolked_, for-wounded (severely hurt).
  16 _heuen my happe_, increase my happiness.
  17 _žrych my hert žrange_, through my heart pierce.
  20 _stylle stounde_, a secret sorrow.
  23
    _O moul žou marre[gh] a myry mele_,
    O mould (earth) thou spoilest a merry discourse.

P. 2.

  l. 27
    _Blome[gh] blayke & blwe & rede_,
    Flowers yellow, blue, and red.
  49 _spenned_, wrung.
  51, 52
    A secret grief in my heart dinned (resounded),
    Though reason set myself at peace.
  53 _spenned_, allured, enticed away.
  54
    _Wyth fyrte skylle[gh] žat faste fa[gh]t_,
    With trembling doubts that fast fought (struggled).

P. 3.

  l. 76 bolle[gh] = _bole[gh]_, trunks of trees.
  78 _on vch a tynde_, on each branch.
  92 _reken myrže_, pleasant, joyous mirth.

P. 4.

  l. 99 _Že derže žer-of_, the value (preciousness) thereof.
  101 _in wely wyse_, in joyful mood.
  102 _dere[gh]_, injuries, harms.
  103 _fyrre_, farther.
  105 _rawe[gh] & rande[gh]_, borders and paths.
  107 _I wan to_, I reached. _Winne_ in O.E. was used much in the same
      way as we now employ the word _get_.
  112
    _Wyth a rownande rourde raykande ary[gh]t_,
    With a murmuring (whispering) sound flowing aright.
  113 _founce_, bottom; _stepe_, bright.
  114 _glente_, shone; _gly[gh]t_, glistened.
  115 _A[s] stremande sterne[gh]_, as glittering stars; _strože_, stout,
      brave.
  119 _lo[gh]e_, deep.
  125 _dry[gh]ly hale[gh]_, strongly (_or_ deeply) flows.
  126 _bred ful_ = _bred-ful_ = _bretful_ (?), full to the brim.

P. 5.

  l. 131 _wayne[gh]_, grants.
  132 _hitte[gh]_, seeks.
  138 _gayn_, opposite.
  142
    _I hopede žat mote merked wore_,
    I supposed that building was devised.
  149 _stote & stare_, stand (loiter) and gape.
  150-1
    _To fynde a forže, faste con I fonde,
    Bot wože[gh] mo I-wysse žer ware,_
    To find a way fast did I go,
    But paths more indeed there were.
  153 _wonde_, cease, abstain (from fear).
  155 _nwe note_, a new matter.
  163 _blysnande whyt_, glistening white. See 197.

P. 6.

  l. 165 _schere_, purify, refine.
  169
    _Že more I frayste hyr fayre face._
    The more I examined her fair face.
  _frayst_ (_fraist_) usually signifies to try, tempt.
  170 _fonte_, tried, examined, _found_.
  176
    _Such a burre my[gh]t make myn herte blunt_,
    Such a blow might make mine heart faint.
  179
    _Žat stonge myn hert ful stray atount_,
  Should we not read--Žat stonge myn hert ful stray a stount (?),
      "full stray a stount" = a blow full stray.
  187 _chos_, was following, was seeking.
  188
    _Er I at steuen hir mo[gh]t stalle_,
    Before I could place her within reach of discourse.
  190 _seme_ = _semely_, seemly.

P. 7.

  l. 208 _flurted_, figured. Cf. _flurt_-silk, figured-silk.
  210
    _Her here heke al hyr vmbe-gon_,
    Her hair eke (also) all her about gone.
  212 _Her ble more bla[gh]t_, her complexion whiter.
  213 _schorne golde schyr_, refined gold pure.
  216 _porfyl_, hem of a dress, or rather an embroidered hem.
  217 _poyned_, ornamented, trimmed.
  223-4 _A manne[gh] dom my[gh]t dry[gh]ly demme,_
    _Er mynde mo[gh]t malte in hit mesure,_
    A man's judgment might greatly dim,
    Before (his) mind could discourse of it in sufficient terms
      of praise.
  226 _No_ = _ne_ (nor) would be a better reading.
  230 _wyžer half_, opposite side.

P. 8.

  l. 243 _myn one_, myself.
  244 _layned_, kept secret, hidden.
  251 _Fro_, from the time that.
  _towen & twayned_, made two and separated.

P. 9.

  l. 272 _is put in pref_, has been proved.
  275 _bote of žy meschef_, the remedy of thy misfortune (misery).
  290 _Wy borde [gh]e men so madde [gh]e be?_
    Why should you talk, so foolish you are?

P. 10.

  l. 307 _westernays_, wrongly, in vain? It may be another form of
      westernways, from the A.Sax. _wéste_, barren, empty; _wéstern_,
      a desert place. Or is it connected with A.Sax. _winstre_, the
      left hand?
  320
    _Žy corse in clot mot colder keue_,
    Thy body in earth (clods) must colder plunge.
  321 _for-garte_ forfeited.
  322 _[gh]ore fader_ for _form-fader_, first-father.
  323 _drwry_ = _drery_, dreary (?). _bo[gh]_ (= _bos_ = _bus_ ?) _vch
      ma_ (_man_ ?) _dreue_, behoves each man to drive (go). See
      B. l. 687.
  327-8
    _Now haf I fonte žat I for-lete
    Schal I efte forgo hit er euer I fyne?_
    Now I have found what I have lost.
    Shall I again forego it ere ever I die?

P. 11.

  l. 336 _durande doel_, lasting grief.
  343
    _For anger gayne[gh] že not a cresse_,
    For anger avails the not a cress, (_i.e._ not a mite).
  Cf. the following passage from "Piers Ploughman," p. 174, l. 5629:
    "Wisdom and wit now
    Is noght worth a _kerse_."
  353
    _Stynst (stynt?) of žy strot & fyne to flyte_,
    Leave off thy complaining and cease to chide.
  354 _blyže_ is here used as a substantive in the sense of bliss, joy.
  _swefte_ = swift.
  356 _hyr crafte[gh] kyže_, manifest her powers.
  359-60
    _For marre ožer madde, morne & myže,
    Al lys in him to dy[gh]t & deme._
    For to ruin, or make foolish, grieve or to soothe,
    All lies in him to order and doom.
  363 _If rapely raue_, etc. = _If rapely I raue_, etc. (?)
  368 Though I go astray, my dear, adored one.

P. 12.

  l. 369 _lyže[gh]_, grant.
  374
    _Bot much že bygger [gh]et wat[gh] my mon,
    Fro žou wat[gh] wroken fro vch a wože._
    But much the greater yet was my moan (sorrow),
    From (the time) thou wast banished from every path.
  377 _now leže[gh] my lože_, now my sorrow ceases (is softened).
  382 _marere[gh]_ = _mare[gh]_ (?).
  386 _mate_, dejected.
  402 _I hete že_, I promise the.

P. 14.

  l. 446 _in hyt self beyng_, in its very being.
  455 _gyng_, company.
  460 _Temen_, are united, joined.
  _tryste_, trusty, faithful, firm.

P. 16.

  l. 511 _wryžen_, toil, literally to turn, twist.
  512 _keruen_, dig.
  _caggen_, draw.
  _man_ = _maken_, make. Cf. _ma_ = make, _ta_ = take, _tan_ = taken.
  522 _to[gh]t_, binding, firm.
  524 _pray_ (so in MS.), read _pay_.
  536 _at [gh]e moun_, that ye are able.

P. 17.

  l. 560 _a grete_, in the gross, a head.
  563 _plete_, plead, ask for.
  572 _be_ = _he_ (?).

P. 18.

  l. 575
    _Ža[gh] her sweng wyth lyttel at-slyke[gh]_,
    Though their labour (blow) with little falls off (fails to
      accomplish much).
  605 _chyche_, niggard.
  608 _gote[gh]_, streams; _charde_, past tense of _charre_, to turn,
      deviate.

P. 19.

  l. 617 _bourne abate_ = _burne abade_, man continued.
  626 _by lyne_, by lineage descent.

P. 20.

  l. 645
    _Bot žer on com a bote as-tyt_,
    But there came one as a remedy at once.
  659 _in sely stounde_, in a happy moment.
  671 _glente_, fell, slided.

P. 21.

  l. 680 _dylle_, slow, sluggish.
  681 _dyt_ = _dyde_, did (?), or _dot[gh]_, does (?).
  690 _oure_, prayer.

P. 22.

  l. 726 _sulpande synne_, defiling, polluting, sin.
  727 _bylde_, building.
  735 _reme_, realm.

P. 23.

  l. 752 _Of carpe_, discourse of.
  754 _hauyng_, condition, behaviour.
  757 _bete_, save, ransom.
  759 _make_, wife.
  775 _vnder cambe_ = _under-cam_, came under, took an inferior
      position (?).

P. 24.

  l. 802
    _& as a lombe žat clypper in lande nem_,
    And as a lamb that a _shearer_ has taken, etc.
  813-4 For us he let himself be scourged and buffetted, and stretched
      upon a rough tree (_i.e._ nailed to the cross).

P. 25.

  l. 836 _as bare_, (?) _al bare_, openly. See 1025.
  837
    _Lesande že boke with leue[gh] sware_,
    Opening the book with leaves square.
  839
    _& at žat sy[gh]t vche douth con dare_,
    And at that sight each doughty (one) did tremble (with fear).
  849 enle = _eneli_ = onely or _onlepi_ (?) = singly, alone.

P. 26.

  l. 865 _talle farande_ = _tale farande_, pleasing story.
  873 _hue_, cry, voice.
  876 _lote_, sound.

P. 27.

  l. 896 _lote_, features.
  909 _hynde_ = _hende_, gentle, courteous (one).
  911 _bustwys as a blose_, boisterous (wild) as a blaze (flame).
  916
    _With nay žou neuer my ruful bone_,
    Do thou never refuse my mournful request.

P. 28.

  l. 948
    _So is hys mote with-outen moote_,
    So is his building without mote (blemish).

P. 29.

  ll. 975-6 _& I an-ende[gh] že on his syde
    Schal sve, tyl žou to a hil be veued,_
    And I opposite thee on this side
    Shall go, till thou to a hill be passed.
  980-81
    _& blusched on že burghe, as I forth dreued,
    By[gh]onde že brok fro me warde keued,_
    And looked on the city, as I forth drove (urged),
    Beyond the brook that cut me off from (the object of my desire).

P. 30.

  l. 1018 _Masporye_ = _was pure_ (?).
  1022 _brode & stayre_, broad and steep (high).
  1026 _žat glent as glayre_, that shone as amber.

P. 31.

  l. 1030 _fon_, ceased, the preterite of _fine_.
  1038 _fate[gh]_ = _fade[gh]_, fades.
  1041 _whate[gh]_ = _wat[gh]_, was.

P. 32.

  ll. 1065-66 _Že [gh]ates stoken wat[gh] neuer [gh]et,
    Bot euer more vpen at vche a lone._
    The gates shut were never yet,
    But ever more open at every lane.
  1073 _to euen with_, to equal with, to match with.
  1084 _falure_ = _fasure_, form (?).

P. 33.

  l. 1124 _to loue_, to praise.
  1127 _in melle_ = _in-melle_ = _i-melle_, among. Cf. _in-lyche_ and
      _i-lyche_, etc.

P. 34.

  l. 1141
    _Že lombe delyt non lyste to wene_,
    The lamb's delight none desired to doubt.
  1146 _laste and lade_, followed and preceded (?).
  1161
    _Bot of žat munt I wat[gh] bi-talt_,
    But from that purpose I was aroused (shaken).
  1163 _bi-calt_ = _bi-called_ (?), called away.

P. 35.

  l. 1165 _flonc_ = _flong_ (?), flung.
  1193 _helde_, willingly (inclined).




  Errata (noted by transcriber)

Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final "e"-- between
the main text and endnotes were left as printed.

  [61 Sidenote] ... where the rocks and cliffs ...  [Where]
  [278] & iuele[gh] wern hyr ge{n}tyl sawe[gh],  [sawe[gh]"]
  [373 Sidenote] ... his bale and bliss.  [bliss,]
  [775] So mony a cumly on v{n}der cambe,  [vu{n}der]
    [_spelling changed to agree with Note_]
  [993 Sidenote] the foundation composed of twelve stones.  [The]
  [1059 Sidenote] it flowed through each street.  [It]
  [1205] Ou{er} žis hyl[50] žis lote I la[gh]te,
  [Sidenote 50] MS. _hyiil_.
    [_1864 edition had "hyiil" in the body text,
    with note "_hye-hil_ or _hyul_?"]

  ORPHANED QUOTATION MARKS
  [396] Hit is i{n} grou{n}de of alle my blysse."
  [501] "My regne, he sayt[gh], is lyk on hy[gh]t,
  [602] Žat gentyl sayde "lys no Ioparde,
  [744] & porchace žy perle maskelles."
  [902] Q{uod} I, "my perle ža[gh] I appose,
  [939] "Žat is že cyte žat že lombe con fonde
  [966] "Ž{o}u may not enter w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne hys tor,

  NOTES
  78 _on vch a tynde_, on each branch.  [vcha]
  213 _schorne golde schyr_, refined gold pure.  [_, missing_]
  223-4 _A manne[gh] dom my[gh]t dry[gh]ly demme,  [_. for ,_]
  343 For anger avails the not a cress
      [_modern text unchanged: error for "thee"?_]
    Cf. the following passage from "Piers Ploughman,"  [Piers']
  536  [535]
  865  [864]
  1026  [1025]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


CLEANNESS.


  [Headnotes:
  THE PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE FEAST.
  THOSE INVITED TO THE FEAST REFUSE TO COME.
  THE HALT AND THE BLIND ARE INVITED.
  THE MAN WITHOUT A WEDDING GARMENT.
  GOD IS DISPLEASED WITH THE WICKED.
  THE FALL OF THE ANGELS.
  THE WICKEDNESS OF THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD.
  GOD DETERMINES TO DESTROY ALL FLESH.
  NOAH IS COMMANDED TO BUILD AN ARK.
  THE RAIN DESCENDS.
  ALL ROT IN THE MUD.
  THE ARK RESTS ON MOUNT ARARAT.
  NOAH SENDS FORTH A DOVE.
  NOAH LEAVES THE ARK.
  THE BEASTS ARE DISPERSED.
  GOD'S HATRED OF WICKEDNESS.
  ABRAHAM RECEIVES THREE GUESTS, AND ENTERTAINS THEM.
  GOD DISCLOSES HIS PURPOSE TO ABRAHAM.
  THE FILTHINESS OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH.
  ABRAHAM PLEADS FOR THE CITIES.
  MESSENGERS ARE SENT TO LOT.
  LOT ENTERTAINS THE MESSENGERS.
  LOT'S HOUSE IS BESET.
  THE MEN OF SODOM SMITTEN WITH BLINDNESS.
  LOT IS SENT OUT OF THE CITY.
  THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CITIES.
  LOT'S WIFE BECOMES A STIFF STONE.
  THE DEAD SEA COVERS THE FIVE CITIES.
  IT IS A TOKEN OF WICKEDNESS AND VENGEANCE.
  CHRIST WAS EVER PURE.
  PENANCE MAKES MAN PURE AS A PEARL.
  GOD PUNISHES IMPURITY.
  NEBUCHADNEZZAR BESIEGES JERUSALEM.
  THE KING OF JUDAH IS MADE PRISONER.
  NEBUZARDAN PILLAGES THE TEMPLE.
  NEBUCHADNEZZAR IS PLEASED WITH THE SPOIL.
  HE PRIZES GREATLY THE SACRED JEWELRY.
  BELSHAZZAR PROCLAIMS A FEAST, TO WHICH KINGS AND EMPERORS
    ARE INVITED.
  BELSHAZZAR BRINGS OUT THE SACRED VESSELS TO DECK THE FESTIVE HALL.
  THE SACRED VESSELS ARE DEFILED.
  THE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL.
  THE KING CONSULTS HIS DIVINERS.
  DANIEL IS SENT FOR.
  DANIEL DESCRIBES HOW NEBUCHADNEZZAR WAS PUNISHED FOR HIS PRIDE.
  THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HANDWRITING.
  DARIUS LAYS SIEGE TO BABYLON.
  BELSHAZZAR IS BEATEN TO DEATH.]


I.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 57a.]]
    [Sidenote: Cleanness discloses fair forms.]
  Cla{n}nesse who-so kyndly cowže co{m}ende,
  & rekken vp alle že resou{n}[gh] ž{a}t ho by ri[gh]t aske[gh],
  Fayre forme[gh] my[gh]t he fy{n}de i{n} foreri{n}g his speche,
  & in že co{n}traré, kark & co{m}brau{n}ce huge;                      4
    [Sidenote: God is angry with the unclean worshipper, and with
    false priests.]
  For wonder wroth is že wy[gh] ž{a}t wro[gh]t alle ži{n}g{es},
  Wyth že freke žat i{n} fylže fol[gh]es hy{m} aft{er},
  As renke[gh] of relygiou{n} žat reden & sy{n}gen,
  & aprochen to hys presens, & preste[gh] arn called;                  8
  Thay teen vnto his te{m}mple & teme{n} to hy{m} seluen,
  Reken w{i}t{h} reu{er}ence žay r[ec]hen his auter,
  Žay hondel žer his aune body & vsen hit bože.
    [Sidenote: The pure worshipper receives great reward.]
  If žay in cla{n}nes be clos žay cleche gret mede,                   12
  Bot if žay conterfete crafte, & cortaysye wont,
    [Sidenote: The impure will bring upon them the anger of God, Who
    is pure and holy.]
  As be honest vtwyth, & i{n}-with alle fylže[gh],
  Žen ar žay synful hemself & sulped altogeder,
  Bože god & his gere, & hy{m} to greme cachen.                       16
  He is so clene in his co{ur}te, že ky{n}g ž{a}t al welde[gh],
  & honeste in his ho{us}-holde & hagherlych serued,
  With angele[gh] eno{ur}led in alle žat is clene,
    [Sidenote: It would be a marvel if God did not hate evil.]
  Bože w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne & w{i}t{h}-outen, i{n} wede[gh] ful bry[gh]t.  20
  Nif he nere scoym{us} & skyg & non scaže louied,
  Hit were a meruayl to much, hit mo[gh]t not falle;
    [Sidenote: Christ showed us that himself.]
  Kryst kydde hit hym self i{n} a carp one[gh],
  Žer as he heuened a[gh]t happe[gh] & hy[gh]t hem her mede[gh];      24
    [Sidenote: St. Matthew records the discourse.]
  Me myne[gh] on one amo{n}ge ož{er}, as mažew recorde[gh],
  Žat ž{us} of clannesse vn-close[gh] a ful cler speche.
    [Sidenote: The clean of heart shall look on our Lord.]
  Že hažel clene of his hert hapene[gh] ful fayre,
  For he schal loke on oure lorde w{i}t{h} a bone chere,              28
  As so sayt[gh], to žat sy[gh]t seche schal he neu{er},
  Žat any vncla{n}nesse hat[gh] on, anwhere[1] abowte:
  For he ž{a}t flem{us} vch fylže fer fro his hert,
  May not byde žat burne[2] žat hit his body ne[gh]en;                32
  For-žy hy[gh] not to heuen i{n} hatere[gh] to-torne,
  Ne i{n} že harlote[gh] hod & hande[gh] vnwaschen;
    [Sidenote: What earthly noble, when seated at table above dukes,
    would like to see a lad badly attired approach the table with
    "rent cockers," his coat torn and his toes out?]
  For what vržly hažel žat hy[gh] hono{ur} halde[gh]
  Wolde lyke, if a ladde com lyž{er}ly attyred,                       36
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 57b.]]
  When he were sette solempnely i{n} a sete ryche,
  Abof dukes on dece, w{i}t{h} dayntys serued,
  Žen že harlot w{i}t{h} haste helded to že table
  W{i}t{h} rent cokre[gh] at že kne & his clutte trasches,            40
  & his tabarde to-torne & his tote[gh] oute;
    [Sidenote: For any one of these he would be turned out with a
    "big buffet," and be forbidden to re-enter, and thus be ruined
    through his vile clothes.]
  Ož{er} ani on of alle žyse he schulde be halden vtt{er},
  With mony blame ful bygge, a boffet, p{er}au{n}t{er},
  Hurled to že halle dore & harde ž{er}-oute schowued,                44
  & be forboden žat bor[gh]e to bowe žider neu{er},
  On payne of enprysonment & putty{n}g i{n} stokke[gh];
  & ž{us} schal he be schent for his schrowde feble,
  Ža[gh] neu{er} i{n} talle ne in tuch he trespas more.               48

[Headnote: THE PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE FEAST.]

    [Sidenote: The parable of the "Marriage of the King's Son."]
  & if vnwelcu{m} he were to a woržlych prynce
  [Gh]et hy{m} is že hy[gh]e ky{n}g harder i{n} her euen,
  As mažew mele[gh] in his masse of žat man ryche,
  Žat made že mukel mangerye to marie his here dere,                  52
  & sende his sonde žen to say žat žay samne schulde,
  & in comly quoyntis to com to his feste;
    [Sidenote: The king's invitation.]
  "For my boles & my bore[gh] arn bayted & slayne,
  & my fedde foule[gh] fatted w{i}t{h} scla[gh]t,                     56
  My polyle žat is pe{n}ne-fed & partrykes bože,
  Wyth schelde[gh] of wylde swyn, swane[gh] & crone[gh];
  Al is roželed & rosted ry[gh]t to že sete,
  Come[gh] cof to my corte, er hit colde worže."                      60

[Headnote: THOSE INVITED TO THE FEAST REFUSE TO COME.]

    [Sidenote: Those invited begin to make excuses.]
  When žay knewen his cal ž{a}t žider com schulde,
  Alle ex-cused hem by že skyly he scape by mo[gh]t:
    [Sidenote: One had bought an estate and must go to see it.]
  On hade bo[gh]t hym a bor[gh] he sayde by hys t{ra}wže,
  Now t[ur]ne I žeder als tyd, že tou{n} to by-holde;                 64
    [Sidenote: Another had purchased some oxen and wished to see
    them "pull in the plough."]
  An ož{er} nayed also & nurned žis cawse:
  I haf [gh]erned & [gh]at [gh]okke[gh] of oxen,
  & for my hy[gh]e[gh] hem bo[gh]t, to bowe haf I mest{er},
  To see hem pulle in že plow aproche me byhoue[gh];                  68
    [A third had married a wife and could not come.]
  & I haf wedded a wyf, sower[3] hy{m} že žryd,
  Excuse me at že co{ur}t, I may not com žere;
  Ž{us} žay dro[gh] hem adre[gh] w{i}t{h} dau{n}g{er} vchone,
  Žat non passed to že place[4] ža[gh] he prayed were.                72
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 58a.]]
    [Sidenote: The Lord was greatly displeased, and commanded his
    servants to invite the wayfaring, both men and women, the better
    and the worse, that his palace might be full.]
  The{n}ne že ludych lorde lyked ful ille
  & hade dedayn of žat dede, ful dry[gh]ly he carpe[gh]:
  He sayt[gh] "now for her owne sor[gh]e žay for-saken habbe[gh],
  More to wyte is her wrange, žen any wylle gentyl;                   76
  Že{n}ne got[gh] forth my gome[gh] to že grete streete[gh],
  & forsette[gh] on vche a syde že cete aboute;
  Že wayferande freke[gh], on fote & on hors,
  Bože burne[gh] & burde[gh], že bett{er} & že wers,                  80
  Laže[gh] hem alle luflyly to lenge at my fest,
  & bry{n}ge[gh] hem blyžly to bor[gh]e as barou{n}e[gh] žay were,
  So žat my palays plat-ful be py[gh]t al aboute,
  Žise ož{er} wreche[gh] I-wysse woržy no[gh]t wern."                 84
    [Sidenote: The servants brought in bachelors and squires.]
  Že{n} žay cayred & com žat že cost waked,
  Bro[gh]ten bachlere[gh] hem wyth žat žay by bonke[gh] metten,
  Swyere[gh] žat swyftly swyed on blonke[gh],
  & also fele vpon fote, of fre & of bonde.                           88
    [Sidenote: When they came to the court they were well
    entertained.]
  When žay com to že co{ur}te keppte wern žay fayre,
  Sty[gh]tled w{i}t{h} že stewarde, stad i{n} že halle,
  Ful man{er}ly w{i}t{h} marchal mad forto sitte,
  As he wat[gh] dere of de-gre dressed his seete.                     92
    [Sidenote: The servants tell their lord that they have done his
    behest, and there is still room for more guests.]
  Že{n}ne segge[gh] to že souerayn sayden žer-aft{er},
  "Lo! lorde w{i}t{h} yo{ur} leue at yo{ur} lege heste,
  & at ži ba{n}ne we haf bro[gh]t, as ž{o}u beden habbe[gh],
  Mony renischche renke[gh] & [gh]et is rou{m} more."                 96

[Headnote: THE HALT AND THE BLIND ARE INVITED.]

    [Sidenote: The Lord commands them to go out into the fields, and
    bring in the halt, blind, and "one-eyed."]
  Sayde že lorde to žo lede[gh], "layte[gh] [gh]et ferre,
  Ferre out i{n} že felde, & feche[gh] mo geste[gh],
  Wayte[gh] gorste[gh] & greue[gh], if ani gome[gh] lygge[gh],
  What-kyn folk so žer fare, feche[gh] hem hider,                    100
  Be žay fers, be žay feble for-lote[gh][5] none,
  Be žay hol, be žay halt, be žay ony[gh]ed,
  & ža[gh] žay ben bože blynde & balt{er}ande cruppele[gh],
    [Sidenote: For those who denied shall not taste "one sup" to
    save them from death.]
  Žat my ho{us} may holly by halkes by fylled;                       104
  For certe[gh] žyse ilk renke[gh] žat me renayed habbe
  & de-nou{n}ced me, no[gh]t now at žis tyme,
  Schul neu{er} sitte in my sale my sop{er} to fele,
  Ne suppe on sope of my seve, ža[gh][6] žay swelt schulde."         108
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 58b.]]
    [Sidenote: The palace soon became full of "people of all
    plights."]
  The{n}ne že sergau{n}te[gh], at žat sawe, swengen ž{er}-oute,
  & diden že dede žat [is] demed, as he deuised hade,
  & w{i}t{h} peple of alle plyte[gh] že palays žay fyllen;
    [Sidenote: They were not all one wife's sons, nor had they all
    one father.]
  Hit weren not alle on wyue[gh] su{n}e[gh], wonen w{i}t{h} on fader;112
  Whež{er} žay wern woržy, ož{er} wers, wel wern žay stowed,
    [Sidenote: The "brightest attired" had the best place.]
  Ay že best byfore & bry[gh]test atyred,
  Že derrest at že hy[gh]e dese žat dubbed wer fayrest;
    [Sidenote: Below sat those with "poor weeds."]
  & syžen on lenže biloogh{e} lede[gh] inogh,                        116
  & ay a segge soerly[7] semed by her wede[gh];
  So with marschal at her mete mensked žay were,
  Clene men i{n} compaynye for-knowen wern lyte,
    [Sidenote: All are well entertained "with meat and minstrelsy."]
  & [gh]et že symplest in ž{a}t sale wat[gh] serued to že fulle,     120
  Bože with menske, & w{i}t{h} mete & mynstrasy noble,
  & alle že layke[gh] žat a lorde a[gh]t i{n} londe schewe.
    [Sidenote: Each with his "mate" made him at ease.]
  & žay bigo{n}ne to be glad žat god dri{n}k haden,
  & vch mon w{i}t{h} his mach made hy{m} at ese.                     124

    [Sidenote 1: _aywhere_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 2: Looks like _burre_ in MS.]
    [Sidenote 3: _swer_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 4: MS. _plate_.]
    [Sidenote 5: _forlete[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 6: MS. ža[gh] ža[gh].]
    [Sidenote 7: _soberly_ (?).]


[Headnote: THE MAN WITHOUT A WEDDING GARMENT.]

II.

    [Sidenote: The lord of the feast goes among his guests.]
  Now i{n}-mydde[gh] že mete že mayst{er} hym bižo[gh]t,
  Žat he wolde se že semblé ž{a}t samned was ž{er}e,
  & re-hayte rekenly že riche & že pou{er}en,[8]
  & cherisch hem alle w{i}t{h} his cher, & chaufen her Ioye,         128
  Žen he bowe[gh] fro his bour i{n} to že brode halle,
    [Sidenote: Bids them be merry.]
  & to že best on že bench, & bede hy{m} be myry,
  Solased hem w{i}t{h} semblau{n}t & syled fyrre;
  Tron fro table to table & talkede ay myrže,                        132
    [Sidenote: On the floor he finds one not arrayed for a holyday.]
  Bot as he ferked ou{er} že flor he fande w{i}t{h} his y[gh]e,
  Hit wat[gh] not for a haly day honestly arayed,
  A žral žry[gh]t i{n} že žrong vnžryuandely cložed,
  Ne no festiual frok, bot fyled with werkke[gh].                    136
  Že gome wat[gh] vn-garnyst w{i}t{h} god me{n} to dele,
  & gremed ž{er}-w{i}t{h} že grete lord & greue hy{m} he žo[gh]t;
    [Sidenote: Asks him how he obtained entrance, and how he was so
    bold as to appear in such rags.]
  "Say me, frende," q{uod} že freke w{i}t{h} a felle chere,
  "Hov wan ž{o}u into žis won i{n} wede[gh] so fowle?                140
  Že abyt žat ž{o}u hat[gh] vpon, no haly day hit menske[gh];
  Ž{o}u burne for no brydale art busked i{n} wede[gh]!
  How wat[gh] ž{o}u hardy žis ho{us} for žyn vnhap [to] ne[gh]e,
  I{n} on so ratted a robe & rent at že syde[gh]?                    144
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 59a.]]
  Žow art a gome vn-goderly i{n} žat gou{n} febele;
  Ž{o}u praysed me & my place ful pou{er} & ful [g]nede,
    [Sidenote: Does he take him to be a harlot?]
  Žat wat[gh] so prest to aproche my p{re}sens here-i{n}ne;
  Hope[gh] ž{o}u I be a harlot ži erigant to prayse?"                148
  Žat ož{er} burne wat[gh] abayst of his brože worde[gh],
    [Sidenote: The man becomes discomfited.]
  & hurkele[gh] dou{n} with his hede, že vrže he bi-holde[gh];
  He wat[gh] so scou{m}fit of his scylle, lest he skaže hent,
    [Sidenote: He is unable to reply.]
  Žat he ne wyst on worde what he warp schulde.                      152
    [Sidenote: The lord commands him to be bound, and cast into a
    deep dungeon.]
  Že{n} že lorde wonder loude laled & cryed,
  & talke[gh] to his tormentto{ur}e[gh]: "take[gh] hym," he bidde[gh],
  "Bynde[gh] byhynde, at his bak, bože two his hande[gh],
  & felle fett{er}e[gh] to his fete festene[gh] bylyue;              156
  Stik hym stifly i{n} stoke[gh], & steke[gh] hy{m} ž{er}-aft{er}
  Depe i{n} my dou{n}gou{n} ž{er} doel eu{er} dwelle[gh],
  Greui{n}g, & grety{n}g, & gryspy{n}g harde
  Of teže tenfully to-geder, to teche hy{m} be quoy{n}t."            160
    [Sidenote: This feast is likened to the kingdom of heaven, to
    which all are invited.]
  Thus comparisu{n}e[gh] kryst že kyndom of heueń,
  To žis frelych feste žat fele arn to called,
  For alle arn lažed luflyly, že luž{er} & že bett{er},
  Žat eu{er} wern ful[gh]ed i{n} font žat fest to haue.              164
    [Sidenote: See that thy weeds are clean.]
  Bot war že wel, if ž{o}u wylt, žy wede[gh] ben clene,
  & honest for že haly day, lest ž{o}u harme lache,
  For aproch ž{o}u to žat prynce of parage noble.
  He hat{es} helle no more že{n} hem žat ar sowle.[9]                168

[Headnote: GOD IS DISPLEASED WITH THE WICKED.]

    [Sidenote: Thy weeds are thy works that thou hast wrought.]
  Wich arn že{n}ne žy wede[gh] ž{o}u wrappe[gh] že i{n}ne,
  Žat schal schewe he{m} so schene schrowde of že best?
  Hit arn žy werke[gh] wyt{er}ly, ž{a}t ž{o}u wro[gh]t haue[gh],
  & lyued w{i}t{h} že lyky{n}g ž{a}t ly[gh]e in žy{n} hert,          172
  Žat žo be frely & fresch fonde i{n} žy lyue,
  & fetyse of a fayr forme, to fote & to honde,
  & syže{n} alle žy{n} ož{er} lyme[gh] lapped ful clene,
    [Sidenote: For many faults may a man forfeit bliss.]
  Že{n}ne may ž{o}u se žy sauior & his sete ryche.                   176
  For fele faute[gh] may a freke forfete his blysse,
    [Sidenote: For sloth and pride he is thrust into the devil's
    throat.]
  Žat he že sou{er}ayn ne se žen, for slauže one,
  As for bobau{n}ce & bost & bolnande p{r}iyde,
  Žroly i{n}-to že deuele[gh] žrote man žry{n}ge[gh] bylyue,         180
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 59b.]]
    [Sidenote: He is ruined by covetousness, perjury, murder, theft,
    and strife.]
  For couetyse, & colwarde & croked dede[gh],
  For mon-sworne, & men-scla[gh]t, & to much drynk,
  For žefte, & for žrepy{n}g, vn-žonk may mon haue;
    [Sidenote: For robbery and ribaldry, for preventing marriages,
    and supporting the wicked, for treason, treachery, and tyranny,
    man may lose eternal bliss.]
  For roborrye, & riboudrye & resou{n}e[gh] vntrwe,                  184
  & dysheriete & depryue dowrie of wydoe[gh],
  For marry{n}g of maryage[gh] & may{n}tnau{n}ce of schrewe[gh],
  For traysou{n}, & trichcherye, & tyrau{n}tyré bože,[10]
  & for fals famacions & fayned lawe[gh];                            188
  Man may mysse že myrže, žat much is to prayse,
  For such vnžewe[gh] as žise & žole much payne,
  & i{n} že creatores cort com neu{er} more,
  Ne neu{er} see hym with sy[gh]t for such sour to{ur}ne[gh].        192

    [Sidenote 8: MS. poueu{er}.]
    [Sidenote 9: _fowle_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 10: lože (?).]


[Headnote: THE FALL OF THE ANGELS.]

III.

  Bot I haue herkned & herde of mony hy[gh]e clerke[gh],
  & als i{n} resou{n}e[gh] of ry[gh]t red hit my seluen,
    [Sidenote: The high Prince of all is displeased with those who
    work wickedly.]
  Ž{a}t žat ilk prop{er} prynce žat paradys welde[gh]
  Is displesed at vch a poy{n}t žat plyes to scaže.                  196
  Bot neu{er} [gh]et i{n} no boke breued I herde
  Žat eu{er} he wrek so wyž{er}ly on werk žat he made,
  Ne venged for no vilté of vice ne sy{n}ne,
  Ne so hastyfly wat[gh] hot for hatel of his wylle,                 200
  Ne neu{er} so sodenly so[gh]t vn-sou{n}dely to weng,
  As for fylže of že flesch žat foles han vsed;
  For as I fynde ž{er} he for[gh]et alle his fre žewes,
    [Sidenote: For the first fault the devil committed, he felt
    God's vengeance.]
  & wex wod to že wrache, for wrath at his hert,                     204
  For že fyrste felonye že falce fende wro[gh]t.
  Whyl he wat[gh] hy[gh]e i{n} že heuen houen vpon lofte,
  Of alle žyse ažel au{n}gele[gh] attled že fayrest,
    [Sidenote: He, the fairest of all angels, forsook his sovereign,
    and boasted that his throne should be as high as God's.]
  & he vnkyndely as a karle kydde areward,                           208
  He se[gh] no[gh]t bot hym self how semly he were,
  Bot his sou{er}ayn he forsoke & sade žyse worde[gh]:
  "I schal telde vp my trone i{n} že tra mou{n}tayne
  & by lyke to žat lorde žat že lyft made.                           212
  With žis worde žat he warp, že wrake on hy{m} ly[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: For these words he was cast down to hell.]
      Dry[gh]tyn w{i}t{h} his dere dom hym drof to že abyme,
  I{n} že mesure of his mode, his met[gh] neu{er} že lasse,
  Bot žer he tynt že tyže dool of his to{ur} ryche,                  216
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 60a.]]
  Ža[gh] že felou{n} were so fers for his fayre wede[gh]
  & his glorio{us} glem žat glent so bry[gh]t;
  As sone as dry[gh]tyne[gh] dome drof to hy{m} seluen,
  [Ži]kke žowsande[gh] žro žrwen žer-oute                            220
    [Sidenote: The fiends fell from heaven, like the thick snow, for
    forty days.]
  Fellen fro že fyrmame{n}t, fende[gh] ful blake
  Weued[11] at že fyrst swap as že snaw žikke,
  Hurled i{n}-to helle-hole as že hyue swarme[gh];
  Fyltyr fenden folk forty daye[gh] lencže,                          224
  Er žat styngande storme stynt ne my[gh]t;
  Bot as smylt mele vnder smal siue smokes for-žikke,
    [Sidenote: From heaven to hell the shower lasted.]
  So fro heuen to helle žat hatel schor laste,
  On vche syde of že worlde aywhere ilyche.                          228
  Žis[12] hit wat[gh] a brem brest & a byge wrache,
    [Sidenote: The devil would not make peace with God.]
  & [gh]et wrathed not že wy[gh], ne že wrech sa[gh]tled,
  Ne neu{er} wolde, for wylnesful, his woržy god knawe,
  Ne pray hym for no pité, so proud wat[gh] his wylle,               232
    [Sidenote: Affliction makes him none the better.]
  For-žy ža[gh] že rape were rank, že rawže wat[gh] lyttel;[13]
  Ža[gh] he be kest into kare he kepes no bett{er}.
    [Sidenote: For the fault of one, vengeance alighted upon all men.]
  Bot žat ož{er} wrake žat wex on wy[gh]e[gh], hit ly[gh]t
  Žur[gh] že faut of a freke žat fayled i{n} trawže.                 236
    [Sidenote: Adam was ordained to live in bliss.]
  A{da}m i{n} obedyent[14] ordaynt to blysse,
  Žer pryuely i{n} paradys his place wat[gh] de-vised,
  To lyue žer i{n} lyky{n}g že lenže of a terme,
  & že{n}ne en-herite žat home žat au{n}gele[gh] for-gart,           240
    [Sidenote: Through Eve he ate an apple.]
  Bot žur[gh] že eggy{n}g of eue he ete of an apple
  Žat en-poysened alle peple[gh] žat parted fro hem bože,
    [Sidenote: Thus all his descendants became poisoned.]
  For a defence žat wat[gh] dy[gh]t of dry[gh]tyn seluen,
  & a payne žer-on put & pertly halden;                              244
  Že defence wat[gh] že fryt žat že freke towched,
  & že dom is že deže žat drepe[gh] v{us} alle.
    [Sidenote: A maiden brought a remedy for mankind.]
  Al i{n} mesure & meže wat[gh] mad že vengiau{n}ce,
  & efte amended w{i}t{h} a mayden žat make hade neu{er}.            248

    [Sidenote 11: _wened_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 12: _[gh]is_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 13: MS. _lyttlel_.]
    [Sidenote 14: _obedience_ (?).]


[Headnote: THE WICKEDNESS OF THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD.]

IV.

  Bot in že žryd wat[gh] foržrast al žat žryue schuld,
    [Sidenote: Malice was merciless.]
  Žer wat[gh] malys mercyles & mawgre much scheued,
  Žat wat[gh] for fylže vpon folde ž{a}t že folk vsed,
    [Sidenote: A race of men came into the world, the fairest, the
    merriest, and the strongest that ever were created.]
  [Ž]at žen wonyed i{n} že worlde w{i}t{h}-outen any mayst{er}[gh];  252
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 60b.]]
  Hit wern že fayrest of forme & of face als,
  Že most & že myriest žat maked wern euer,
  Že styfest, že stalworžest žat stod eu{er} on fete;
  & lengest lyf i{n} hem lent of lede[gh] alle ož{er},               256
  For hit was že forme-foster žat že folde bred,
    [Sidenote: They were sons of Adam.]
  Že ažel au{n}cetere[gh] su{n}e[gh] žat ad{a}m wat[gh] called,
  To wham god hade geuen alle žat gayn were,
  Alle že blysse boute blame žat bodi my[gh]t haue,                  260
  & žose lykkest to že lede žat lyued next aft{er},
  For-žy so semly to see syže{n} wern none.
    [Sidenote: No law was laid upon them.]
  Žer wat[gh] no law to hem layd bot loke to kynde,
  & kepe to hit, & alle hit cors clanly ful-fylle;                   264
    [Sidenote: Nevertheless they acted unnaturally.]
  & že{n}ne fou{n}den žay fylže i{n} fleschlych dede[gh]
  & controeued agayn kynde contraré werke[gh],
  & vsed hem vn-žryftyly vchon on ož{er},
  & als with ož{er}, wylsfully, vpon a wrange wyse.                  268
    [Sidenote: The "_fiends_" beheld how fair were the daughters of
    these mighty men, and made fellowship with them and begat a race
    of giants.]
  So ferly fowled her flesch žat že fende loked,
  How že de[gh]t{er} of že douže wern dere-lych fayre,
  & fallen i{n} fela[gh]schyp w{i}t{h} hem on folken wyse
  & en-gendered on hem ieau{n}te[gh] w{i}t{h} her Iape[gh] ille.     272
  Žose wern men mežele[gh] & ma[gh]ty on vrže,
  Žat for her lodlych layke[gh] alosed žay were.
  He wat[gh] famed[15] for fre žat fe[gh]t loued best,
    [Sidenote: The greatest fighter was reckoned the most famous.]
  & ay že bigest i{n} bale že best wat[gh] halden;                   276
  & že{n}ne euele[gh] on erže ernestly grewen
  & multyplyed mony-folde i{n}-monge[gh] mankynde,
    [Sidenote: The Creater of all becomes exceedingly wroth.]
  For žat že ma[gh]ty on molde so marre žise ož{er}.
  Žat že wy[gh]e žat al wro[gh]t ful wrožly bygy{n}ne[gh].           280

[Headnote: GOD DETERMINES TO DESTROY ALL FLESH.]

  When he knew vche contre corupte i{n} hit seluen,
  & vch freke forloyned fro že ry[gh]t waye[gh],
    [Sidenote: Fell anger touches His heart.]
  Felle temptande tene towched his hert;
  As wy[gh]e, wo hy{m} with-i{n}ne werp to hy{m} seluen:             284
    [Sidenote: It repents Him that He has made man.]
  "Me for-žy{n}ke[gh] ful much žat eu{er} I mon made,
  Bot I schal delyu{er} & do away žat doten on žis molde,
    [Sidenote: He declares that all flesh shall be destroyed, both
    man and beast.]
  & fleme out of že folde al žat flesch were[gh],
  Fro že burne to že best, fro brydde[gh] to fysche[gh];             288
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 61a.]]
  Al schal dou{n} & be ded & dryuen out of erže,
  Žat eu{er} I sette saule i{n}ne; & sore hit me rwe[gh]
  Žat eu{er} I made hem my self; bot if I may her-aft{er},
  I schal wayte to be war her wrenche[gh] to kepe."                  292
    [Sidenote: There was at this time living on the earth a very
    righteous man: Noah was his name.]
  Že{n}ne i{n} worlde wat[gh] a wy[gh]e wonyande on lyue,
  Ful redy & ful ry[gh]twys, & rewled hy{m} fayre;
  In že drede of dry[gh]tyn his daye[gh] he vse[gh],
  & ay glydande wyth his god his g{ra}ce wat[gh] že more.            296
  Hy{m} wat[gh] že nome Noe, as is i{n}noghe knawen,
    [Sidenote: Three bold sons he had.]
  He had žre žryuen su{n}e[gh] & žay žre wyue[gh];
  Sem sožly žat on, žat ož{er} hy[gh]t cam
  & že Iolef Iapheth wat[gh] gendered že žryd.                       300
    [Sidenote: God in great anger speaks to Noah.]
  Now god i{n} nwy to Noe co{n} speke,
  Wylde wrakful worde[gh] i{n} his wylle greued:
  "Že ende of alle-kyne[gh] flesch žat on vrže meue[gh],
  Is fallen forž wyth my face & forž{er} hit I ženk,                 304
  W{i}t{h} her vn-worželych werk me wlate[gh] w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  Že gore ž{er}-of me hat[gh] greued & že glette nwyed;
    [Sidenote: Declares that He will destroy all "that life has."]
  I schal strenkle my distresse & strye al to-geder,
  Bože lede[gh] & londe & alle žat lyf habbe[gh].                    308

[Headnote: NOAH IS COMMANDED TO BUILD AN ARK.]

    [Sidenote: Commands him to make "a mansion" with dwellings for
    wild and tame.]
  Bot make to že a manciou{n} & žat is my wylle,
  A cofer closed of tres, clanlych planed;
  Wyrk wone[gh] ž{er}i{n}ne for wylde & for tame,
  & že{n}ne cleme hit w{i}t{h} clay comly w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne[16]        312
  & alle že endentur dryuen daube w{i}t{h}-outen.
    [Sidenote: To let the ark be three hundred cubits in length,
    and fifty in breadth, and thirty in height, and a window in it a
    cubit square.]
  & ž{us} of lenže & of large žat lome ž{o}u make,
  Žre hundred of cupyde[gh] ž{o}u holde to že lenže,
  Of fyfty fayre ou{er}-žwert forme že brede;                        316
  & loke euen žat žyn ark haue of he[gh]že žretté,
  & a wyndow wyd vpon, wro[gh]t vpon lofte,
  In že compas of a cubit kyndely sware,
    [Sidenote: Also a good shutting door in the side, together with
    halls, recesses, bushes, and bowers, and well-formed pens.]
  A wel dutande dor, don on že syde;                                 320
  Haf halle[gh] žer-i{n}ne & halke[gh] ful mony,
  Bože boske[gh] & bo{ur}e[gh] & wel bou{n}den pene[gh];
  For I schal waken vp a wat{er} to wasch alle že worlde,
  & quelle alle žat is quik w{i}t{h} quauende flode[gh].             324
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 61b.]]
    [Sidenote: For all flesh shall be destroyed, except Noah and his
    family.]
  Alle žat glyde[gh] & got[gh], & gost of lyf habbe[gh],
  I schal wast with my wrath žat wons vpon vrže;
  Bot my forwarde w{i}t{h} že I festen on žis wyse,
  For ž{o}u in reysou{n} hat[gh] rengned & ry[gh]twys ben eu{er};    328
  Ž{o}u schal ent{er} žis ark w{i}t{h} žyn ažel barne[gh]
  & žy wedded wyf; with že ž{o}u take
  Že make[gh] of žy myry su{n}e[gh]; žis meyny of a[gh]te
    [Sidenote: Noah is told to take into the ark seven pairs of
    every clean beast, and one of unclean kind, and to furnish the
    ark with proper food.]
  I schal saue of mo{n}ne[gh] saule[gh], & swelt žose ož{er}.        332
  Of vche best žat bere[gh] lyf busk že a cupple,
  Of vche clene comly kynde enclose seuen make[gh],
  Of vche horwed, i{n} ark halde bot a payre,
  For to saue me že sede of alle ser kynde[gh];                      336
  & ay ž{o}u meng w{i}t{h} že male[gh] že mete ho-beste[gh],
  Vche payre by payre to plese ayž{er} ož{er};
  W{i}t{h} alle že fode žat may be fou{n}de frette žy cofer,
  For sustnau{n}ce to yow self & also žose ož{er}."                  340
    [Sidenote: Noah fills the ark.]
  Ful grayžely got[gh] žis god ma{n} & dos gode[gh] hestes,
  In dry[gh] dred & dau{n}ger, žat durst do non ožer.
  Wen hit wat[gh] fettled & forged & to že fulle grayžed,
  Že{n}n con dry[gh]ttyn hym dele dry[gh]ly žyse worde[gh]:          344

    [Sidenote 15: _fained_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 16: MS. w{i}t{h}i{n}me]


[Headnote: THE RAIN DESCENDS.]

V.

    [Sidenote: God asks Noah whether all is ready.]
  "Now Noe," q{uod} oure lorde, "art ž{o}u al redy?
  Hat[gh] ž{o}u closed žy kyst w{i}t{h} clay alle aboute?"
    [Sidenote: Noah replies that all is fully prepared.]
  "[Gh]e lorde w{i}t{h} žy leue," sayde že lede že{n}ne,
  "Al is wro[gh]t at ži worde, as ž{o}u me wyt lante[gh]."           348
    [Sidenote: He is commanded to enter the ark, for God tells him
    that he will send a rain to destroy all flesh.]
  "Enter in že{n}n," q{uod} he, "& haf ži wyf w{i}t{h} že,
  Žy žre su{n}e[gh] w{i}t{h}-outen žrep & her žre wyue[gh];
  Beste[gh], as I bedene haue, bosk ž{er}-i{n}ne als,
  & when [gh]e arn staued, styfly steke[gh] yow ž{er}i{n}ne;         352
  Fro seuen daye[gh] ben seyed I sende out by-lyue,
  Such a rowtande ryge žat rayne schal swyže,
  Žat schal wasch alle že worlde of werke[gh] of fylže;
  Schal no flesch vpon folde by fonden onlyue;                       356
    [Sidenote: Noah stows all safely in the ark.]
  Out-taken yow a[gh]t i{n} žis ark staued,
  & sed žat I wyl saue of žyse ser beste[gh]."
  Now Noe neu{er} styste[gh][17] (žat niy[gh][t] he bygy{n}ne[gh]),
  Er al wer stawed & stoken, as že steuen wolde.                     360
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 62a.]]
    [Sidenote: Seven days are passed.]
  The{n}ne sone com že seuenže day, when samned wern alle,
  & alle woned i{n} že whichche že wylde & že tame.
    [Sidenote: The deep begins to swell, banks are broken down, and
    the clouds burst.]
  Že{n} bolned že abyme & bonke[gh] con ryse,
  Walt{es} out vch walle-heued, i{n} ful wode streme[gh],            364
  Wat[gh] no bry{m}me žat abod vnbrosten bylyue,
  Že mukel lauande logh{e} to že lyfte rered.
  Mony clust{er}ed clowde clef alle i{n} clowte[gh],
  To-rent vch a rayn-ryfte & rusched to že vrže;                     368
    [Sidenote: It rains for forty days, and the flood rises, and
    flows over the woods and fields.]
  Fon neu{er} i{n} forty daye[gh], & že{n} že flod ryses,
  Ou{er}-walte[gh] vche a wod & že wyde felde[gh];
  For when že wat{er} of že welkyn w{i}t{h} že worlde mette,
  Alle žat deth mo[gh]t dry[gh]e drowned žer-i{n}ne;                 372
  Žer wat[gh] moon forto make when meschef was cnowen,
    [Sidenote: All must drown.]
  Žat no[gh]t dowed bot že deth in že depe streme[gh].
  Wat{er} wylger ay wax, wone[gh] žat stryede,
  Hurled i{n}-to vch ho{us}, hent žat žer dowelled.                  376
    [Sidenote: The water enters the houses.]
  Fyrst feng to že fly[gh]t alle žat fle my[gh]t,
  Vuche burde w{i}t{h} her barne že byggy{n}g žay leue[gh],
    [Sidenote: Each woman with her bairns flees to the hills.]
  & bowed to že hy[gh] bonk žer brentest hit wern,
  & het{er}ly to že hy[gh]e hylle[gh] žay [h]aled on faste;          380
    [Sidenote: The rain never ceases.]
  Bot al wat[gh] nedle[gh] her note, for neu{er} cowže stynt
  Že ro[gh]e raynande ryg [&] že raykande wawe[gh],
    [Sidenote: The valleys are filled.]
  Er vch božom wat[gh] brurd-ful to že bonke[gh] egge[gh],
  & vche a dale so depe žat de{m}med at že brynke[gh].               384
  Že moste mou{n}tay{n}e[gh] on mor že{n}ne wat[gh] no more dry[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: People flock to the mountains.]
  & ž{er}-on flokked že folke, for ferde of že wrake,
  Syžen že wylde of že wode on že wat{er} flette;
    [Sidenote: Some swim for their lives.]
  Su{m}me swy{m}med ž{er}-on žat saue hemself trawed,                388
  Su{m}me sty[gh]e to a stud & stared to že heuen,
    [Sidenote: Others roar for fear.]
  Rwly wyth a loud rurd rored for drede.
    [Sidenote: Animals of all kinds run to the hills.]
  Hare[gh], hertte[gh] also, to že hy[gh]e ru{n}nen,
  Bukke[gh], bausene[gh] & bule[gh] to že bonkke[gh] hy[gh]ed,       392
    [Sidenote: All pray for mercy.]
  & alle cryed for care to že ky{n}g of heuen,
  Re-cou{er}er of že creator, žay cryed vchone,
    [Sidenote: God's mercy is passed from them.]
  Žat amou{n}ted že masse, že mase his mercy wat[gh] passed,
  & alle his pyte departed fro peple žat he hated.                   396
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 62b.]]
  Bi žat že flod to her fete flo[gh]ed & waxed,
    [Sidenote: Each sees that he must sink.]
  Žen vche a segge se[gh] wel žat synk hy{m} byhoued;
  Frende[gh] fellen i{n} fere & fažmed togeder
  To dry[gh] her delful deystyné & dy[gh]en alle samen;              400
    [Sidenote: Friends take leave of one another.]
  Luf loke[gh] to luf & his leue take[gh],
  For to ende alle at one[gh] & for eu{er} twy{n}ne.
    [Sidenote: Forty days have gone by, and all are destroyed.]
  By forty daye[gh] wern faren, on folde no flesch styryed,
  Žat že flod nade al freten w{i}t{h} fe[gh]tande wa[gh]e[gh][18],   404
  For hit clam vche a clyffe cubit{es} fyftene,
  Ou{er} že hy[gh]est hylle žat hurkled on erže.

[Headnote: ALL ROT IN THE MUD.]

    [Sidenote: All rot in the mud, except Noah and his family, who
    are safe in the ark.]
  Že{n}ne mo{ur}kne i{n} že mudde most ful nede
  Alle žat spyrakle i{n}-spranc,[19] no sprawly{n}g awayled,         408
  Saue že hažel vnder hach & his here strau{n}ge,
  Noe žat ofte neuened že name of oure lorde,
  Hy{m} a[gh]t-su{m} i{n} žat ark as ažel god lyked,
  Žer alle lede[gh] i{n} lome lenged druye,                          412
    [Sidenote: The ark is lifted as high as the clouds, and is
    driven about, without mast, bowline, cables, anchors, or sail to
    guide its course.]
  Že arc houen wat[gh] on hy[gh]e w{i}t{h} hurlande gote[gh],
  Kest to kythe[gh] vncouže že clowde[gh] ful nere.
  Hit walt{er}ed on že wylde flod, went as hit lyste,
  Drof vpon že depe dam, i{n} dau{n}g{er} hit semed,                 416
  With-oute{n} mast, ož{er} myke, ož{er} myry bawelyne,
  Kable, ož{er} capstan to clyppe to he{r} ankre[gh],
  Hurrok, ož{er} hande-helme hasped on rož{er},
  Ož{er} any sweande sayl to seche aft{er} hauen,                    420
    [Sidenote: At the mercy of the winds.]
  Bot flote forthe w{i}t{h} že flyt of že felle wynde[gh];
  Wheder-warde so že wat{er} wafte, hit rebou{n}de.
    [Sidenote: Oft it rolled around and reared on end.]
  Ofte hit roled on-rou{n}de & rered on ende,
  Nyf oure lorde hade ben her lode[gh]-mon he{m} had lu{m}pen harde. 424
    [Sidenote: The age of the patriarch Noah.]
  Of že lenže of noe lyf to lay a lel date,
  Že sex hundreth of his age & none odde [gh]ere[gh],
  Of seco{n}de monyth, že seue{n}že day ry[gh]te[gh],
    [Sidenote: Duration of the flood.]
  To-walten alle žyse welle-hede[gh] & že wat{er} flowed,            428
  & žrye[gh] fyfty že flod of folwande daye[gh],
  Vche hille wat[gh] žer hidde w{i}t{h} yre[gh][20] ful graye;
    [Sidenote: The completeness of the destruction.]
  Al wat[gh] wasted žat žer wonyed že worlde w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  Žer eu{er} flote, ož{er} flwe, ož{er} on fote [gh]ede,             432
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 63a.]]
  That ro[gh]ly wat[gh] že remnau{n}t žat že rac dryue[gh],
  Žat alle gendre[gh] so ioyst wern ioyned wyth-i{n}ne.
    [Sidenote: God remembers those in the ark.]
  Bot quen že lorde of že lyfte lyked hymseluen
  For to my{n}ne on his mon his meth žat abyde[gh],                  436
    [Sidenote: He causes a wind to blow, and closes the lakes and
    wells, and the great deep.]
  Že{n} he wakened a wynde on watt{er}e[gh] to blowe;
  Že{n}ne lasned že llak[21] žat large wat[gh] are,
  Žen he stac vp že stange[gh], stoped žo welle[gh],
  Bed bly{n}ne of že rayn, hit batede as fast,                       440
  Že{n}ne lasned že lo[gh] lowkande to-geder.
  Aft{er} harde daye[gh] wern out an hundreth & fyfté,
  As žat lyftande lome luged aboute,
  Where že wynde & že weder warpen hit wolde,                        444
  Hit sa[gh]tled on a softe day synkande to grou{n}de.

[Headnote: THE ARK RESTS ON MOUNT ARARAT.]

    [Sidenote: The ark settles on Mount Ararat.]
  On a rasse of a rok, hit rest at že laste,
  On že mou{n}te of mararach of armene hilles,
  Žat ož{er}-waye[gh] on ebrv hit hat že thanes.                     448
  Bot ža[gh] že kyste in že crage[gh] wern closed to byde,
  [Gh]et fyned not že flod ne fel to že božeme[gh],
    [Sidenote: Noah beholds the bare earth.]
  Bot že hy[gh]est of že egge[gh] vnhuled wern a lyttel,
  Žat že burne by{n}ne borde byhelde že bare erže;                   452
    [Sidenote: He opens his window and sends out the raven to seek
    dry land.]
  Že{n}ne wafte he vpon his wyndowe, & wysed ž{er}-oute
  A message fro žat meyny hem molde[gh] to seche,
  Žat wat[gh] že rauen so ronk žat rebel wat[gh] eu{er};
  He wat[gh] colored as že cole, corbyal vn-trwe.                    456
  & he fonge[gh] to že fly[gh]t, & fa{n}ne[gh] on že wynde[gh],
  Houe[gh] hy[gh]e upon hy[gh]t to herken tyžy{n}ges.
    [Sidenote: The raven "croaks for comfort" on finding carrion.]
  He crouke[gh] for comfort when carayne he fynde[gh];
  Kast vp on a clyffe žer costese lay drye,                          460
  He hade že smelle of že smach & smolt{es} žeder sone,
    [Sidenote: He fills his belly with the foul flesh.]
  Falle[gh] on že foule flesch & fylle[gh] his wombe,
  & sone [gh]ederly for-[gh]ete [gh]ister-day steuen,
  How že cheuetayn hy{m} charged ž{a}t že kyst [gh]emed.             464
  Že rauen rayke[gh] hy{m} forth žat reches ful lyttel
  How alle fode[gh] žer fare, elle[gh] he fynde mete;

[Headnote: NOAH SENDS FORTH A DOVE.]

    [Sidenote: The lord of the ark curses the raven, and sends out
    the dove.]
  Bot že burne by{n}ne borde[22] žat bod to hys come,
  Ba{n}ned hy{m} ful bytt{er}ly w{i}t{h} best{es} alle samen,        468
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 63b.]]
  He seche[gh] an ož{er} sonde[gh]mon & sette[gh] on že dou{n}e;[23]
  Bry{n}ge[gh] žat bry[gh]t vpon borde blessed & sayde,
  "Wende worželych wy[gh]t v{us} wone[gh] to seche,
  Dryf ou{er} žis dy{m}me wat{er}; if ž{o}u druye fynde[gh]          472
  Bry{n}g bodworde to bot blysse to v{us} alle;
  Ža[gh] žat fowle be false, fre be ž{o}u euer."
    [Sidenote: The bird wanders about the whole day.]
  Ho wyrl{e} out on že weder o{n} wy{n}ge[gh] ful scharpe,
  Dre[gh]ly alle a longe day ž{a}t dorst neu{er} ly[gh]t;            476
    [Sidenote: Finding no rest, she returns about eventide to Noah.]
  & when ho fynde[gh] no folde her fote on to pyche,
  Ho vmbe-keste[gh] že coste & že kyst seche[gh],
  Ho hitte[gh] on že euentyde & on že ark sitte[gh];
  Noe ny{m}mes hir anon & naytly hir staue[gh].                      480
    [Sidenote: Noah again sends out the dove.]
  Noe on anož{er} day ny{m}me[gh] efte že dovene,
  & bydde[gh] hir bowe ou{er} že borne efte bonke[gh] to seche;
  & ho skyrme[gh] vnder skwe & skowte[gh] aboute,
  Tyl hit wat[gh] ny[gh]e at že na[gh]t & noe že{n} seche[gh].       484

    [Sidenote 17: _stynte[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 18: _wawe[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 19: _in-sprang_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 20: _yže[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 21: So in MS.]
    [Sidenote 22: MS. _lorde_.]
    [Sidenote 23: _douue_ or _douene_ (?).]


[Headnote: NOAH LEAVES THE ARK.]

VI.

    [Sidenote: The dove returns with an olive branch in her beak.]
  On ark on an euentyde houe[gh] že downe,
  On stamyn ho stod & stylle hy{m} abyde[gh];
  What! ho bro[gh]t i{n} hir beke a bronch of olyue,
  G{ra}cyo{us}ly vmbe-grouen al w{i}t{h} grene leue[gh];             488
    [Sidenote: This was a token of peace and reconciliation.]
  Žat wat[gh] že sy{n}gne of sauyté ž{a}t sende he{m} oure lorde,
  & že sa[gh]tly{n}g of hy{m}-self w{i}t{h} žo sely beste[gh].
    [Sidenote: Joy reigns in the ark.]
  Že{n} wat[gh] žer ioy i{n} pat gyn where Iu{m}pred er dry[gh]ed,
  & much comfort i{n} žat cofer žat wat[gh] clay-daubed.             492
    [Sidenote: The people therein laugh and look thereout.]
  Myryly on a fayr morn, monyth že fyrst,
  Žat falle[gh] formast i{n} že [gh]er, & že fyrst day,
  Lede[gh] lo[gh]en i{n} žat lome & loked ž{er}-oute,
  How žat watt{er}e[gh] wern woned & že worlde dryed.                496
  Vchon loued oure lorde, bot lenged ay stylle,
  Tyl žay had tyžy{n}g fro že tolke žat tyned he{m} ž{er}-i{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: God permits Noah and his sons to leave the ark.]
  Že{n} gode[gh] glam to hem glod žat gladed hem alle,
  Bede hem drawe to že dor, delyu{er} hem he wolde;                  500
  Že{n} went žay to že wykket, hit walt vpon sone,
  Bože že burne & his barne[gh] bowed ž{er}-oute;
  Her wyue[gh] walke[gh] hem wyth & že wylde aft{er},
  Žroly žrublande i{n} žronge, žrowen ful žykke;                     504
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 64a.]]
    [Sidenote: Noah offers sacrifice to God.]
  Bot Noe of vche honest kynde nem out an odde
  & heuened vp an auter & hal[gh]ed hit fayre,
  & sette a sakerfyse ž{er}-on of vch a ser kynde,
  Žat wat[gh] comly & clene, god kepe[gh] non ož{er}.                508
  When bremly brened žose beste[gh], & že breže rysed,
    [Sidenote: It is pleasing to Him that "all speeds or spoils."]
  Že sauo{ur} of his sacrafyse so[gh]t to hym euen
  Žat al spede[gh] & spylle[gh]; he spek{es} w{i}t{h} žat ilke
  I{n} comly comfort ful clos & cortays worde[gh]:                   512
    [Sidenote: God declares that He will never destroy the world for
    the sin of man.]
  "Now noe no more nel I neu{er} wary,
  Alle že mukel mayny [on] molde for no ma{n}ne[gh] sy{n}ne[gh],
  For I se wel žat hit is sothe, žat alle ma{n}ne[gh] wytte[gh]
  To vn-žryfte arn alle žrawen w{i}t{h} žo[gh]t of her hertte[gh],   516
  & ay hat[gh] ben & wyl be [gh]et fro her barnage;
  Al is že mynde of že man to malyce enclyned,
  For-žy schal I neu{er} schende so schortly at ones,
  As dysstrye al for mane[gh] sy{n}ne [in] daye[gh] of žis erže.     520
  Bot waxe[gh] now & wende[gh] forth & worže[gh] to monye,
  Multyplye[gh] on žis molde & menske yow by-tyde.
    [Sidenote: That summer and winter shall never cease.]
  Sesou{n}e[gh] schal yow neu{er} sese of sede ne of heruest,
  Ne hete, ne no harde forst, vmbre ne dro[gh]že,                    524
  Ne že swetnesse of somer, ne že sadde wynt{er},
    [Sidenote: Nor night nor day, nor the new years.]
  Ne že ny[gh]t, ne že day, ne že newe [gh]ere[gh],
  Bot eu{er} re{n}ne restle[gh] rengne[gh] [gh]e ž{er}-i{n}ne."
    [Sidenote: God blesses every beast.]
  Ž{er}wyth he blesse[gh] vch a best, & byta[gh]t hem žis erže.      528

[Headnote: THE BEASTS ARE DISPERSED.]

  Že{n} wat[gh] a skylly skyualde, quen scaped alle že wylde;
    [Sidenote: Each fowl takes its flight.]
  Vche fowle to že fly[gh]t žat fyžere[gh] my[gh]t serue,
    [Sidenote: Each fish goes to the flood.]
  Vche fysch to že flod žat fy{n}ne couže nayte,
    [Sidenote: Each beast makes for the plain.]
  Vche beste to že bent žat[24] byt{es} on erbe[gh];                 532
    [Sidenote: Wild worms wriggle to their abodes in the earth.]
  Wylde worme[gh] to her won wryže[gh] i{n} že erže,
    [Sidenote: The fox goes to the woods.]
  Že fox & že folmarde to že fryth wynde[gh],
    [Sidenote: Harts to the heath, and hares to the gorse.]
  Hertt{es} to hy[gh]e heže, hare[gh] to gorste[gh],
    [Sidenote: Lions and leopards go to the lakes.]
  & lyou{n}e[gh] & lebarde[gh] to že lake ryft{es},                  536
    [Sidenote: Eagles and hawks to the high rocks.]
  Herne[gh] & haueke[gh] to že hy[gh]e roche[gh];
  Že hole-foted fowle to že flod hy[gh]e[gh],
  & vche best at a brayde žer hy{m} best lyke[gh];
    [Sidenote: The four 'frekes' take the empire.]
  Že fowre freke[gh] of že folde fonge[gh] že empyre.                540
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 64b.]]
    [Sidenote: Behold what woe God brought on mankind for their
    hateful deeds!]
  Lo! suche a wrakful wo for wlatsu{m} dede[gh]
  Parformed že hy[gh]e fader on folke žat he made;
  Žat he chysly hade cherisched he chastysed ful hardee,
  I{n} de-voydy{n}ge že vylanye ž{a}t venkquyst his žewe[gh].        544
  For-žy war že now, wy[gh]e, žat worschyp desyres,
  I{n} his comlych co{ur}te žat ky{n}g is of blysse,
    [Sidenote: Beware of the filth of the flesh.]
  I{n} že fylže of že flesch žat ž{o}u be fou{n}den neu{er},
  Tyl any wat{er} i{n} že worlde to wasche že fayly,                 548
  For is no segge vnder su{n}ne so seme of his crafte[gh],
  If he be sulped i{n} sy{n}ne, žat [ne] sytte[gh] vnclene.
    [Sidenote: "One speck of a spot" will ruin us in the sight of
    God.]
  On spec of a spote may spede to mysse
  Of že sy[gh]te of že sou{er}ayn žat sytte[gh] so hy[gh]e,          552
  For žat schewe me schale i{n} žo schyre howse[gh],
    [Sidenote: The beryl is clean and sound,--it has no seam.]
  As že beryl bornyst byhoue[gh] be clene,
  Žat is sou{n}de on vche a syde & no sem habes,
  W{i}t{h}-outen maskle ož{er} mote as margerye p{er}le.             556

    [Sidenote 24: MS. _žat žat_.]


[Headnote: GOD'S HATRED OF WICKEDNESS.]

VII.

    [Sidenote: When God repented that he had made man, he destroyed
    all flesh.]
  Syže{n} že sou{er}ayn i{n} sete so sore for-žo[gh]t
  Žat eu{er} he man vpon molde merked to lyuy,
  For he i{n} fylže wat[gh] fallen, felly he uenged,
  Quen fo{ur}ferde[25] alle že flesch žat he formed hade,            560
    [Sidenote: But afterwards He was sorry, and made a covenant with
    mankind that He would not again destroy all the living.]
  Hy{m} rwed žat he hem vp-rerde & ra[gh]t hem lyflode,
  & efte žat he he{m} vndyd, hard hit hym žo[gh]t;
  For quen že swemande sor[gh]e so[gh]t to his hert,
  He knyt a couenau{n}de cortaysly w{i}t{h} monkynde ž{er}e,         564
  In že mesure of his mode & meže of his wylle,
  Žat he schulde neu{er} for no syt smyte al at one[gh],
  As to quelle alle quyke[gh] for qued žat my[gh]t falle,
  Whyl of že lenže of že londe laste[gh] že t{er}me.                 568
  Žat ilke skyl for no scaže ascaped hy{m} neu{er},
  Wheder wonderly he wrak on wykked men aft{er};
    [Sidenote: For the filth of the flesh God destroyed a rich city.]
  Ful felly for žat ilk faute forferde a kyth ryche,
  I{n} že anger of his ire žat ar[gh]ed mony;                        572
  & al wat[gh] for žis ilk euel, žat vn-happen glette,
  Že venym & že vylanye & že vycios fylže,
  Žat by-sulpe[gh] ma{n}ne[gh] saule i{n} vnsou{n}de hert,
  Žat he his saueour ne see w{i}t{h} sy[gh]t of his y[gh]en,         576
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 65a.]]
    [Sidenote: God hates the wicked as "hell that stinks."]
  Žat alle ille[gh] he hates as helle žat stynkke[gh];
  Bot non nuye[gh] hy{m}, on na[gh]t ne neu{er} vpon daye[gh],
    [Sidenote: Especially harlotry and blasphemy.]
  As harlottrye vn-honest, hežy{n}g of seluen;
  Žat schame[gh] for no schrewedschyp schent mot he worže!           580
  Bot sauyo{ur} mon i{n} žy self, ža[gh] ž{o}u a sotte lyuie,
  Ža[gh] ž{o}u bere žy self babel, by-ženk že su{m}-tyme,
  Whežer he žat stykked vche a stare i{n} vche steppe y[gh]e,
  [Gh]if hy{m} self[26] be bore blynd{e} hit is a brod wonder;       584
  & he žat fetly i{n} face fettled alle eres
  If he[27] hat[gh] losed že lysten hit lyfte[gh] meruayle;
    [Sidenote: Nothing is hidden from God.]
  Trave ž{o}u neu{er} žat tale, vn-trwe ž{o}u hit fynde[gh],
  Žer is no dede so derne žat ditte[gh] his y[gh]en;                 588
  Žer is no wy[gh]e i{n} his werk so war ne so stylle
  Žat hit ne žrawe[gh] to hym žre[28] er he hit žo[gh]t haue;
    [Sidenote: God is the ground of all deeds.]
  For he is že gropande god, že grou{n}de of alle dede[gh],
  Rypande of vche a ri{n}g[29] že reynye[gh] & hert;                 592
    [Sidenote: He honours the man that is honest and whole.]
  & žere he fynde[gh] al fayre a freke wyth-i{n}ne
  Žat hert honest & hol, žat hažel he hono{ur}e[gh],
  Sende[gh] hy{m} a sad sy[gh]t to se his auen face,
  & harde honyse[gh] žise ož{er} & of his erde fleme[gh].            596
    [Sidenote: But for deeds of shame He destroys the mighty ones.]
  Bot of že dome of že douže for dede[gh] of schame
  He is so skoymos of žat skaže, he scarre[gh] bylyue,
  He may not dry[gh]e to draw allyt, bot drepe[gh] i{n} hast
  & žat wat[gh] schewed schortly by a scaže one[gh].                 600

    [Sidenote 25: _for-ferde_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 26: MS. _sele._]
    [Sidenote 27: MS. _he he._]
    [Sidenote 28: _žer_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 29: _rink_ or _renk_ (?).]


[Headnote: ABRAHAM RECEIVES THREE GUESTS, AND ENTERTAINS THEM.]

VIII.

    [Sidenote: Abraham is sitting before his house-door under a
    green oak.]
  Olde Abraham i{n} erde one[gh] he sytte[gh]
  Euen byfore his ho{us}-dore vnder an oke grene;
  Bry[gh]t blykked že bem of že brode heuen,
  I{n} že hy[gh]e hete ž{er}-of Abraham bide[gh],                    604
  He wat[gh] schu{n}t to že schadow vnder schyre leue[gh];
    [Sidenote: He sees three men coming along, and goes toward them.]
  Že{n}ne wat[gh] he war on že waye of wlonk wy[gh]e[gh] žry{n}ne.
  If žay wer farande & fre & fayre to beholde,
  Hit is eže to leue by že last ende;                                608
  For že lede žat žer laye že leue[gh] an-vnder,
  When he hade of hem sy[gh]t he hy[gh]e[gh] bylyue,
  & as to god že good mon gos hem agayne[gh]
  & haylsed hem i{n} onhede & sayde, "hende lorde                    612
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 65b.]]
  [Gh]if eu{er} žy mon vpon molde merit disserued,
    [Sidenote: He entreats them to rest awhile, that he may wash
    their feet, and bring them a morsel of bread.]
  Lenge a lyttel with žy lede I lo[gh]ly bi-seche;
  Passe neu{er} fro ži pou{er}e, [gh]if I hit pray durst,
  Er ž{o}u haf biden with ži burne & vnder bo[gh]e restted;          616
  & I schal wy{n}ne yow wy[gh]t of wat{er} a lyttel,
  & fast aboute schal I fare yo{ur} fette wer waschene;
  Restte[gh] here on žis rote & I schal rachche aft{er}
  & bry{n}ge a morsel of bred to banne yo{ur} hertte."               620
  "Fare forthe," q{uod} že freke[gh], "& fech as ž{o}u segge[gh];
  By bole of žis brode tre we byde že here."
    [Sidenote: Abraham commands Sarah to make some cakes quickly,
    and tells his servant to seethe a tender kid.]
  Že{n}ne orppedly i{n}-to his ho{us} he hy[gh]ed to Saré
  Comau{n}ded hir to be cof & quyk at žis one[gh];                   624
  "Žre mette[gh] of mele menge & ma kake[gh],
  Vnder aske[gh] ful hote happe hem byliue;
  Quyl I fete su{m}quat fat ž{o}u že fyr bete,
  Prestly at žis ilke poynte su{m} polment to make."                 628
  He cached to his cobho{us}[30] & a calf bry{n}ge[gh]
  Žat wat[gh] tender & not to[gh]e; bed tyrne of že hyde,
  & sayde to his seruau{n}t ž{a}t he hit seže faste
  & he deruely at his dome dy[gh]t hit bylyue.                       632
    [Sidenote: Abraham appears bare-headed before his guests.]
  Že burne to be bare-heued buske[gh] hy{m} že{n}ne,
    [Sidenote: He casts a clean cloth on the green, and sets before
    them cakes, butter, milk, and pottage.]
  Cleche[gh] to a clene clože & keste[gh] on že grene,
  Žrwe žryftyly ž{er}-on žo žre žerue kake[gh],
  & bry{n}ge[gh] butt{er} wyth-al, & by že bred sette[gh]            636
  Mete; messe[gh] of mylke he merkke[gh] bytwene,
  Syže{n} potage & polment i{n} plater honest;
  As sewer i{n} a god assyse he serued hem fayre,
  Wyth sadde semblau{n}t & swete of such as he hade,                 640

[Headnote: GOD DISCLOSES HIS PURPOSE TO ABRAHAM.]

    [Sidenote: God praises his friend's feast, and after the meat is
    removed, He tells Abraham that Sarah shall bear him a son.]
  & god as a glad gest mad god chere,
  Žat wat[gh] fayn of his frende & his fest praysed.
  Abraham, al hodle[gh] w{i}t{h} arme[gh] vp-folden,
  Mynystred mete byfore žo men žat my[gh]tes al welde[gh];           644
  Že{n}ne žay sayden, as žay sete same{n} alle žry{n}ne,
  When že mete wat[gh] remued & žay of mensk speken,
  "I schal efte here away abram," žay sayden,
  "[Gh]et er žy lyue[gh] ly[gh]t leže vpon erže,                     648
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 66a.]]
  & že{n}ne schal saré consayue & a su{n} bere,
  Žat schal be abrahame[gh] ayre, & aft{er} hy{m} wy{n}ne
  W{i}t{h} wele & wyth worschyp že woržely peple
  Žat schal halde i{n} heritage, žat I haf men [gh]ark."             652
    [Sidenote: Sarah, who is behind the door, laughs in unbelief.]
  Že{n}ne že burde byhynde že dor for busmar la[gh]ed;
  & sayde sothly[31] to hir-self saré že madde:
  "May ž{o}u traw for tykle žat ž{o}u to{n}ne mo[gh]te[gh],
  & I so hy[gh]e out of age & also my lorde,"                        656
  For sožely, as says že wryt, he wern of sadde elde,
  Bože že wy[gh]e & his wyf, such werk wat[gh] hem fayled,
  Fro mony a brod day by-fore ho barayn ay byene,[32]
  Žat selue saré w{i}t{h}-outen sede i{n}-to žat same tyme.          660
    [Sidenote: God tells Abraham that Sarah laughs at His words.]
  Že{n}ne sayde oure syre žer he sete "se! so saré la[gh]es,
  Not trawande že tale žat I že to schewed;
  Hope[gh] ho o[gh]t may be harde my honde[gh] to work?
  & [gh]et I a-vow v{er}ayly že avau{n}t žat I made,                 664
  I schal [gh]eply a[gh]ayn & [gh]elde žat I hy[gh]t,
  & sothely sende to saré a soń & an hayre."
    [Sidenote: Sarah denies that she laughed.]
  Že{n}ne swenged forth saré & swer by hir trawže,
  Žat for lot žat žay lansed[33] ho la[gh]ed neu{er}.                668
  "Now i{n}nogh{e} hit is not so" že{n}ne n{ur}ned že dry[gh]tyn,
  "For ž{o}u la[gh]ed alo[gh], bot let we hit one."
    [Sidenote: Abraham's guests set out towards Sodom, two miles
    from Mamre.]
  With žat žay ros vp radly as žay rayke schulde,
  & setten toward sodamas her sy[gh]t alle at-one[gh];               672
  For žat Cite ž{er} bysyde wat[gh] sette i{n} a vale,
  No myle[gh] fro mambre mo že{n} tweyne,
  Where-so wonyed žis ilke wy[gh] žat wende[gh] w{i}t{h} oure lorde,
  For to tent hy{m} w{i}t{h} tale & teche hy{m} že gate,             676
    [Sidenote: The patriarch accompanies them.]
  Žen glyde[gh] forth god, že godmo{n} hy{m} fol[gh]e[gh].
  Abraham helde[gh] hem wyth, he{m} to co{n}ueye,
  I{n} towarde že Cety of sodamas žat sy{n}ned had že{n}ne
  I{n} že faute of žis fylže; že fader hem žretes,                   680
  & sayde ž{us} to že segg žat sued hy{m} aft{er}:
    [Sidenote: God determines to reveal to Abraham his secret
    purposes.]
  "How my[gh]t I hyde myn hert fro habraham že trwe,
  Žat I ne dyscou{er}ed to his corse my cou{n}sayl so dere.
  Syžen he is chosen to be chef chyldryn fader,                      684
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 66b.]]
  Žat so folk schal falle fro, to flete alle že worlde,
  & vche blod i{n} žat burne blessed schal worže.
  Me bos telle to žat tolk že tene of my wylle
  & alle myn atly{n}g to abraham vn-haspe bilyue.                    688

    [Sidenote 30: _cov-hous_ = cow-house (?).]
    [Sidenote 31: ? _softly_ or _sotly_ = foolishly]
    [Sidenote 32: ? _bycame_.]
    [Sidenote 33: _laused_ (?).]


[Headnote: THE FILTHINESS OF SODOM AND GOMORRAH.]

IX.

    [Sidenote: He informs him of the destruction about to fall upon
    the cities of the plain, for their great wickedness, in abusing
    the gifts bestowed upon them.]
  "The grete sou{n} of sodamas synkke[gh] i{n} my{n} ere[gh],
  & že gult of gomorre gare[gh] me to wrath;
  I schal ly[gh]t i{n}-to žat led & loke my seluen,
  If[34] žay haf don as že dyne dryue[gh] on-lofte,                  692
  Žay han lerned a lyst žat lyke[gh] me ille,
  Žat žay han fou{n}den i{n} her flesch of faute[gh] že werst,
  Vch male mat[gh] his mach a man as hy{m} seluen,
  & fylt{er} folyly i{n} fere, on fe{m}male[gh] wyse.                696
  I compast hem a kynde crafte & kende hit hem derne,
    [Sidenote: The ordinance of marriage had been made for them, but
    they foully set it at nought.]
  & amed hit i{n} my{n} ordenau{n}ce oddely dere,
  & dy[gh]t drwry žer-i{n}ne, doole alž{er}-swettest,
  & že play of paramore[gh] I portrayed my seluen;                   700
  & made žer-to a man{er} myriest of ož{er},
  When two true togeder had ty[gh]ed hem seluen,
  By-twene a male & his make such m{er}že schulde conne;[35]
  Wel ny[gh]e pure paradys mo[gh]t preue no bett{er},                704
  Elle[gh] žay mo[gh]t honestly ayž{er} ož{er} welde.
  At a stylle stollen steuen, vnstered wyth sy[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: The flame of love.]
  Luf lowe hem bytwene lasched so hote,
  Žat alle že meschefe[gh] on mold mo[gh]t hit not sleke;            708
  Now haf žay skyfted my skyl & scorned natwre,
    [Sidenote: Therefore shall they be destroyed as an example to
    all men for ever.]
  & hentte[gh] hem i{n} hežy{n}g an vsage vn-clene;
  Hem to smyte for žat smod smartly I ženk
  Žat wy[gh]e[gh] schal be by hem war, worlde w{i}t{h}-outen ende."  712

[Headnote: ABRAHAM PLEADS FOR THE CITIES.]

    [Sidenote: Abraham is full of fear, and asks God whether the
    "sinful and the sinless" are to suffer together.]
  Že{n}ne ar[gh]ed abraham & alle his mod chau{n}ge[d],
  For hope of že harde hate žat hy[gh]t hat[gh] oure lorde;
  Al sykande he sayde "s{ir} w{i}t{h} yor leue,
  Schal synful & sakle[gh] suffer al on payne;                       716
  Wež{er} eu{er} hit lyke my lorde to lyfte such dome[gh],
  Žat že wykked & že woržy schal on wrake suffer,
  & weye vpon že worre half žat wrathed že neu{er}?
  Žat wat[gh] neu{er} žy won žat wro[gh]te[gh] v{us} alle.           720
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 67a.]]
    [Sidenote: Whether he will spare the cities provided fifty
    righteous are found in them?]
  Now fyfty fyn frende[gh] wer fou{n}de i{n} [gh]onde toune
  In že Cety of Sodamas & also gomorré
  Žat neu{er} lakked žy laue, bot loued ay trauže,
  & re[gh]t-ful wern & resou{n}able & redy že to serue,              724
  Schal žay falle i{n} že faute žat ož{er} freke[gh] wro[gh]t
  & ioyne to her iuggement her iuise to haue?
  Žat nas neu{er} žyn note, vnneuened hit worže,
  Žat art so gaynly a god & of goste mylde!"                         728
    [Sidenote: For the sake of fifty the cities shall be spared.]
  "Nay for fyfty," q{uod} že fader, "& žy fayre speche,
  &[36] žay be fou{n}den i{n} žat folk of her fylže clene,
  I schal for-gyue alle že gylt žur[gh] my g{ra}ce one,
  & let hem smolt al unsmyten smožely atone[gh]."                    732
    [Sidenote: The patriarch beseeches God to spare the city for the
    sake of forty-five righteous.]
  "AA! blessed be žow," q{uod} že burne, "so boner & žewed,
  & al halde[gh] i{n} žy honde, že heuen & že erže,
  Bot for I haf žis talke tat[gh] to non ille,
  [Gh]if I mele a lyttel more žat mul am & aske[gh];                 736
  What if fyue faylen of fyfty že nou{m}bre,
  & že remnau{n}t be reken, how restes žy wylle?"
    [Sidenote: For the lack of five the cities shall not be
    destroyed.]
  "And fyue wont of fyfty," q{uod} god, "I schal for[gh]ete alle
  & wyth-halde my honde for horty{n}g on lede."                      740
  "& quat if faurty be fre & fauty žyse ož{er}
  Schalt žow schortly al schende & schape non ož{er}."
    [Sidenote: For forty the cities shall be spared.]
  "Nay ža[gh] faurty forfete [gh]et fryst I a whyle,
  & voyde away my vengau{n}ce, ža[gh] me vyl žynk."                  744
  Že{n} abraham obeched hym & lo[gh]ly hi{m} žonkke[gh],
  "Now sayned be žou sauio{ur}, so symple i{n} žy wrath!
  I am bot erže ful euel & vsle so blake,
    [Sidenote: Abraham entreats God's forbearance for his speech.]
  Forto mele wyth such a mayst{er} as my[gh]te[gh] hat[gh] alle,     748
  Bot I haue by-go{n}nen wyth my god, & he hit gay{n} žynke[gh],
  [Gh]if I for-loyne as a fol žy frau{n}chyse may serue;
  What if žretty žryuande be žrad i{n} [gh]on tou{n}e[gh],
  What schal I leue if my lorde, if he hem leže wolde?"              752
  Že{n}ne že godlych god gef hy{m} onsware,
    [Sidenote: Thirty righteous, found in the cities, shall save
    them from destruction.]
  "[Gh]et for žretty i{n} žrong I schal my žro steke,
  & spare spakly of spyt i{n} space of my žewe[gh],
  & my rankor refrayne fo{ur} žy reken worde[gh]."                   756
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 67b.]]
  "What for twenty," q{uod} že tolke, "vntwyne[gh] ž{o}u hem že{n}ne?"
  "Nay, [gh]if ž{o}u [gh]erne[gh] hit, [gh]et [gh]ark I hem g{ra}ce;
    [Sidenote: For the sake of twenty guiltless ones God will
    release the rest.]
  If žat twenty be trwe I tene hem no more,
  Bot relece alle žat regiou{n} of her ronk werkke[gh]."             760
  "Now ažel lorde," q{uod} Abraham, "one[gh] a speche
  & I schal schape no more žo schalkke[gh] to helpe;
  If ten trysty i{n} toune be tan i{n} ži werkke[gh]
    [Sidenote: Or if ten only should be found pure.]
  Wylt ž{o}u mese žy mode & menddy{n}g abyde?"                       764
  "I grau{n}t," q{uod} že grete god, "grau{n}t mercy," ž{a}t ož{er}.
  & že{n}ne arest že renk & ra[gh]t no fyrre;
  & godde glyde[gh] his gate by žose grene waye[gh]
  & he co{n}ueyen hy{m} con w{i}t{h} cast of his y[gh]e,             768
    [Sidenote: The patriarch intercedes for Lot.]
  & als he loked along žere as oure lorde passed,
  [Gh]et he cryed hy{m} aft{er} w{i}t{h} careful steuen:
  "Meke mayst{er} on žy mon to my{n}ne if že lyked,
  Loth lenge[gh] i{n} [gh]on leede žat is my lef brož{er},           772
  He sytte[gh] žer i{n} sodomis, žy seruau{n}t so pou{er}e
  Among žo mansed men žat han že much g{r}eued;
    [Sidenote: Beseeches Him to "temper His ire," and then departs
    weeping for sorrow.]
  [Gh]if ž{o}u tyne[gh] žat tou{n}, te{m}pre žyn yre
  As žy mersy may malte žy meke to spare."                           776
  Že{n} he wende[gh], wende[gh] his way wepande for care
  To-warde že mere of mambre wepande for so[r[gh]e,][37]
  & žere i{n} longy{n}g al ny[gh]t he lenge[gh] i{n} wones,
  Whyl že sou{er}ayn to sodamas sende to spye.                       780

    [Sidenote 34: MS. i{n}f.]
    [Sidenote 35: _come_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 36: _An_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 37: _sorewe_ is written by a late hand over the
    original word.]


[Headnote: MESSENGERS ARE SENT TO LOT.]

X.

    [Sidenote: God's messengers go to Sodom.]
  His sondes i{n}-to sodamas wat[gh] sende i{n} žat tyme,
  I{n} žat ilk euentyde, by au{n}gels tweyne,
  Meuand meuande[38] mekely togeder as myry me{n} [gh]onge,
    [Sidenote: Lot is sitting alone at the "door of his lodge."]
  As loot i{n} a loge dor lened hy{m} alone,                         784
  I{n} a porche of žat place py[gh]t to že [gh]at{es},
  Žat wat[gh] ryal & ryche, so wat[gh] že renk{es} seluen.
    [Sidenote: Staring into the street he sees two men.]
  As he stared i{n}-to že strete ž{er} stout men played
  He sy[gh]e žer swey i{n} asent swete men tweyne;                   788
    [Sidenote: Beardless chins they had, and hair like raw silk.]
  Bolde burne[gh] wer žay bože w{i}t{h} berdles chy{n}ne[gh],
  Royl rollande fax to raw sylk lyke,
  Of ble as že brere flo{ur} where-so že bare scheweed,
  Ful clene wat[gh] že cou{n}tenau{n}ce of her cler y[gh]en;         792
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 68a.]]
    [Sidenote: Beautifully white were their weeds.]
  Wlonk whit wat[gh] her wede & wel hit hem semed.
  Of alle feture[gh] ful fyn & fautle[gh] bože;
  Wat[gh] non autly i{n} ouž{er}, for aungels hit wern,
  & žat že [gh]ep vnder-[gh]ede žat i{n} že [gh]ate sytte[gh].       796

[Headnote: LOT ENTERTAINS THE MESSENGERS.]

    [Sidenote: Lot runs to meet them.]
  He ros vp ful radly & ran hem to mete
  & lo[gh]e he loute[gh] hem to, loth, to že grou{n}de,
  & syžen soberly [sat[gh]] "syre[gh] I yow by-seche,
    [Sidenote: Invites them to remain awhile in his house, and in
    the morning they may take their way.]
  Žat [gh]e wolde ly[gh]t at my loge & lenge ž{er}-i{n}ne,           800
  Come[gh] to yo{ur} knaues kote I craue at žis one[gh];
  I schal fette yow a fatte yo{ur} fette forto wasche;
  I norne yow bot for on ny[gh]t ne[gh]e me to lenge,
  & i{n} že myry morny{n}g [gh]e may yo{ur} waye take."              804
  & žay nay žat žay nolde ne[gh] no howse[gh],
  Bot stylly žer i{n} že strete as žay stadde wern,
  Žay wolde lenge že long na[gh]t & logge ž{er}-oute;
  Hit wat[gh] ho{us} inno[gh]e to hem že heuen vpon lofte.           808
    [Sidenote: Lot invites them so long that at last they comply.]
  Loth lažed so longe wyth luflych worde[gh],
  Žat žay hy{m} grau{n}ted to go & gru[gh]t no leng{er}.
  Že bolde to his byggy{n}g brynge[gh] hem bylyue,
    [Sidenote: The wife and daughters of Lot welcome their visitors.]
  Žat ryally [wat[gh]] arayed, for he wat[gh] ryche eu{er}.          812
  Že wy[gh]e[gh] wern welcom as že wyf couže,
  His two dere do[gh]t{er}e[gh] deuoutly he{m} haylsed,
  Žat wer maydene[gh] ful meke, maryed not [gh]et,
  & žay wer semly & swete, & swyže wel arayed.                       816
    [Sidenote: Lot admonishes his men to prepare the meat, and to
    serve no salt with it.]
  Loth že{n}ne ful ly[gh]tly loke[gh] hy{m} aboute,
  & his me{n} amonest{es} mete forto dy[gh]t,
  Bot ženkke[gh] on hit be žrefte what žynk[39] so [gh]e make,
  For wyth no so{ur}[40] ne no salt serue[gh] hy{m} neu{er}.         820
  Bot [gh]et I wene žat že wyf hit wroth[41] to dyspyt,
  & sayde softely to hir self "žis vn-sau{er}e[42] hyne
  Loue[gh] no salt i{n} her sauce [gh]et hit no skyl were
  Žat ož{er} burne be boute ža[gh] bože be nyse."                    824
    [Sidenote: Lot's wife disregards the injunction.]
  Že{n}ne ho sau{er}e[gh] w{i}t{h} salt her seue[gh] vchone
  Agayne že bone of že burne žat hit forboden hade,
  & als ho scelt he{m} i{n} scorne žat wel her skyl knewen.
  Why wat[gh] ho wrech so wod, ho wrathed oure lorde!                828
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 68b.]]
    [Sidenote: The guests are well entertained.]
  Že{n}ne seten žay at že soper, wern serued by-lyue,
  Že gest{es} gay & ful glad, of glam debonere,
  Welawy{n}nely wlonk tyl žay waschen hade,
  Že trest{es} tylt to že wo[gh]e & že table bože.                   832

[Headnote: LOT'S HOUSE IS BESET.]

    [Sidenote: But before they go to rest the city is up in arms.]
  Fro že segge[gh] haden souped & seten bot a whyle,
  Er eu{er} žay bosked to bedde že bor[gh] wat[gh] al vp;
  Alle žat weppen my[gh]t welde, že wakker & že stronger,
  To vmbe-ly[gh]e lothe[gh] ho{us} že lede[gh] to take,              836
  In grete flokke[gh] of folk, žay fallen to his [gh]ate[gh],
  As a scowte-wach scarred, so že asscry rysed;
    [Sidenote: With "keen clubs" the folk clatter on the walls, and
    demand that Lot should deliver up his guests.]
  W{i}t{h} kene clobbe[gh] of žat clos žay clat[gh] on že wowe[gh],
  & wyth a schrylle scharp schout žay schewe žyse worde:             840
  "If ž{o}u louye[gh] žy lyf loth i{n} žyse wone[gh]
  [Gh]ete v{us} out žose [gh]ong men žat [gh]ore-whyle here entred,
  Žat we may lere hym[43] of lof, as oure lyst bidde[gh],
  As is že asyse of Sodomas to segge[gh] ž{a}t passen."              844
  Whatt! žay sputen & speken of so spito{us} fylže,
  What! žay [gh]e[gh]ed & [gh]olped of [gh]estande sor[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: The wind yet stinks with their filthy speech.]
  Žat [gh]et že wynd, & že weder, & že worlde stynk{es}
  Of že brych žat vp-brayde[gh] žose broželych worde[gh].            848
  Že god man glyfte w{i}t{h} ž{a}t glam & gloped for noyse,
  So scharpe schame to hy{m} schot, he schrank at že hert,
  For he knew že costou{m} žat kyžed žose wreche[gh],
  He doted neu{er} for no doel so depe i{n} his my{n}de.             852
    [Sidenote: Lot is in great trouble.]
  Allas! sayd hy{m} že{n}ne loth, & ly[gh]tly he ryse[gh]
  & bowe[gh] forth fro že bench i{n}-to že brode [gh]at{es}.
  What! he wonded no wože of wekked knaue[gh],
  Žat he ne passed že port že p{er}il[44] to abide.                  856
    [Sidenote: He leaves his guests and addresses the Sodomites.]
  He went forthe at že wyket & waft hit hy{m} aft{er},
  Žat a clyket hit cle[gh]t clos hy{m} byhynde.
  Že{n}ne he meled to žo men mesurable worde[gh],
  For harlote[gh] w{i}t{h} his hendelayk he hoped to chast;          860
  "Oo! my frende[gh] so fre, yo{ur} fare is to strange,
  Dot[gh] away yo{ur} derf dyn & dere[gh] neu{er} my gest{es},
  Avoy! hit is yo{ur} vylaynye, [gh]e vylen yo{ur} seluen;
  &[45] [gh]e ar iolyf gentylmen yo{ur} iapes ar ille.               864
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 69a.]]
  Bot I schal ke{n}ne yow by kynde a crafte žat is bett{er};
    [Sidenote: He offers to give up to them his two daughters.]
  I haf a tresor i{n} my telde of tow my fayre de[gh]t{er},
  Žat ar maydene[gh] vnmard for alle men [gh]ette;
  In sodamas, ža[gh] I hit say, non semloker burdes,                 868
  Hit arn ronk, hit arn rype & redy to ma{n}ne;
  To samen wyth žo semly že solace is bett{er},
  I schal biteche yow žo two žat tayt arn & quoy{n}t,
  & layke[gh] wyth hem as yow lyst & lete[gh] my gest{es} one."      872
    [Sidenote: The rebels raise a great noise, and ask who made him
    a justice to judge their deeds, who was but a boy when he came
    to Sodom.]
  Že{n}ne že rebaude[gh] so ronk rerd such a noyse,
  Žat a[gh]ly hurled i{n} his ere[gh] her harlote[gh] speche;
  "Wost ž{o}u not wel ž{a}t ž{o}u wone[gh] here a wy[gh]e strange,
  An out-comly{n}g, a carle, we kylle of žyn heued.                  876
  Who Ioyned že be iostyse oure iape[gh] to blame,
  Žat com a boy to žis bor[gh], ža[gh] ž{o}u be burne ryche?"
  Ž{us} žay žrobled & žrong & žrwe vmbe his ere[gh],
  & distresed hy{m} wonder strayt, w{i}t{h} strenkže i{n} že prece,  880

[Headnote: THE MEN OF SODOM SMITTEN WITH BLINDNESS.]

    [Sidenote: The young men bring Lot within doors, and smite those
    outside with blindness.]
  Bot žat že [gh]onge me{n}, so [gh]epe, [gh]ornen ž{er}-oute,
  Wapped vpon že wyket & wo{n}nen hem tylle,
  & by že honde[gh] hy{m} hent & horyed hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  & steken že [gh]at{es} ston-harde wyth stalworth barre[gh].        884
  Žay blwe a boffet i{n} blande žat ba{n}ned peple,
  Žat žay blust{er}ed as blynde as bayard wat[gh] eu{er};
    [Sidenote: In vain they try to find the door of Lot's house.]
  Žay lest of lote[gh] loggi{n}g any lysou{n} to fynde,
  Bot nyteled ž{er} alle že ny[gh]t for no[gh]t at že last;          888
  Že{n}ne vch tolke ty[gh]t hem žat hade of tayt fayled,
  & vchon roželed to že rest žat he reche mo[gh]t;
  Bot žay wern wakned al wrank[46] žat ž{er} i{n} won lenged,
  Of on že vglokest vnhap žat eu{er} on erd suffred.                 892

    [Sidenote 38: So in MS.]
    [Sidenote 39: _žyng_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 40: savo{ur} (?).]
    [Sidenote 41: _wro[gh]t_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 42: MS. vnfau{er}e.]
    [Sidenote 43: _hem_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 44: MS. _pil_.]
    [Sidenote 45: _And_ = _An_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 46: _wrang_ (?).]


[Headnote: LOT IS SENT OUT OF THE CITY.]

XI.

    [Sidenote: Early in the morning the angels command Lot to
    depart from Sodom, with his wife and two daughters, and to look
    straight before him, for Sodom and Gomorrah shall be destroyed.]
  Ruddon of že day-rawe ros vpon v[gh]ten,
  When merk of že mydny[gh]t mo[gh]t no more last,
  Ful erly žose aungele[gh] žis hažel žay ružen
  & glopnedly on gode[gh] halue gart hy{m} vpryse,                   896
  Fast že freke ferke[gh] vp ful ferd at his hert;
  Žay comau{n}ded hy{m} cof to cach žat he hade,
  "Wyth žy wyf & žy wy[gh]e[gh] & žy wlone de[gh]tters,
  For we laže že, s{ir} loth, žat ž{o}u žy lyf haue;                 900
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 69b.]]
  Cayre tid of žis kythe er combred ž{o}u worže,
  With alle ži here vpon haste, tyl ž{o}u a hil fynde;
  Fou{n}de[gh] faste on yo{ur} fete, bifore yo{ur} face lokes,
  Bot bes neu{er} so bolde to blusch yow bihynde,                    904
  & loke [gh]e ste{m}me no stepe, bot streche[gh] on faste,
  Til [gh]e reche to a reset, rest [gh]e neu{er};
  For we schal tyne žis tou{n} & trayžely disstrye,
  Wyth alle žise wy[gh]e[gh] so wykke wy[gh]tly de-voyde             908
  & alle že londe w{i}t{h} žise lede[gh] we losen at one[gh];
  Sodomas schal ful sodenly synk i{n}-to grou{n}de,
  & že grou{n}de of gomorre gorde i{n}-to helle,
  & vche a koste of žis kyth{e} clater vpon hepes.                   912
    [Sidenote: Lot asks what is best to be done, that he may escape.]
  Že{n} laled loth, "lorde what is best?
  If I me fele vpon fote žat I fle mo[gh]t,
  Hov schulde I huyde me fro hem ž{a}t hat[gh] his hate ky{n}ned,
  I{n} že brath of his breth žat bre{n}ne[gh] alle ži{n}ke[gh],[47]  916
  To crepe fro my creato{ur} & know not wheder,
  Ne whežer his fooschip me fol[gh]e[gh] bifore ož{er} bihynde?"
  Že freke sayde "no foschip oure fader hat[gh] že schewed,
  Bot hi[gh]ly heuened ži hele fro hem žat arn combred:              920
    [Sidenote: He is told to choose himself a dwelling which shall
    be saved from destruction.]
  Nov walle že a wo{n}ny{n}g žat že warisch my[gh]t,
  & he schal saue hit for žy sake žat hat[gh] v{us} sende hider,
  For ž{o}u art oddely žyn one out of žis fylže,
  & als Abraham žyn em[48] hit at hi{m} self asked."                 924
  "Lorde, loued he worže," q{uod} loth, "vpon erže!
    [Sidenote: He chooses Zoar.]
  Že{n} is a cite herbisyde žat segor hit hatte,
  Here vtt{er} on a rou{n}de hil hit houe[gh] hit one,
  I wolde, if his wylle wore, to žat won scape."                     928
    [Sidenote: The angels command Lot to depart quickly.]
  "Že{n}n fare forth," q{uod} žat fre, "& fyne ž{o}u neu{er}
  W{i}t{h} žose ilk žat žow wylt ž{a}t žrenge že aft{er},
  & ay goande on yo{ur} gate, wyth-outen agayn-tote,
  For alle žis londe schal be lorne, longe er že son{n}e rise."      932
    [Sidenote: He wakes his wife and daughters.]
  Že wy[gh]e wakened his wyf & his wlonk de[gh]t{er}es,
  & ož{er} two myri men žo maydene[gh] schulde wedde;
  & žay token hit as tyt & tented hit lyttel,
  Ža[gh] fast lažed hem loth, žay le[gh]en ful stylle.               936
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 70a.]]
    [Sidenote: All four are hastened on by the angels,
    who "preach to them the peril" of delay.]
  Že aungele[gh] hasted žise ož{er} & a[gh]ly hem žratten,
  & enforsed alle fawre forth at že [gh]ate[gh],
  Žo wern loth & his lef, his luflyche de[gh]t{er},
  Žer so[gh]t no mo to sauement of cities ažel fyue.                 940
  Žise aungele[gh] hade hem by hande out at že [gh]ate[gh],
  Prechande hem že perile, & beden hem passe fast.
  "Lest [gh]e be taken i{n} že teche of tyrau{n}te[gh] here,
  Loke [gh]e bowe now bi bot, bowe[gh] fast hence!"                  944
    [Sidenote: Before daylight Lot comes to a hill.]
  & žay kayre-ne con & kenely flowen;
  Erly, er any heuen glem, žay to a hil comen.

[Headnote: THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CITIES.]

    [Sidenote: God aloft raises a storm.]
  Že grete god i{n} his greme bygy{n}ne[gh] onlofte;
  To wakan wedere[gh] so wylde že wynde[gh] he calle[gh],            948
  & žay wrožely vp-wafte & wrastled togeder,
  Fro fawre half of že folde, flytande loude.
  Clowde[gh] clust{er}ed bytwene kesten vp torres,
  Žat že žik žu{n}der žrast žirled hem ofte.                         952
    [Sidenote: A rain falls thick of fire and sulphur.]
  Že rayn rueled adou{n}, ridlande žikke,
  Of felle flau{n}kes of fyr & flakes of soufre,
  Al in smolderande smoke smachande ful ille,
    [Sidenote: Upon the four cities it comes, and frightens all
    folks therein.]
  Swe[49] aboute sodamas & hit syde[gh] alle,                        956
  Gorde to gomorra žat že grou{n}de lansed;
  Abdama & syboym, žise ceteis alle faure,
  Al birolled wyth že rayn, rostted & bre{n}ned,
  & ferly flayed žat folk žat i{n} žose fees lenged;                 960
  For when žat že helle herde že hou{n}de[gh] of heuen
  He wat[gh] ferlyly fayn, vnfolded bylyue.
    [Sidenote: The great bars of the abyss do burst.]
  Že grete barre[gh] of že abyme he barst vp at one[gh],
  Žat alle že regiou{n} to-rof i{n} riftes ful grete,                964
    [Sidenote: Cliffs cleave asunder.]
  & clouen alle i{n} lyttel cloutes že clyffe[gh] aywhere,
  As lance leue[gh] of že boke žat lepes i{n} twy{n}ne.
    [Sidenote: The cities sink to hell.]
  Že brethe of že brynston bi žat hit blende were,
  Al žo citees & her sydes sunkken to helle.                         968
  Rydelles wern žo grete rowtes of renkkes w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  When žay wern war of že wrake ž{a}t no wy[gh]e achaped,
    [Sidenote: Such a cry arises that the clouds clatter again.]
  Such a [gh]om{er}ly [gh]arm of [gh]elly{n}g žer rysed;
  Žer-of clat{er}ed že cloudes žat kryst my[gh]t haf rawže.          972
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 70b.]]
  Že segge herde žat sou{n} to segor žat [gh]ede,
  & že wenches hy{m} wyth žat by že way fol[gh]ed;
    [Sidenote: Lot and his companions are frightened, but continue
    to follow their face.]
  Ferly ferde wat[gh] her flesch, žat flowen ay ilyche,
  Trynande ay a hy[gh]e trot žat torne neu{er} dorsten.              976
  Loth & žo luly-whit his lefly two de[gh]t{er},
  Ay fol[gh]ed here face, bifore her bože y[gh]en;
  Bot že balleful burde, žat neu{er} bode keped,

[Headnote: LOT'S WIFE BECOMES A STIFF STONE.]

    [Sidenote: Lot's wife looks behind her, and is turned to a stiff
    stone "as salt as any sea."]
  Blusched by-hynden her bak, žat bale forto herkken;                980
  Hit wat[gh] lusty lothes wyf žat ou{er} he[r] lyfte schulder.
  Ones ho bluschet to že bur[gh]e, bot bod ho no lenger,
  Žat ho nas stadde a stiffe ston, a stalworth image
  Al so salt as ani se & so ho [gh]et stande[gh].                    984
    [Sidenote: Her companions do not miss her till they reach Zoar.]
  Žay slypped bi & sy[gh]e hir not žat wern hir samen feres,
  Tyl žay i{n} segor wern sette, & sayned our lorde;
  Wyth ly[gh]t loue[gh] vplyfte žay loued hy{m} swyže,
  Žat so his seruau{n}tes wolde see & saue of such wože.             988
    [Sidenote: By this time all were drowned.]
  Al wat[gh] dampped & don, & drowned by že{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: The people of Zoar, for dread, rush into the sea and
    are destroyed.]
  Že lede[gh] of žat lyttel tou{n} wern lopen out for drede,
  I{n}-to žat malscrande mere, marred bylyue,
  Žat no[gh]t saued wat[gh] bot segor žat sat on a lawe,             992
    [Sidenote: Only Zoar with three therein (Lot and his daughters)
    are saved.]
  Že žre lede[gh] žer-i{n}, loth & his de[gh]ter;
  For his make wat[gh] myst, žat on že mou{n}t lenged
  In a stonen statue žat salt sauor habbes,
    [Sidenote: Lot's wife is an image of salt for two faults:
    1. She served salt before the Lord at supper.
    2. She looked behind her.]
  For two fautes žat že fol wat[gh] fou{n}de i{n} mistrauže;         996
  On, ho serued at že soper salt bifore dry[gh]tyn
  & syžen, ho blusched hir bihynde, ža[gh] hir forboden were;
  For on ho standes a ston, & salt for žat ož{er},
  & alle lyst on hir lik žat arn on launde bestes.                  1000
    [Sidenote: Abraham is up full early on the morn.]
  Abraham ful erly wat[gh] vp on že morne,
  Žat alle na[gh]t [so] much niye hade no mon i{n} his hert,
  Al i{n} longi{n}g for loth leyen i{n} a wache,
  Žer he lafte hade oure lorde, he is on lofte wo{n}nen;            1004
    [Sidenote: He looks towards Sodom, now only a pit filled with
    pitch, from which rise smoke, ashes and cinders, as from a
    furnace.]
  He sende toward sodomas že sy[gh]t of his y[gh]en,
  Žat eu{er} hade ben an erde of erže že swettest
  As aparau{n}t to paradis žat plantted že dry[gh]tyn,
  Nov is hit plu{n}ged i{n} a pit like of pich fylled.              1008
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 71a.]]
  Suche a rožu{n} of a reche ros fro že blake,
  Aske[gh] vpe i{n} že ayre & vselle[gh] žer flowen,
  As a fornes ful of flot žat vpon fyr boyles,
  When bry[gh]t bre{n}nande bronde[gh] ar bet ž{er} an-vnder.       1012
  Žis wat[gh] a uengau{n}ce violent žat voyded žise places,
  Žat fou{n}dered hat[gh] so fayr a folk & že folde sonkken.

[Headnote: THE DEAD SEA COVERS THE FIVE CITIES.]

    [Sidenote: A sea now occupies the place of the four cities.]
  Žer faur{e} citees wern set, nov is a see called,
  Žat ay is drouy & dym, & ded i{n} hit kynde,                      1016
  Blo, blubrande, & blak, vnblyže to ne[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: It is a stinking pool, and is called the Dead Sea.]
  As a stynkande stanc žat stryed sy{n}ne,
  Žat eu{er} of sy{n}ne & of smach, smart is to fele;
  For-žy že derk dede see hit is demed eu{er} more,                 1020
  For hit dede[gh] of deže duren žere [gh]et.
  For hit is brod & bože{m}le[gh], & bitter as že galle,
    [Sidenote: Nothing may live in it.]
  & no[gh]t may lenge i{n} žat lake žat any lyf bere[gh],
  & alle že coste[gh] of kynde hit combre[gh] vchone;               1024
    [Sidenote: Lead floats on its surface.]
  For lay ž{er}-on a lump of led & hit on loft flete[gh],
    [Sidenote: A feather sinks to the bottom of it.]
  & folde ž{er}-on a ly[gh]t fyž{er} & hit to fou{n}s synkke[gh].
    [Sidenote: Lands, watered by this sea, never bear grass or weed.]
  & ž{er} wat{er} may walt{er} to wete any erže,
  Schal neu{er} grene ž{er}-on growe, gresse ne wod nawž{er}.       1028
  If any schalke to be schent wer schowued ž{er}-i{n}ne,
  Ža[gh] he bode i{n} žat bože{m} brožely a monyth,
    [Sidenote: A man cannot be drowned in it.]
  He most ay lyue i{n} žat lo[gh]e i{n} losy{n}g eu{er}-more,
  & neu{er} dry[gh]e no dethe, to dayes of ende;                    1032
  & as hit is corsed of kynde & hit cooste[gh] als,
    [Sidenote: The clay clinging to it is corrosive, as alum,
    alkaran, sulphur, etc., which fret the flesh and fester the
    bones.]
  Že clay žat clenges ž{er}-by arn corsyes strong,
  As alu{m} & alkaran,[50] žat angré[51] arn bože,
  Soufre so{ur}, & sau{n}dyu{er}, & ož{er} such mony;               1036
  & žer walte[gh] of žat wat{er} i{n} waxlokes grete,
  Že spuniande[52] aspaltou{n} žat spysere[gh] sellen;
  & suche is alle že soyle by žat se halues,
  Žat fel fretes že flesch & festred[53] bones.                     1040
    [Sidenote: On the shores of this lake grow trees bearing fair
    fruits, which, when broken or bitten, taste like ashes.]
  & žer ar tres by žat terne of trayto{ur}es;
  & žay borgou{n}e[gh] & beres blome[gh] ful fayre,
  & že fayrest fryt žat may on folde growe,
  As orenge & ož{er} fryt & apple garnade                           1044
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 71b.]]
  Also red & so ripe & rychely hwed,
  As any dom my[gh]t deuice of dayntye[gh] oute;
  Bot quen hit is brused ož{er} broken, ož{er} byten i{n} twy{n}ne,
  No worlde[gh] goud hit wyth-i{n}ne, bot wydowande[54] askes;      1048

[Headnote: IT IS A TOKEN OF WICKEDNESS AND VENGEANCE.]

    [Sidenote: All these are tokens of wickedness and vengeance.]
  Alle žyse ar teches & tokenes to trow vpon [gh]et,
  & wittnesse of žat wykked werk & že wrake aft{er},
  Žat oure fader forferde for fylže of žose ledes.
    [Sidenote: God loves the pure in heart.]
  Že{n}ne vch wy[gh]e may wel wyt žat he že wlonk louies,           1052
  & if he louyes clene layk žat is oure lorde ryche,
    [Sidenote: Strive to be clean.]
  & to be couže i{n} his co{ur}te ž{o}u coueytes že{n}ne
  To se žat semly i{n} sete & his swete face,
  Clerrer cou{n}seyl, cou{n}sayl con I non,
        bot žat ž{o}u clene worže.                                  1056
    [Sidenote: Jean de Meun tells how a lady is to be loved.]
  For clopy{n}gnel i{n} že compas of his clene rose,
  Žer he expoune[gh] a speche, to hy{m} žat spede wolde,
  Of a lady to be loued, loke to hir sone,
    [Sidenote: By doing what pleases her best.]
  Of wich bery{n}g žat ho be, & wych ho best louyes,                1060
  & be ry[gh]t such i{n} vch a bor[gh]e of body & of dedes,
  & fol[gh] že fet of žat fere žat ž{o}u fre haldes.
  & if ž{o}u wyrkkes on žis wyse, ža[gh] ho wyk were,
  Hir schal lyke žat layk žat lyknes hir tylle.                     1064
  If ž{o}u wyl dele drwrye wyth dry[gh]tyn že{n}ne,
    [Sidenote: Love thy Lord!]
  & lelly louy žy lorde & his leef worže.
    [Sidenote: Conform to Christ, who is polished as a pearl.]
  Že{n}ne co{n}fo{ur}me že to kryst, & že clene make,
  Žat eu{er} is polyced als playn as že p{er}le seluen.             1068
  For loke fro fyrst žat he ly[gh]t w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne že lel mayden!
    [Sidenote: By how comely a contrivance did he enter the womb of
    the virgin!]
  By how comly a kest he wat[gh] clos žere,
  When venkkyst wat[gh] no v{er}gynyté, ne vyole{n}ce maked,
  Bot much clener wat[gh] hir corse, god ky{n}ned žeri{n}ne;        1072
    [Sidenote: In what purity did he part from her!]
  & efte when he borne wat[gh] i{n} beželen že ryche,
  I{n} wych puryté žay dep{ar}ted; ža[gh] žay pou{er} were,
  Wat[gh] neu{er} so blysful a bo{ur} as wat[gh] abos[55] že{n}ne
    [Sidenote: No abode was better than his.]
  Ne no schroude ho{us} so schene as a schepon žare,                1076
  Ne non so glad vnder god as ho žat grone schulde;
    [Sidenote: The sorrow of childbirth was turned to joy.]
  For žer wat[gh] seknesse al sou{n}de žat sarrest is halden,
  & žer wat[gh] rose reflayr where rote hat[gh] ben eu{er},
  & žer wat[gh] solace & songe wher sor[gh] hat[gh] ay cryed;       1080
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 72a.]]
    [Sidenote: Angels solaced the virgin with organs and pipes.]
  For au{n}gelles w{i}t{h} i{n}strumentes of organes & pypes,
  & rial ry{n}gande rotes & že reken fyžel,
  & alle hende žat honestly mo[gh]t an hert glade,
  Aboutte my lady wat[gh] lent, quen ho delyu{er} were.             1084

[Headnote: CHRIST WAS EVER PURE.]

    [Sidenote: The child Christ was so clean that ox and ass
    worshipped him.]
  Že{n}ne wat[gh] her blyže barne burnyst so clene,
  Žat bože že ox & že asse hym hered at-ones;
  Žay knewe hy{m} by his clannes for ky{n}g of nature,
  For non so clene of such a clos com neu{er} er že{n}ne;           1088
  & [gh]if clanly he že{n}ne com, ful cortays ž{er}-aft{er},
    [Sidenote: He hated wickedness, and would never touch ought that
    was vile.]
  Žat alle žat longed to luž{er} ful lodly he hated;
  By nobleye of his norture he nolde neu{er} towche
  O[gh]t žat wat[gh] vngoderly ož{er} ordure wat[gh] i{n}ne.        1092
    [Sidenote: Yet there came to him lazars and lepers, lame and
    blind.]
  [Gh]et comen lodly to žat lede, as la[gh]ares monye,
  Su{m}me lepre, su{m}me lome, & lom{er}ande blynde,
  Poysened & parlatyk & pyned i{n} fyres,
    [Sidenote: Dry and dropsical folk.]
  Drye folk & ydropike, & dede at že laste;                         1096
  Alle called on žat cortayse & claymed his g{ra}ce.
    [Sidenote: He healed all with kind speech.]
  He heled hem wyth hynde speche of žat žay ask aft{er},
  For what-so he towched also-tyd to{ur}ned to hele,
  Wel cla{n}ner žen any crafte cowže devyse;                        1100
  So clene wat[gh] his hondely{n}g vche ordure hit schonied,
    [Sidenote: His handling was so good, that he needed no knife to
    cut or carve with.]
  & že gropy{n}g so goud of god & man bože,
  Žat for fetys of his fyngeres fonded he neu{er}
  Nauž{er} to cout[56] ne to kerue, w{i}t{h} knyf ne wyth egge,     1104
  For-žy brek he že bred blades wyth-outen;
    [Sidenote: The bread he broke more perfectly than could all the
    tools of Toulouse.]
  For hit ferde freloker i{n} fete i{n} his fayre honde,
  Displayed more pryuyly when he hit part schulde,
  Že{n}ne alle že toles of tolowse mo[gh]t ty[gh]t hit to kerue,    1108
    [Sidenote: How can we approach his court except we be clean?]
  Ž{us} is he kyryo{us} & clene žat ž{o}u his cort askes;
  Hov schulde ž{o}u com to his kyth bot if ž{o}u clene were?
  Nov ar we sore & synful & sov[_er_]ly[57] vch one,
  How schulde we se, že{n} may we say, ž{a}t syre vpon throne?      1112
    [Sidenote: God is merciful.]
  [Gh]is, žat mayst{er} is mercyable; ža[gh] ž{o}u be man fe{n}ny,
  & al to-marred i{n} myre whyl ž{o}u on molde lyuyes,
  Ž{o}u may schyne žur[gh] schryfte, ža[gh] ž{o}u haf schome serued,

[Headnote: PENANCE MAKES MAN PURE AS A PEARL.]

    [Sidenote: Through penance we may shine as a pearl.]
  & pure že with penau{n}ce tyl ž{o}u a perle worže.                1116
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 72b.]]
    [Sidenote: Why is the pearl so prized?]
  Perle praysed is prys, ž{er} perre is schewed,
  Ža[gh] hy{m} not derrest be demed to dele for penies,
  Quat may že cause be called, bot for hir clene hwes,
  Žat wy{n}nes worschyp, abof alle whyte stones?                    1120
  For ho schynes so schyr žat is of schap rou{n}de,
  Wyth-outen faut ož{er} fylže [gh]if ho fyn were;
    [Sidenote: She becomes none the worse for wear.]
  & wax eu{er} i{n} že worlde i{n} wery{n}g so olde,
  [Gh]et že perle payres not whyle ho i{n} pyese lasttes            1124
    [Sidenote: If she should become dim, wash her in wine.]
  & if hit cheue že chau{n}ce vncheryst ho worže,
  Žat ho blyndes of ble i{n} bo{ur} ž{er} ho lygges,
  No-bot wasch hir wyth wo{ur}chyp i{n} wyn as ho askes,
    [Sidenote: She then becomes clearer than before.]
  Ho by kynde schal be-com clerer žen are;                          1128
  So if folk be defowled by vnfre chau{n}ce,
    [Sidenote: So may the sinner polish him by penance.]
  Žat he be sulped i{n} sawle, seche to schryfte
  & he may polyce hym at že prest, by penau{n}ce taken,
  Wel bry[gh]t{er} žen že beryl ož{er} browden perles.              1132
    [Sidenote: Beware of returning to sin.]
  Bot war že wel, if ž{o}u be waschen wyth wat{er} of schryfte,
  & polysed als playn as parchmen schauen,
  Sulp no more že{n}ne i{n} sy{n}ne žy saule ž{er}-aft{er},
    [Sidenote: For then God is more displeased than ever.]
  For že{n}ne ž{o}u dry[gh]tyn dyspleses w{i}t{h} dedes ful sore,   1136
  & entyses hy{m} to tene more trayžly že{n} eu{er}
  & wel hatt{er} to hate že{n} hade ž{o}u not waschen;
    [Sidenote: The reconciled soul God holds as His own.]
  For when a sawele is sa[gh]tled & sakred to dry[gh]tyn,
  He holly haldes hit his & haue hit he wolde,                      1140
  Že{n}ne efte lastes hit likkes, he loses hit ille,
    [Sidenote: Ill deeds rob Him of it.]
  As hit were rafte wyth vn-ry[gh]t & robbed wyth žewes.[58]
  War že že{n}ne for že wrake, his wrath is achaufed,

[Headnote: GOD PUNISHES IMPURITY.]

    [Sidenote: God forbids us to defile any vessels used in His
    service.]
  For žat žat ones wat[gh] his schulde efte be vn-clene,            1144
  Ža[gh] hit be bot a bassy{n}, a bolle, ož{er} a scole,
  A dysche ož{er} a dobler ž{a}t dry[gh]tyn one[gh] serued,
  To defowle hit eu{er} vpon folde fast he for-bedes,
  So is he scoym{us} of scaže žat scylful is eu{er}.                1148
    [Sidenote: In Belshazzar's time, the defiling of God's vessels
    brought wrath upon the king.]
  & žat wat[gh] bared i{n} babyloyn i{n} Balta[gh]ar tyme,
  Hov harde vnhap žer hy{m} hent & hastyly sone,
  For he že vesselles avyled žat vayled i{n} že temple
  I{n} seruyse of že sou{er}ayn su{m} tyme byfore.                  1152
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 73a.]]
  [Gh]if [gh]e wolde ty[gh]t me a tom telle hit I wolde,
  Hov charged more wat[gh] his chau{n}ce žat he{m} cherych nolde
  Žen his fader forloyne žat feched he{m} wyth strenže,
  & robbed že relygiou{n} of relykes alle.                          1156

    [Sidenote 47: ži{n}ge[gh].]
    [Sidenote 48: _brožer_ is written over in a later hand.]
    [Sidenote 49: _Sweyed_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 50: _alkatran_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 51: _augre_ = _aigre_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 52: _spinnande_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 53: _festres_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 54: MS. wy{n}dowande.]
    [Sidenote 55: _abof_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 56: _cut_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 57: MS. _sovly_.]
    [Sidenote 58: _žeues_. (?).]


XII.

    [Sidenote: Daniel in his prophecies tells of the destruction of
    the Jews.]
  Danyel i{n} his dialoke[gh] de-vysed su{m} tyme,
  As [gh]et is proued ex-presse i{n} his p{ro}fecies,
  Hov že gentryse of Iuise & Ih{e}r{usa}l{e}m že ryche
  Wat[gh] disstryed wyth distres, & drawen to že erže,              1160
    [Sidenote: For their unfaithfulness in following other gods, God
    allowed the heathen to destroy them, in the reign of Zedekiah,
    who practised idolatry.]
  For žat folke i{n} her fayth wat[gh] fou{n}den vntrwe,
  Žat haden hy[gh]t že hy[gh]e god to halde of hy{m} eu{er};
  & he hem hal[gh]ed for his & help at her nede
  In mukel meschefes mony, žat meruayl [is] to here;                1164
  & žay forloyne her fayth & fol[gh]ed ož{er} goddes,
  & žat wakned his wrath & wrast hit so hy[gh]e,
  Žat he fylsened že faythful i{n} že falce lawe
  To for-fare že falce i{n} že faythe trwe;                         1168
  Hit wat[gh] sen i{n} žat syže žat [gh]edechyas[59] re{n}gned,
  I{n} Iuda, žat iustised že iuyne ky{n}ges.
  He sete on Salamones solie, on solemne wyse,
  Bot of leaute he wat[gh] lat to his lorde hende;                  1172
  He vsed abominaciones of idolatrye,
  & lette ly[gh]t bi že lawe žat he wat[gh] lege tylle;
  For-ži oure fader vpon folde a foman hy{m} wakned,

[Headnote: NEBUCHADNEZZAR BESIEGES JERUSALEM.]

    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar becomes his foe.]
  Nabigo-de-no[gh]ar nuyed hy{m} swyže.                             1176
  He pur-sued i{n} to palastyn w{i}t{h} proude men mony,
  & žer he wast wyth[60] werre že wones of žorpes.
  He her[gh]ed vp alle isr{ae}l & hent of že beste,
    [Sidenote: He besieges Jerusalem, and surrounds the walls.]
  & že gentylest of Iudee i{n} I{e}r{usa}l{e}m biseged,             1180
  Vmbe-walt alle že walles wyth wy[gh]es ful stronge,
  At vche a dor a do[gh]ty duk, & dutte hem wyth-i{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: The city is stuffed full of men.]
  For že bor[gh] wat[gh] so bygge baytayled alofte,
  & stoffed wyth-i{n}ne w{i}t{h} stout men
        to stalle hem ž{er}-oute.                                   1184
  Že{n}ne wat[gh] že sege sette že Cete aboute,
    [Sidenote: Brisk is the skirmish.]
  Skete skarmoch skelt, much skaže lached;
  At vch brugge a berfray on basteles wyse,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 73b.]]
    [Sidenote: Seven times a day are the gates assailed.]
  Žat seuen syže vch a day asayled že [gh]ates,                     1188
  Trwe tulkkes i{n} to{ur}es teueled wyth-i{n}ne,
  In bigge brutage of borde, bulde on že walles;
    [Sidenote: For two years the fight goes on, yet the city is not
    taken.]
  Žay fe[gh]t & žay fende of, & fylt{er} togeder
  Til two [gh]er ou{er}-torned, [gh]et tok žay hit neu{er}.         1192
    [Sidenote: The folk within are in want of food.]
  At že laste vpon longe, žo ledes wyth-i{n}ne,
  Faste fayled hem že fode, enfaminied monie;
  Že hote hunger wyth-i{n}ne hert hem wel sarre,
  Žen any dunt of žat douthe žat dowelled ž{er}-oute.               1196
  Že{n}ne wern žo rowtes redles i{n} žo ryche wones,
    [Sidenote: Meager they become.]
  Fro žat mete wat[gh] myst, megre žay wexen,
    [Sidenote: For so shut up are they that escape seems impossible.]
  & žay stoken so strayt, ž{a}t žay ne stray my[gh]t
  A fote fro žat forselet to forray no goudes.                      1200
  Že{n}ne že ky{n}g of že kyth a cou{n}sayl hy{m} takes,
  Wyth že best of his burnes, a blench forto make;
    [Sidenote: But on a quiet night they steal out, and rush through
    the host.]
  Žay stel out on a stylle ny[gh]t er any steuen rysed,
  & harde hurles žur[gh] že oste, er enmies hit wyste,              1204
  Bot er žay at-wappe ne mo[gh]t že wach wyth-oute,
    [Sidenote: They are discovered by the enemy.]
  Hi[gh]e skelt wat[gh] že askry že skewes an-vnder,
    [Sidenote: A loud alarm is given.]
  Loude alarom vpon lau{n}de lulted wat[gh] že{n}ne;
  Ryche, ružed of her rest, ran to here wedes,                      1208
  Hard hattes žay hent & on hors lepes;
  Cler claryou{n} crak cryed onlofte.
    [Sidenote: They are pursued and overtaken.]
  By žat wat[gh] alle on a hepe hurlande swyžee,
  Fol[gh]ande žat ož{er} flote, & fonde hem bilyue,                 1212
  Ou{er}-tok hem, as tyd, tult hem of sadeles,
  Tyl vche prynce hade his per put to že grou{n}de;

[Headnote: THE KING OF JUDAH IS MADE PRISONER.]

    [Sidenote: Their king is made prisoner.]
  & žer wat[gh] že ky{n}g ka[gh]t wyth calde pry{n}ces,
  & alle hise gentyle for-iusted on ierico playnes,                 1216
    [Sidenote: His chief men are presented as prisoners to
    Nebuchadnezzar.]
  & presented wern as presoneres to že prynce rychest,
  Nabigo-de-no[gh]ar noble i{n} his chayer,
  & he že faynest freke žat he his fo hade,
  & speke spito{us}ly hem to & spylt ž{er}aft{er}.                  1220
    [Sidenote: His sons are slain.]
  Že ky{n}g{es} su{n}nes i{n} his sy[gh]t he slow eu{er} vch one,
    [Sidenote: His own eyes are put out.]
  & holkked out his auen y[gh]en het{er}ly bože
    [Sidenote: He is placed in a dungeon in Babylon.]
  & bede že burne to be bro[gh]t to babyloyn že ryche,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 74a.]]
  & žere i{n} dongou{n} be don to dre[gh]e ž{er} his wyrdes.        1224
  Now se, so že sou{er}ay[n] set hat[gh] his wrake;
  Nas hit not for nabugo ne his noble nauž{er},
  Žat ož{er} depryued wat[gh] of pryde with paynes stronge,
    [Sidenote: All for his "bad bearing" against the Lord, who might
    otherwise have been his friend.]
  Bot for his bery{n}g so badde agayn his blyže lorde;              1228
  For hade že fader ben his frende žat hy{m} bifore keped,
  Ne neu{er} trespast to him i{n} teche of mysseleue.
  To Colde wer alle Calde & kythes of ynde,
  [Gh]et take torkye hem wyth her tene hade ben little;             1232
    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar ceased not until he had destroyed
    Jerusalem.]
  [Gh]et nolde neu{er} nabugo žis ilke note leue,
  Er he hade tuyred žis tou{n} & torne hit to grou{n}de;
  He ioyned vnto I{e}r{usa}l{e}m a gentyle duc že{n}ne,
    [Sidenote: Nebuzaradan was "chief of the chivalry."]
  His name wat[gh] nabu-[gh]ardan, to noye že iues;                 1236
  He wat[gh] mayster of his men & my[gh]ty hi{m} seluen,
  Že chef of his cheualrye his chekkes to make,
  He brek že bareres as bylyue, & že bur[gh] aft{er},
  & enteres i{n} ful ernestly, i{n} yre of his hert.                1240
  What! že maysterry wat[gh] mene, že me{n} wern away,
    [Sidenote: The best men were taken out of the city.]
  Že best bo[gh]ed wyth že burne žat že bor[gh] [gh]emed;
  & žo žat byden wer so[61] biten with že bale hunger,
  Žat on wyf hade ben worže že welgest fo{ur}re;                    1244
    [Sidenote: Nevertheless Nebuzaradan spared not those left.]
  Nabi[gh]ardan no[gh]t for-žy nolde not spare,
  Bot bede al to že bronde vnder bare egge.
  Žay slowen of swettest semlych burdes,
    [Sidenote: Brains of bairns were spilt.]
  Bažed barnes i{n} blod & her brayn spylled;                       1248
    [Sidenote: Priests pressed to death.]
  Prestes & prelates žay presed to deže,
    [Sidenote: Wives and wenches foully killed.]
  Wyues & wenches her wombes tocoruen,
  Žat her boweles out-borst aboute že diches,
    [Sidenote: All that escaped the sword were taken to Babylon, and
    were made to drag the cart or milk the kine.]
  & al wat[gh] carfully kylde žat žay cach my[gh]t,                 1252
  & alle [žat] swypped vnswol[gh]ed of že sworde kene,
  Žay wer cagged & ka[gh]t on capeles al bare,
  Festned fettres to her fete vnder fole wombes,
  & brožely bro[gh]t to babyloyn žer bale to suffer,                1256
  To sytte i{n} seruage & syte; žat su{m}tyme wer ge{n}tyle,
  Now ar chau{n}ged to chorles & charged wyth werkkes,
  Bože to cayre at že kart & že kuy mylke,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 74b.]]
  Žat su{m}tyme sete i{n} her sale syres & burdes.                  1260

[Headnote: NEBUZARDAN PILLAGES THE TEMPLE.]

    [Sidenote: Nebuzaradan burst open the temple, and slew those
    therein.]
  & [gh]et nabu[gh]ardan nyl neu{er} stynt,
  Er he to že tempple tee wyth his tulkkes alle;
  Betes on že barers, brestes vp že [gh]ates,
  Slouen alle at a slyp žat serued žer-i{n}ne,                      1264
    [Sidenote: Priests, pulled by the poll, were slain along with
    deacons, clerks, and maidens.]
  Pulden prestes bi že polle & plat of her hedes,
  Di[gh]ten dekenes to deže, dungen dou{n} clerkkes,
  & alle že maydenes of že mu{n}st{er} ma[gh]tyly hokyllen
  Wyth že swayf of že sworde žat swol[gh]ed he{m} alle.             1268
    [Sidenote: The enemy pillages the temple of its pillars of brass,
    and the golden candlestick from off the altar.]
  Že{n}ne ran žay to že relykes as robbors wylde,
  & pyled alle že apparement žat pented to že kyrke,
  Že pure pyleres [o]f bras po{ur}trayd i{n} golde,
  & že chef chau{n}deler charged with že ly[gh]t,                   1272
  Žat ber že lamp vpon lofte, žat lemed eu{er} more,
  Bifore ž[e] sancta s{an}c{t}or{um} žer selcouth wat[gh] ofte.
  Žay ca[gh]t away žat condelstik, & že crowne als,
  Žat že aut{er} hade vpon, of ažel golde ryche;                    1276
    [Sidenote: Goblets, basins, golden dishes, all are taken by
    Nebuzaradan, and hampered together.]
  Že gredirne & že goblot{es} garnyst of sylu{er},
  Že bases of že bry[gh]t postes & bassynes so schyre;
  Dere disches of golde & dubleres fayre,
  Že vyoles & že vesselment of v{er}tuo{us} stones.                 1280
  Now hat[gh] nabu[gh]ardan nome{n} alle žyse noble žy{n}ges,
  & pyled žat p{re}cio{us} place & pakked žose godes;
  Že golde of že ga[gh]afylace to swyže gret nou{m}bre,
  Wyth alle že vrnmentes of žat ho{us}, he hamppred to-geder.       1284
  Alle he spoyled spito{us}ly i{n} a sped whyle,
    [Sidenote: Solomon had made them with much labour.]
  Žat salomon so mony a sadde [gh]er so[gh]t to make,
  Wyth alle že coyntyse žat he cowže clene to wyrke;
  De-uised he že vesselment, že vestures clene,                     1288
  Wyth sly[gh]t of his ciences, his sou{er}ayn to loue,
  Že ho{us} & že ano{ur}nementes he hy[gh]tled to-gedere.
  Now hat[gh] nabu[gh]ardan nu{m}ne{n}d[62] hit al samen,
    [Sidenote: The temple he beats down, and returns to Babylon.]
  & syžen bet dou{n} že bur[gh] & brend hit i{n} askes;             1292
  Že{n}ne wyth legiou{n}es of ledes ou{er} londes he rydes,
  Her[gh]e[gh] of Israel že hyrne aboute.
  Wyth charged chariotes že cheftayn he fynde[[gh]],
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 75a.]]
    [Sidenote: Presents the prisoners to the king, among whom were
    Daniel and his three companions.]
  Bike{n}nes že catel to že ky{n}g, žat he ca[gh]t hade,            1296
  P{re}sented him že p{r}isoneres i{n} pray žat žay token,
  Moni a woržly wy[gh]e whil her worlde laste,
  Moni semly syre son{e}, & swyže rych maydenes,
  Že pruddest of že p{ro}uince, & p{ro}phetes childer,              1300
  As Ananie & a[gh]arie & als Mi[gh]ael,
  & dere daniel also, žat wat[gh] deuine noble,
  With moni a modey moder chylde mo že{n} i{n}-noghe.

[Headnote: NEBUCHADNEZZAR IS PLEASED WITH THE SPOIL.]

    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar has great joy, because his enemies are
    slain.]
  & nabugo-de-no[gh]ar makes much ioye,                             1304
  Nov he že ky{n}g hat[gh] c{on}quest & že kyth wu{n}nen,
  & dreped alle že do[gh]tyest & derrest i{n} armes,
  & že lederes of her lawe layd to že grou{n}de,
  & že pryce of že p{ro}fecie p{r}isoners maked;                    1308

[Headnote: HE PRIZES GREATLY THE SACRED JEWELRY.]

    [Sidenote: Great was his wonder when he saw the sacred jewelry.]
  Bot že ioy of že iuelrye so gentyle & ryche,
  When hit wat[gh] schewed hy{m} so schene, scharp wat[gh] his wonder,
  Of such vessel auayed žat vayled so huge,
  Neu{er} [gh]et nas nabugo-de-no[gh]ar er že{n}ne.                 1312
    [Sidenote: He praises the God of Israel.]
  He sesed hem w{i}t{h} solemneté, že sou{er}ayn he praysed,
  žat wat[gh] ažel ou{er} alle, israel dry[gh]tyn;
    [Sidenote: Such vessels never before came to Chaldea.]
  Such god, such gomes, such gay vesselles
  Comen neu{er} out of kyth, to Caldee reames.                      1316
    [Sidenote: They are thrust into the treasury.]
  He trussed hem i{n} his tresorye i{n} a tryed place
  Rekenly wyth reu{er}ens, as he ry[gh]t hade;
  & ž{er} he wro[gh]t as že wyse, as [gh]e may wyt here-aft{er},
  For hade he let of hem ly[gh]t, hy{m} mo[gh]t haf lu{m}pen worse. 1320
  Žat ryche i{n} gret rialté rengned his lyue,
    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar reigns as emperor of all the earth,
    through the "doom of Daniel," who gave him good counsel.]
  As {con}quero{ur} of vche a cost he cayser wat[gh] hatte,
  Emp{er}o{ur} of alle že erže & also že saudan,
  & als že god of že grou{n}de wat[gh] grauen his name              1324
  & al žur[gh] dome of daniel, fro[63] he deuised hade,
  Žat alle goudes com of god, & gef hit hy{m} bi samples,
  Žat he ful clanly bi-cnv[64] his carp bi že laste,
  & ofte hit mekned his my{n}de, his mayst{er}ful werkkes.          1328
  Bot al drawes to dy[gh]e w{i}t{h} doel vp[o]n ende;
  Bi[65] a hažel neu{er} so hy[gh]e he heldes to grou{n}de,
    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar dies and is buried.]
  & so nabugo-de-no[gh]ar as he nedes moste;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 75b.]]
  For alle his empire so hi[gh]e i{n} erže is he g{ra}uen.          1332
    [Sidenote: Belshazzar succeeds him.]
  Bot že{n}n že bolde balta[gh]ar, žat wat[gh] his barn aldest,
  He wat[gh] stalled i{n} his stud, & stabled že rengne;
    [Sidenote: He holds himself the biggest in heaven or on earth.]
  I{n} že bur[gh] of babiloyne že biggest he trawed,
  Žat nauž{er} i{n} heuen ne no[66] erže hade no pere;              1336
  For he bigan i{n} alle že glori žat hy{m} že gome lafte,
  Nabugo-de-No[gh]ar, žat wat[gh] his noble fader;
  So kene a ky{n}g i{n} Caldee com neu{er} er že{n}ne.
    [Sidenote: He honours not God, but worships false phantoms.]
  Bot hono{ur}ed he not hy{m} žat in heuen wonies,                  1340
  Bot fals fantu{m}mes of fendes, formed with handes
  Wyth tool out of harde tre, & telded on lofte,
  & of stokkes & stones, he stoute goddes call[gh]
  When žay ar gilde al with golde & gered wyth sylu{er},            1344
  & žere he kneles & calle[gh], & clepes after help.
    [Sidenote: He promises them rewards if good fortune befal.]
  &[67] žay reden hi{m} ry[gh]t rewarde he hem hetes,
  & if žay gruchen hi{m} his grace to gremen his hert,
    [Sidenote: If they vex him he knocks them in pieces.]
  He cleches to a gret klubbe & knokkes hem to peces;               1348
  Ž{us} in pryde & oliprau{n}ce his Empyre he haldes,
  In lust & i{n} lecherye, & loželych werkkes;
    [Sidenote: He has a wife, and many concubines.]
  & hade a wyf forto welde, a worželych quene,
  & mony a le{m}man, neu{er} že lat{er}, žat ladis wer called.      1352
  In že clernes of his {con}cubines & curio{us} wede[gh],
    [Sidenote: The mind of the king was fixed upon new meats and
    other vain things.]
  In noty{n}g of nwe metes & of nice gettes,
  Al wat[gh] že mynde of žat man, o{n} misschapen ži{n}ges,
  Til že lorde of že lyfte liste hit abate.                         1356

    [Sidenote 59: MS. _[gh]edethyas_.]
    [Sidenote 60: MS. _wyth with_.]
    [Sidenote 61: The MS. reads _fo._]
    [Sidenote 62: _nummen_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 63: _for_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 64: Looks like bicuv{er} in MS.]
    [Sidenote 65: _be_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 66: _on_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 67: _An_ (?).]


[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR PROCLAIMS A FEAST, TO WHICH KINGS AND EMPERORS
ARE INVITED.]

XIII.

    [Sidenote: Belshazzar, to exhibit his vainglory, proclaims
    throughout Babylon, that all the great ones should assemble on a
    set day, at the Sultan's feast.]
  The{n}ne žis bolde Balta[gh]ar biženkkes hy{m} ones,
  To vouche on a vayment of his vayne g[l]orie;
  Hit is not i{n}nogh{e} to že nice al no[gh]ty ži{n}k[68] vse,
  Bot if alle že worlde wyt his wykked dedes.                       1360
  Balta[gh]ar žur[gh] babiloyn his ba{n}ne gart crye,
  & žur[gh] že cu{n}tre of caldee his cally{n}g con spry{n}g,
  Žat alle že grete vpon grou{n}de schulde geder hem samen
  & assemble at a set day at že saudans fest.                       1364
    [Sidenote: Kings, dukes, and lords were commanded to attend the
    court.]
  Such a mangerie to make že man wat[gh] auised,
  Žat vche a kythyn ky{n}g schuld com žider;
  Vche duk wyth his duthe & ož{er} dere lordes,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 76a.]]
  Schulde com to his co{ur}t to kyže hy{m} for lege,                1368
  & to reche hy{m} reu{er}ens & his reuel herkken;
    [Sidenote: To do the king honour many nobles came to Babylon.]
  To loke on his lemanes & ladis hem calle,
  To rose hy{m} i{n} his rialty rych me{n} so[gh]tten,
  & mony a barou{n} ful bolde, to babyloyn že noble.                1372
  Žer bowed toward babiloyn burnes so mony,
  Ky{n}ges, Cayseres ful kene, to že co{ur}t wo{n}nen,
  Mony ludisch lordes žat ladies bro[gh]ten,
    [Sidenote: It would take too long to name the number.]
  Žat to neuen že nou{m}bre to much nye were.                       1376
    [Sidenote: The city of Babylon is broad and big.]
  For že bo{ur}[gh] wat[gh] so brod & so bigge alce,
  Stalled i{n} že fayrest stud že sterre[gh] an-vnder,
    [Sidenote: It is situated on a plain, surrounded by seven
    streams, a high wall, and towers.]
  Prudly on a plat playn, plek alž{er}-fayrest,
  Vmbe-sweyed on vch a syde w{i}t{h} seuen grete wat{er}es,         1380
  W{i}t{h} a wonder wro[gh]t walle wruxeled ful hi[gh]e,
  W{i}t{h} koy{n}t carneles aboue, coruen ful clene,
  Troched toures bitwene twenty spere lenže,
  & žiker žrowen vmbe žo{ur}[69]-w{i}t{h} ou{er}-žwert palle.       1384
    [Sidenote: The palace was long and large, each side being seven
    miles in length.]
  Že place, žat plyed že pursau{n}t wyth-i{n}ne,
  Wat[gh] longe & ful large & eu{er} ilych sware,
  & vch a syde vpon soyle helde seuen myle,
  & že saudans sete sette i{n} že myddes;                           1388
  Žat wat[gh] a palayce of pryde passande alle ož{er},
  Bože of werk & of wu{n}der & walle al aboute;
    [Sidenote: High houses were within the walls.]
  He[gh]e houses w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne že halle to hit med,
  So brod bilde i{n} a bay, ž{a}t blonkkes my[gh]t re{n}ne.         1392
    [Sidenote: The time of the feast has come.]
  When že terme of že tyde wat[gh] to vsched of že feste,
  Dere dro[gh]en ž{er}-to & vpon des metten,
    [Sidenote: Belshazzar sits upon his throne: the hall floor is
    covered with knights.]
  & balta[gh]ar vpon bench was busked to sete,
  Stepe stayred stones of his stoute throne.                        1396
  Že{n}ne wat[gh] alle že halle flor hiled w{i}t{h} kny[gh]tes,
  & barou{n}es at že side-bordes bounet ay-where,
  For non wat[gh] dressed vpon dece bot že dere seluen,
  & his clere concubynes i{n} cložes ful bry[gh]t.                  1400
    [Sidenote: When all are seated, service begins.]
  When alle segges were ž{er} set, že{n} seruyse bygy{n}nes,
    [Sidenote: Trumpets sound everywhere.]
  Sturnen trumpen strake steuen i{n} halle,
  Aywhere by že wowes wrasten krakkes,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 76b.]]
  & brode baneres žer-bi blusnande of gold;                         1404
    [Sidenote: Bread is served upon silver dishes.]
  Burnes berande že[70] bredes vpon brode skeles,
  Žat were of sylu{er}en sy[gh]t & se{er}ved[71] ž{er}-wyth,
  Lyfte logges žer-ou{er} & on lofte coruen,
  Pared out of paper & poynted of golde,[72]                        1408
  Brože baboynes abof, besttes an-vnder,
  Foles i{n} foler flakerande bi-twene,
  & al i{n} asure & ynde enaumayld ryche,
    [Sidenote: All sorts of musical instruments are heard in the
    hall.]
  & al on blonkken bak bere hit on honde.                           1412
  & ay že nakeryn noyse, notes of pipes,
  Ty{m}bres & tabornes, tulket amo{n}g,
  Sy{m}bales & sonete[gh] sware že noyse,
  & bougou{n}[gh] busch bat{er}ed so žikke;                         1416
  So wat[gh] serued fele syže že sale alle aboute,
    [Sidenote: The king, surrounded by his loves, drinks copiously
    of wine.]
  W{i}t{h} solace at že sere course, bifore že self lorde,
  Žer že lede & alle his loue lenged at že table.
    [Sidenote: It gets into his head and stupifies him.]
  So faste žay we[gh]ed to hi{m} wyne, hit warmed his hert          1420
  & breyžed vppe i{n} to his brayn & blemyst his my{n}de,
  & al waykned his wyt, & wel ne[gh]e he foles,
  For he wayte[gh] onwyde, his wenches he byholdes,
  & his bolde baronage, aboute bi že wo[gh]es;                      1424
    [Sidenote: A cursed thought takes possession of him.]
  Že{n}ne a dotage ful depe drof to his hert,
  & a caytif cou{n}sayl he ca[gh]t bi hy{m} seluen.

[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR BRINGS OUT THE SACRED VESSELS TO DECK THE
FESTIVE HALL.]

    [Sidenote: He commands his marshal to bring him the vessels
    taken from the temple by Nebuchadnezzar, and to fill them with
    wine.]
  Maynly his marschal že mayst{er} vpon calles,
  & comau{n}des hym cofly coferes to lance,                         1428
  & fech forže vessel ž{a}t his fader bro[gh]t
  Nabugo-de-no[gh]ar, noble i{n} his strenže,
  Conquerd with his kny[gh]tes & of kyrk rafte
  I{n} iude, i{n} i{e}r{usa}l{e}m i{n} gentyle wyse:                1432
  "Bry{n}g hem now to my borde, of beu{er}age he{m} fylles,
  Let žise ladyes of hem lape, I luf he{m} i{n} hert;
  Žat schal I cortaysly kyže & žay schi{n} knawe sone,
  Žer is no bou{n}té i{n} burne lyk balta[gh]ar žewes."             1436
    [Sidenote: The marshal opens the chests.]
  Že{n}ne towched to že treso{ur} žis tale wat[gh] sone,
  & he w{i}t{h} keyes vn-closes kystes ful mony;
  Mony buržen ful bry[gh]t wat[gh] bro[gh]t i{n}-to halle,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 77a.]]
    [Sidenote: Covers the cupboard with vessels.]
  & cou{er}ed mony a cupborde with cložes ful quite.                1440
  Že iueles out of i{e}r{u}s{a}l{e}m[73] w{i}t{h} ge{m}mes ful bry[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: The Jewels of Jerusalem deck the sides of the hall.]
  Bi že syde of že sale were semely arayed;
    [Sidenote: The altar and crown, blessed by bishop's hands, and
    anointed with the blood of beasts, are set before the bold
    Belshazzar.]
  Že ažel auter of brasse wat[gh] hade i{n}-to place;
  Že gay corou{n} of golde gered on lofte,                          1444
  Žat hade ben blessed bifore wyth bischopes hondes
  & wyth besten blod busily anoynted,
  In že solempne sacrefyce žat goud sauor hade,
  Bifore že lorde of že lyfte i{n} louy{n}g hy{m} seluen,           1448
  Now is sette for to serue satanas že blake,
  Bifore že bolde balta[gh]ar wyth bost & wyth pryde.
    [Sidenote: Upon this altar were noble vessels curiously carved,
    basins of gold, cups arrayed like castles with battlements, and
    towers with lofty pinnacles.]
  Houen vpon žis auter wat[gh] ažel vessel,
  Žat wyth so[74] curio{us} a crafte coruen wat[gh] wyly;           1452
  Salamon sete him s[eue]n [gh]ere & a syže more,
  W{i}t{h} alle že syence žat hy{m} sende že sou{er}ayn lorde,
  For to compas & kest to haf hem clene wro[gh]t;
  For žer wer bassynes ful bry[gh]t of brende golde clere,          1456
  En-aumaylde w{i}t{h} a[gh]er & eweres of sute;
  Cou{er}ed cowpes foul[75] clene, as casteles arayed,
  Enbaned vnder batelment w{i}t{h} bantelles quoy{n}t,
  & fyled out of fygures of ferlyle[76] schappes.                   1460
  Že cop{er}ou{n}es of že canacles žat on že cuppe reres,
  Wer fetysely formed out i{n} fylyoles longe,
    [Sidenote: Upon them were pourtrayed branches and leaves, the
    flowers of which were white pearls, and the fruit flaming gems.]
  Pinacles py[gh]t žer apert žat p{ro}fert bitwene,
  & al boiled abof w{i}t{h} brau{n}ches & leues,                    1464
  Pyes & papeiayes purtrayed with-i{n}ne,
  As žay prudly hade piked of pomgarnades;
  For alle že blomes of že bo[gh]es wer blyknande perles
  & alle že fruyt i{n} žo formes of flau{m}beande ge{m}mes,         1468
  Ande safyres, & sardiners, & semely topace,
  Alabau{n}derynes, & amarau{n}[gh] & amaffised stones,
  Casydoynes, & crysolytes, & clere rubies,
  Penitotes, & pynkardines, ay perles bitwene,                      1472
  So trayled & tryfled a trau{er}ce wer alle,
  Bi vche bekyrande že bolde, že brurdes al vmbe;
  Že gobelotes of golde grauen aboute,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 77b.]]
    [Sidenote: The goblets were ornamented with flowers of gold.]
  & fyoles fretted w{i}t{h} flores & flee[gh] of golde,             1476
  Vpon žat avter wat[gh] al aliche dresset.
    [Sidenote: The candlestick was brought in, with its pillars of
    brass, and ornamental boughs, upon which sat birds of various
    hues.]
  Že candelstik bi a cost wat[gh] cayred žider sone,
  [V]pon že pyleres apyked žat praysed hit mony,
  Vpon hit base[gh] of brasse žat ber vp že werkes,                 1480
  Že bo[gh]es bry[gh]t žer abof, brayden of golde,
  Brau{n}ches bredande žer-on, & bryddes žer seten
  Of mony kyndes, of fele-kyn hues,
  As žay w{i}t{h} wy{n}ge vpon wynde hade waged her fyž{er}es,      1484
    [Sidenote: Lights shone bright from the candlestick, which once
    stood before the "Holy of Holies."]
  In-mo{n}g že leues of že lampes wer grayžed;
  & ož{er} louelych[77] ly[gh]t žat lemed ful fayre,
  As mony mort{er}es of wax merkked w{i}t{h}-oute,
  W{i}t{h} mony a borlych best al of brende golde.                  1488
  Hit wat[gh] not wonte i{n} žat wone to wast no serges,
  Bot i{n} te{m}ple of že trauže trwly to stonde;
  Bifore že s{an}c{t}a, s{an}c{t}or{um} sožefast dry[gh]tyn,
  Expouned his speche sp{irit}ually to special p{ro}phetes.         1492
    [Sidenote: The pollution of the sacred vessels is displeasing
    to God.]
  Leue ž{o}u wel žat že lorde ž{a}t že lyfte [gh]emes
  Displesed much, at žat play i{n} žat plyt stronge,
  Žat his ineles so gent wyth iaueles wer fouled,
  Žat p{re}syo{us} i{n} his presens wer proued su{m} whyle.         1496
  Soberly i{n} his sacrafyce su{m}me wer anoynted,
  Žur[gh] že somones of him selfe žat syttes so hy[gh]e;
    [Sidenote: For "a boaster on bench" drinks from them till he is
    as "drunken as the devil."]
  Now a bost{er} on benche bibbes žerof
  Tyl he be dronkken as že deuel, & dotes ž{er} he syttes;          1500
    [Sidenote: God is very angry.]
  So že worcher of žis worlde wlates žer-wyth,
  Žat i{n} že poynt of her play he poruayes a mynde;
    [Sidenote: Before harming the revellers He sends them a warning.]
  Bot er harme hem he wolde i{n} haste of his yre,
  He wayned hem a warny{n}g žat wonder hem žo[gh]t.                 1504
  Nov is alle žis guere geten glotou{n}es to serue;
  Stad i{n} a ryche stal & stared ful bry[gh]t[gh],[78]

[Headnote: THE SACRED VESSELS ARE DEFILED.]

    [Sidenote: Belshazzar commands the sacred vessels to be filled
    with wine.]
  Balta[gh]ar i{n} a brayd bede v{us} ž{er}-of.
  "We[gh]e wyn i{n} žis won, wassayl!" he cryes.                    1508
  Swyfte swaynes ful swyže swepen ž{er}-tylle,
    [Sidenote: The cups and bowls are soon filled.]
  Kyppe kowpes i{n} honde ky{n}ge[gh] to serue,
  I{n} bry[gh]t bolle[gh], ful bayn birlen žise ož{er},
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 78a.]]
  & vche mon for his mayst{er} machches alone.                      1512
    [Sidenote: Music of all kind is heard in the hall.]
  Žer wat[gh] ry{n}gi{n}g, on ry[gh]t, of ryche metalles,
  Quen renkkes i{n} žat ryche rok re{n}nen hit to cache,
  Clat{er}i{n}g of conacle[gh] žat kesten žo burdes,
  As sonet out of sau[t]{er}ay songe als myry.                      1516
  Žen že dotel on dece drank žat he my[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: Dukes, princes, concubines, and knights, all are
    merry.]
  & že{n}ne arn dressed duke[gh] & prynces,
  Concubines & kny[gh]tes, bi cause of žat m{er}the;
  As vchon hade hy{m} i{n} helde he haled of že cuppe,              1520
    [Sidenote: Drinking of the sweet liquors they ask favours of
    their gods, who, although dumb, are as highly praised "as if
    heaven were theirs."]
  So long likked žise lordes žise lykores swete,
  & gloryed on her falce goddes & her g{ra}ce calles,
  Žat were of stokkes & stones, stille euer more;
  Neu{er} steuen hem astel, so stoken is[79] hor tonge,             1524
  Alle že goude golden goddes že gaule[gh] [gh]et neuenen,
  Belfagor & belyal & belssabub als,
  Heyred hem as hy[gh]ly as heuen wer žayres,
  Bot hy{m} žat alle goudes giues, žat god žay for-[gh]eten,        1528
    [Sidenote: A marvel befals the feasters.]
  For žer a ferly bifel žat fele folk se[gh]en;
    [Sidenote: The king first saw it.]
  Fyrst knew hit že ky{n}g & alle že cort aft{er},

[Headnote: THE HANDWRITING ON THE WALL.]

    [Sidenote: Upon the plain wall, "a palm with pointel in fingers"
    is seen writing.]
  I{n} že palays pryncipale vpon že playn wowe,
  I{n} contrary of že candelstik žat clerest hit schyned.           1532
  Žer apered a paume, w{i}t{h} poyntel i{n} fyngres
  Žat wat[gh] grysly & gret, & grymly he wrytes,
  Non ož{er} forme bot a fust faylande že wryste,
  Pared on že parget, purtrayed lettres.                            1536
    [Sidenote: The bold Belshazzar becomes frightened.]
  When žat bolde balta[gh]ar blusched to žat neue,
  Such a dasande drede dusched to his hert,
  Žat al falewed his face & fayled že chere;
  Že stronge strok of že stonde strayned his ioy{n}tes,             1540
    [Sidenote: His knees knock together.]
  His cnes cachches to close & cluchches his ho{m}mes,
  & he w{i}t{h} plat-ty{n}g his paumes displayes his lers,[80]
    [Sidenote: He roars for dread, still beholding the hand, as it
    wrote on the rough wall.]
  & romyes as a rad ryth žat rore[gh] for drede,
  Ay biholdand že honde til hit hade al g{ra}uen,                   1544
  & rasped on že ro[gh] wo[gh]e runisch saue[gh].
  When hit že scrypture hade scraped wyth a scrof[81] pe{n}ne,
  As a colto{ur} i{n} clay cerues ž{o} for[gh]es,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 78b.]]
    [Sidenote: The hand vanishes but the letters remain.]
  Že{n}ne hit vanist v{er}ayly & voyded of sy[gh]t,                 1548
  Bot že lettres bileued ful large vpon plast{er}.

[Headnote: THE KING CONSULTS HIS DIVINERS.]

    [Sidenote: The king recovers his speech and sends for the
    "book-learned;" but none of the scholars were wise enough to
    read it.]
  Sone so že ky{n}ge for his care carpi{n}g my[gh]t wy{n}ne,
  He bede his burnes bo[gh] to žat wer{e} bok lered,
  To wayte že wryt žat hit wolde & wyt{er} hym to say,              1552
  "For al hit frayes my flesche že fyngres so gry{m}me."
  Scoleres skelten žeratte že skyl forto fynde,
  Bot žer wat[gh] neu{er} on so wyse couže on worde rede,
  Ne what ledisch lore ne langage nauž{er}                          1556
  What tyžy{n}g ne tale tokened žo dra[gh]tes.
    [Sidenote: Belshazzar is nearly mad.]
  Že{n}ne že bolde balta[gh]ar bred ner wode.
    [Sidenote: Commands the city to be searched throughout for the
    "wise of witchcraft."]
  & ede[82] že Ceté to seche segges žur[gh]-out,
  Žat wer wyse of wyche-crafte & warla[gh]es ož{er},                1560
  Žat con dele wyth dem{er}layk, & deuine lettres:
  "Calle hem alle to my cort žo calde clerkkes,
  Vn-folde hem alle žis ferly žat is bifallen here,
    [Sidenote: He who expounds the strange letters, shall be clothed
    in "gowns of purple."]
  & calle wyth a hi[gh]e cry; 'he žat že ky{n}g wysses,             1564
  In expouny{n}g of speche žat spredes i{n} žise lettres,
  & make že mat{er} to malt my mynde wyth-i{n}ne,
  Žat I may wyt{er}ly wyt what žat wryt menes,
  He schal že gered ful gaye i{n} gounes of porpre,                 1568
    [Sidenote: A collar of gold shall encircle his throat.]
  & a coler of cler golde clos vmbe his žrote;
    [Sidenote: He shall be the third lord in the realm.]
  He schal be prymate & prynce of pure clergye,
  & of my žreuenest lorde[gh] že žrydde he schal
  & of my reme že rychest to ryde wyth myseluen,                    1572
  Out-taken bare two & že{n}ne he že žrydde.'"
    [Sidenote: As soon as this cry was upcast, to the hall came
    clerks out of Chaldea, witches and diviners, sorcerers and
    exorcists.]
  Žis cry wat[gh] vp-caste, & žer comen mony
  Clerkes out of caldye žat ke{n}nest wer knauen,
  As že sage sathrapas žat sorsory couže;                           1576
  Wyche[gh] & walkyries wo{n}nen to žat sale,
  Deuinores of demorlaykes žat dremes cowže rede,
  Sorsers & exorsism{us} & fele such clerkes;
    [Sidenote: But after looking on the letters they were as
    ignorant as if they had looked into the leather of the left
    boot.]
  & alle žat loked on žat lett{er} as lewed žay were,               1580
  As žay had loked i{n} že lež{er} of my lyft bote.
  Že{n}ne cryes že ky{n}g & kerues his wedes;
    [Sidenote: The king curses them all and calls them churls.]
  What! he corsed his clerkes & calde hem chorles,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 79a.]]
    [Sidenote: He orders the harlots to be hanged.]
  To henge že harlotes he he[gh]ed ful ofte,                        1584
  So wat[gh] že wy[gh]e wytles, he wed wel ner.
    [Sidenote: The queen hears the king chide.]
  Ho herde hy{m} chyde to že chambre žat wat[gh] že chef quene;
    [Sidenote: She inquires the cause.]
  When ho wat[gh] wyt{er}ed bi wy[gh]es what wat[gh] že cause,
  Suche a chau{n}gande chau{n}ce i{n} že chef halle,                1588
  Že lady to lauce[83] žat los žat že lorde hade,
    [Sidenote: Goes to the king, kneels before him, and asks why he
    has rent his robes for grief, when there is one that has the
    Spirit of God, the counsellor of Nebuchadnezzar, the interpreter
    of his dreams, through the holy Spirit of God.]
  Glydes dou{n} by že grece & gos to že ky{n}g;
  Ho kneles on že colde erže & carpes to hy{m} seluen,
  Wordes of worchyp wyth a wys speche.                              1592
  "Kene ky{n}g," q{uod} že quene, "kayser of vrže,
  Eu{er} laste žy lyf i{n} lenže of dayes;
  Why hat[gh] žou rended žy robe for redles here-i{n}ne,
  Ža[gh] žose ledes ben lewed lettres to rede,                      1596
  & hat[gh] a hažel i{n} žy holde, as I haf herde ofte,
  Žat hat[gh] že gostes of god žat gyes alle sožes;
  His sawle is ful of syence, sa[gh]es to schawe,
  To open vch a hide žy{ng} of aunt{er}es vn-cowže;                 1600
  Žat is he žat ful ofte hat[gh] heuened žy fader
  Of mony ang{er} ful hote w{i}t{h} his holy speche.
  When nabugo-de-no[gh]ar wat[gh] nyed i{n} stou{n}des,
  He de-vysed his dremes to že dere trawže,                         1604
  He keu{er}ed hy{m} w{i}t{h} his cou{n}sayl of caytyf wyrdes;
  Alle žat he spured hym i{n} space he expowned clene,
  Žur[gh] že sped of že spyryt žat sprad hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  Of že godelest godde[gh] žat gaynes ay-where.                     1608
  For his depe diuinité & his dere sawes,
    [Sidenote: The name of this man is Daniel, who was brought a
    captive from Judęa.]
  Žy bolde fader balta[gh]ar bede by[84] his name,
  Žat now is demed danyel of derne coni{n}ges,
  Žat ca[gh]t wat[gh] i{n} že captyuidé i{n} cu{n}tre of iues;      1612
  Nabu[gh]ardan hy{m} nome & now is he here,
  A prophete of žat prouince & pryce of že worlde.

[Headnote: DANIEL IS SENT FOR.]

    [Sidenote: The queen tells the king to send for Daniel.]
  Sende i{n}-to že ceté to seche hy{m} bylyue,
  & wy{n}ne hy{m} w{i}t{h} že worchyp to wayne že bote,             1616
  & ža[gh] že mat{er} be merk žat merked is [gh]ender,
  He schal de-clar hit also, as hit on clay stande."
    [Sidenote: Her counsel is accepted.]
  Žat gode cou{n}seyl at že quene wat[gh] cached as[85] swyže,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 79b.]]
  Že burne byfore balta[gh]ar wat[gh] bro[gh]t i{n} a whyle,        1620
    [Sidenote: Daniel comes before Belshazzar.]
  When he com bifore že ky{n}g & clanly had halsed,
  Balta[gh]ar vmbe-brayde hy{m} & "leue s{ir}," he sayde,
    [Sidenote: The king tells him that he has heard of his wisdom,
    and his power to discover hidden things, and that he wants to
    know the meaning of the writing on the wall.]
  "Hit is tolde me bi tulkes, žat ž{o}u trwe were
  Profete of žat prouynce žat prayed my fader,                      1624
  Ande žat ž{o}u hat[gh] i{n} žy hert holy co{n}ny{n}g,
  Of sapyence ži sawle ful sožes to schawe;
  Goddes gost is že geuen žat gyes alle žy{n}g{es},
  & ž{o}u vnhyles vch hidde žat heuen ky{n}g my{n}tes;              1628
  & here is a ferly byfallen, & I fayn wolde
  Wyt že wytte of že wryt, žat on že wowe clyues,
  For alle calde clerkes han cowwardely fayled;
    [Sidenote: Promises him, if he can explain the text of the
    letters and their interpretation, to clothe him in purple and
    pall, and put a ring about his neck, and to make him "a baron
    upon bench."]
  If ž{o}u w{i}t{h} quay{n}tyse co{n}quere hit,
        I quyte že žy mede.                                         1632
  For if ž{o}u redes hit by ry[gh]t & hit to resou{n} bry{n}ges,
  Fyrst telle me že tyxte of že tede lettres,
  & syžen že mat{er} of že mode, mene me ž{er}-aft{er},
  & I schal halde že že hest žat I že hy[gh]t haue;                 1636
  Apyke že i{n} porpre clože, palle alžer-fynest,
  & že by[gh]e of bry[gh]t golde abowte žy{n} nekke,
  & že žryd žryuenest žat žry{n}ges me aft{er},
  Ž{o}u schal be barou{n} vpon benche, bede I že no lasse."         1640

[Headnote: DANIEL DESCRIBES HOW NEBUCHADNEZZAR WAS PUNISHED FOR
HIS PRIDE.]

    [Sidenote: Daniel addresses the king, and reminds him how that
    God supported his father, and gave him power to exalt or abase
    whomsoever he pleased.]
  Derfly že{n}ne danyel deles žyse wordes:
  "Ryche ky{n}g of žis rengne rede že oure lorde,
  Hit is surely soth, že sou{er}ayn of heuen
  Fylsened eu{er} žy fader & vpon folde cheryched,                  1644
  Gart hy{m} grattest to be of gou{er}nores alle,
  & alle že worlde i{n} his wylle welde as hy{m} lykes.
  Who-so wolde wel do, wel hy{m} bityde,
  & quos deth so he de[gh]yre he dreped als fast;                   1648
  Who-so hy{m} lyked to lyft, on lofte wat[gh] he sone,
  & quo-so hy{m} lyked to lay, wat[gh] lo[gh]ed bylyue.
    [Sidenote: Nebuchadnezzar was established on account of his
    faith in God.]
  So wat[gh] noted že note of nabugo-de-no[gh]ar,
  Styfly stabled že rengne bi že stronge dry[gh]ty{n},              1652
  For of že hy[gh]est he hade a hope i{n} his hert,
  Žat vche pou{er} past out of [ž]at prynce euen;
    [Sidenote: So long as he remained true, no man was greater.]
  & whyle žat wat[gh] cle[gh]t clos i{n} his hert,
  Žere wat[gh] no mon vpon molde of my[gh]t as hy{m} selue{n},      1656
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 80a.]]
    [Sidenote: But at last pride touches his heart.]
  Til hit bitide on a tyme, towched hy{m} pryde
  For his lordeschyp so large, & his lyf ryche;
  He hade so huge an insy[gh]t to his aune dedes,
    [Sidenote: He forgets the power of God, and blasphemes His name.]
  Žat že power of že hy[gh]e prynce he purely for[gh]etes.          1660
  Že{n}ne bly{n}nes he not of blasfemyon to blame že dry[gh]ty{n},
  His my[gh]t mete to goddes he made w{i}t{h} his wordes:
    [Sidenote: He says that he is "god of the ground," and the
    builder of Babylon.]
  "I am god of že grou{n}de, to gye as me lykes,
  As he žat hy[gh]e is i{n} heuen his au{n}geles ž{a}t weldes;      1664
  If he hat[gh] formed že folde & folk ž{er} vpone,
  I haf bigged babiloyne, bur[gh] alž{er}-rychest,
  Stabled žer-i{n}ne vche a ston i{n} strenkže of my{n} armes,
  Mo[gh]t neu{er} my[gh]t bot myn make such anož{er}."              1668
    [Sidenote: Hardly had Nebuchadnezzar spoken, when God's voice is
    heard, saying, "Thy principality is departed.]
  Wat[gh] not žis ilke worde wo{n}nen of his mowže one,
  Er že{n}ne že sou{er}ayn sa[gh]e souned i{n} his eres,
  "Now nabugo-de-no[gh]ar i{n}no[gh]e hat[gh] spoken,
  Now is alle žy pryncipalté past at ones,                          1672
    [Sidenote: Thou, removed from men, must abide on the moor, and
    walk with wild beasts, eat herbs, and dwell with wolves and
    asses."]
  & ž{o}u, remued fro mo{n}nes su{n}es, on mor most abide,
  & in wast{ur}ne walk & wyth že wylde dowelle,
  As best, byte on že bent of braken & erbes,
  W{i}t{h} wrože wolfes to won & wyth wylde asses."                 1676
  In mydde že poynt of his pryde de-parted he žere,
  Fro že soly of his solempneté, his solace he leues,
    [Sidenote: For his pride he becomes an outcast.]
  & carfully is out-kast to contré vnknawen,
  Fer i{n}-to a fyr fryth žere frekes neu{er} comen.                1680
    [Sidenote: He believes himself to be a bull or an ox.]
  His hert heldet vnhole, he hoped non ož{er}
  Bot a best žat he be, a bol ož{er} an oxe.
    [Sidenote: Goes "on all fours," like a cow, for seven summers.]
  He fares forth on alle faure, fogge wat[gh] his mete,
  & ete ay as a horce when erbes were fallen,                       1684
  Žus he cou{n}tes hy{m} a kow, žat wat[gh] a ky{n}g ryche,
  Quyle seuen syže[gh] were ou{er}-seyed som{er}es I trawe.
    [Sidenote: His thighs grew thick.]
  By žat, mony žik thy[gh]e žry[gh]t vmbe his lyre,
  Žat alle wat[gh] dubbed & dy[gh]t i{n} že dew of heuen;           1688
    [Sidenote: His hair became matted and thick, from the shoulders
    to the toes.]
  Faxe fylt{er}ed, & felt flosed hy{m} vmbe,
  Žat schad fro his schulderes to his schyre wykes,
  & twenty-folde twyna{n}de hit to his tos ra[gh]t
  Žer mony clyuy as clyde hit cly[gh]t to-geder.                    1692
    [Sidenote: His beard touched the earth.]
  His berde I-brad alle his brest to že bare vrže,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 80b.]]
    [Sidenote: His brows were like briars.]
  His browes bresed as breres aboute his brode chekes;
    [Sidenote: His eyes were hollow, and grey as the kite's.]
  Hol[gh]e were his y[gh]en & vnder campe hores,
  & al wat[gh] gray as že glede, w{i}t{h} ful gry{m}me clawres      1696
  Žat were croked & kene as že kyte paune;[86]
    [Sidenote: Eagle-hued he was.]
  Erne-hwed he wat[gh] & al ou{er}-brawden,
  Til he wyst ful wel who wro[gh]t alle my[gh]tes,
  & cowže vche kyndam tokerue & keu{er} when hy{m} lyked;           1700
    [Sidenote: At last he recovered his "wit," and believed in God.]
  Že{n}ne he wayned hy{m} his wyt žat hade wo soffered,
  Žat he com to knawlach & ke{n}ned hy{m} seluen,
  Že{n}ne he laued[87] žat lorde & leued i{n} trawže,
  Hit wat[gh] non ož{er} žen he žat hade al i{n} honde.             1704
    [Sidenote: Then soon was he restored to his seat.]
  Že{n}ne sone wat[gh] he sende agayn, his sete restored;
  His barou{n}es bo[gh]ed hy{m} to, blyže of his come,
  Ha[gh]erly i{n} his aune hwe his heued wat[gh] cou{er}ed,
  & so [gh]eply wat[gh] [gh]arked & [gh]olden his state.            1708
    [Sidenote: But thou, Belshazzar, hast disregarded these signs,
    and hast blasphemed the Lord, defiled his vessels, filling them
    with wine for thy wenches, and praising thy lifeless gods.]
  Bot ž{o}u balta[gh]ar his barne & his bolde ayre,
  Se[gh] žese sy{n}gnes w{i}t{h} sy[gh]t & set hem at lyttel,
  Bot ay hat[gh] hofen žy hert agaynes že hy[gh]e dry[gh]t[y]n,
  W{i}t{h} bobau{n}ce & w{i}t{h} blasfamye bost at hy{m} kest,      1712
  & now his vessayles avyled i{n} vanyté vnclene,
  Žat i{n} his hows hy{m} to hono{ur} were heue{n}ed of fyrst;
  Bifore že barou{n}[gh] hat[gh] hom bro[gh]t, & byrled ž{er}i{n}ne
  Wale wyne to žy wenches i{n} waryed stou{n}des;                   1716
  Bifore žy borde hat[gh] ž{o}u bro[gh]t beu{er}age i{n} žede,
  Žat blyžely were fyrst blest w{i}t{h} bischopes hondes,
  Louande žeron lese godde[gh], žat lyf haden neu{er},
  Made of stokkes & stone[gh] žat neu{er} styry mo[gh]t.            1720
    [Sidenote: For this sin God has sent thee this strange sight,
    the fist with the fingers writing on the wall.]
  & for žat frožande fylže, že fader of heuen
  Hat[gh] sende[88] i{n}-to žis sale žise sy[gh]tes vncowže,
  Že fyste w{i}t{h} že fy{n}g{er}es žat flayed ži hert,
  Žat rasped renyschly že wo[gh]e w{i}t{h} že ro[gh] pe{n}ne.       1724

[Headnote: THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HANDWRITING.]

    [Sidenote: These are the words: "Mene, Tekel, Peres.]
  Žise ar že wordes here wryten w{i}t{h}-oute werk more,
  By vch fygure, as I fynde, as oure fader lykes.
  "Mane, techal, phares, merked i{n} žry{n}ne,
  Žat žretes že of žy{n} vnžryfte vpon žre wyse;                    1728
  Now expowne že žis speche spedly I ženk.
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 81a.]]
    [Sidenote: Mene.-- God has counted thy kingdom and finished it.]
  Mane menes als much as, maynful gode
  Hat[gh] cou{n}ted žy kyndam bi a clene nou{m}bre,
  & ful-fylled hit i{n} fayth to že fyrre ende.                     1732
    [Sidenote: Tekel.-- Thy reign is weighed and is found wanting in
    deeds of faith.]
  To teche že of techal, žat terme ž{us} menes,
  Žy wale rengne is walt i{n} we[gh]tes to heng,
  & is fu{n}de ful fewe of hit fayth dedes.
  & phares fol[gh]es for žose fawtes to frayst že trawže,           1736
    [Sidenote: Peres.-- Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the
    Persians.]
  In phares fynde I forsože žise felle sa[gh]es;
  De-parted is žy pryncipalté, depryued ž{o}u woržes,
  Žy rengne rafte is že fro, & ra[gh]t is že perses,
    [Sidenote: The Medes shall be masters here."]
  Že medes schal be mayst{er}es here, & ž{o}u of menske schowued."  1740
    [Sidenote: The king commands Daniel to be clothed in a frock of
    fine cloth.]
  Že ky{n}g comau{n}ded anon to cleže ž{a}t wyse,
  In frokkes of fyn clož, as forward hit asked;
    [Sidenote: Soon is he arrayed in purple, with a chain about his
    neck.]
  Že{n}ne sone wat[gh] danyel dubbed i{n} ful dere porpor
  & a coler[89] of cler golde kest vmbe his swyre.                  1744
  Že{n} wat[gh] demed a de-cre bi že duk seluen,
    [Sidenote: A decree is made, that all should bow to him, as the
    third lord that followed Belshazzar.]
  Bolde balta[gh]a[r] bed žat hy{m} bowe schulde
  Že comynes a lof calde žat to že ky{n}g lo{n}ged,
  As to že prynce pryuyest preued že žrydde,                        1748
  He[gh]est of alle ož{er}, saf onelych tweyne,
  To bo[gh] aft{er} balta[gh]ar i{n} bor[gh]e & i{n} felde.
    [Sidenote: The decree was made known, and all were glad.]
  Žys wat[gh] cryed & knawen i{n} cort als fast,
  & alle že folk žer-of fayn žat fol[gh]ed hy{m} tylle;             1752
    [Sidenote: The day, however, past.]
  Bot how-so danyel wat[gh] dy[gh]t, žat day ou{er}-[gh]ede,
    [Sidenote: Night came on.]
  Ny[gh]t ne[gh]ed ry[gh]t now w{i}t{h} nyes fol mony,
    [Sidenote: Before another day dawned, Daniel's words were
    fulfilled.]
  For da[gh]ed neu{er} an ož{er} day žat ilk derk aft{er},
  Er dalt were žat ilk dome žat danyel deuysed,                     1756
    [Sidenote: The feast lasts till the sun falls.]
  Že solace of že solempneté i{n} žat sale dured
  Of žat farand fest, tyl fayled že su{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: The skies become dark.]
  Že{n}ne blykned[90] že ble of že bry[gh]t skwes,
  Mo{ur}kenes že mery weder, & že myst dryues                       1760
  Žor[gh] že lyst of že lyfte, bi že lo[gh] medoes;
    [Sidenote: Each noble hies home to his supper.]
  Vche hažel to his home hy[gh]es ful fast,
  Seten at her sop{er} & songen ž{er}-aft{er},
  Žen fou{n}de[gh] vch a fela[gh]schyp fyrre at forž na[gh]tes.     1764
    [Sidenote: Belshazzar is carried to bed, but never rises from it,
    for his foes are seeking to destroy his land, and are assembled
    suddenly.]
  Balta[gh]ar to his bedd with blysse wat[gh] caryed,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 81b.]]
  Reche že rest as hy{m} lyst, he ros neu{er} žer-aft{er};
  For his foes i{n} že felde i{n} flokkes ful grete
  Žat longe hade layted žat lede his londes to strye,               1768
  Now ar žay sodenly assembled at že self tyme,
  Of hem wyst no wy[gh]e žat i{n} žat won dowelled.

[Headnote: DARIUS LAYS SIEGE TO BABYLON.]

    [Sidenote: The enemy is Darius, leader of the Medes.]
  Hit wat[gh] že dere daryus že duk of žise medes,
  Že prowde prynce of perce & porros of ynde,                       1772
    [Sidenote: He has legions of armed men.]
  W{i}t{h} mony a legiou{n} ful large, w{i}t{h} ledes of armes,
  Žat now hat[gh] spyed a space to spoyle caldee[gh].
    [Sidenote: Under cover of the darkness, they cross the river.]
  Žay žrongen žeder i{n} že žest{er} on žrawen hepes,
  Asscaped ou{er} že skyre watt{er}es & scažed že walles,           1776
    [Sidenote: By means of ladders they get upon the walls, and
    within an hour enter the city, without disturbing any of the
    watch.]
  Lyfte laddres ful longe & vpon lofte wonen,
  Stelen stylly že tou{n} er any steue{n} rysed,
  W{i}t{h}-i{n}ne an oure of že ny[gh]t[91] an entré žay hade;
  [Gh]et afrayed žay no freke, fyrre žay passen,                    1780
  & to že palays pry{n}cipal žay aproched ful stylle;
    [Sidenote: They run into the palace, and raise a great cry.]
  Že{n}ne ran žay i{n} on a res, on rowtes ful grete,
  Blastes out of bry[gh]t brasse brestes so hy[gh]e,
  Ascry scarred on že scue žat scomfyted mony.                      1784
    [Sidenote: Men are slain in their beds.]
  Segges slepande were slayne er žay slyppe my[gh]t,
  Vche ho{us} heyred wat[gh], w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne a honde-whyle;

[Headnote: BELSHAZZAR IS BEATEN TO DEATH.]

    [Sidenote: Belshazzar is beaten to death, and caught by the
    heels, is foully cast into a ditch.]
  Balta[gh]ar i{n} his bed wat[gh] beten to deže,
  Žat bože his blod & his brayn blende on že cložes;                1788
  The ky{n}g i{n} his cortyn wat[gh] ka[gh]t bi že heles,
  Feryed out bi že fete & fowle dispysed;
  Žat wat[gh] so do[gh]ty žat day & drank of že vessayl,
  Now is a dogge al so dere žat in a dych lygges;                   1792
    [Sidenote: Darius is crowned king, and makes peace with the
    barons.]
  For že mayst{er} of žyse medes on že morne ryses,
  Dere daryo{us} žat day dy[gh]t vpon trone,
  Žat ceté seses ful sou{n}de, & sa[gh]tly{n}g makes
  Wyth alle že barou{n}[gh] ž{er}-aboute, žat bowed hy{m} aft{er}.  1796
    [Sidenote: Thus the land was lost for the king's sin.]
  & ž{us} wat[gh] žat londe lost for že lordes sy{n}ne,
  & že fylže of že freke žat defowled hade
  Že orne-mentes of godde[gh] ho{us} žat holy were maked;
    [Sidenote: He was cursed for his uncleanness, and deprived of
    his honour, as well as of the joys of heaven.]
  He wat[gh] corsed for his vn-cla{n}nes, & cached ž{er}-i{n}ne,    1800
  Done dou{n} of his dy{n}gneté for dede[gh] vnfayre,
  & of žyse worldes worchyp wrast out for eu{er},
  & [gh]et of lyky{n}ges on lofte letted, I trowe,
    [Sidenote: Thus in three ways has it been shown, that
    uncleanness makes God angry.]
  To loke on oure lofly lorde late bitydes.                         1804
  Žus vpon žry{n}ne wyses I haf yow žro schewed,
  Žat vn-cla{n}nes to-cleues i{n} corage dere
  Of žat wy{n}nelych lorde žat wonyes i{n} heuen,
  Entyses hy{m} to be tene, telled[92] vp his wrake;                1808
    [Sidenote: Cleanness is His comfort.]
  Ande cla{n}nes is his comfort, & coyntyse he louyes,
    [Sidenote: The seemly shall see his face.]
  & žose žat seme arn & swete schy{n} se his face.
    [Sidenote: God give us grace to serve in His sight!]
  Žat we gon gay i{n} oure gere žat g{ra}ce he v{us} sende,
  Žat we may serue i{n} his sy[gh]t, ž{er} solace neu{er} bly{n}ne[gh].
        Amen.

    [Sidenote 68: _žing_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 69: _žore_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 70: MS. že že.]
    [Sidenote 71: MS. sev{er}ed.]
    [Sidenote 72: MS. _glolde_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 73: MS. i{e}s{u}r{a}l{e}m.]
    [Sidenote 74: MS. _fo_.]
    [Sidenote 75: _ful_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 76: _ferlyke_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 77: Looks like _louflych_.]
    [Sidenote 78: ? _bry[gh]te_.]
    [Sidenote 79: MS. [-i]s.]
    [Sidenote 80: MS. ler{n}s.]
    [Sidenote 81: MS. _strof_.]
    [Sidenote 82: _bede_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 83: _lance_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 84: _be_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 85: MS. _as as_.]
    [Sidenote 86: ? _panne_.]
    [Sidenote 87: _loued_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 88: MS. _hat[gh] sende hat[gh] sende_.]
    [Sidenote 89: MS. _cloler_.]
    [Sidenote 90: _blaykned_ (?)]
    [Sidenote 91: MS. _my[gh]t_.]
    [Sidenote 92: _telles_ (?).]




NOTES: _Cleanness_.


P. 37.

  l. 3 _forering_ = _for-bering_. (?)
  10 _reken_, reverently, solemnly.
  12 _cleche gret mede_, take great reward.
  16 _& hym to greme cachen_, and him to wrath drive.
  18 _hagherlych_, fitly, decently.
  21 _scoymous & skyg_, scrupulous and particular; _skyg_ implies
      dread, fear, shyness.
  23 _in a carp_, in a discourse.
  24 _heuened a[gh]t happe[gh]_, exhibited eight blessings.
  25 _me myne[gh]_, I remember.

P. 38.

  l. 27 _hapene[gh]_, is happy, blessed.
  29 _as so sayt[gh]_, as one says.
  32 _May not byde žat burne_ (? _burre_) _žat hit his body ne[gh]en_,
    May not abide (suffer) that man (? blow), that it (? he) should
      approach his body.
  39 _helded_, approached.
  41 _tote[gh]_ = _tot[gh]_ = toes.
  49 _woržlych_, worshipful (? _worldlych_, worldly).
  50 _in her_ (? _herin_).
  52 _here dere_, beloved heir.
  54 _comly quoyntis_, comely attire.
  56 _with scla[gh]t_, against (for) slaughter.
  59 _roželed_, ready prepared, literally hastened.
  62 _skyly_, device, excuse.

P. 39.

  l. 65 _nayed_, refused; _nurned_, uttered.
  71 _a-dre[gh]_, aback, aside.
  76
    _More to wyte is her wrange, žen any wylle gentyl_,
    More to blame is their fault, than any forlorn gentile.
  _Wylle_ has the significations of wandering, astray; as "_wyl
      dremes_," wandering dreams, "_wylle of wone_," astray from human
      habitations, having lost one's way; and hence _wylle_ is often
      used to denote uncertainty, bewilderment.
  81 _laže[gh]_, invite.
  90 _sty[gh]tled_, established, placed.
  91 _že marchal_, i.e. the marshal of the hall, whose duty it was,
      at public festivals, to place every person according to his rank
      and station.
  95 _at ži banne_, at thy command.
  96 _renischche renke[gh]_, strange men.
  97 _layte[gh] [gh]et ferre_, search yet farther.

P. 40.

  l. 99 _wayte[gh]_, watch.
  103 _balterande cruppele[gh]_, limping cripples. _Balter_ signifies to
      jump, skip, hop, etc.
  110 _demed_, decreed.
  112
    _Hit weren not alle on wyue[gh] sune[gh], wonen with on fader_,
    They were not all one wife's sons, begotten with one father.
  127
    _& rehayte rekenly že riche & že poueren_,
    And cheer, prince-like (nobly), the rich and the poor.
  _Rehete_ is the most common form of the word:
    "Him would I comforte and _rehete_." --Rom. Rose, l. 6509.
  131 _syled fyrre_, proceeded farther.
  132 _Tron fro table to table_, went from table to table. _Tron_ is
      the pret. of the verb _tryne_, to go, walk.

P. 41.

  l. 134 _Hit wat[gh] not_, there was one (who) was not.
  135 _žry[gh]t_, thrust; _unžryuandely_, badly.
  144 _ratted_, rent, torn.
  145 _goun febele_. Cf. _feble wede_, bad or poor clothing.
      --Havelok the Dane, l. 418.
  149 _brože worde[gh]_, angry (fierce) words.
  150 _Hurkele_, cower, hang. _Hurkele_ signifies, literally, to squat,
      nestle, rest.
  153 _laled_, spoke (quickly).
  164 _ful[gh]ed_, baptised.
  166 _harme lache_, take hurt.

P. 42.

  l. 179 _As_, also; _bolnande priyde_, swelling pride.
  180
    _Žroly in-to že deuele[gh] žrote man žrynge[gh] bylyue_,
    Roughly into the devil's throat man is thrust soon.
  181 _colwarde_, deceitful, treacherous. I have not been able to meet
      with the word _colle_ used as noun or verb in any writer of the
      14th or 15th century. _Col_ occurs, however, as a prefix, in
      _Col-prophet_ (false prophet), _Col-fox_ (crafty fox), used by
      Chaucer; _Col-knyfe_ (treacherous knife), which occurs in the
      "Townley Mysteries."
  200 _hatel of his wylle_, anger of his will.

P. 43.

  l. 207 _attled_, endowed.
  215 _met[gh]_ = _mess_ (?), pity.
  216 _tynt že tyže dool_, lost the tenth part.
  222 _weued_, cut off. _swap_, blow.
  230 _že wrech sa[gh]tled_, appeased the vengeance.
  231 _wylnesful_, wilfulness.
  233
    _For-žy ža[gh] že rape were rank, že rawže wat[gh] lyttel_,
    Wherefore, though the blow were smart, the sorrow was little.
  237 _in obedyent_ = _in-obedyent_ (?), disobedient.

P. 44.

  l. 246 _drepe_, destroy (slay).
  257 _forme-foster_ should be _forme-fostere[gh]_, being in apposition
      with _auncetere[gh]_.
  261 For _lede_ read _lede[gh]_ (?).
  270 _de[gh]ter of že douže_, the daughters of the mighty (doughty)
      ones.
  271 _on folken wyse_, after the manner of men.

P. 45.

  l. 273 _mežele[gh]_, immoderate, intemperate.
  274 _alosed_, (? noted).
  298 _žryuen_, grown up, adult.
  306 _nwyed_ = annoyed, _i.e._ displeased.

P. 46.

  l. 320 _dutande_, shutting.
  321 _halke[gh]_, recesses.
  331 _žis meyny of a[gh]te_, this company (household) of eight.
  335 _horwed_, unclean.

P. 47.

  l. 350 _with-outen žrep_, without contradiction, gainsaying.
  354 _a rowtande ryge_, a rattling shower.
  359 _styste[gh]_ = _stynte[gh]_ stops, ceases.
  362 _& alle woned in že whichche_, and all abode in the ark.
      _Whichche_ is another (and genuine) form of _hutch_.
  364
    _Waltes out vch walle-heued, in ful wode streme[gh]_,
    Bursts out each well-head (spring, fountain) in full wild streams.
  365 _brymme_, stream.
  366 _že mukel lauande loghe_, the great flowing deep.
  369 _fon_, ceased.
  373 _moon_, moan, sorrow.
  374 _dowed_, availed.
  375 _wylger_, wilder, fiercer.
  376 _dowelled_ = _dwelled_.
  377 _feng to že fly[gh]t_, took to flight.
  378 _Vuche burde with her barne_, each woman with her child (bairn).

P. 48.

  l. 379 _bowed_, hastened; _brentest_, highest, steepest.
  380 _heterly_, quickly, (hotly); _haled_, rushed.
  381 _Bot al wat[gh] nedle[gh] her note_, but their device was
      altogether in vain.
  382 _že ro[gh]e raynande ryg_, the rough raining shower; _raykande
      wawe[gh]_, flowing waves.
  383 _božom_, a _bottom_ or valley.
  384 _demmed_, collected, accumulated.
  391 _že hy[gh]e_, the heights, high grounds.
  392 _bausene[gh]_, badgers.
  394 _re-coverer_, succour, refuge.
  395 _Žat amounted_, etc., read _Žat amounted že mase_, etc., that
      the astonishment increased. (Professor Child).
  397 _Bi žat_, by that time. This phrase is still preserved in the
      North of England.
  399
    _Frende[gh], fellen in fere, fažmed to-geder_.
    Friends, fallen in company, _embraced_ (fathomed) together.
  The verb _fažme_ in Early English also signifies to _grope_.
  400 _dry[gh]_, suffer; _delful_, doleful.
  404 _freten_, devoured; _wa[gh]e[gh]_, waves.
  406 _hurkled_, rested. This word is still preserved in the local
      dialects of the North of England, with the sense of "to cower,"
      "squat."
  407 _mourkne_, rotten.
  409 _here_, company.
  411 _a[gh]t-sum_, in care, sorrowful.
  413 _hurlande gote[gh]_, rushing streams.
  414 _kythe[gh] vncouže_, unknown regions.

P. 49.

  l. 421 _flyt_, current, flitting.
  424 _lumpen_, the passive participle of _lympen_, to befal, happen.
  430 _yre[gh]_ is evidently an error for _yže[gh]_, waves.
  433 _Rac_, moving clouds, mists. Still in provincial use.
  436 _meth_, pity, mercy.
  438 _lasned_, lessened, became smaller.
  439 _stac vp že stange[gh]_, closed up the pools. _Stang_ = _stanc_,
      _stank_, a word still used in the North of England.
  441 _lo[gh]_ = _logh_, deep.
  443 _lome_ = _loom_, i.e., the ark.
  446 _rasse_ = the provincial _raise_, a mound.
  449 _kyste_ = chest (ark); _wern_ = _were_ (?).

P. 50.

  l. 451 _egge[gh]_, _edges_, banks, hills; _vnhuled_, uncovered.
  452 _bynne_, within. Cf. _boute_, without.
  461 _smach_ smack, scent; _smoltes_ (? _smolte_, i.e. smelt).
  463 _[gh]ederly_, quickly, soon; _steuen_, command, literally voice.
  466 _fode[gh]_, persons; _elle[gh]_, provided that.
  469 _doune_ = _dovene_, a female dove (see line 481).
  476 _dre[gh]ly_, drearily, sorrowfully.
  480 _naytly_, dexterously (neatly).
  482 _borne_ = _burne_, stream.
  483 _skwe_, sky, cloud; _skowte[gh]_, looks.

P. 51.

  l. 485 _downe_ = _dovene_ (see ll. 469, 481).
  487 _What!_ lo!
  490 _sa[gh]tlyng_, reconciliation.
  496 _woned_ = _waned_, decreased, gone down.
  498 _tyned_, enclosed.
  499 _gode[gh] glam_, God's message (word); _glod_, came, literally
      glided.
  501 _walt_ _wafte_ (?) (see B. l. 857).
  504 _žroly žrublande in žronge_, quickly pressing in throng (crowd),
      _i.e._, huddling together.
  509 _breže_, steam, savour.
  511 _spede[gh] & spylle[gh]_, prospers (speeds) and spoils.
  517 _barnage_, childhood.

P. 52.

  l. 525 _sadde_, sharp, bitter.
  529 _žen wat[gh] a skylly skyualde_, then was a design (purpose)
      manifested (ordered).
  531 _nayte_, use, employ.
  533 _wryže[gh]_, crawl, creep.
  534 _folmarde_, polecat.
  536 _lake ryftes_, fissures of the lake.
  537 _Herne[gh]_ = _erne[gh]_, eagles.
  539 _at a brayde_, in a moment.

P. 53.

  l. 558 _merked_, ordained.
  561 _ra[gh]t_, extended to, gave.
  566 _syt_, fault.
  567 _quyke[gh]_, living (things); _qued_, wickedness.
  573 _vnhappen glette_, unfortunate filth, unhappy sin.
  579 _hežyng of seluen_, contempt of [God's] self.
  583 _steppe y[gh]e_, bright eye; _steppe_ = _stepe_ is often explained
      by steep, deep set; but we often meet with such phrases as
      "_stepe_ stones," bright stones, "_stepe_ starres," bright stars.
  586 _losed že listen_, lost the hearing; _lysten_, in O.E. has
      frequently the meaning of _to hear_.
  587 _trave_ = _trawe_, trow, believe.
  588
    _žer is no dede so derne žat ditte[gh] his y[gh]en_.
    There is no deed so secret that closes His eyes
      (_i.e._ that He does not see).

P. 54.

  l. 591 _gropande_, searching, examining.
  592
    _Rypande of vche a ring že reynye[gh] & hert_
    Trying (probing) the reins and heart of every man.
  _Rype_ is still used in the North of England in the sense of to
      plunder. Cf. our modern use of the word _ransack_ with its
      earlier meanings of to try, probe, search.
  596 _honyse[gh]_, disgraces, ruins, destroys.
  598 _scarre[gh]_, literally _scares_, is frightened, startled.
  599 _to drawe allyt_ = _to draw a lyte_ = to draw back a little.
  603 _blykked_, shone, glared.
  605 _schunt_, aside, from _schunt_, to slip away, retreat.

P. 55.

  l. 623 _orppedly_, quickly, hastily.
  626 _happe_, cover, still in use in the north provincial dialects.
  627 _som quat fat_, some sort of a vessel; _že fyr bete_, make up the
      fire; _bete_ signifies, literally, to mend.
  632 _deruely_ = _derfely_, quickly.
  635 _žerue kake[gh]_ = _therfe_ or _tharfe_ cakes, _i.e._, cakes made
      without leaven.
  646 _mensk_, thanks.
  648 _leže_, cease.
  652 _[gh]ark_, select, chosen.
  653 _for busmar_, in scorn.
  655
    _May žou traw for tykel žat žou tonne mo[gh]te[gh]_,
    Mayst thou trow (believe) for the uncertainty (of such a thing)
      that thou mightest conceive;
  _for tykel_, on account of the uncertainty.
  654 _sothly_ = truly (? _sotly_, foolishly or _softly_).

P. 56.

  l. 659 _byene_ = _ben_, been or _bycame_. The sense would require
      _hade_ before _byene_, if _byene_ = _ben_.
  668
    _Žat for lot žat žay lansed ho la[gh]ed neuer_,
    That for (any) sound that they uttered, she never laughed;
  _lot_ = late, in the sense of _sound_, is not very common in Old
      English authors.
  670 _a-lo[gh]_ = lowly, softly.
  686 _blod_, child.
  687 _bos_, behoves.
  688 _atlyng_, intention, purpose; _vn-haspe_, disclose.

P. 57.

  l. 696 _fylter_, join.
  698 _amed_, placed; _oddely dere_, singularly dear. _Oddely_ occurs
      in some northern works with the sense of illustriously, nobly.
  699 _drwry_, love; _doole alžer-swettest_, the sweetest of all gifts;
      gift the sweetest of all.
  703 _conne_ is probably an error for _come_, but it may signify, be
      kindled, produced, begotten.
  706 _stollen_, stealthy, secret.
  711 _smod_ = the Scotch _smot_, _smad_, stain, filth.
  719 _že worre half_, the weaker portion, literally, the worse half.
  723 _laue_, law.

P. 58.

  l. 732 _smolt_, be at peace.
  740 _for hortyng_, for hurting = for fear of hurting. This sense of
      _for_ is very common in writers of the 16th and 17th centuries.
  743 _fryst_, delay, put off.
  747 _vsle_, ashes, cinders.
  752 _leže_, destroy.
  754 _I schal my žro steke_, I shall moderate (literally, shut up) my
      anger.
  756 _reken_, wise.

P. 59.

  l. 764 _mese žy mode_, temper thy wrath.
  778 _mere_, boundary, _meer_.
  784 _lened_ = leaned, reclined; but we may read _leued_ = _beleued_,
      remained.

P. 60.

  l. 796 _vnder-[gh]ede_ = _vnder-[gh]ete_, understood.
  801 _knaue[gh] kote_, servant's house. It looks at first sight like
      _kuchie[gh] kote_.
  802 _fatte_ = _vat_, vessel.
  803 _norne_ = _nurne_, request.
  810 _gru[gh]t_, gruched = begrudged.
  813 _couže_, knew.
  814 _haylsed_, saluted.
  824 _boute_, without.
  830 _of glam debonere_, of pleasant, courteous conversation.
  831 _wela-wynnely_, very joyfully.

P. 61.

  l. 832 _wo[gh]e_ = _wowe_, wall.
  835 _wakker_ comp. _wayk_, weak.
  836 _vmbe-ly[gh]e_, surround.
  838 _scowte-wach_, sentinel; _asscry_, cry, shout, noise.
  846 _[gh]e[gh]ed_ = chattered, gaggled; _[gh]estande sor[gh]e_,
      afflicting (or frothing) sorrow.
  848 _brych_ = what is low, vile, filthy (? _bryth_, breath);
      _vpbrayde[gh]_, raises.
  849 _glyfte with žat glam_, was frightened at that speech.
  855 _wonded no wože_, avoided no danger (hurt).
  859 _meled_, spoke.
  860 _hendelayk_, courtesy, civility.

P. 62.

  l. 871 _tayt_ = lively.
  874 _a[gh]ly_ = _awly_, fearfully.
  876 _out-comlyng_, a stranger. In this form it is still known in the
      North of England. _Comlyng_ is the more usual form of the word in
      our early literature; _carle = churl_.
  881 _[gh]ornen_, ran.
  882 _wapped_, beat.
  885 _in blande_ = together (?); _banned_, cursed.
  888 _nyteled_, laboured, toiled.
  889 _of tayt_, from fear. _Teyt_, fear, alarm, occurs in the northern
      romance of Alexander.
  890 _roželed_, hastened.
  892 _vglokest vnhap_, the most dreadful misfortune.
  893
    _Ruddon of že day-rawe ros vpon v[gh]ten_.
    The light of the day-break rose on the morn.
  894 _merk_, darkness.
  895 _ružen_, rouse.
  901 _cayre tid of žis kythe_, depart quickly from this land.

P. 63.

  l. 905 _stemme no stepe_, stop (keep back), no step. Cf. our modern
      phrase "_stem_ the tide."
  909 _losen_, destroy.
  911 _gorde_, rush.
  912 _clater_, shatter.
  915 _kynned_, kindled.
  916 _že brath of his breth_, the fierceness of his wrath.
  918 _foo-schip_, enmity.
  921 _walle_ = _wale_, choose; _wonnyng_, dwelling, abode.
  927 _vtter_, without.
  928 _wore_ = _ware_ = were. Cf. _thore_ = _thare_ = there.
  931 _agayn-tote_, looking back; _tote_ (toot) occurs frequently with
      the sense of "to peep," "look," in Early English.

P. 64.

  l. 944 _Loke [gh]e bowe now bi bot_, Look ye go now by (according to)
      command.
  947 _greme_, wrath.
  948 _wakan_, arouse, stir up.
  950 _flytande_, chiding, murmuring.
  955 _smachande_, savouring, smelling.
  964 _riftes_, fissures.
  965 _cloutes_, pieces.
  969 _Rydelles_ = _redeless_ = without counsel, helpless; _rowtes_,
      companies.
  971
    _Such a [gh]omerly [gh]arm of [gh]ellyng žer rysed_,
    Such a mournful (pitiful) outcry of yelling there rose.

P. 65.

  l. 976 _Trynande ay a hy[gh]e trot_, going ever (at) a great pace.
  987 _loue[gh]_, not _loaves_, but = the provincial _looves_ = hands.
  989 _dampped_ = _dumped_, beaten down.
  991 _malscrande mere_, accursed lake.
  992 _on a lawe_, on a hill.
  1000 _& alle lyste on hir lik_ (i.e. _lick_) _žat arn on launde
      bestes._
    "Als so sco loked hir behind,
    A stan sco standes bi žat way
    And sua sal do to domesday;
    In a salt stan men seis hir stand
    Žat best likes o žat land;
    Žat anes o že wok day,
    Žan is sco liked al away
    And žan žai find hir on že morn,
    Hale als sco was ar beforn."
      (Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 17b.)
  1002 _niye_, anguish.

P. 66.

  l. 1009 _a rožun of a reche_, a rush of smoke, a mass of vapour;
      _blake_, the black (pit).
  1011 _flot_, fat, grease.
  1016 _drouy_, turbid, from _droue_, to trouble.
  1024 _coste[gh] of kynde_ = natural properties.
  1030 _božem brožely_, filthy pit.
  1031 _losyng_, perdition.
  1033 _cooste[gh]_ = properties.
  1035 _alkaran_, Mandeville employs the term _alkatran_;
      _angré_ = poisonous or grievous, or _augre_ = _aigre_, sharp.
  1036 _saundyuer_ = _sandiver_, glass-gall.
  1037 _waxlokes_, waves.
  1038 _spuniande_, cleaving, sticky.
  1039 _se halues_, sea coasts.
  1041 _terne_ = _tarne_, lake.
  1044 _apple garnade_ = pomegranate.

P. 67.

  l. 1072 _kynned_, conceived.
  1076 _a schepon_ = a stable.

P. 68.

  l. 1079 _reflayr_, smell, odour; _rote_, decay.
  1082 _že reken fyžel_, the merry fiddle.
  1094 _lomerande blynde_, the hesitating (slow, creeping), blind.
      The primitive meaning of _lomerande_ seems to be that of _slow_,
      sluggish.
  1108 _ty[gh]t_, endeavour.

P. 69.

  l. 1113 _fenny_, dirty, filthy, and hence sinful.
  1118 _to dele_, to exchange.
  1123 For "_& wax euer_," etc., the sense seems to require that we
      should read "_& wax ho euer_," etc.
  1124 _in pyese_ = whole.
  1126 _blyndes of ble_, becomes dull of hue, loses its colour.
  1127 _No-bot_, only.
  1141 _lastes_, vices.
  1142 _žewes_ = _žeues_ (?), thieves, or _unžewes_, vices (?)

P. 70.

  l. 1153 _ty[gh]t me a tom_ = give me an opportunity; _tom_ has the
      sense of _leisure_ and not of _time_.
  1167 _fylsened_, helped, aided.
  1172 _lat_, late, slow.
  1178 _žorpes_, cities.

P. 71.

  l. 1186 _skete skarmoch_, _skelt_, brisk skirmish, hastened (came on
      quickly).
  1190 _brutage_ = _bretage_, parapets of a wall.
  1202 _blench_, stratagem.
  1205 _at-wappe_, escape.
  1206 _skelt_, spread.
  1208 _ružed_, roused.
  1209 _hard hattes_, (?) hats made of tow; _herd_, _hard_ (_harden_,
      _hards_), in O. English signify cloth made of tow.

P. 72.

  l. 1219 _faynest_, gladdest.
  1224 _dre[gh]e žer his wyrdes_, endure there his destiny.
  1246 _to že bronde_, to the sword.

P. 73.

  l. 1254 _on capeles_, on horses.
  1255 _fole wombes_, bellies of foals.
  1259 _to cayre at že kart & že kuy mylke_, to drag at the cart and
      milk the cows.
  1265 _plat of_, strike off.
  1284 _hamppred_ = _hampered_, packed up for removal.

P. 74.

  l. 1290 _hy[gh]tled_, ornamented.
  1303 _modey_ = _moody_, proud.
  1313 _sesed_, took possession of.

P. 75.

  l. 1327 _bi-cnv_ = _bicneu_, acknowledged.
  1330 _heldes_, descends.
  1332 _grauen_, buried.
  1334 _stalled in his stud_, placed in his stead (position).
  1342 _tre_, wood; _telded_, raised.
  1344 _gered_, covered, decked.
  1346 _reden_, advise.
  1354 _notyng_, devising, contriving; _gettes_, devices.

P. 76.

  l. 1358 _avayment_, exhibition.
  1361 _banne_, proclamation.
  1362 _callyng_, decree.
  1366 _vche a kythyn kyng_, every king of countries.
  1375 _ludisch lordes_, lords of nations.
  1379 _plek_, spot (plot of ground).

P. 77.

  l. 1396
    _Stepe stayred_ [_že_] _stones of his stoute throne_,
    Bright shone the stones of his firm throne.
  1397 _hiled_ = covered.
  1398 _bounet_, went about.
  1402 _strake steuen_ = struck up sound.
  1403 _wrasten krakkes_, sounds (notes) are raised.
  1410 _foles_, fowls, birds. _flakerande_, flickering, fluttering.
  1412 _on blonkken bak_, on the back of horses. In lines 1407-1412 we
      have evidently an allusion to the "table subtilties" of the
      fourteenth century.
  1420 _we[gh]ed_, served.
  1425 _dotage_, folly.

P. 78.

  l. 1435 _schin_, shall.
  1446 _besten blod_, blood of beasts; _busily_, laboriously.
  1462 _fylyoles_, round towers.

P. 79.

  l. 1472 Penitotes. So in MS., but read _Peritotes_.
  1478 _cost_, contrivance.
  1495 _iaueles_ = worthless wretches, used by Hall and Spenser.

P. 80.

  l. 1501 _wlates_, is disgusted.
  1504 _wayned_, granted.
  1505 _glotoun_, a general term of reproach.
  1507 _vus_ = _use_, drink.
  1510 _kyppe_, take, seize, catch up.
  1511 _birlen_, pour out.
  1517 _dotel_, fool.
  1520 as each one was disposed so tossed he off the cup.

P. 81.

  l. 1537 _neue_, fist.
  1542 _lers_, features, but (?) _fers_, fears.
  1543 _as a rad ryth_, as a frightened hound (literally mastiff).
  1545 _runisch saue[gh]_, strange words.
  1554 _skelten_, hasten.
  1557 _žo dra[gh]tes_, the characters.
  1559 _ede_ = went, but _bede_, bade, commanded.
  1560 _warla[gh]es_, wizards.
  1566 _malt_, to soothe.
  1568 _gered_, clothed.

P. 82.

  l. 1585 _he wed wel ner_, he became nearly mad.
  1603 _in stoundes_, at times.

P. 83.

  l. 1606 _spured_, asked, enquired of.
  1634 _tede_ = _tene_, ten (?)
  1637 _apyke_, adorn, clothe.

P. 84.

  l. 1650 _lo[gh]ed_, made low.
  1654 _pouer_, power.
  1674 _wasterne_, wilderness; _dowelle_, dwelle.
  1675 _braken_, fern.

P. 85.

  l. 1678 _soly_, seat.
  1684 _ay_ (?) = hay.
  1686 _ouer-seyed_, passed over.
  1690 _wykes_, members.
  1692 _clyde_, plaister (?).
  1694 _bresed_, rough, bristly; Sir F. Madden interprets it _broken_.
  1695 _campe hores_, shaggy hairs.
  1697 _glede_, kite.
  1701 _wayned_, recovered.
  1707 _ha[gh]erly_, properly.

P. 86.

  l. 1713 _auyled_, defiled.
  1716 _wale wyne_, choice wine; _in waryed stoundes_, in accursed
      moments.

P. 87.

  l. 1755 _da[gh]ed_, dawned.
  1759 _blykned_ = _blaykned_, became dark, blackened.
  1760 _Mourkenes_, becomes murky.
  1761 _lyst_, path.
  1768 _layted_, sought.
  1773 _ledes of armes_, men of arms.
  1775 _žester_, darkness.

P. 88.

  l. 1785 _slyppe_, escape.
  1786 _honde-whyle_, a moment.
  1788 _blende_, mingled.
  1792 _now is a dogge also dere_, now is as valuable as a dog.
  1808 _telled_ = raised (?) _telles_ = raises.
  1811 _gere_, clothing.




  Errata (noted by transcriber)

  Line 91 text: w{i}t{h} marchal
  Note to line 91: že marchal
    [_Each line printed as shown_]

Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final "e"-- between
the main text and endnotes were left as printed.

  [Sidenote 9] _fowle_ (?).  [_fowle_ (?),]
  [65 Sidenote] ... "pull in the plough."  [plough,"]
  [263 Sidenote] No law was laid upon them.]  [them,]
  [320 Sidenote] ... door in the side, together with ...
    [side. together]
  [349 Sidenote] ... to destroy all flesh.  [flesh,]
  [577 Sidenote] [Fol. 65a.]  [Fol. 65.]
  [614 Sidenote] ... wash their feet, and bring ...  [feet. and]
  [667] Že{n}ne swenged forth saré & swer by hir trawže,
    [swer hy hir _but 1864 edition has "by"_]
  [721 Sidenote] [Fol. 67a.]  [Fol, 67a]
  [937 Sidenote] [Fol. 70a.]  [Fol. 70a,]
  [937 Sidenote] ... "preach to them the peril" of delay.
    ["preach to them the peril" of delay."]
  [1674] & in wast{er}ne walk
    [wast{ur}ne _corrected from Notes and 1864 edition_]
  [1737 Sidenote] ... divided, and given ...  [divided. and]

  ORPHANED QUOTATION MARKS
  [211] "I schal telde vp my trone i{n} že tra mou{n}tayne
  [682] "How my[gh]t I hyde myn hert fro habraham že trwe,
  [899] "Wyth žy wyf & žy wy[gh]e[gh] & žy wlone de[gh]tters,
  [1642] "Ryche ky{n}g of žis rengne rede že oure lorde,

  NOTES
  365  [364]
  414 kythe[gh] vncouže  [kythe[gh], vncouže]
  449 ... _wern_ = _were_ (?).
    [_second note numbered 448 and printed on previous line_]
  461 _smach_ smack, scent  [_definition printed in italics_]
  501 ... (see B. l. 857).  [_Printed as shown, with superfluous "B."_]
  654 _sothly_ = truly (? _sotly_, foolishly or _softly_).
    [_Note is numbered 655 and printed after longer note for 655. The
    word "sothely" also occurs in 657, but the text note ("sotly...")
    refers to 654._]
  1358 _avayment_, exhibition.  [_body text has two words "a vayment"_]
  1696  [1697]
  1792 _Now is a dogge also dere_  [_body text has two words "al so"_]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


PATIENCE.


  [Headnotes:
  PATIENCE IS TO BE COMMENDED.
  JONAH IS SENT TO NINEVEH.
  HE SAILS FOR TARSHISH.
  HE IS OVERTAKEN BY A TEMPEST.
  JONAH IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH, AND IS CAST OVERBOARD.
  A WILD WHALE SWALLOWS JONAH.
  THE WHALE WANDERS ABOUT.
  JONAH PRAYS FOR HIS DELIVERANCE.
  THE WHALE VOMITS UP JONAH.
  THE PROPHET PREACHES AGAINST NINEVEH.
  GOD'S MERCY DISPLEASES JONAH.
  JONAH IS SHELTERED BY A WOODBINE.
  HE LAMENTS ITS DESTRUCTION.
  GOD JUSTIFIES HIS MERCY AND FORBEARANCE.]


[Headnote: PATIENCE IS TO BE COMMENDED.]

I.

    [Sidenote: [Fol. 83a.]]
    [Sidenote: Patience is often displeasing, but it assuages heavy
    hearts, and quenches malice.]
  Pacience is a poynt, ža[gh] hit displese ofte,
  When heuy herttes ben hurt wyth hežy{n}g ož{er} elles,
  Suffrau{n}ce may aswage{n}[1] hem & že swelme leže,
  For ho quelles vche a qued, & quenches malyce;                       4
  For quo-so suffer cowže syt, sele wolde fol[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: Happiness follows sorrow.]
  & quo for žro may no[gh]t žole, že žikker he sufferes;
    [Sidenote: It is better to suffer than to be angry.]
  Že{n} is bett{er} to abyde že bur vmbe-stou{n}des,
  Žen ay žrow forth my žro, ža[gh] me žynk ylle.                       8
  I herde on a halyday at a hy[gh]e masse,
    [Sidenote: Matthew tells us of the promises made by Christ:
    Blessed are the poor, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.]
  How mathew melede, žat his mayst{er} his meyny con teche,
  A[gh]t happes he hem hy[gh]t & vche on a mede,
  Su{n}derlupes for hit dissert vpon a ser wyse:                      12
  Thay arn happen žat han i{n} hert pouerté,
  For hores is že heuen-ryche to holde for eu{er};
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the meek, for they shall "wield the
    world."]
  Žay ar happen also žat hau{n}te mekenesse,
  For žay schal welde žis worlde & alle her wylle haue;               16
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the mourners, for they shall be comforted.]
  Thay ar happen also žat for her harme wepes,
  For žay schal comfort encroche i{n} kythes ful mony;
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the hungry, for they shall be filled.]
  Žay ar happen also žat hungeres aft{er} ry[gh]t,
  For žay schal frely be refete ful of alle gode;                     20
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be their
    reward.]
  Thay ar happen also žat han i{n} hert rauže,
  For mercy i{n} alle man{er}es her mede schal worže;
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see
    the Saviour.]
  Žay ar happen also žat arn of hert clene,
  For žay her sauyo{ur} in sete schal se w{i}t{h} her y[gh]en;        24
    [Sidenote: Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be
    called God's sons.]
  Thay ar happen also žat halden her pese,
  For žay že g{ra}cio{us} godes su{n}es schal godly be called;
    [Sidenote: Blessed are they that live aright, for theirs is the
    kingdom of heaven.]
  Žay ar happen also žat con her hert stere,
  For hores is že heuen-ryche, as I er sayde.                         28
    [Sidenote: These blessings are promised to those who follow
    poverty, pity, penance, meekness, mercy, chastity, peace and
    patience.]
  These arn že happes alle a[gh]t žat v{us} bihy[gh]t weren,
  If we žyse ladyes wolde lof i{n} lykny{n}g of žewes;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 83b.]]
  Dame pouert, Dame pitee, Dame penau{n}ce že žrydde,
  Dame Mekenesse, Dame mercy & Miry cla{n}nesse,                      32
  & že{n}ne Dame pes & pacyence put i{n} ž{er}-aft{er}.
  He were happen žat hade one, alle were že bett{er},
  Bot syn[2] I am put to a poy{n}t žat pou{er}te hatte,
    [Sidenote: Poverty and patience are to be treated together.]
  I schal me poruay pacyence, & play me w{i}t{h} bože;                36
  For in že tyxte, žere žyse two arn i{n} teme layde,
    [Sidenote: They are "fettled in one form," and have one meed.]
  Hit arn fettled in on forme, že forme & že laste,
  & by quest of her quoyntyse enquylen on mede,
  & als i{n} myn vpynyou{n} hit arn of on kynde;                      40
    [Sidenote: Poverty will dwell where she lists, and man must
    needs suffer.]
  For žer as pouert hir proferes ho nyl be put vtt{er},
  Bot lenge where-so-eu{er} hir lyst, lyke ož{er} greme,
  & žere as pouert enpresses, ža[gh] mon pyne žynk,
  Much maugre his mun,[3] he mot nede suffer,                         44
    [Sidenote: Poverty and patience are play-fellows.]
  Thus pou{er}te & pacyence arn nedes play-feres.
  Syžen I am sette w{i}t{h} he{m} samen, suffer me by-houes,
  Že{n}ne is me ly[gh]tloker hit lyke & her lotes prayse,
  Že{n}ne wyž{er} wyth & be wroth & že wers haue.                     48
    [Sidenote: What avails impatience, if God send affliction?]
  [Gh]if me be dy[gh]t a destyné due to haue,
  What dowes me že dedayn, ož{er} dispit make?
  Ož{er} [gh]if my lege lorde lyst on lyue me to bidde,
  Ož{er} to ryde, ož{er} to re{n}ne, to rome i{n} his ernde,          52
  What grayžed me že grychchy{n}g bot grame more seche?
  Much [gh]if he me ne made, maugref my chekes,
    [Sidenote: Patience is best.]
  & že{n}ne žrat moste I žole, & vnžonk to mede,
  Že[t] had bowed to his bode, bongre my hyure.                       56
    [Sidenote: Did not Jonah incur danger by his folly?]
  Did not Ionas i{n} Iude suche Iape su{m}-whyle,
  To sette hy{m} to sewrte, vnsou{n}de he hy{m} feches?
  Wyl [gh]e tary a lyttel tyme[4] & tent me a whyle,
  I schal wysse yow žer-wyth as holy wryt telles.                     60

    [Sidenote 1: MS. _aswagend_.]
    [Sidenote 2: MS. _fyn_.]
    [Sidenote 3: _mon_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 4: MS. _tyne_.]


[Headnote: JONAH IS SENT TO NINEVEH.]

II.

    [Sidenote: Jonah was a prophet of the gentiles.]
  Hit bi-tydde su{m}-tyme i{n} že termes of Iude,
  Ionas ioyned wat[gh] ž{er}-i{n}ne ientyle p{ro}phete;
    [Sidenote: God's word came to him, saying, "Rise quickly, take
    the way to Nineveh.]
  Goddes glam to hy{m} glod, žat hy{m} vnglad made,
  W{i}t{h} a roghlych rurd rowned i{n} his ere;                       64
  "Rys radly," he says, "& rayke forth euen,
  Nym že way to nynyue, wyth-outen ož{er} speche,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 84a.]]
  & in žat cete my sa[gh]es sogh{e} alle aboute,
    [Sidenote: Say that which I shall put in thine heart.]
  Žat, i{n} žat place at že poy{n}t, I put i{n} ži hert;              68
  For Iwysse hit arn so wykke žat i{n} žat won dowelle[gh],
    [Sidenote: Wickedness dwells in that city.]
  & her malys is so much I may not abide,
  Bot venge me on her vilanye & venym bilyue;
    [Sidenote: Go swiftly and carry my message."]
  Now swe[gh]e me žider swyftly & say me žis arende."                 72
  When žat steuen wat[gh] stynt, žat stowned his my{n}de,
    [Sidenote: Jonah is full of wrath.]
  Al he wrathed i{n} his wyt & wyž{er}ly he žo[gh]t,
  If I bowe to his bode & bry{n}g he{m} žis tale,
    [Sidenote: He is afraid that the shrews will put him in the
    stocks, or put out his eyes.]
  & I be Nu{m}men in Nuniue, my nyes begy{n}es;                       76
  He telles me žose trayto{ur}es arn typped schrewes,
  I com wyth žose tyžy{n}ges, žay ta me bylyue,
  Pyne[gh] me i{n} a prysou{n}, put me i{n} stokkes,
  Wryže me i{n} a warlok, wrast out myn y[gh]en.                      80
  Žis is a m{er}uayl message a man for to preche,
  Amonge enmyes so mony & mansed fendes;
    [Sidenote: He thinks that God desires his death.]
  Bot if my gaynlych god such gref to me wolde,
  For[5] desert of su{m} sake žat I slayn were,                       84

[Headnote: HE SAILS FOR TARSHISH.]

    [Sidenote: He determines not to go near the city, but fly to
    Tarshish.]
  At alle peryles, q{uod} že p{ro}phete, I aproche hit no nerre,
  I wyl me su{m} ož{er} waye, žat he ne wayte aft{er};
  I schal tee i{n}-to tarce, & tary žere a whyle,
  & ly[gh]tly, when I am lest, he letes me alone.                     88
    [Sidenote: Grumbling, he goes to port Joppa.]
  Že{n}ne he ryses radly, & raykes bilyue
  Ionas toward port Iaph, ay Ianglande for tene,
  Žat he nolde žole, for no-žy{n}g, non of žose pynes,
    [Sidenote: He says that God will not be able to protect him.]
  Ža[gh] že fader žat hy{m} formed were fale of his hele.             92
  "Oure syre syttes," he says, "on sege so hy[gh]e
  I{n} his g[l]wande glorye, & glou{m}bes ful lyttel,
  Ža[gh] I be nu{m}men i{n} nuniue & naked dispoyled,
  On rode rwly to-rent, w{i}t{h} rybaudes mony."                      96
    [Sidenote: Jonah reaches the port, finds a ship ready to sail.]
  Ž{us} he passes to žat port, his passage to seche,
  Fyndes he a fayr schyp to že fare redy;
  Maches hy{m} w{i}t{h} že maryneres, makes her paye,
  For to towe hy{m} i{n}-to tarce, as tyd as žay my[gh]t.            100
    [Sidenote: The seamen catch up the cross-sail, fasten the cables,
    weigh their anchors, and spread sail.]
  Then he tron on žo tres & žay her tra{m}me ruchen,
  Cachen vp že crossayl, cables žay fasten,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 84b.]]
  Wi[gh]t at že wyndlas we[gh]en her ankres,
  Sprude spak to že sprete že spare bawe-lyne,                       104
  Gederen to že gyde ropes, že grete clož falles;
  Žay layden i{n} on ladde-borde & že lofe wy{n}nes.
    [Sidenote: A gentle wind wafts the ship along.]
  Že blyže breže at her bak že bosum he fyndes,
  He swenges me žys swete schip swefte fro že hauen.                 108
    [Sidenote: Was never a Jew so joyful as was Jonah then.]
  Wat[gh] neu{er} so Ioyful a Iue, as Ionas wat[gh] že{n}ne,
  Žat že daunger of dry[gh]tyn so derfly ascaped;
  He wende wel žat žat wy[gh] ž{a}t al že world planted,
  Hade no ma[gh]t i{n} žat mere no man forto greue.                  112
    [Sidenote: He has, however, put himself in peril, in fleeing
    from God.]
  Lo! že wytles wrechche, for he wolde no[gh]t suffer,
  Now hat[gh] he put hy{m} i{n} plyt of p{er}il wel more;
  Hit wat[gh] a weny{n}g vn-war žat welt i{n} his mynde,
  Ža[gh] he were so[gh]t fro samarye žat god se[gh] no fyrre,        116
  [Gh]ise he blusched ful brode, žat burde hy{m} by sure,
    [Sidenote: The words of David.]
  Žat ofte kyd hy{m} že carpe žat ky{n}g sayde,
  Dy{n}gne dauid on des, žat demed žis speche,
  I{n} a psalme žat he set že saut{er} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne;              120
  O Fole[gh] i{n} folk fele[gh] ož{er} whyle,
    [Sidenote: Does He not hear, who made all ears?]
  & vnderstondes vmbe-stou{n}de, ža[gh] he be stape fole,
  Hope [gh]e žat he heres not žat eres alle made?
    [Sidenote: He is not blind that formed each eye.]
  Hit may not be žat he is blynde ž{a}t bigged vche y[gh]e.          124
    [Sidenote: Jonah is now in no dread.]
  Bot he dredes no dynt žat dotes for elde,
  For he wat[gh] fer i{n} že flod fou{n}dande to tarce;
    [Sidenote: He is, however, soon overtaken.]
  Bot, I trow, ful tyd, ou{er}-tan žat he were,
  So žat schomely to schort he schote of his ame.                    128
    [Sidenote: The wielder of all things has devices at will.]
  For že welder of wyt, žat wot alle žy{n}ges,
  Žat ay wakes & waytes, at wylle hat[gh] he sly[gh]tes;
  He calde on žat ilk crafte he carf w{i}t{h} his hondes,
  Žay wakened wel že wroželoker, for wrožely he cleped:              132

[Headnote: HE IS OVERTAKEN BY A TEMPEST.]

    [Sidenote: He commands Eurus and Aquilo to blow.]
  "Ewr{us} & aq{u}ilou{n}, žat on est sittes,
  Blowes bože at my bode vpon blo watt{er}es."
    [Sidenote: The winds blow obedient to His word.]
  Že{n}ne wat[gh] no tom žer bytwene his tale & her dede,
  So bayn wer žay bože two, his bone for to wyrk.                    136
    [Sidenote: Out of the north-east the noise begins.]
  An-on out of že norž est že noys bigynes,
  When bože brežes con blowe vpon blo watteres;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 85a.]]
  Ro[gh] rakkes žer ros w{i}t{h} rudny{n}g an-vnder,
    [Sidenote: Storms arose, winds wrestled together, the waves
    rolled high, and never rested.]
  Že see sou[gh]ed ful sore, gret selly to here;                     140
  Že wyndes on že wo{n}ne wat{er} so wrastel to-geder,
  Žat že wawes ful wode walt{er}ed so hi[gh]e,
  & efte busched to že abyme žat breed fysches;
  Durst nowhere for ro[gh] arest at že bothem.                       144
  When že breth & že brok & že bote metten,
    [Sidenote: Then was Jonah joyless.]
  Hit wat[gh] a ioyles gyn žat Ionas wat[gh] i{n}ne,
    [Sidenote: The boat reeled around.]
  For hit reled on rou{n}[d] vpon že ro[gh]e yžes.
    [Sidenote: The gear became out of order.]
  Že bur ber to hit baft žat braste alle her gere,                   148
  Žen hurled on a hepe že helme & že sterne,
    [Sidenote: Ropes and mast were broken.]
  Furst to murte mony rop & že mast aft{er}.
  Že sayl sweyed on že see, že{n}ne suppe bihoued
    [Sidenote: A loud cry is raised, Many a lad labours to lighten
    the ship.]
  Že coge of že colde[6] wat{er}, & že{n}ne že cry ryses;            152
  [Gh]et coruen žay že cordes & kest al ž{er}-oute.
  Mony ladde žer forth-lep to laue & to kest,
  Scopen out že scažel wat{er}, žat fayn scape wolde;
  For be mo{n}nes lode[7] neu{er} so luž{er}, že lyf is ay swete.    156
    [Sidenote: They throw overboard their bags and feather beds.]
  Žer wat[gh] busy ou{er}-borde bal{e} to kest
  Her bagges, & her fež{er} beddes, & her bry[gh]t wedes,
  Her kysttes, & her coferes, her caraldes alle,
  & al to ly[gh]ten žat lome, [gh]if leže wolde schape;              160
    [Sidenote: But still the wind rages, and the waves become wilder.]
  Bot eu{er} wat[gh] ilyche loud že lot of že wy{n}des,
  & eu{er} wrož{er} že wat{er}, & wodder že stremes.
  Že{n} žo wery for-wro[gh]t wyst no bote,
    [Sidenote: Each man calls upon his god.]
  Bot vchon glewed on his god žat gayned hy{m} beste;                164
    [Sidenote: Some called upon Vernagu, Diana, and Neptune, to the
    sun and to the moon.]
  Summe to vernagu ž{er} vouched a-vowes solemne,
  Summe to diana deuout, & derf nepturne,
  To mahou{n} & to mergot, že mone & že su{n}ne,
  & vche lede as he loued & layde had his hert.                      168
    [Sidenote: Then said one of the sailors: "Some lawless wretch,
    that has grieved his God, is in the ship.]
  Že{n}ne bispeke že spakest dispayred wel nere:
  I leue here be su{m} losynger, su{m} lawles wrech,
  Žat hat[gh] greued his god & got[gh] here amonge v{us};
  Lo al synkes i{n} his sy{n}ne & for his sake marres!               172
    [Sidenote: I advise that we lay lots upon each man.]
  I lovne žat we lay lotes on ledes vchone,
  & who-so ly{m}pes že losse, lay hy{m} ž{er}-oute;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 85b.]]
    [Sidenote: When the guilty is gone the tempest may cease."]
  & quen že gulty is gon what may gome trawe,
  Bot he žat rules že rak may rwe on žose ož{er}?                    176
    [Sidenote: This is agreed to.]
  Žis wat[gh] sette i{n} asent, & sembled žay were,
    [Sidenote: All are assembled, from all corners of the ship, save
    Jonah the Jew, who had fled into the bottom of the boat.]
  Her[gh]ed out of vche hyrne to hent žat falles.
  A lodes-mon ly[gh]tly lep vnder hachches,
  For to layte mo ledes & hem to lote bry{n}g,                       180
  Bot hy{m} fayled no freke žat he fynde my[gh]t,
  Saf Ionas že Iwe žat Iowked i{n} derne.
  He wat[gh] flowen for ferde of že flode lotes
  I{n}-to že božem of že bot, & on a brede lyggede,                  184
  On helde by že hurrok, for že heuen wrache,
    [Sidenote: There he falls asleep.]
  Slypped vpon a slou{m}be, selepe, & sloberande he routes.
    [Sidenote: Soon he is aroused, and brought on board.]
  Že freke hy{m} fru{n}t w{i}t{h} his fot & bede hy{m} ferk vp,
  Žer ragnel i{n} his rakentes hy{m} rere of his dremes;             188
  Bi že haspede he hentes hy{m} že{n}ne,
  & bro[gh]t hy{m} vp by že brest & vpon borde sette,
    [Sidenote: Full roughly is he questioned.]
  Arayned hy{m} ful runyschly what raysou{n} he hade
  I{n} such sla[gh]tes of sor[gh]e to slepe so faste;                192
  Sone haf žay her sortes sette & serelych deled,

[Headnote: JONAH IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH, AND IS CAST OVERBOARD.]

    [Sidenote: The lot falls upon Jonah.]
  & ay že[8] lote, vpon laste, lymped on Ionas.
    [Sidenote: Then quickly they said: "What the devil hast thou
    done, doted wretch?]
  Že{n}ne ascryed žay hy{m} sckete, & asked ful loude,
  "What že deuel hat[gh] ž{o}u don, doted wrech?                     196
    [Sidenote: What seekest thou on the sea?]
  What seches ž{o}u on see, sy{n}ful schrewe,
  W{i}t{h} žy lastes so luž{er} to lose v{us} vchone?
    [Sidenote: Hast thou no God to call upon?]
  Hat[gh] ž{o}u, gome, no gou{er}no{ur} ne god on to calle,
  Žat ž{o}u ž{us} slydes on slepe when ž{o}u slayn woržes?           200
    [Sidenote: Of what land art thou?]
  Of what londe art ž{o}u lent, what laytes ž{o}u here
  Whyder i{n} worlde žat ž{o}u wylt, & what is žyn arnde?
    [Sidenote: Thou art doomed for thy ill deeds."]
  Lo žy dom is že dy[gh]t, for žy dedes ille!
  Do gyf glory to žy godde, er ž{o}u glyde hens."                    204
    [Sidenote: Jonah says: "I am a Hebrew, a worshipper of the
    world's Creator.]
  "I am an Ebru," q{uod} he, "of Israyl borne;
  Žat wy[gh]e I worchyp, Iwysse, žat wro[gh]t alle žy{n}ges,
  Alle že worlde w{i}t{h} že welkyn, že wynde & že sternes,
  & alle žat wone[gh] žer w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne, at a worde one.           208
    [Sidenote: All this mischief is caused by me, therefore cast me
    overboard."]
  Alle žis meschef for me is made at žys tyme,
  For I haf greued my god & gulty am fou{n}den;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 86a.]]
  For-žy bere[gh] me to že borde, & bažežes[9] me ž{er}-oute,
  Er gete [gh]e no happe, I hope forsože."                           212
  He ossed hy{m}[10] by vnny{n}ges žat žay vnder-nomen,
    [Sidenote: He proves to them that he was guilty.]
  Žat he wat[gh] flawen fro že face of frelych dry[gh]tyn;
    [Sidenote: The mariners are exceedingly frightened.]
  Že{n}ne such a ferde on hem fel & flayed he{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne,
  Žat žay ruyt hy{m} to rowwe & letten že ry{n}k one.                216
    [Sidenote: They try to make way with their oars, but their
    endeavours are useless.]
  Haželes hy[gh]ed i{n} haste w{i}t{h} ores ful longe,
  Sy{n} her sayl wat[gh] hem aslypped on syde[gh] to rowe;
  Hef & hale vpon hy[gh]t to helpen hym seluen,
  Bot al wat[gh] nedles note, žat nolde not bityde:                  220
  In bluber of že blo flod bursten her ores,
    [Sidenote: Jonah must be doomed to death.]
  Že{n}ne hade žay no[gh]t i{n} her honde žat hem help my[gh]t;
  Že{n}ne nas no cou{m}fort to keu{er}, ne cou{n}sel non ožer,
  Bot ionas i{n}-to his Iuis Iugge bylyue.                           224
    [Sidenote: They pray to God, that they may not shed innocent
    blood.]
  Fyrst žay prayen to že prynce ž{a}t p{ro}phetes seruen,
  Žat he gef hem že g{ra}ce to greuen hy{m} neu{er},
  Žat žay i{n} balele[gh] blod žer blenden her hande[gh],
  Ža[gh] žat hažel wer his, ž{a}t žay here quelled.                  228
    [Sidenote: Jonah is cast overboard.]
  Tyd by top & bi to žay token hy{m} sy{n}ne,
  I{n}-to žat lodlych lo[gh]e žay luche hy{m} sone;
    [Sidenote: The tempest ceases and the sea settles.]
  He wat[gh] no tytter out-tulde[11] žat tempest ne sessed,
  Že se sa[gh]tled ž{er}-w{i}t{h}, as sone as ho mo[gh]t.            232
  Že{n}ne ža[gh] her takel were torne, ž{a}t tot{er}ed on yže[gh],
    [Sidenote: The stiff streams drive the ship about.]
  Styffe stremes & stre[gh]t hem strayned a whyle,
  Žat drof hem dry[gh]lych adou{n} že depe to serue,[12]
    [Sidenote: At last they reach a bank.]
  Tyl a swetter ful swyže he{m} swe[gh]ed to bonk.                   236
    [Sidenote: The seamen thank God, and perform solemn vows.]
  Žer wat[gh] louy{n}g on lofte, when žay že londe wo{n}nen,
  To oure mercyable god, on moyses wyse,
  W{i}t{h} sacrafyse vp-set, & solempne vowes,
  & grau{n}ted hy{m} vn-to be god & graythly non ož{er};             240
    [Sidenote: Jonah is in great dread.]
  Ža[gh] žay be Iolef for Ioye, Ionas [gh]et dredes,
  Ža[gh] he nolde suffer no sore, his seele is on ant{er};
  For what-so woržed of žat wy[gh]e, fro he i{n} wat{er} dipped,
  Hit were a wonder to wene, [gh]if holy wryt nere.                  244

    [Sidenote 5: MS. _fof_.]
    [Sidenote 6: MS. _clolde_.]
    [Sidenote 7: _lote_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 8: MS. _že že_.]
    [Sidenote 9: _bažes_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 10: _hem_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 11: _out-tulte_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 12: _sterue_ (?).]


[Headnote: A WILD WHALE SWALLOWS JONAH.]

III.

    [Sidenote: Jonah is shoved from the ship.]
  Now is ionas že Iwe Iugged to[13] drowne;
  Of žat schended schyp men schowued hy{m} sone.
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 86b.]]
    [Sidenote: A wild whale swims by the boat.]
  A wylde walt{er}ande whal, as wyrde že{n} schaped,
  Žat wat[gh] beten fro že abyme, bi žat bot flotte,                 248
  & wat[gh] war of žat wy[gh]e žat že wat{er} so[gh]te,
    [Sidenote: He opens his swallow, and seizes the prophet.]
  & swyftely swenged hy{m} to swepe & his swol[gh] opened;
  Že folk [gh]et haldande his fete že fysch hy{m} tyd hentes,
  W{i}t{h}-outen towche of any tothe he tult i{n} his žrote.         252
  The{n}ne he swenge[gh] & swayues[14] to že se božem,
  Bi mony rokke[gh] ful ro[gh]e & rydelande strondes,
  Wyth že mo{n} i{n} his mawe, malskred i{n} drede.
    [Sidenote: It is not to be wondered at that Jonah suffered woe.]
  As lyttel wonder hit wat[gh] [gh]if he wo dre[gh]ed,               256
  For nade že hy[gh]e heuen ky{n}g, žur[gh] his honde my[gh]t,
  Warded žis wrech man i{n} warlowes gutte[gh],
  What lede mo[gh]t lyue bi lawe of any kynde,
  Žat any lyf my[gh]t be lent so longe hy{m} w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne?        260
  Bot he wat[gh] sokored by žat syre žat syttes so hi[gh]e,
    [Sidenote: The prophet is without hope.]
  Ža[gh] were waule[gh][15] of wele, i{n} wombe of žat fissche,
  & also dryuen žur[gh] že depe, & in derk walt{er}e[gh].
    [Sidenote: Cold was his comfort.]
  Lorde! colde wat[gh] his cu{m}fort & his care huge,                264
  For he knew vche a cace & kark žat hy{m} lymped;
  How fro že bot i{n}-to že blober wat[gh] w{i}t{h} a best lachched,
  & žrwe[16] i{n} at hit žrote, w{i}t{h}-outen žret more,
    [Sidenote: Jonah was only a mote in the whale's jaws.]
  As mote i{n} at a mu{n}ster dor, so mukel wern his chawle[gh],     268
    [Sidenote: He entered in by the gills, and by means of one of
    the intestines of the fish, came into a space as large as a
    hall.]
  He glydes i{n} by že giles, žur[gh] glaymande glette,
  Relande i{n} by a rop, a rode žat hy{m} žo[gh]t,
  Ay hele ou{er} hed, ho{ur}lande aboute,
  Til he blu{n}t i{n} a blok as brod as a halle;                     272
    [Sidenote: The prophet fixes his feet firmly in the belly of the
    whale.]
  & žer he festnes že fete & fathme[gh] aboute,
  & stod vp i{n} his stomak, žat stank as že deuel;
  Ž{er} in saym & i{n} sor[gh]e žat sauo{ur}ed as helle,
  Ž{er} wat[gh] bylded his bour, žat wyl no bale suffer;             276
  & že{n}ne he lurkkes & laytes where wat[gh] le best,
    [Sidenote: He searches into every nook of its navel.]
  In vche a nok of his nauel, bot nowhere he fynde[gh]
  No rest ne recou{er}er, bot ramelande myre,
  In wych gut so eu{er} he got[gh]; bot eu{er} is god swete;         280
    [Sidenote: The prophet calls upon God.]
  & žer he lenged at že last & to že lede called.
  "Now prynce, of žy p{ro}phete pité ž{o}u haue!
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 87a.]]
  Ža[gh] I be fol, & fykel, & falce of my hert,
    [Sidenote: He cries for mercy.]
  De-woyde now žy vengau{n}ce, žur[gh] v{er}tu of rauthe;            284
  Tha[gh] I be gulty of gyle as gaule of p{ro}phet{es},
  Ž{o}u art god, & alle gowde[gh] ar grayžely žyn owen;
  Haf now m{er}cy of žy man & his mys-dedes,
  & preue že ly[gh]tly a lorde, i{n} londe & i{n} wat{er}."          288
    [Sidenote: He sits safely in a recess, in a bowel of the beast,
    for three days and three nights.]
  With žat he hitte to a hyrne & helde hy{m} ž{er}-i{n}ne,
  Ž{er} no de-foule of no fylže wat[gh] fest hy{m} abute;
  Žer he sete also sou{n}de, saf for merk one,
  As i{n} že bulk of že bote, žer he by-fore sleped.                 292
  So in a bouel of žat best he bide[gh] on lyue,
  Žre dayes & ž[r]e ny[gh]t ay ženkande on dry[gh]tyn,
  His my[gh]t & his m{er}ci, his mesure že{n}ne;
  Now he knawe[gh] hy{m} i{n} care žat couže not i{n} sele.          296

[Headnote: THE WHALE WANDERS ABOUT.]

    [Sidenote: The whale passes through many a rough region.]
  Ande eu{er} walt{er}es žis whal bi wyldren depe,
  Žur[gh] mony a regiou{n} ful ro[gh]e, žur[gh] ronk of his wylle,
    [Sidenote: Jonah makes the whale feel sick.]
  For žat mote i{n} his mawe mad hy{m}, I trowe,
  Ža[gh] hit lyttel were, hy{m} wyth to wamel at his hert,           300
  Ande assayled že segge; ay sykerly he herde
  Že bygge borne on his bak & bete on his sydes;
    [Sidenote: The prophet prays to God in this wise:]
  Žen a prayer ful prest že p{ro}phete ž{er} maked
  On žis wyse, as I wene, his worde[gh] were mony:                   304

    [Sidenote 13: MS. to to.]
    [Sidenote 14: _swaynes_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 15: _wanle[gh]_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 16: _žrwen_ (?).]


[Headnote: JONAH PRAYS FOR HIS DELIVERANCE.]

IV.

    [Sidenote: "Lord! to thee have I cried out of hell's womb.]
  "Lorde to že haf I cleped, i{n} care[gh] ful stronge,
  Out of že hole ž{o}u me herde, of hellen wombe
  I calde, & ž{o}u knew myn vncler steuen;
    [Sidenote: Thou dippedst me in the sea.]
  Ž{o}u dipte[gh] me of že depe se, i{n}-to že dy{m}me hert,         308
    [Sidenote: Thy great floods passed over me.]
  Že grete flem of žy flod folded me vmbe;
  Alle že gote[gh] of žy guferes, & grou{n}dele[gh] powle[gh],
    [Sidenote: The streams drive over me.]
  & žy stryuande streme[gh] of strynde[gh] so mony,
  I{n} on daschande dam, dryue[gh] me ou{er};                        312
    [Sidenote: I am cast out from thy sight.]
  & [gh]et I say, as I seet i{n} že se božem,
  'Care-ful am I kest out fro žy cler y[gh]en
  & deseu{er}ed fro žy sy[gh]t; [gh]et surely I hope,
  Efte to trede on žy temple & teme to žy seluen.'                   316
  I am wrapped i{n} wat{er} to my wo stou{n}de[gh],
    [Sidenote: The abyss binds me.]
  Že abyme byndes že body žat I byde i{n}ne;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 87b.]]
    [Sidenote: The rushing waves play on my head.]
  Že pure poplande ho{ur}le playes on my heued,
  To laste mere of vche a mou{n}t man am I fallen;                   320
  Že barre[gh] of vche a bonk ful bigly me haldes,
    [Sidenote: Thou possessest my life.]
  Žat I may lachche no lont[17] & ž{o}u my lyf weldes;
  Ž{o}u schal releue me renk, whil žy ry[gh]t slepe[gh],
  Žur[gh] my[gh]t of žy m{er}cy ž{a}t mukel is to tryste.            324
    [Sidenote: In my anguish I remembered my God, and besought His
    pity.]
  For when žacces of anguych wat[gh] hid i{n} my sawle,
  Že{n}ne I remembred me ry[gh]t of my rych lorde,
  Prayande hi{m} for peté his prophete to here,
  Žat in-to his holy ho{us} myn orisou{n} mo[gh]t entre.             328
  I haf meled w{i}t{h} žy maystres mony longe day,
  Bot now I wot wyt{er}ly, žat žose vnwyse ledes
  Žat affyen hy{m}[18] i{n} vanyté & i{n} vayne žy{n}ges,
  For ži{n}k[19] žat mou{n}tes to no[gh]t, her mercy forsaken;       332
    [Sidenote: When I am delivered from this danger, I will obey thy
    commands."]
  Bot I dewoutly awowe žat v{er}ray bet[gh] halden,
  Soberly to do že sacrafyse when I schal saue worže,
  & offer že for my hele a ful hol gyfte,
  & halde goud žat ž{o}u me hetes; haf here my trauthe."             336

[Headnote: THE WHALE VOMITS UP JONAH.]

    [Sidenote: God speaks fiercely to the whale, and he vomits out
    the prophet on a dry space.]
  The{n}ne oure fader to že fysch ferslych bidde[gh],
  Žat he hy{m} sput spakly vpon spare drye;
  Že whal wende[gh] at his wylle & a warže fynde[gh],
  & ž{er} he brake[gh] vp že buyrne, as bede hy{m} oure lorde.       340
    [Sidenote: Jonah has need to wash his clothes.]
  Že{n}ne he swepe to že sonde i{n} sluchched cložes,
  Hit may wel be žat mest{er} were his mantyle to wasche;
  Že bonk žat he blosched to & bode hy{m} bisyde,
  Wern of že regiou{n}es ry[gh]t žat he renayed hade;                344
    [Sidenote: God's word comes to the prophet.]
  Že{n}ne a wynde of godde[gh] worde efte že wy[gh]e bruxle[gh],
  "Nylt ž{o}u neu{er} to nuniue bi no-ky{n}ne[gh] waye[gh]?"
  "[Gh]isse lorde," q{uod} že lede, "lene me žy g{ra}ce
    [Sidenote: He is told to preach in Nineveh.]
  For to go at ži gre, me gayne[gh] non[20] ož{er}."                 348
  "Ris, aproche že{n} to prech, lo že place here!
  Lo! my lore is i{n} že loke,[21] lance hit žer-{in}ne."
  Že{n}ne že renk radly ros as he my[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: By night Jonah reaches the city.]
  & to niniue žat na[gh]t he ne[gh]ed ful euen;                      352
    [Sidenote: Nineveh was a very great city.]
  Hit wat[gh] a ceté ful syde & selly of brede,
  On to žrenge ž{er}-žur[gh]e wat[gh] žre dayes dede.
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 88a.]]
  Žat on Io{ur}nay ful Ioynt Ionas hy{m} [gh]ede,
  Er eu{er} he warpped any worde to wy[gh]e ž{a}t he mette,          356

[Headnote: THE PROPHET PREACHES AGAINST NINEVEH.]

    [Sidenote: Jonah delivers his message; "Yet forty days and
    Nineveh shall come to an end.]
  & že{n}ne he cryed so cler, žat ke{n}ne my[gh]t alle;
  Že trwe tenor of his teme he tolde on žis wyse:
  "[Gh]et schal forty daye[gh] fully fare to an ende,
  & že{n}ne schal Niniue be nomen & to no[gh]t worže;                360
  Truly žis ilk tou{n} schal tylte to grou{n}de,
    [Sidenote: It shall be turned upside down, and swallowed quickly
    by the black earth."]
  Vp-so-dou{n} schal [gh]e du{m}pe depe to že abyme,
  To be swol[gh]ed swyftly wyth že swart erže,
  & alle žat lyuyes here-i{n}ne lose že swete."                      364
    [Sidenote: This speech spreads throughout the city.]
  Žis speche sprang i{n} žat space & spradde alle aboute,
  To borges & to bacheleres, žat i{n} žat bur[gh] lenged;
    [Sidenote: Great fear seizes all.]
  Such a hidor hem bent & a hatel drede,
  Žat al chau{n}ged her chere & chylled at že hert.                  368
  Že segge sesed not [gh]et, bot sayde eu{er} ilyche
  "Že verray vengau{n}ce of god schal voyde žis place."
    [Sidenote: The people mourn secretly, clothe themselves in
    sackcloth, and cast ashes upon their heads.]
  Že{n}ne že peple pitosly pleyned ful stylle,
  & for že drede of dry[gh]tyn doured i{n} hert;                     372
  Het{er} hayre[gh] žay hent žat asperly bited,
  & žose žay bou{n}den to her bak & to her bare syde[gh],
  Dropped dust on her hede & dy{m}ly biso[gh]ten,
  Žat žat penau{n}ce plesed hi{m} ž{a}t playne[gh] on her wronge.    376
    [Sidenote: The message reaches the ears of the king.]
  & ay he cryes i{n} ž{a}t kyth tyl že ky{n}g herde;
  & he radly vp-ros & ran fro his chayer,
    [Sidenote: He rends his robes, clothes himself in sackloth, and
    mourns in the dust.]
  His ryche robe he to-rof of his rigge naked,
  & of a hep of askes he hitte i{n} že mydde[gh];                    380
  He aske[gh] heterly a hayre & hasped hy{m} vmbe,
  Sewed a sekke žer abof, & syked ful colde;
  Žer he dased i{n} žat duste, w{i}t{h} droppande teres,
  Wepande ful wonderly alle his wrange dedes.                        384
    [Sidenote: He issues a decree, that all in the city, men,
    beasts, women and children, prince, priest, and prelates,
    should fast for their sins.]
  Že{n}ne sayde he to his seriau{n}tes, "samnes yow bilyue,
  Do dryue out a decre demed of my seluen,
  Žat alle že bodyes žat ben w{i}t{h}-i{n}ne žis bor[gh] quyk,
  Bože burnes & bestes, burde[gh] & childer,                         388
  Vch prynce, vche prest & prelates alle,
  Alle faste frely for her falce werkes;
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 88b.]]
    [Sidenote: Children are to be weaned from the breast.]
  Sese[gh] childer of her sok, sogh{e} hem so neu{er},
  Ne best bite on no brom, ne no bent nauž{er},                      392
  Passe to no pasture, ne pike non erbes,
    [Sidenote: The ox is to have no hay, nor the horse any water.]
  Ne non oxe to no hay, ne no horse to wat{er};
  Al schal crye for-cle{m}med, w{i}t{h} alle oure clere strenže,
  Že rurd schal ryse to hy{m} žat rawže schal haue;                  396
    [Sidenote: Who can tell if God will have mercy?]
  What wote ožer wyte may [gh]if že wy[gh]e lykes,
  Žat is hende i{n} že hy[gh]t of his gentryse?
    [Sidenote: Though He is mighty, He is merciful,
    and may forgive us our guilt.]
  I wot his my[gh]t is so much, ža[gh] he be mysse-payed,
  Žat i{n} his mylde amesy{n}g he m{er}cy may fynde;                 400
  & if we leuen že layk of oure layth sy{n}nes,
  & stylle steppen i{n} že sty[gh]e he sty[gh]tle[gh] hy{m} seluen,
  He wyl wende of his wodschip, & his wrath leue,
  & for-gif v{us} žis gult [gh]if we hy{m} god leuen."               404
    [Sidenote: All believed and repented.]
  Že{n}ne al leued on his lawe & laften her sy{n}nes,
  Par-formed alle že penau{n}ce žat že prynce radde;
    [Sidenote: God forgave them through his goodness.]
  & god žur[gh] his godnesse forgef as he sayde,
  Ža[gh] he ož{er} bihy[gh]t, [&] w{i}t{h}-helde his vengau{n}ce.    408

    [Sidenote 17: _lond_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 18: _hem_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 19: _žing_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 20: MS. _mon_.]
    [Sidenote 21: _loken_ (?).]


[Headnote: GOD'S MERCY DISPLEASES JONAH.]

V.

    [Sidenote: Much sorrow settles upon Jonah.]
  Muche sor[gh]e že{n}ne satteled vpon segge Ionas,
  He wex as wroth as že wynde towarde oure lorde,
    [Sidenote: He becomes very angry.]
  So hat[gh] ang{er} onhit his hert; he calle[gh]
    [Sidenote: He prays to God and says: "Was not this my saying,
    when Thy message reached me in my own country?]
  A prayer to že hy[gh]e prynce, for pyne, on žys wyse:              412
  "I biseche že syre now ž{o}u self iugge,
  Wat[gh] not žis ilk my worde žat woržen is nouže,
  Žat I kest i{n} my cu{n}tre, when ž{o}u žy carp sende[gh],
  Žat I schulde tee to žys tou{n}, ži talent to preche?              416
    [Sidenote: I knew Thy great goodness, Thy long-suffering,
    and Thy mercy.]
  Wel knew I ži cortaysye, žy quoy{n}t soffrau{n}ce.
  Žy bou{n}té of debonerté & žy bene g{ra}ce,
  Žy longe abydy{n}g wyth lur, žy late vengau{n}ce,
  & ay žy mercy is mete, be mysse neu{er} so huge.                   420
  I wyst wel when I hade worded quatsoeu{er} I cowže,
    [Sidenote: I knew these men might make their peace with Thee,
    therefore I fled unto Tarshish.]
  To manace alle žise mody men žat i{n} žis mote dowelle[gh],
  Wyth a prayer & a pyne žay my[gh]t her pese gete,
  & žer-fore I wolde haf flowen fer i{n}-to tarce.                   424
    [Sidenote: Take my life from me, O Lord!]
  Now lorde lach out my lyf, hit lastes to longe,
  Bed me bilyue my bale sto{ur}, & bry{n}g me on ende,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 89a.]]
    [Sidenote: It is better for me to die than live."]
  For me were swett{er} to swelt, as swyže as me žynk,
  Že{n} lede lenger ži lore, žat ž{us} me les make[gh]."             428
    [Sidenote: God upbraids Jonah, saying: "Is this right to be so
    wroth?"]
  Že sou{n} of oure sou{er}ayn žen swey i{n} his ere,
  Žat vpbraydes žis burne vpon a breme wyse:
  "Herk renk! is žis ry[gh]t so ronkly to wrath,
  For any dede žat I haf don ož{er} demed že [gh]et?"                432
    [Sidenote: Jonah, jangling, uprises, and makes himself a bower,
    of hay and ever-fern, to shield him from the sun.]
  Ionas al Ioyles & Ianglande vp-ryses
  & halde[gh] out on est half of že hy[gh]e place,
  & farandely on a felde he fettele[gh] hy{m} to bide,
  For to wayte on žat won what schulde worže aft{er}.                436
  Žer he busked hy{m} a bo{ur}, že best žat he my[gh]t,
  Of hay & of eu{er}-ferne & erbe[gh] a fewe,
  For hit wat[gh] playn i{n} žat place for plyande greue[gh],
  For to schylde fro že schene, ož{er} any schade keste.             440
  He bowed vnder his lyttel bože, his bak to že su{n}ne,

[Headnote: JONAH IS SHELTERED BY A WOODBINE.]

    [Sidenote: He slept heavily all night.]
  & žer he swowed & slept sadly al ny[gh]t,
    [Sidenote: God prepared a woodbine.]
  Že whyle god of his grace ded growe of žat soyle,
  Že fayrest bynde hy{m} abof žat eu{er} burne wyste.                444
  When že dawande day dry[gh]tyn con sende,
    [Sidenote: Jonah awakes, and is exceedingly glad of the bower.]
  Že{n}ne wakened že wy[gh] vnder wodbynde,
  Loked alofte on že lef žat lylled grene;
  Such a lefsel of lof neu{er} lede hade,                            448
  For hit wat[gh] brod at že božem, bo[gh]ted onlofte,
  Happed vpon ayž{er} half a ho{us} as hit were,
  A nos on že norž syde & nowhere non elle[gh],
  Bot al schet i{n} a scha[gh]e žat schaded ful cole.                452
    [Sidenote: The prophet, under its gracious leaves, is protected
    from the sun's rays.]
  Že gome gly[gh]t on že grene g{ra}ciouse leues,
  Žat eu{er} wayued a wynde so wyže & so cole;
  Že schyre su{n}ne hit vmbe-schon, ža[gh] no schafte my[gh]t
  Že mou{n}tau{n}ce of a lyttel mote, vpon žat man schyne,           456
  Že{n}ne wat[gh] že gome so glad of his gay logge,
  Lys loltrande žer-i{n}ne, lokande to toune,
  So blyže of his wodbynde he balt{er}es žer vnde[r],
  Žat of no diete žat day že[22] deuel haf, he ro[gh]t;              460
  & eu{er} he la[gh]ed as he loked že loge alle aboute,
    [Sidenote: Jonah wishes he had such a lodge in his own country.]
  & wysched hit were i{n} his kyth, žer he wony schulde,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 89b.]]
  On he[gh]e vpon Effraym ož{er} ermo{n}nes hille[gh],
  "I-wysse a woržloker won to welde I neu{er} keped."                464
  & quen hit ne[gh]ed to na[gh]t nappe hy{m} bihoued;
  He slyde[gh] on a slou{m}be, slep slogh{e} vnder leues,
    [Sidenote: God prepared a worm, that made the woodbine wither.]
  Whil god wayned a worme žat wrot vpe že rote,
  & wyddered wat[gh] že wodbynde bi žat že wy[gh]e wakned;           468
  & syžen he warne[gh] že west to waken ful softe,
  & saye[gh] vnte[23] [gh]efer{us} žat he syfle warme,
  Žat žer quikken no cloude bi-fore že cler su{n}ne,
  & ho schal busch vp ful brode & bre{n}ne as a candel.              472
    [Sidenote: Jonah awakes and finds his woodbine destroyed.]
  Žen wakened že wy[gh]e of his wyl dremes,
  & blusched to his wodbynde žat brožely wat[gh] marred,
    [Sidenote: The leaves were all faded.]
  Al welwed & wasted žo worželych leues;
  Že schyre su{n}ne hade hem schent, er eu{er} že schalk wyst,       476
    [Sidenote: The sun beat upon the head of Jonah.]
  & že{n} hef vp že hete & het{er}ly bre{n}ned;
  Že warm wynde of že weste wert{es} he swyže[gh].
  Že man marred on že molde žat mo[gh]t hy{m} not hyde,
  His wodbynde wat[gh] away, he weped for sor[gh]e,                  480

[Headnote: HE LAMENTS ITS DESTRUCTION.]

    [Sidenote: He is exceedingly angry, and prays God that he may
    die.]
  "With hatel ang{er} & hot, het{er}ly he calle[gh]:
  A! ž{o}u maker of man, what mayst{er}y že žynke[gh]
  Ž{us} žy freke to forfare forbi alle ož{er},
  W{i}t{h} alle meschef žat ž{o}u may, neu{er} ž{o}u me spare[gh]?   484
  I keu{er}ed me a cu{m}fort žat now is ca[gh]t fro me,
  My wod-bynde so wlonk žat wered my heued,
  Bot now I se ž{o}u art sette my solace to reue;
  Why ne dy[gh]tte[gh] ž{o}u me to di[gh]e; I dure to longe?"        488
    [Sidenote: God rebukes the prophet.]
  [Gh]et oure lorde to že lede lansed a speche:
    [Sidenote: "Dost thou well," He says, "to be angry for the
    gourd?"]
  "Is žis ry[gh]t-wys ž{o}u renk, alle žy ronk noyse,
  So wroth for a wodbynde to wax so sone,
  Why art ž{o}u so waymot wy[gh]e for so lyttel?"                    492
    [Sidenote: Jonah replies, "I would I were dead."]
  "Hit is not lyttel," q{uod} že lede, "bot lykker to ry[gh]t,
  I wolde I were of žis worlde wrapped i{n} molde[gh]."
    [Sidenote: God asks if it is to be wondered at that He should
    help His handy work.]
  "Že{n}ne byženk že mon, if že for-žynk sore,
  If I wolde help my honde werk, haf ž{o}u no wonder;                496
    [Sidenote: Is not Jonah angry that his woodbine is destroyed,
    which cost him no labour?]
  Ž{o}u art waxen so wroth for žy wod-bynde,
  & trauaylede[gh] neu{er} to tent hit že tyme of an howre,
    [Sidenote: [Fol. 89a.]]
  Bot at a wap hit here wax & away at an ož{er},
  & [gh]et lyke[gh] že so luž{er}, ži lyf wolde[gh] ž{o}u tyne;      500
    [Sidenote: God is not to be blamed for taking pity upon people
    that He made.]
  Že{n}ne wyte not me for že werk žat I hit wolde help,
  & rwe on žo redles žat remen for sy{n}ne.
  Fyrst I made he{m} myself of mat{er}es my{n} one,
  & syžen I loked he{m} ful longe & hem on lode hade;                504
  & if I my trauayl schulde tyne of t{er}mes so longe,
    [Sidenote: Should He destroy Nineveh the sorrow of such a sweet
    place would sink to His heart.]
  & type dou{n} [gh]onder tou{n} when hit turned were,
  Že sor of such a swete place burde synk to my hert,
  So mony malicio{us} mon as mo{ur}ne[gh] ž{er}-i{n}ne;              508
    [Sidenote: In the city there are little bairns who have done no
    wrong.]
  & of žat sou{m}me [gh]et arn su{m}me such sotte[gh] for madde,
  As lyttel barne[gh] on barme žat neuer bale wro[gh]t,
  & wy{m}men vnwytté žat wale ne couže
  Žat on hande fro žat ož{er} for[24] alle žis hy[gh]e worlde,       512
    [Sidenote: And there are others who cannot discern between their
    right hand and their left hand.]
  Bitwene že stele & že stayre disserne no[gh]t cu{n}en,
  What rule renes i{n} rou{n} bitwene že ry[gh]t hande
  & his lyfte, ža[gh] his lyf schulde lost be žer-for;
    [Sidenote: There are also dumb beasts in the city incapable of
    sinning.]
  & als žer ben dou{m}be beste[gh] i{n} že bur[gh] mony,             516
  Žat may not sy{n}ne i{n} no syt hem seluen to greue,
  Why schulde I wrath wyth hem, syže{n} wy[gh]e[gh] wyl torne,
  & cu{m}[25] & cnawe me for ky{n}g, & my carpe leue?
  Wer I as hastif a[s] ž{o}u, heere were harme lu{m}pen,             520
  Couže I not žole bot as ž{o}u žer žryued ful fewe;
  I may not be so mal[i]cio{us} & mylde be halden,

[Headnote: GOD JUSTIFIES HIS MERCY AND FORBEARANCE.]

    [Sidenote: Judgment must be tempered with mercy.]
  For malyse is no[gh][t] to may{n}tyne boute mercy w{i}t{h}i{n}ne;
  Be no[gh]t so gryndel god man, bot go forth žy wayes."             524
    [Sidenote: He that is too hasty to rend his clothes must
    afterwards sit with worse ones to sew them together.]
  Be preue & be pacient, i{n} payne & i{n} Ioye,
  For he žat is to rakel to renden his clože[gh],
  Mot efte sitte w{i}t{h} more vn-sou{n}de to sewe he{m} togeder.
    [Sidenote: Poverty and pain must be endured.]
  For-žy when pou{er}té me enprece[gh] & payne[gh] i{n}-no[gh]e,     528
  Ful softly w{i}t{h} suffrau{n}ce sa[gh]ttel me bihoue[gh],
    [Sidenote: Patience is a noble point, though it displeases oft.]
  For že penau{n}ce & payne to preue hit i{n} sy[gh]t,
  Žat pacience is a nobel poy{n}t, ža[gh] hit displese ofte. Amen.

    [Sidenote 22: _de_ altered to že.]
    [Sidenote 23: _vnto_ (?).]
    [Sidenote 24: MS. _fol_.]
    [Sidenote 25: _Or_ cu{n}.]




NOTES: _Patience_.


P. 89.

  l. 3 _že swelme leže_, lessen the heat.
  4 _qued_, evil.
  5 _syt_, sorrow; _sele_, happiness.
  6 _žro_, anger.
  7
    _žen is better to abyde že bur vmbe-stoundes_,
    Then is it better to abide the blow sometimes.
  10 _melede_, related.
  11 _a[gh]t_, eight.
  12 _sunder-lupes_, severally.
  13 _happen_, blessed.

P. 90.

  l. 30 _lyknyng_, likeness; _žewes_, virtues.
  42 _lyke ožer greme_, pleasing or displeasing.
  47 _ly[gh]tloker_, more easily; _lotes_, forms.
  50 _what dowes me že dedayn_, what avails me anger.
  53 _grayžed_, availed.
  56 _že(t) had bowed_, etc., That should have been obedient.

P. 91.

  l. 63 _Goddes glam to hym glod_, God's message came to him.
  66 _wythouten ožer speche_, without contradiction, without more words.
  67 _my sa[gh]es soghe_, etc., my saws (words) sow, etc.
  77 _typped schrewes_, great sinners; literally, extreme, tip-top,
      schrews.
  78 _ta me_, take me, seize me.
  82 _mansed_, cursed.
  94 _glwande_, glowing, bright; _gloumbes_, sees (indistinctly).

P. 92.

  l. 98 _to the fare_, to the voyage.
  101 _tramme_, gear.
  104
    _Sprude spak to že sprete že spare bawlyne_,
    Spread quickly to the sprit the spar bowline (?).
  106 _ladde-borde_, larboard.
  107 _blyže breže_, gentle wind; _bosum_, tide.
  108 _He_ refers to _breže_.
  112 _ma[gh]t_, might; _mere_, sea.
  115 _wenyng_, supposition.
  117 _burde_, behoved.
  119 _demed_, uttered.
  122 _stapefole_ = _stapeful_ = high (?)

P. 93.

  l. 131 _crafte_, power.
  135 _tom_, interval.
  140 _sou[gh]ed_, sobbed, moaned; _selly_, marvel.
  141 _wonne_, pale.
  143 _busched_ = _busked_, went.
  144 _for ro[gh]_ = for roughness.
  148 _bur_ = wave.
  150 _to murte_, (?) _to-marte_, crushed, broken in pieces.
  152 _coge_, boat.
  155 _scažel_, hurtful, dangerous.
  156 _lode_ = _lote_, lot.
  160 _leže_, calm, quiet.
  161 _lot_, noise, roar.

P. 94.

  l. 173 _I lovne_, I offer (this advice), propose.
  183 _flode lotes_, the noises of the flood.
  184 _brede_, board.
  185 _hurrok_, oar.
  191 _runyschly_, fiercely.
  192 _sla[gh]te_, strokes.
  198 _lastes_, crimes.

P. 95.

  l. 208 _at a worde one_, at a word alone.
  213 _ossed_, showed, proved; _vnnynges_, signs.
  216 _ruyt_, rush, hasten.
  227 _balele[gh]_, innocent.
  229 _synne_, after.

P. 96.

  l. 247 _as wyrde žen schaped_, as fate then devised.
  255 _malskred_, entranced, bewildered.
  258 _warlowes_, monster's.
  259 _lyue_ = _leue_, believe.
  262 _waule[gh]_ = shelterless, destitute, but _wanle[gh]_ =
      _wonle[gh]_ = hopeless, is perhaps a better reading.
  268 _chawle[gh]_, jaws.
  269 _glaymande glette_, slimy mud.
  270 _rop_, gut, intestine.

P. 97.

  l. 273 _fažme[gh]_, gropes.
  275 _saym_, fat, grease.
  277 _le_, shelter.
  291 _merk_, darkness.
  292 _bulk_, stern.
  302 _borne_ = _burne_, man.

P. 98.

  l. 309 _flem_ = _flum_, stream.
  317 _to my wo stounde[gh]_ = ? until my woe over-powers (confounds)
      me.
  320 _to laste_ ? to the last; _mere_, boundary.
  325 _žacces_, blows.
  329 _meled_, conversed.
  338 _spare drye_ dry _spar_ (rafter) but ? _spare_ = _space_.
  339 _a warthe_, a ford.
  341 _sluchched_ = _sluched_, dirty, muddy.
  342 _mester_, need.

P. 99.

  l. 345 _bruxle[gh]_, reproaches, upbraids,
  350 _loke_ = _loken_, fastened.
  362 _dumpe_, be thrust.
  364 _swete_, life; _to lose že swete_ = to lose the (sweet) life.
  372 _doured_, mourned, grieved. Cf. Sc. _dour_.
  373 _Heter hayre[gh] žay hent_, etc., rough hair shirts they took,
      etc.

P. 100.

  l. 395 _for-clemmed_, very hungry, starved.
  396 _rurd_, cry.
  400 _amesyng_ = _mesyng_ = _mese_, pity, mercy.
  403 _wodschip_, wrath.
  411 _on-hit_, struck or inflamed (?); _calle[gh]_, addresses.

P. 101.

  l. 418 _bene_, bountiful, kind.
  419 _lur_, loss.
  426 _bale-stour_, death-pang; _bale_ in the sense of death is not
      very common.
  447 _lylled_, flourished.
  448 _lefsel_ = _leaf-bower_. See Glossary.

P. 102.

  l. 449 _bo[gh]ted_, curved.
  450 _happed_, covered.
  451 _a nos_ = a projection, opening (?) or is it a clerical error
      for _abof_ = _above_.
  452 _scha[gh]e_ = wood, shaw.
  453 _gly[gh]t_, glanced.
  460 _že deuel_ ? _ded euel_, did evil.
  470 _syfle_, blow.
  473 _wyl_, wandering.
  478 _wertes he swyže[gh]_, herbs he scorches.

P. 103.

  l. 486 _wered_, protected.
  489 _lansed_, uttered.
  492 _waymot_ = angry, passionate.
  502 _remen_, mourn, lament.
  509 _soumme_, company.

P. 104.

  l. 524 _gryndel_, angry.
  526 _rakel_, hasty.




  Errata (noted by transcriber)

Minor spelling variations-- such as added or missing final "e"-- between
the main text and endnotes were left as printed.

  [33 Sidenote] ... peace and patience.  [patience,]
  [237 Sidenote] ... thank God, and perform ...  [God. and]
  [391 Sidenote] [Fol. 88b.]
    [_missing folio number supplied from 1864 edition_]
  [463 Sidenote] [Fol. 89b.]
  [499 Sidenote] [Fol. 89a.]
    [_text unchanged: 1864 edition has same error_]

  NOTES

  273 _fažme[gh]_, gropes.
    [_body text and glossary have "fathme([gh])"_]
  317  [316]


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


GLOSSARIAL INDEX


  Abate, lessen, put an end to, A. 123; B. 1356.
  Abate, abode, A. 617.
  Abayst, downcast, abashed, B. 149, pret. of _abaisse_ or _abash_, Fr.
    _esbahir_.
  Able, A. 599.
  Abof, above, A. 1023.
  Abominacione, B. 1173.
  Abroched, commenced, A. 1123.
  Abyde, (_a_) await, B. 436, 486; (_b_) endure, C. 7. A.S. _abidan_.
  Abydyng, _sb._ C. 419.
  Abyme, abyss, B. 363; C. 143.
  Abyt, habit, dress, B. 141.
  {Accorde, Acorde,} agreement, A. 509, Fr. _accorder_, to agree with.
  Achaped, escaped, B. 970.
  Achaufe, kindle, B. 1143.
  Acheue, accomplish, A. 475.
  Acroche, encroach, A. 1069, Fr. _accrocher_, to hook on; from _croc_,
    a hook.
  Adaunt = daunt, A. 157.
  Adoun, down, A. 988; B. 953.
  Adre[gh], aside, aback, B. 71. The word is used by Gower under the
    form _adrigh_. _O-dreghe_, _one-dreghe_, are other forms of the
    word. Sc. _on-dreich_.
      "The tother withdrewe, _one-dreghe_
      And durste do none other." --(Morte Arthure, p. 352.)
      "The tother dro[gh]he him _o-dreghe_ for drede of the kny[gh]te."
        --(Anturs of Arther, xliv. 3.)
      "He with drogh hym _a draght_ & a dyn made." --(T. B. 1224.)
  {Adubbement, Adubmente,} adornment, A. 84, 85, O.Fr. _adoubement_;
    _dober_, _douber_, garnish, deck; Fr. _douber_, to rig or trim a
    ship; Prov. Fr. _adobar_, to arrange, prepare.
  Adyte, A. 349.
  Affraye, _sb._ fear, A. 1174; _vb._ frighten, B. 1780; Fr. _effrayer_,
    to scare, affright; _effroi_, terror. Cf. _fray_, to scare birds.
  Affyen, trust, C. 331.
  {Agayn, Agayne, Agaynes,} against, B. 266, 826, 1711.
  Agayne[gh], towards, B. 611.
  Agayn-tote, _sb._ a looking back, B. 931. _Tote_, look, peep, as a
    verb or a noun, is common in Old English writers.
      "She went up wightly by a wall syde,
      To the toppe of a tower, & _tot_ ouer the water." --(T. B. 862.)
  Age, A. 412, B. 426.
  Agly[gh]te, slipped from, A. 245. _Gly[gh]t_, as a verb, signifies not
    only to slip but to _glance_, look. Cf. _leme_ = gleam, glance,
    slip.
  Alabaunderynes, B. 1470.
  Alarom, alarm, B. 1207.
  Al-bare, clearly, A. 1025.
  Alce = als, also, B. 1377.
  Alder = elder, A. 621, _Aldest_, A. 1042, B. 1333.
  Alder-men, elders, A. 887.
  Alegge, alledge, A. 703.
  Aliche, alike, B. 1477.
  Alkaran = alkatran, B. 1035.
  Alle-kynne[gh], all kinds of, A. 1028.
  Allyt = a lyt = ? a little, B. 599.
  Almy[gh]t, almighty, A. 498.
  Alofte, on high, B. 1183.
  Al-one, A. 933.
  Al-only, except, A. 779.
  Alosed, destroyed, B. 274. See _lose_.
  Alow, approve, praise, reward, A. 634. O.Fr. _louer_. Lat. _laudare_.
  Aloynte, removed, far from (from O.E. _aloigne_, _alogne_, to remove,
    carry off. O.Fr. _aloigner_).
  Alo[gh], alow, softly, B. 670.
  Als, also, B. 253, 827, C. 516.
  Also, as, B. 984, 1045, 1792.
  {Also-tyd, Als-tyd, As-tyd,} at once, immediately, B. 64. See _tyd_.
  Al-ža[gh], although, A. 759.
  Alžer-fayrest, fairest of all, B. 1379.
  Alžer-fynest, finest of all, B. 1637.
  Alžer-rychest, richest of all, B. 1666.
  Alžer-swettest, sweetest of all, B. 699.
  Alum, B. 1035.
  Amaffised, B. 1470.
  Amaraun[gh], B. 1470.
  Amatyst, amethyst, A. 1016.
  Ame, (1) _vb._ place, B. 698; (2) _sb._ purpose, C. 128. Germ.
    _ahmen_. Bavarian, _amen_, _hämen_, to guage a cask, fathom,
    measure.
  Amended, B. 248.
  Amesyng, _sb._ moderation, C. 400. See _mese_.
  Amoneste, admonish, B. 818.
  Amounted, B. 395.
  Amoynt, company, A. 895.
  And = an, if, B. 864.
  An-ende (on-ende), lastly, finally, A. 186.
  An-ende = anente, opposite, A. 1136; respecting, A. 697.
  An-ende[gh] = anentes, opposite, A. 975. Sc. _anens_.
  Anger, A. 343, B. 572.
  Angré, bitter, B. 1035.
  Anguych, anguish, C. 325.
  Ankre[gh], anchors, B. 418, C. 103.
  Anon, at once (= anane, onane, in one moment), A. 584.
  Anournement, ornament, B. 1290.
  Anoynted, B. 1446.
  Answar, answer, A. 518.
  Anter, peril, C. 242. To _aunter_, put a thyng in daunger, or
    adventure, _adventurer_ (Palsgrave).
  An-vnder, under, A. 1081. Sc. _anonder_. Cf. _down_ and _adown_, _low_
    and _alow_.
  Aparaunt, B. 1007.
  Apassed, past, A. 540.
  Apert, openly, A. 589.
  Apparaylmente, ornaments, A. 1052.
  Apparement, ornaments, B. 1270. Fr. _appareiller_, to fit, suit.
  Appose, _vb._ question, A. 902. Fr. _apposer_, to lay or set on, or
    near to.
  Aproche, A. 686, B. 8, 167. Fr. _approcher_, draw near. Lat. _prope_,
    near.
  Apyke, adorn, B. 1479, 1637.
  Aquyle, demand, ask, obtain, A. 690, 966. O.Fr. _aquillir_, to gather.
  {Aray, Araye,} A. 719, 1166; B. 816, 1442. O.Fr. _arroyer_, _arréer_,
    dispose, set in order.
  Arayned, arraigned, C. 191. O.Fr. _arraisonner_, _arraigner_.
  Are, before, previously, B. 438, 1128.
  Arende, errand, message, C. 72, A.S. _aerend_, _aerende_.
  Arest, _sb._ abode, resting place, B. 906.
  Areset, _vb._ stop, cease, B. 766, remain, C. 144. Fr. _arrester_.
    Lat. _arestare_.
  Arewarde, apostate, B. 208. Sc. _areird_, backward.
  {Arn, Arne,} are, A. 458, 628, B. 8, 1810.
  Aryue, A. 447.
  Ary[gh]t, aright, A. 112.
  Ar[gh]e, terrify, frighten, fear, B. 572, 713. Provincial _arfe_,
    _arghe_, afraid. Cf. "_Arwe_ or ferefulle (_arwhe_, K. arowe or
    ferdfulle P.). Timidus, pavidus, formidolus." (Prompt. Parv.) The
    original notion is that of laziness, inertness, and hence timidity,
    fear, etc. A.S. _earg_, inert, timid, weak. Ger. _arg_, bad. Du.
    _erg_. Icel. _argr_, lazy, cowardly. Sc. _argh_, _arch_, to
    hesitate, be reluctant.
      "Antenor _arghet_ with austerne wordes." --(T. B. 1977.)
      "Antenor, _arghly_ auntrid of ship." --(T. B. 1831.)
      "A! Anec. quoth the qwene
      me _ar[gh]es_ of my selfe,
      I am all in aunter, sa
      akis me the wame." --(K. Alex. p. 29.)
      "Sir Alexander and his ost was _ar[gh]ed_ unfaire."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 132.)
  Ar, are, B. 1725.
  Are ? ane, one, A. 711.
  As, also, B. 179.
  As-bare, ? _al bare_, clearly, openly, A. 836.
  Asayl, B. 1188.
  Ascape, escape, B. 569.
  Ascry, _sb._ cry, outcry, B. 1784. _vb_. C. 195. Swed. _anskri_,
    outcry, scream. O.N. _skri_, cry.
  {Asent, Asente,} A. 391, "in _asent_," B. 788.
  Aske[gh], ashes, B. 626.
  Askry, shout, cry, B. 1206. See _ascry_.
  Aslypped, escaped, lost, C. 218.
  Aspaltoun, asphalt, B. 1038.
  Asperly, sharply, C. 373.
  Assayl, C. 301.
  Asscaped, escaped, B. 1776.
  Asscry, cry, shout. See _ascry_.
  Assemble, B. 1364, 1769.
  Assemblé, A. 760.
  Asspye, espy, see, A. 704, 1035.
  {Assyse, Asyse,} form, fashion, A. 97, B. 844, service, B. 639.
  Astate, state, A. 393.
  Astraye, A. 1162.
  Astel, stole from, B. 1524.
  As-tyt, immediately, at once, A. 645, B. 935.
  Asure, B. 1411.
  Aswage, C. 3.
  At, that, A. 672.
  Atlyng, purpose, B. 688. Sc. _ettle_, to endeavour. N.Prov.E. _ettle_,
    _attle_, intend. Icel. _aetla_.
      "Armur & all thing _atlet_ before." --(T. B. 855.)
  Ažel, noble, B. 258, 411, 940, gracious, B. 761, fine, B. 1276, A.S.
    aežele, noble, excellent.
  Atount, so much (?), A. 179.
  At-slyke, slip away, A. 575.
  Atteny, attain, reach, A. 548.
  Attled, endeavoured. See _atlyng_.
  Attled, endowed, B. 207. It sometimes occurs under the form _aghteld_.
    N.Prov.E. _ettle_, to deal out, distribute. A.S. _aeht_, possession.
      "She was eldist & heire _etlit_ to his londes." --(T. B. 394.)
  At-wappe, escape, B. 1205. See _Wap_.
  Atyre, B. 114.
  Augoste, august, A. 39.
  Auncetere[gh], auncestors, B. 258.
  {Aven, Aune,} own, B. 11, 1222.
  Aunte, A. 233.
  Aunter, adventure, marvel, B. 1600. See T. B. 1899.
  Auter, altar, B. 10.
  Autly, noble, B. 795. A.S. _įhtlķce_, courageously, manfully.
  Avaunt, _sb._ promise, B. 664.
  Avayment, show, B. 1358. F. _avoier_.
  Auaye, show, B. 1311.
  Auenture, adventure, A. 64. O.Fr. _aventure_.
  Auise, advise, B. 1365.
  Avow, B. 664.
  Avoy, away! B. 863.
  Avyle, defile, B. 1151, 1713.
  Avysyoun, vision, A. 1184.
  Awayed, shown, A. 710.
  Awayle, avail, B. 408.
  Awowe, avow, C. 333.
  Ay, always, ever, A. 33, 720. A.S. _įva_, _a_, all, ever. O.Fris. _a_.
    Germ. _je_, ever.
  Ayre, heir, B. 650, 1709.
  Ayžer, each, A. 831.
  Aywhere, everywhere, B. 228.
  A[gh]er = asure, B. 1457.
  A[gh]ly = awly, fearfully, B. 874, 937. Dan. _ave_, fear. Eng. _awe_.
    O.Eng. _agh_. Cf. A.S. _aglįc_, misery, grief.
  {A[gh]t, A[gh]te,} ought, _pret._ of _a[gh]e_, _agh_, or _awe_,
    B. 122.
  A[gh]t, eight, B. 357, C. 11, 29.
  A[gh]t-sum, sorrowful, B. 411.
  A[gh]tže, eighth, A. 1011.

  Baboyne, baboon, B. 1409.
  Babtem, A. 627. See _Baptem_.
  Bachlere[gh], batchelors, young men not yet raised to the order of
    knighthood, B. 86.
  Baft, abaft, C. 148. A.S. _baefta_, the hinder part.
  Bagge, baggage. C. 158.
  Bale, bales, C. 157. Sw. _bal_. Fr. _balle_, _bal_, a ball or pack.
  Bale, sorrow, woe; also misery, calamity, A. 18, 373; B. 1243, 1256;
    _bale[gh]_, A. 123, 807. O.Fris. _bale_. A.S. _bealu_, torment,
    destruction. Icel. _böl_. Phrases: "bodyly _bale_" (pain), A. 478;
    "_bale_ (torment) of helle," A. 651, "_bale_-stour," death pang,
    C. 426.
  Balele[gh] = baleless, innocent, C. 227.
  Balke, ridge of land, balk, A. 62. Icel. _balkr_, the division between
    the stalls in a cow-house. Sw. _balka_, to partition off.
      "To my shepe wylle I stalk, and herkyn anone,
      Ther abyde on a _balk_, or sytt on a stone."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 99.)
  Balleful = baleful, wretched, wicked, B. 979.
  Balter, hop, jump, skip, C. 459.
  Balterande, halting, limping, B. 103. Sc. _balter_, to dance.
      "He baltyrde, he bleryde." --(Morte Arthure, p. 66.)
    Etymologically it is connected with _palter_ and _falter_, and is
    applicable either to the unsteady gait of the lame or faltering
    steps of the blind.
  Baly = bayly, authority, jurisdiction, dominion, A. 1083.
  Baneres, B. 1404.
  Banne, proclamation, decree, B. 95, 1361.
  Banne, curse, B. 468, 885. Sw. _bann_, excommunication; _banna_, to
    reprove, chide, curse.
      "_Bannet_ worthe the bale tyme žat ho borne was."
        T. B. 1388.
  Banne, comfort, strengthen, B. 620. O.Sc. _bawne_.
  Bantel, A. 991, 1017; B. 1459, posts, pillars.
  Baptem, baptism, A. 627, 653.
  Baptysed, A. 818.
  Barayn, barren, B. 659.
  Bare, _adj._ naked, B. 452; _sb._ 791.
  Bare, only, B. 1573. Sw. _bara_.
  Bared, disclosed, B. 1149.
  Bare-heued, bare-headed, B. 633.
  {Bareres, Barre[gh],} bars, barriers, B. 963, 1239; C. 321. W. _bar_,
    rail, shaft. Fr. _barre_; _barričre_, a barrier. Cf. Sw. _s-parre_.
    Eng. _s-par_.
  Barme, bosom, C. 510. A.S. _bearm_. "_Barme_ gremium." (Prompt. Parv.)
      "He fond Horn in arme
      On Rymenhilde _barme_." --(K. Horn, p. 294.)
  Barnage, childhood, B. 517.
  Barne, child, son, A. 426; _barne[gh]_, A. 1040; B. 1085. Sc. _bairn_.
    A.S. _bearn_.
  Baronage, nobility, B. 1424. See T. B. 211.
  Baroune[gh], barons, B. 82, 1398.
  {Barre[gh], Barers,} bars, B. 884, 1263.
  Barst, burst, B. 963.
  {Base, Basse,} base, foundation, A. 1000, B. 1278. See T. B. 1652.
  Bassyn, basin, B. 1145, 1278.
  Bastele, B. 1187. "_Bastyle_ of a castelle or cytye. Fascennia."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  Basyng, base, A. 992.
  Bated, abated, B. 440.
  Bater, B. 1416.
  Batelment, B. 1459.
  Baže, dip, plunge, B. 1248.
  Bausen, badger, B. 392. "_Bawstone_ or _bawsone_, or a gray, Taxus,
    melota." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Bawelyne, bow-line, B. 417.
  Bay, recess, B. 1392. The original meaning seems to be _opening_ of
    any kind. Cf. _bay_, space in a building between two main beams
    (Forby).
  Bayly, dominion, A. 315, 442.
  Bayn, _adv._ readily, willingly, A. 807, B. 1511; ready, C. 136.
    N.Prov.E. _bane_, near, convenient. "_Beyn_ or plyaunte.
    Flexibilis." (Prompt. Parv.) _Bainly_, readily, T. B. 135.
  Baysment, abasement, A. 174.
  Bayte, B. 55. O.N. _beita_.
  Baytayled, fortified, B. 1183.
  Beauté, A. 749.
  {Bed, Bede,} bid, command, invite; _p.p._ _beden_, A. 715, B. 95, 440.
    See T. B. 389.
  Beke, beak, B. 487.
  Bekyrande, _sb._ bikering, fighting, B. 1474. "_Bekyryn_ or fyghtyn
    (_bikkeringe_), Pugno, dimico." (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Bolde men to batell and _biker_ with hond."
        T. B. 2944.
  Bele, _vb._ boil, A. 18. N.Prov.E. _bele_.
  Bem, beam, ray, "_bem_ of že brode heuen," B. 603.
  Bem, tree, A. 814.
  {Ben, Bene,} are, _3rd pers. pl._ A. 572.
  Bench, seat, B. 130, 854.
  Bene, fair, A. 198.
  Bene, _adj._ kind, merciful, C. 418.
  Bent, field, plain, B. 532, 1675. See T. B. 1192.
  Ber, bore, _pret._ of _bere_, to bear, A. 426, B. 1480.
  Berdles, beardless, B. 789.
  Bereste, breast, A. 854.
  Berfray, watch tower, B. 1187. O.F. _berfroi_, _beffroit_. Fr.
    _beffroir_. M.Lat. _belfredum_. The modern English _belfry_ is a
    corruption of _berfray_.
  Beryl, A. 110, 1011.
  Beryng, condition, state, behaviour, B. 1060, 1228.
  Best, beast, B. 288, 351.
  Beste, _sb._ best (one), A. 279.
  Besten, of beasts, B. 1446.
  Bete, (the fire) mend, repair, kindle, B. 627, _p.p._ _bet_, B. 1012.
    Prov.E. _beat_, to mend, repair. A.S. _bétan_, (1) to improve,
    repair; (2) joined with _fyr_ to mend a fire, to light or make a
    fire, to kindle.
  Bete, save, A. 757. A.S. _bétan_, to remedy. Du. _boeten_, mend, fine,
    expiate.
  Bet[gh] = bes, shall be, A. 611. Present tense with future
    signification.
  Beuerage, drink, liquor, B. 1433, 1717. Fr. _beuvrage_, from Lat.
    _bibere_.
  Bewar, beware, B. 292.
  Bewté, A. 765.
  Beyng, _sb._ being, existence, A. 446.
  Bibbe, sip, drink, B. 1499. Prov.E. _beb_. Du. _biberen_, to drink
    much.
      "Bacus he was brayne-wode for _bebbing_ of wynes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 154.)
  Bicalt, becalled, called from, A. 1163.
      "The kyng was full curteus, _calt_ on a maiden." --(T. B. 388.)
  Bi-cnv, acknowledged, B. 1327.
  Bidde, bide, abide. C. 51.
  Biden, _p.p._ of _bide_ = _abide_, B. 616.
  {Bifalle, Byfalle,} befal, A. 186.
  Bifore, before, A. 49.
  {Bigge, Bygge,} great, B. 43, _bygger_, A. 374.
  Bigge, build, B. 1666. A.Sax. _byggan_. Icel. _byggia_. O.Sw. _bygga_,
    build, also inhabit.
  Bigly, strongly, C. 321. See T. B. 904.
  Bigonne, began, B. 123.
  Bihynde, behind, B. 918.
  Biholde, behold, B. 150.
  Bihy[gh]t, promised, C. 29.
  Bikenne, give, hand over, B. 1296.
  Bilde, built, B. 1392.
  Bileue, remain, B. 1549.
  Bilooghe, below, B. 116.
  Birle, pour out, B. 1511. Prov.E. _burl_. A.S. _byrelian_, to give to
    drink.
      "And seruanz war at this bridale
      That _birled_ win in cupp and schal." --(Met. Hom. p. 120.)
  Birolled, berolled, B. 959.
  Biseche, beseech, B. 614.
  Biso[gh]ten, besought, C. 375.
  Bispeke, speak, C. 169.
  Bisyde, beside, B. 926.
  Bi-talt, aroused, A. 1161. A.S. _tealtian_, _tealtrian_; (1) to
    _tilt_, shake; (2) to be in danger. William of Shoreham uses one
    form of this word:
      "For [gh]ef that water his kende lest
      That cristninge stant _te-tealte_." --(Poems, p. 9.)
      "For if that water its kind loseth,
      That christening standeth tottery, insecure" (_i.e._ not binding).
  Biteche, give up to, entrust to, B. 871; pret. _bita[gh]t_.
  Bited, bit, C. 373.
  {Biženkke, Biženke,} bethink, B. 1357.
  Bižo[gh]t, bethought, B. 125.
  Bityde, betide; _pret._ bitydde, C. 61.
  Bityde, befall, B. 1804.
  Blade, B. 1105.
  Blake, black, A. 945; B. 747, 1449.
  Blame, _vb._ A. 275; B. 877, 1661; _sb._ B. 43.
  Blande, "in blande," together, B. 885. See _blende_.
  {Blasfamye, Blasfemyon,} B. 1661, 1712.
  Blayke, yellow, A. 27. Brockett has _blayke_ with the sense of yellow,
    of a golden colour. "_Bleyke_ of coloure." Pallidus, subalbus.
    (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Ther (in paradyse) were floures bothe blew and _blake_,
      Of alle frutes thei myth ther take." --(Cov. Myst. p. 2.)
  Bla[gh]t, white, A. 212, _p.p._ of _bleach_, just as _ra[gh]t_ is of
    _reach_. Sc. _blaucht_.
      "As _bla[gh]t_ ere thaire wedis
      As any snyppand snawe." --(K. Alex. p. 54.)
  Ble, colour, complexion, A. 76, 212; B. 791, 1759. Prov.E. _ble_,
    _bly_. A.S. _bleo_.
  Bleaunt, a robe of fine linen, A. 163. O.Eng. _bliant_, fine linen,
    W. _llian_, linen. The _bl_ is merely an imitation of the Celtic
    _ll_.
      "A blewe _bleaunt_ obofe brade him al ovir." --(K. Alex. p. 167.)
  Blench, stratagem, device, B. 1202. O.N. _blekkia_.
  Blemyst, blemished, B. 1421. O.Fr. _blesmir_.
  {Blende, Blente,} blended, mingled, mixt. A. 385, 1016; B. 967, 1788.
    A.S. _blendian_. Icel. _blanda_, to mix.
  Blo = bla, blue, livid, pale. B. 1017; C. 134. O.H.G. _blao_, N.Fris.
    _bla_. O.Sc. _bla_.
  {Blober, Bluber,} = blubber, waves, C. 221, 266. Prov.E. _blubber_,
    bubble; _blob_, _bleb_, a bubble. "_Blobure_ (blobyre, P.)
    Burbulium." (Prompt. Parv.) "_Blober_ upon water (or bubble)
    bouteillis." (Palsg.) "The water _blubbers_ up." (Baker,
    Northamptonshire Glossary.)
  Blod, a child, B. 686. Supposing the _bl_ to represent _ll_ we might
    refer it to the W. _llawd_, a youth, _lad_. O.Sw. _g-lott_. Cf.
    _bliant_, _bleant_, from W. _llian_.
      "žis Abel was a blissid _blod_,
      Bot Caim was the findes (devil's) fode (offspring)."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7b.)
  Blod, blood, A. 650.
  Blok, space, C. 272.
  {Blom, Blome,} flower, bloom, A. 578, B. 1467. Sw. _bloma_, a flower.
    Du. _bloeme_. Ger. _blume_. "_Blome_ flowre. Flos." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Blome[gh], blooms, flowers, A. 27.
  Blonk, horse, _pl._ _blonke[gh]_, B. 87, 1392. See T. B. 2371.
  Blonkken, _gen. pl._ of horses, B. 1412.
  Blosched, looked, C. 343. See _Blusch_.
  Blose = blese, blaze, flame. A. 911. Icel. _blossi_, a flame. A.S.
    _blaese_, a torch. Dan. _blus_.
  Blot, spot, blemish, defilement, A. 782.
    "Ye ben worthy, he saide, to be _blottede_ and _spottede_, foulede
    and defoulede with fenne (mire) and with drit of water (_luto
    inquinari_), and of blode, that in tyme of werre ne were nat be
    bespreynt, ne be wette with ennemyes blode." (Quoted by Way, from
    Roy. MS. 18, A. xii. B. iii. c. 10.)
  Blubrande = blubbering, bubbling, foaming, B. 1017. See _blobber_.
  Blunt, rushed, C. 272.
  Blunt, faint, A. 176. Icel. _blunda_, to sleep. Sw. _blunda_, to close
    the eyes. Dan. _blende_, to dazzle. Cf. "Blunt of wytte. Hebes."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  {Blusch, Blusche,} look, glance, A. 980, 1083, B. 904, 998, 1537.
    N.Prov.E. _blush_, resemblance. Cf. "At the first _blush_," at the
    first appearance, at first sight. Dan. _blusse_, to blaze, flame,
    glow. There seems to be an etymological connection with words
    signifying to look, glow, blaze, shine, etc.
      "The kyng _blyschit_ on the beryne (man) with his brode eghne."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 10.)
      "He _blusshed_ ouer backeward to že brodesee." --(See T. B. 1316.)
  {Blusnande, Blysnande,} shining, B. 1404. Icel. _blys_. Dan. _blus_,
    a torch. Du. _blos_, redness. Dan. _blusse_, to glow. Icel. _lysa_,
    to shine. Pl. D. _bleistern_, to glisten.
  Bluster, B. 886, to wander or stray about.
      "Ac there was wight noon so wys
      The wey thider kouthe,
      But _blustreden_ forth as beestes
      Over bankes and hilles." --(Piers Ploughman, p. 108.)
  Blwe, blue, A. 423.
  Blwe, blew, B. 885.
  Blykked, shone, B. 603. A.S. _blican_, glitter, dazzle. Ger.
    _blicken_, shine, glance, look. Du. _blicken_, glitter; _blick_,
    a flash.
      "Hire bleo _blyketh_ so bryht
      So feyr heo is ant fyn." --(Lyric Poems, p. 52.)
  Blyknande, shining, B. 1467.
  Blykned = blaykned, became black, B. 1759.
  Blynde, to become faded, dull, B. 1126.
  Blynne, cease, A. 729, B. 440, 1661, 1812. A.S. _blinnan_ (for
    _be-linnan_).
  {Blysfol, Blysful,} blissful, A. 279, 409.
  Blysnande, shining, A. 163. See _blusnande_.
  Blysned, shone, A. 1048.
  Blyže, joy, A. 354. Blythe is still used as a noun in the North of
    England.
  Blyžely, joyfully, A. 385.
  Bobaunce, boasting, Fr. _bobance_, B. 179, 1712.
  {Bod, Bode,} command, B. 979; C. 56. A.S. _bod_, _gebod_, command,
    precept, message. "_Bode_ or massage (_boode_, H.) nuncium."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  Bod = abode, _pret._ of _bide_ = abide, A. 62; B. 982; wait for,
    B. 467.
  Bodworde, message, B. 473. See T. B. 6262.
  Bodyly, A. 478.
  Boffet, blast, B. 885.
  Boffete[gh], buffets, blows, A. 809; _boffet_, B. 43.
  Bok-lered, book-learned, B. 1551.
  Bold, bad, A. 806. A.S. _bįld_, audacious. Sw. _båld_, proud, haughty,
    warlike. In early English writers the term was applied indifferently
    to men and women of bad character.
      "Žou do me bote again žis _bald_ (bad one)
      For al že soth I haf že tald."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 48b.)
  Bol, bull, B. 1682; _pl._ _bole[gh]_, B. 55.
  Bole, the round stem of a tree, B. 622. It enters also into
    composition in the word _throte_-bolle. _Pl._ _bolle[gh]_, A. 76.
    Icel. _bolr_. Dan. _bul_. Sw. _bål_, trunk of a man's body. See
    T. B. 4960.
  Bolle, bowl, B. 1145, 1511. A.S. _bolla_. Icel. _bolli_.
  Bolled, embossed, B. 1464.
  Bolnande, swelling, B. 179.
  Bolne, swell, A. 18; B. 363. Icel. _bolgna_. Sw. _bulna_, to swell.
    In some early English works we find _bollen_ (ibol[gh]e) the
    _p.p._ of a verb _bol[gh]e_ = bulge, swell. "Bolnyn, Tumeo, turgeo,
    tumesco." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Bonc, bank, A. 907.
  Bone, prayer, petition, command (= boon). A. 912, 916; B. 826. A.S.
    _ben_. S.Sax. _bone_. O.N. _bón_ rogatio. "_Bone_ or graunte of
    prayer (_boone_ P.) Precarium, peticio." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Bone, good, B. 28.
  {Boner, Bonere,} good, B. 733.
  Bonerté, goodness, A. 762.
  Bongre, willingly, agreeably to, C. 56. See _Gre_.
  Bonk, bank, hill, A. 931, B. 379. Ger. _bank_, bench, bank of a river,
    etc.
  Bor, bower, chamber, dwelling, A. 964. A.S. _bur_, a chamber. Icel.
    _bur_. N.Prov.E. _boor_, a parlour.
  Bore, born, A. 239, B. 584.
  Borde, table, B. 1433, 1717.
  Borde, board of a vessel, B. 470; C. 211.
  Bore[gh], boars, B. 55.
  Borges, burgess; sometimes written _burgeise_, C. 366. O.Fr.
    _bourgeois_, from Lat. _burgensis_.
  Borgoun, to burgeon, bud forth, B. 1042. Fr. _bourgeon_, _bourjon_,
    young bud or sprig. Prov. Fr. _boure_, bud. Fr. _abourioner_, to bud
    or sprout forth. See T. B. 4964.
  Borlych, burly, B. 1488.
  Borne = burne, stream, water, B. 482; _borne[gh] heued_, head of the
    stream, source, A. 974. A.S. _burne_. Goth. _brunna_. Icel.
    _brunnr_. G. _born_, _brunnen_, well, spring.
  Bornyst, burnished, A. 77, 220, B. 554. Fr. _brunir_, to polish.
  Boro[gh]t = bro[gh]t, brought, A. 628.
  {Bor[gh], Bor[gh]e,} city, town, A. 957, 989, B. 45, 834, 1750. A.S.
    _burg_, _burh_. Goth. _baurgs_. Icel. _borg_.
  Bos = bus = behoves, B. 687.
  Bosk, take, B. 351; _boske_ to, go to, B. 834. See _Busk_.
  Boske[gh], bushes, B. 322. Icel. _buskr_.
  Bosum, bay, C. 107. Cf. N.Prov.E. _bosom_, the eddy.
      "Eneas and his feris on the strand
      Wery and forwrocht, sped thame to the nerrest land,
      And at the cost of Lyby arryvit he.
      Ane havyn place with a lang hals or entre
      Thar is, with an ile enveronyt on ather part,
      To brek the wallis and storm of every art,
      Within, the water in a _bosum_ gays." --(G. Doug. vol. i. p. 33.)
  Bost, boast, arrogance. B. 179, 1450.
  Boster, boaster, B. 1499.
  Bostwys = busteous, boisterous, rough, fierce, A. 814. Pl. Du.
    _büster_, wild, fearful, savage. Cf. "_Boystows_, rudis." (Prompt.
    Parv.) _Bustus_, rudis, rigidus, to be _bustus_, rudere. (Cath.
    Angl.) The form _bostwys_ would seem to point to _bost_, boast, as
    the probable root.
  Bot, "to bot," to boot, B. 473.
  Bot, command, B. 944. A.S. _beot_, threat, promise.
  Bot, only, A. 18, 382, except, A. 972; _bot-if_, unless, B. 1110.
  Bote, saviour, A. 275, 645; remedy, safety, C. 163. A.S. _bót_,
    amends, atonement; _gebétan_, to make amends. Du. _boet_, remedy;
    _boeten_, to mend.
  Bože, booth, tent, C. 441.
  {Božem, Božom,} valley, dale, B. 383, 450; pit, sea, B. 1030.
    _Bottom_, a valley, is still used in many of our provincial
    dialects, and is a frequent element in local names. A.S. _botm_,
    lowest point, depth, abyss. Du. _bodem_. Germ. _boden_. Icel.
    _botn_.
  Bothem, bottom, C. 144.
  Božemle[gh], bottomless, B. 1022.
  {Bouel, Bowel,} bowel, gut, B. 1251; C. 293.
  Bougoun (?) B. 1416.
  Boun, (1) ready; (2) finished, A. 534, 992, 1103. See T. B. 827.
    N.Prov.E. _boun_. Icel. _bua_, to prepare, p.p. _buinn_, prepared,
    ready.
  Bounden, fastened, B. 322; bound (_p.p._ of _binde_), A. 1103.
  Bounet, went, _pret._ of _boun_ or _bown_, to go, B. 1398. See _boun_.
    See T. B. 827, 5230.
      "And (he) _bownnes_ over a brode mede
      With breth (anger) at his herte." --(M. Arthure, p. 290.)
  Bounté, goodness, B. 1436.
  Boure[gh] (bowers), chambers. B. 322. See _Bor_.
  Bourne = burne, man, A. 617.
  Bour[gh] = bor[gh], city, B. 1377. See _Bor[gh]_.
  Boute, without, B. 260, 824; C. 523.
  {Bow, Bowe,} to go, walk, literally, to bend (one's steps). A. 126,
    974; B. 45, 379, 482.
      "Forth heo gunnen _bugen_
      In to Bruttaine." --(La[gh]. 2, 410.)
      "The burd _bowet_ from že bede." --(T. B. 775.)
    A.S. _bśgan_, to _bow_, _bend_, avoid, flee.
  Bowe, obey (bend to), C. 56, 75.
  Boy, a boy, youth, B. 878.
  Boye[gh], boys, men of low position, servants; generally used in a bad
    sense, "_boye[gh] bolde_," A. 806.
      "---- bot a _boye_ one (alone)
      Hoves by hym on a blonke (horse) and his spere holdes."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 211.)
      "I wende no Bretones walde bee basschede for so lyttille
      And fore bare-legyde _boyes_ that one the bente houys."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 178.)
  Bo[gh] = bow, go, A. 196; B. 1242, 1551. See _Bow_.
  Bo[gh]e, bough, B. 616, 1467.
  Bo[gh]t, bought, A. 651.
  Bo[gh]ted, curved, C. 449. A.S. _bugan_, to bend. Dan. _bugt_, bend,
    turn. Sc. _bought_, to fold, bend.
  Brade, broad, A. 138.
  Brake vp = break up, throw up, spew, C. 340. Ger. _sich brechen_. Du.
    _braeken_, to vomit. "_Brakyn_, or castyn or spewe. Vomo." (Prompt.
    Parv.)
  Braken (_brake_, _bracken_), fern, B. 1675, Sw. _bräken_, Dan.
    _bregne_, Icel. _brok_, sedge. "A _brakane_ filix, a _brakan_,
    _buske_ filicarium." (Cath. Angl.)
  Braste, burst, C. 148.
  Brathe = breže, anger, ire, also fierceness. A. 1170; B. 916. O.N.
    _braedi_, anger. It sometimes signifies angry.
      "Bade hom blyn of hor _brathe_." --(T. B. 5075.)
      "For this word was Saul wrath,
      For oft-sith was he bremli brath."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 42b.)
  Braže[gh], _pl._ of braže, A. 346.
  Braunches, B. 1464.
  Braundysch, display, A. 346.
  Bray, utter (aloud), roar, A. 346. Sw. _bräka_.
  Brayde, brought, A. 712; aroused, awakened, A. 1170; "at a _brayde_,"
    at a start (Icel. at _bragdi_), at once, B. 539; "in a _brayd_," in
    a moment, B. 1507. O.N. _bregtha_, weave, move, brandish, seize,
    awake, to leap, start. _Bragth_, quick motion.
      "Že Philistienes wituten les
      Ran on Sampson in a res,
      Bot Sampson žat selcuth smert,
      Ute o žair handes son he stert
      And gave a _braid_ sa fers and fast,
      Žat alle že bandes of him brast."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 40b.)
  Brayden, ornamented, _p.p._ of _braid_, B. 1481.
  Bred, bread, B. 636.
  {Brede, Bred,} = breed, become, B. 1558; replenish, A. 415, 814;
    B. 257.
  Brede, board, C. 184. "_Brede_ or lytylle borde. Mensula, tabula,
    tabella, asserulus." (Prompt. Parv.) A.S. _bred_, plank, board, etc.
  Brede, breadth, A. 1030.
  Brede, stretch out, A. 814.
  Breed, bred, C. 143.
  Bref, short, brief, A. 268.
  Brek, broke, B. 1105, 1239.
  Breme, full, complete, A. 863. A.S. _breme_, famous, glorious.
  Breme, fierce, A. 346; B. 229; C. 430. Du. _bremen_, to burn with
    desire. Fris. _brimme_, to rage.
      "A _brem_ lowe." (T. B. 860.)
  Bremly, vigorously, B. 509.
  {Brend, Brende,} = brente, burnt, bright, A. 989; B. 1292.
  Brennande, burning, B. 1012.
  Brenne, burn, B. 509, 916.
  Brent, burnt, bright, A. 106.
  Brent, steep; _superl._ _brentest_, highest, B. 379. N.Prov.E.
    _brant_, steep. Sw. _brant_, steep, a precipice.
      "A man may syt on a _brante_ hyll syde."
        --(Ascham's Toxoph. p. 58, ed. Arber.)
      "Apon the bald Bucifelon _brant_ up he sittes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 124.)
      "Thane come thai blesnande till a barme of a _brent_ lawe (hill)."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 164.)
  Brere, briar, B. 791, 1694. N.Prov.E. _brere_, _breer_. A.S. _brér_.
  Bresed, rough, like bristles, shaggy (?), B. 1694. Cf. Sc. _birs_,
    _birse_, bristle.
  Brest, attack, outburst, B. 229. N.Prov.E. _birst_, attack (Brockett).
    O.E. _burst_ = injury, A.S. _byrst_.
  Breste, to burst, B. 1783.
  {Breth, Brethe,} wind, C. 107, 138; smell, vapour, B. 509, 967. Cf.
    "_brethe_ of smoke." (Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, l. 4727.) Sc.
    _broth_. Ger. _brodem_, _broden_, steam, vapour. A.S. _bręth_, an
    odour, scent, breath. "_Brethe_ at his wille." (T. B. 1945.)
  Breth, wrath, B. 916. See _Brath_.
  Breue, tell, A. 755.
      "_Breve_ us thi name." (K. Alex. p. 78.)
  Breued, related, written, B. 197. O.N. _brefa_.
  Breyžed, rushed, B. 1421. See _Braid_.
  Brod, great; "_brod_ wonder," B. 584.
  Brode, broad, A. 650.
  {Brok, Broke,} brook, river, stream, A. 981; _pl._ _broke[gh]_.
    A. 1074, sea; C. 145. A.S. _broca_.
  Brom (broom), heath, C. 392. A.S. _bróm_.
  Bronch, branch, B. 487.
  Bronde, sword, B. 1246. O.N. _brandr_.
  Brond, brand, B. 1012.
  Brože, angry, fierce, rough, B. 149, 1409. The original form in O.E.
    is _brathe_. It is connected with _brethe_, _brathe_, anger, wrath.
      "Wreth it es a _brath_ on-fall (outburst)
      Menging o mode that cums o galle."
        --(The Deadly Sins, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)
  {Brožely, Brožlych,} fierce, rough, and hence vile, bad, B. 848, 1030;
    vilely, B. 1256; C. 474. The original form is _bražly_, fiercely,
    vigorously.
      "Thoner o-loft fal sal he (Antichrist) gar,
      And tres _brathli_ blomes bere;
      _Brathli_ to do the see be reth (stormy)
      And _brathli_ to do it be smeth."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 124a.)
  Broun, brown, A. 537, 990.
  Browden, clustered, B. 1132.
  Bro[gh]t, brought, A. 286.
  Brugge = brigge, bridge, B. 1187. A.S. _bricge_.
  Brunt, blow, A. 174.
      "All žat was bitten of the best (beast)
      was at a brunt dede." --(K. Alex. p. 134.)
  Brurd, border, edge, B. 1474. Sc. _breard_. A.S. _brerd_, _breard_,
    _briord_, _breord_, brim, margin, rim, shore, brink.
  Brurd-ful, brimful, full up to the brim, B. 383. Chaucer uses
    _bret-ful_ in the same sense.
  Brutage = bretage, parapets of a wall, ramparts, B. 1190. Fr.
    _breteche_.
  Bruxle, upbraid, reprove, C. 345. O.N. _brķxla_, to reprove, reproach.
  Brych, filth, uncleanness, B. 848. The meaning here assigned to
    _brych_ is conjectural. Cf. Du. _brack_, refuse, damaged. Ger.
    _brechen_, to vomit, _Bryche_ as an adjective occurs in Robt.
    Brunne's "Handlyng Synne," p. 182, where it is glossed low (loghe)
    _i.e._ vile.
      "Now ys Pers bycome _bryche_
      That er was bothe stoute and ryche."
    In the Romance of Alexander, ed. Stevenson, we find the form
    _bicchid_ = _briched_ (?). Cf. _shille_ and _shrille_, etc.
      "And on the a[gh]tent day, eftire the prime
      A basilisk in a browe, breis (annoys) thaim unfaire,
      A stra[gh]till and a stithe worme _stinkande_ of elde,
      And es so bitter, and so breme, and _bicchid_ (foul) in himselfe,
      That with the _stinke_ and the strenth he stroyes no[gh]t allane,
      Bot quat he settes on his si[gh]t, he slaes in a stonde."
        --(p. 165.)
  Bryd, lady, A. 769. A.S. _bryd_, a bride, a wife, woman.
  Brydde, bird, B. 288, 1482.
  Brydale, wedding, marriage, B. 142.
  {Brym, Brymme,} bank, shore, A. 232, 1074. Dan. _bremme_.
  Brymme, stream, water, B. 365. A.S. _brym_, the sea. In this sense
    _brymme_ seems to have been unknown to the Southern dialect.
      "O žis water žat sua stanc
      Wa was žam žat it nedings dranc,
      Žat tožer oncom žat him felle,
      Was frosse žat na tung moght telle,
      Žat ute o _brim_ and brokes bred,
      And sižen over al Egypte spred."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 32b.)
  Brynke[gh], brinks, banks, B. 384.
  Brynston, brimstone, B. 967.
  Bry[gh]t, _adj._ bright, A. 110; _sb._ bright one, A. 755.
  Bukke[gh], bucks, B. 392.
  Bulde, built, B. 1190.
  Bule[gh], bulls, B. 392.
  Bulk, stern of a ship. A.S. _bolca_, O.H.G. _pl._ _balkun_. Agiavia,
    loca per quę ad remiges acceditur. (Graff. iii. p. 108.)
  {Bur, Burre,} blow, assault, A. 176; C. 7. O.Sc. _byr_, a blow.
    N.Prov. _birre_, _burr_. W. _bur_, violence, rage. See Wicliffe, St.
    Luke, viii. 33.
      "---- no buerne might ffor the _birre_ it abide."
        --(T. B. 170. Cf. T. B. 571, 1902.)
  Bur, wave, C. 148. Prov.E. _bore_. Icel. _bara_. O.Ger. _bare_. Du.
    _baar_, wave, billow. In La[gh]amon, vol. iii. p. 121, _Že beares_
    occurs in the latter version for _ža všen_ of the older copy.
  Burde, behoved, A. 316; C. 117, 507. O.N. _byrjar_. Dan. _bör_.
  Burde, a woman, lady. B. 80, 653. See _Bryd_. See T. B. 3984.
  {Burghe, Bur[gh], Bur[gh]e,} city, town, A. 980; B. 982; C. 366.
  Burne, man, A. 397, 712; B. 1202; "_burne[gh] & burde[gh]_," men and
    women, B. 80. A.S. _beorn_, warrior, hero.
  {Burnist, Burnyst,} burnished, B. 1085.
  Burre, blow, A. 176. See _bur_.
  Buržen, burden, B. 1439.
  Butter, B. 636.
  Bur[gh], city, town, B. 1666. See _burghe_.
  {Busch, Busche,} = buske, to go, B. 1416; C. 143, 472.
      "& he (she) wist it as wel or bet as [gh]if it were hire owne,
      Til hit big was & bold to _buschen_, on felde."
        --(William and the Werwolf, p. 7.)
  Busily, laboriously, B. 1446.
  Busk, prepare, made ready, dress, to direct one's steps towards a
    place, to go, hasten. B. 142, 333, 351, 633, 1395; C. 437. Icel. _at
    buast_ (for _at buasc_) = _at bua sig_, to bend one's steps, to
    prepare, etc. See T. B. 1186.
  Busmar, scorn, mockery, B. 653. A.S. _bismer_, reproach, blasphemy.
  Bustwys, impetuous, fiery, A. 911. See _bostwys_.
  Busye[gh] = busies, troubles, A. 268.
  Buyrne = burne, man, C. 340. See _Burne_.
  Bycalle, call, A. 913.
  Bycalt, aroused, called, A. 1163.
  Bycom, became, A. 537.
  Byde, abide, A. 399; suffer, A. 664; B. 32; remain, B. 449, 622.
  Bydene, quickly, A. 196.
  Bye, buy, A. 732.
  Byfallen, befallen, B. 1629.
  Byfore, before, A. 530.
  {Bigge, Byge,} great, B. 229.
  {Byggyng, Bygyng,} building, A. 932; dwelling, B. 378. A.S. _byggan_,
    to build, Icel. _byggia_. See T. B. 1379.
  Bygly, great, strong; "_bygly bylde_," great building, A. 963. See
    T. B. 5216.
  {Bygonne, Bygonnen,} begun, _p.p._ of _byginne_, A. 33; B. 749; began,
    A. 549.
  Bygyn, begin, A. 547.
  Bygynner, beginner, A. 436.
  Byhelde, beheld, B. 452.
  Byhod, behoved, A. 928. Cf. _bud_, behoved; _bus_, behoves.
  Byholde, behold, A. 810; B. 64.
  {Byhynde, Byhynden,} behind, B. 653, 980.
  {Byld, Bylded,} built, See _Bulde_.
  Bylde, building, A. 727, 963.
  Bylyue, immediately, at once, quickly, B. 353, 610.
  Bynde, bine, woodbine, C. 444. Sw. _binda_. Ger. _winde_. Eng.
    _bind_-weed.
  Bynne, within, B. 452, 467.
  Byrled, poured out, B. 1715. See _Birle_.
  {Bysech, Byseche,} beseech, A. 390.
  Byseme, beseem, A. 310.
  Bysulpe, defile, B. 575. See _Sulpe_.
  Byswyke, defraud, A. 568. A.S. _swķcan_, deceive.
  Bysyde, beside, B. 673.
  {Byta[gh]t, Byta[gh]te,} = betaught, entrusted, confided; _pret._ of
    _biteche_, A. 1207; B. 528.
  Byte, fierce, A. 355.
  Byženk, repent, B. 582.
  Bytterly, _adv._ B. 468.
  Bytwene, between, A. 140, 658.
  Bytwyste, betwixt, A. 464.
  Bytyde, betide, happen, A. 397; B. 522.
  Byye, buy, A. 478.
  By[gh]e, crown, A. 466; ring, collar, B. 1638. A.S. _beįh_, _beįg_,
    ring, collar, diadem.
  By[gh]onde, beyond, A. 141, 146, 158, 981.

  Cable, C. 102.
  Cace, case, chance, C. 265.
  {Cache, Cachche,} = catch, drive away, take away. (1) "_cache_ to,"
    run to, B. 629; (2) take, B. 898, 1252. _Cachche_, to knock
    together, B. 1541. _Cached_, caught, B. 1800. Prov. Fr. _cacher_.
    Fr. _chasser_. It. _cacciare_.
  Cachen (_3d pers. pl._ of _cache_), B. 16.
  Cagged, drawn along (?), B. 1254.
  Caggen (_3d pers. pl. pres._ of _cagge_), draw (?), A. 512.
      "Cables were _caget_ togedur." --(T. B. 3703.)
      "He plyes ovir the pavement with pallene webis.
      Mas on hi[gh]t ovir his hede for hete of the sone,
      Sylours of sendale to sele ovire the gatis,
      And sammes thaim on aither side with silken rapis,
      And then he _caggis_ up one
      Cordis, as curteyns it ware." --(K. Alex. p. 52.)
  Cal, _sb._ call, invitation, B. 61.
  Calder, colder, A. 320.
  Calle[gh], addresses, C. 411.
  Callyng, _sb._ proclamation, B. 1362. N.Prov.E. calling, notice.
      "_Callynge_, or clepyng to mete: Invitacio." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Calsydoyne, chalcedony, A. 1003.
  Cambe, came, A. 775.
  Canacle, B. 1461. M.Lat. _canicellus_, a little box, chest.
  Candel, C. 472.
  Candelstik, B. 1478.
  Capeles, horses, B. 1254. _Capul_ or _caple_, horse. Caballus.
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  Capstan, B. 418.
  Captyuidé, captivity, B. 1612.
  Caraldes, C. 159.
  Carayne, carrion, B. 459.
  Care, sorrow, A. 50, 371; B. 777. A.S. _cįru_. Goth. _kara_.
  Careful, sorrowful, B. 770.
  Carf, carved, formed, C. 131.
  Carfully, sorrowfully, B. 1252.
  Carle, a low fellow, a churl, B. 876. A.S. _ceorl_, a man, countryman.
    Du. _kaerle_. Ger. _kerl_.
  Carneles, battlements, embrasures, B. 1382.
  Carpe, _sb._ discourse, A. 883; parable, B. 23; speech, B. 1327.
  Carpe, _vb._ to discourse, talk, speak, A. 381; B. 74; of carpe,
    discourse of, A. 752. "_Carpyn_ or talkyn, fabulor, confabulor,
    garrulo." (Prompt. Parv.) Port. _carpire_, cry.
  Carping, discourse, speech, B. 1550.
  Cas, case, A. 673.
  {Cast, Caste, Kest,} condition, A. 1163.
  Cast, look, B. 768.
  Casydoyne, B. 1471. See _Calsydoyne_.
  Catel, wealth, B. 1296.
  Cawse, reason, B. 65.
  Cause, A. 702.
  Cayre, to turn one's steps to a place, to go, A. 1031; B. 85, 901,
    1259. "Kaire to ži londe," T. B. 836. A.S. _cérran_. Ger. _kehren_.
    Du. _keeren_, to turn.
  Cayser, emperor, B. 1322.
  Caytif, wretched, B. 1426.
  {Ca[gh]t, Ca[gh]te,} caught, A. 50; ca[gh]te of, took off, A. 237;
    ca[gh]t away, B. 1275; C. 485. See _Cache_.
  Certe[gh], truly, B. 105.
  Cerue, cut, dig, B. 1547.
  Ceté, city, A. 927.
  Ceuer, recover, reach, A. 319.
  Chace, drive, A. 443.
  Chambre, A. 904; B. 1586.
  Chapel, A. 1062.
  Charde, turned, A. 608. A.S. _cérran_, to turn, avert. Cf. _ajar_,
    older form a-_char_, on-_char_.
  Charged, commanded, B. 464.
  Charged, loaded, B. 1154, 1295.
  Chariote, B. 1295.
  Charyté, A. 470.
  Chast, chasten, B. 860.
  Chastyse, B. 543.
  Chaufen, heat, increase, B. 128.
  Chaunce, chance, B. 1125.
  Chaundeler, candlestick, B. 1272.
  Chaunge, change, B. 1588.
  Chawle[gh], jaws, C. 268. N.Prov.E. _chavel_. A.S. _ceafl_. S.Sax.
    _cheuele_. Cp. the vulgar phrase "cheek by _jowl_."
  {Chayer, Chayere,} chair, seat, A. 885; B. 1218.
  Chef, chief, B. 684, 1238.
  Cheftayn, chieftain, B. 1295.
  Chekke, B. 1238.
  Chere, cheer, A. 407; countenance, A. 887. Prov. Sp. _cara_, O.Fr.
    _chiere_, countenance, favour, look.
  {Cheryche, Cherisch,} cherish, B. 128, 543, 1154, 1644.
  Ches, chose (_pret._ of _chese_), A. 759.
  Cheualrye, chivalry, B. 1238.
  Cheue, achieve, accomplish, B. 1125. Fr. _achever_, to bring to a
    head, accomplish. Fr. _chevir_, to compass.
  {Cheuetayn, Cheuentayn,} chieftain, A. 605; B. 464. O.Fr.
    _chevetaine_.
  {Childer, Chylder,} children, A. 718; B. 1300.
  Chorles, churl, B. 1258. See _Carle_.
  Chos, went. See "chosen," T. B. 490.
  Chyche, niggard, A. 605. Fr. _chice_, avarice. _Chynche_ and _kynche_
    are other forms of the same word.
  Chyde, A. 403.
  Chyldryn, (_gen. pl._) of children, B. 684.
  Chylled = chilled, shivered, became cold, C. 368.
  Chysly = choysly, aptly, well, B. 543.
  Ciences, sciences, knowledge, B. 1289.
  Clam (_pret._), climbed, B. 405.
  Clambe (_2 sing. pret._), climbedst, A. 773.
  Clanner, cleaner, B. 1100.
  {Clanly, Clanlych,} cleanly, purely, A. 2; B. 264, 1089, 1327; neatly,
    B. 310. T. B. 53.
  Clannes, clannesse, cleanness, purity, B. 1, 12, 1809.
  Claryoun, clarion, B. 1210.
  {Clater, Clatter,} shatter, B. 912.
      "So hard was she beseged soth for to telle,
      And so harde sautes to the cite were [gh]euen,
      That the komli kerneles were to-_clatered_ with engines."
        --(William and the Werwolf, p. 103.)
  Clatering, clattering, B. 1515. Du. _klateren_, to rattle.
  Clat[gh], clash, clatter, B. 839. Ger. _klatschen_, to clap;
    _klatsch_, slap, clash.
  Clawres, claws, B. 1696. _Clawres_ is perhaps an error for _clawes_.
    It may, however, be another form of O.E. _clever_, _claver_, a claw.
    Du. _klaveren_, _kleveren_. N.Prov.E. _claiver_, to claw oneself up,
    to scramble.
  Clay, B. 312. _Clay_-daubed, B. 492.
  Clayme, call for, cry for, B. 1096.
  Cleche, receive, take, B. 12. "_Cleches_ to," takes, lays hold of,
    B. 634. Sc. _cleik_, _clek_, _cluke_, claw, hook; _cleke_, _cleik_,
    catch, snatch. O.Sw. _klaencka_, to snatch, seize.
  Clef, cleft, split (_pret._ of _cleve_), B. 367.
  Clem, claim, A. 826.
  Cleme, daub, plaster with clay, B. 312. N.Prov.E. _cleam_. _Clam_, to
    daub, glue. S.Prov.E. _cloam_, earthenware; _clomer_, a potter. A.S.
    _clem_, _clįm_, clay; _clęmian_, to _clam_, smear.
      "I stoppe thys ouyn wythowtyn dowte,
      With clay I _clome_ yt uppe ryght fast,
      That non heat cum [ther] owte."
        --(The Play of the Sacrament, p. 132.)
  Clene, perfect, whole, B. 1731.
  Clenge, cling, stick, B. 1034. Dan. _klynge_, to cluster, crowd.
    S.Prov.E. _clunge_, to crowd, squeeze; _clungy_, sticky.
  Clente, clenched, fastened, A. 259. Cf. _queynte_ = quenched,
    _dreynte_ = drenched.
  Clepe, to call, B. 1345. A.S. _clypian_.
  {Cler, Clere,} clear, A. 2, 207; bright, A. 620, 735; plain, B. 26.
  Clergye, learning, B. 1570.
  Clerke[gh], clerks, scholars, B. 193.
  Clernes, clearness, beauty, B. 1353.
  Cleže, clothe, B. 1741.
  {Cle[gh]t, Cly[gh]t,} = clutched, fastened, (_p.p._ of _cleche_),
    B. 858; fixed, B. 1655.
  Clobbe[gh], clubs, B. 839.
  Clos, enclosure, house, B. 839.
  Clos, closed, A. 183; B. 12.
  Closed, enclosed, B. 310.
  Clot, mount, hill, A. 789. In the "Owl and Nightingale," 999, we find
    _clude_, a hill. A.S. _clśd_. Low Ger. _kloot_, a hill.
  Clot, soil, earth, A. 22, 320. Du. _klot_, _klotte_, clod, clot.
  Clotte[gh], clods, A. 857.
  Clož, sail, C. 105.
  {Cloutes, Clowte[gh],} pieces, B. 367, 965.
  Cloystor, cloister, A. 969.
  Cluchche, clutch, B. 1541.
  Clustered, B. 367, 951. See T. B. 1647.
  Clutte, clouted, patched (?), B. 40. A.S. _clśt_, a clout.
  Clyde, plaister (?), B. 1692. A.S. _clitha_. Cf. "_Clyte_, _clete_, or
    vegge (_clete_ or wegge, K.) cuneus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Clyffe, cliff, A. 159; B. 405, 965.
  Clyket, clicket, latch, B. 858. Prov. Fr. _cliche_, a latch, bolt.
    _Clyket_ of a dore, _clicquette_. (Palsgrave.)
  Clynge, wither, decay, A. 857. A.S. _clingan_.
  Clyppe, fasten, B. 418. A.S. _clyppan_, to embrace.
      "I wold yonder worthy weddit me hade,
      So comly, so cleane to _clippe_ uppon nightes." --(T. B. 474.)
  Clypper, shearer, A. 802.
  {Clyue, Clyuy,} cleave, cling to, B. 1630, 1692. Du. _kleeven_,
    _klijven_, to fasten. A.S. _clķfan_.
  Clyuen, cleave, A. 1196.
  Cly[gh]t, clutched, stuck, B. 1692.
  Cnawe, know, acknowledge, C. 519.
  Cnawyng, _sb._ knowledge, A. 859.
  Cnoken, knock, A. 727.
  Cob-hous = cov (cow)-house (?), B. 629. _Cob_ may be another form of
    Prov. Ger. _colb_, a heifer.
  Cof, quickly, B. 60, 898; quick, B. 624. A.S. _cįf_, quick, expert.
  {Cofer, Cofere,} coffer, chest, coffin, A. 259; ship, ark, B. 310,
    339; jewel box, 1428. Fr. _coffre_.
  Cofly, quickly, B. 1428.
  Coge, boat, C. 152. _Cogges_ with cablis cachyn to londe, T. B. 1077.
  Cokre[gh], cockers, a kind of rustic high shoes or half boots fastened
    with laces or buttons, B. 40. "_Cocur_ boote. Ocrea. coturnus."
    (Prompt. Parv.) The term is still used in the north of England =
    gaiters, leggings.
  Cole, coal, B. 456.
  Cole, cool, C. 452.
  Colde, great, severe, A. 50; "_care[gh]_ colde," great sorrow, A. 808.
  Coler, collar, B. 1569, 1744.
  Colored, B. 456.
  Colour, A. 753.
  Coltour = coulter, (of a plough), B. 1547. Fr. _coultre_. Lat.
    _culter_.
  Colwarde, deceitful, B. 181. See note on this word. Cf. _kolsipe_
    (col-ship), deceit.
  Comaunde, B. 1428.
  Combre, to trouble, destroy, B. 901, 1024. Du. _kommer_, _kombre_,
    loss, adversity, care, grief.
  Combraunce, trouble, B. 4. See T. B. 726.
  Come, _sb._ coming, arrival, A. 1116; B. 467
      "Of his _come_ fayne." --(T. B. 975.)
  Comende, B. 1.
  {Comfort, Comforte,} _sb._ A. 55, 357.
  {Comly, Comlych,} comely, A. 259; B. 546.
  Commune, common, A. 739.
  Comparisune, _vb._ compare, B. 161.
  Compas, A. 1072, B. 319, 1455.
  Compast, B. 697.
  Compaynye, company, B. 119.
  Comyne, B.   . See T. B. 12863.
  Con = can, did (used as an auxiliary of the past tense), A. 453;
    B. 1561; _cone[gh]_, didst, A. 482.
  Conacle = canacle, cup, B. 1515.
  Conciens, conscience, A. 1089.
  Concubine, B. 1353.
  Condelstik, candlestick, B. 1275.
  Confourme, conform, B. 1067.
  {Coninge, Connyng,} wisdom, science, B. 1611, 1625.
  Conquere, B. 1431, 1632.
  Conquerour, B. 1322.
  Conquest, conquered, B. 1305.
  Consayue, conceive, B. 649.
  Conterfete, counterfeit, feign, B. 13.
  Contraré, contrary, B. 4, 266; in _contrary_, opposite, B. 1532.
  Controeued, contrived, B. 266.
  Contryssyoun, contrition, A. 669.
  Conueye, guide, B. 678, 768.
  Cooste[gh], properties, B. 1033.
  Coperounes, tops, B. 1461. "_Coporne_ or _coporoun_ of a thyng
    (_coperone_, K. H. _coperun_, P.), capitellum." (Prompt. Parv.) "The
    Catholicon explains _capitellum_ as signifying merely the capital of
    a column, but in the Medulla it is rendered '_summa pars capitis_.'"
    (A. Way, in Prompt. Parv.)
  Coppe, top; "hyl _coppe_," A. 791. A.S. _copp_, head, top, apex.
      "Now bowis forth this baratour and bidis na langir,
      Up at a martene mountane, he myns with his ost,
      And viii daies bedene the dri[gh]e was and mare,
      Or he mi[gh]t covir to the _copp_, fra the cave undire."
        --(K. Alex. p. 163.)
  Corage, heart, B. 1806.
  Corbyal, raven, B. 456.
  Cordes, C. 153.
  Coroun, _sb._ A. 237; _vb._ A. 415, 767.
  Cors, course, B. 264.
  Corse, corpse, A. 320.
  Corse, to curse, B. 1032, 1583.
  Corsye, corrosive, B. 1034.
  {Cortays, Cortayse,} courteous, A. 433; B. 512; pure, B. 1089.
  Cortaysye, courtesy, A. 468, 480; good conduct, B. 13.
  Cortaysly, courteously, A. 381; kindly, B. 564, 1435.
  Corte, court, A. 701.
  Cortel, kirtle, A. 203. A.S._cyrtel_. Dan. _kjortel_, a garment either
    for a man or woman.
  Corte[gh], courteous, A. 754.
  Corupte, B. 281.
  Coruen (_p.p._ of _kerue_), cut, reaped. A. 40; B. 1407.
  Cost, contrivance, B. 1478. A.S. _costian_. O.Sw. _kosta_. Du.
    _koste_, to try, attempt. This word is sometimes written _cast_.
    See "William and the Werwolf," p. 167.
  Cost, coost, property, B. 1024, 1033.
  Cost, coast, border, side, B. 85.
  Costoum, custom, B. 851.
  Coumforde, comfort, A. 369.
  {Counseyl, Counsayl,} counsel, A. 319; B. 683, 1201.
  Counte, B. 1685, 1731.
  Countenaunce, appearance, B. 792.
  Counterfete, defraud, A. 556.
  Countes, countess, A. 489.
  Courtaysye, courtesy, A. 457.
  Cout, cut, B. 1104.
  Couthe, knew, known, B. 813, 1054.
  Coueyte, covet, desire, B. 1054.
  {Couenaunde, Couenaunt,} covenant, A. 562, 563.
  Couetyse, covetousness, B. 181.
  Cowpe, cup, B. 1458.
  Cowže, could; cowže[gh], couldst, A. 484.
  Cowwardely, cowardly, B. 1631.
  Coyntyse, skill, craft, B. 1287. _Coint_, skilful, occurs in
    T. B. 125.
      "hir _coint_ artys."
    Cf. _Coyntly_, T. B. 164.
  Crafte, power, wisdom; _pl._ crafte[gh], A. 356; contrivance, A. 890;
    power, C. 131.
  Crage[gh], crags, B. 449.
  Crak, sound, B. 1210.
  Craue, ask, pray for, A. 663; beg, B. 801.
  Crede, creed, A. 485.
  Cresse, cress, A. 343.
  Creste, A. 856.
  Croked, bad, B. 181.
  Croke[gh], reapinghooks, sickles, A. 40.
  Crone[gh], cranes, B. 58.
  Crossayl, cross-sail, C. 102.
  Crouke[gh], croaks, B. 459.
  Cruppele[gh], cripples, B. 103.
  Cry, proclamation, B. 1574.
  {Crysolite, Crysolyt,} chrysolite, A. 1009.
  Crysopase, chrysoprasus, A. 1013.
  Crystal, A. 159.
  Cumly, A. 929. See _Comly_.
  Cupborde, B. 1440.
  {Cupyde, Cubit,} B. 315, 319, 405.
  Cumfort, C. 485.
  Cupple, pair, B. 333.
  Cure, care, A. 1091.
  Curious, B. 1353.
  {Cyté, Ceté,} city, A. 927, 939.

  Dale, B. 384 (phrase: "doun and _dale[gh]_," hill and dale), A. 121.
  Dalt, dealt, fulfilled, B. 1756.
  Dam, stream, A. 324; the deep, B. 416. Icel. _dammr_. Dan. _dam_,
    a fish pond.
  Dampned, damned, condemned, A. 641.
  Dampped, quelled, B. 989. Ger. _dampfen_, to suffocate, choke. Du.
    _dempen_. Sw. _dåmpa_, to extinguish, repress, damp.
  Damysel, damsel, A. 489.
  Dare, to tremble, be afraid, A. 839. Sw. _darra_, to tremble, shake.
  Dard = dured, endured, A. 609.
  Daschande, dashing, C. 312.
  Dasande, stupefying, B. 1538.
  Dase, lie hid, cower, C. 383. Cf. _dare_, to lie hid, cower. For the
    interchange of _r_ and _s_ compare O.E. _gaure_, to gaze.
  Dased, stupid, frightened, A. 1085. Sc. _dozen_, _dosen_, to stupefy,
    benumb. Du. _daesen_, to lose one's wits; _daes_, _dwaes_, foolish,
    mad. (Kil.) Prov. Ger. _dasen_, to be still.
      "For he was _dased_ of the dint and half dede him semyd."
        --(K. Alex. p. 136.)
  Date, A. 492; limit, A. 493; time, A. 504, 516; age, A. 1040.
  Daube, daub, plaister, B. 313, 492. Prov.E. _daub_, clay. "_Dawber_ or
    cleyman; _dawbyn_, lino, muro." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Daunce, dance, A. 345.
  Daunger, power, A. 11; insolence, B. 71.
  Dawande, dawning, C. 445. A.S. _dagian_, to become day. Icel. _dagan_,
    dawn.
  Dawe[gh], days; "don out of _dawe[gh]_," deprived of life, dead,
    A. 282.
  Dayly, A. 313.
  Daynty, B. 38, 1046.
  Day-rawe, daybreak, B. 893; _rawe_ or _rewe_ signifies a _streak_. Cf.
    _day-rim_, in "Owl and Nightingale," l. 328.
      "Qwen the _day-rawe_ rase, he rysis belyfe." --(K. Alex. p. 14.)
  Da[gh]ed, dawned, became day, B. 1755. See _Dawande_.
  Debate, strife, contest, A. 390.
  Debonere, gracious, courteous, kind, A. 162; B. 830.
  Debonerté, goodness, A. 798; C. 418.
  Dece = dese, seat of honour, B. 38, 1399. See _Dese_.
  Declar, explain, B. 1618.
  Declyne, A. 333.
  Decre, decree, B. 1745; C. 386.
  Dedayn, disdain, displeasure, B. 74; C. 50.
  Defence, prohibition, B. 243, 245.
  Defoule, defilement, C. 290.
  Defowle, to defile, B. 1129, 1147.
  Degre, degree, condition, B. 92.
  Degres, steps, A. 1022.
  Dekenes, deacons, B. 1266.
  Dele, deal, distribute, give, A. 606; exchange, B. 1118.
  Dele, utter, B. 344.
  Dele (dole), sorrow, A. 51.
  Deled, dealt, C. 193.
  Delful, doleful, sorrowful, B. 400.
  Delfully, dolefully, sorrowfully, A. 706.
  Delyt, delight, A. 642, 1116.
  Delyuer, delivered, B. 1084.
  Delyuer, deliver, A. 652; B. 500.
  Deme, deem, judge, A. 312, 313; B. 1118; utter, decree, B. 1745;
    C. 119; call, name, B. 1020, 1611. A.S. _déman_.
  {Demerlayk, Demorlayk,} magic, glamour, B. 1561, 1578. S.Sax.
    _dweomer-lake_, magic. A.S. _dweomere_, a juggler.
      "And all this _demerlayke_ he did bot be the devylle craftes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 15.)
  Demme, _vb._ become faded, lost, A. 223. A.S. _dem_, damage, hurt,
    loss.
  Demmed = dammed, collected (?), B. 384. A.S. _demman_, to dam, stop
    water. Carr gives _demin_, a term applied to clouds when collected
    in masses. Sw. _dämma_. O.Fris. _demma_, to stop, obstruct.
  Dene, vale, dale, A. 295. A.S. _dene_, _denu_.
  Denely, loud, A. 51.
  Denned, resounded. If it does not signify _dinned_, it must mean
    settled, took up its abode. A. 51.
  Denounce, renounce, forsake, B. 106.
  Departe, separate, part, A. 378; B. 396, 1677.
  Depaynt, painted, adorned, A. 1102.
  {Dep, Depe,} profound, A. 406; B. 1609.
  Depres, depress, A. 778.
  Depryue, A. 449; take away, B. 185.
  Dere, _vb._ to harm, injure, A. 1157; B. 862. See T. B. 1260. A.S.
    _derian_, to hurt, damage, injure.
  Dere, precious, A. 400; valuable, B. 1792. A.S. _deóre_, dear,
    precious.
  Dere, dear ones, A. 777.
  {Derelych, Derely,} = dearly, beautifully, excellently, A. 995; very,
    B. 270.
  Dere[gh], _sb._ harms, injuries, A. 102. See T. B. 920. A.S. _dar_,
    _daru_, hurt, harm.
      "Thai dre[gh]e him up to the drye (land),
          and he na _dere_ sufird."
        --(K. Alex. p. 189.)
  Derf, great, bold, B. 862. O.N. _diafr_. Sw. _djerf_, strong, bold. "A
    _derfe_ dragon," T. B. 166. "Dang him _derffly_ don in a ded hate."
    _Ib._ 1339.
  Derfly, quickly, B. 1641; C. 110.
  Derk, dark, B. 1020; C. 263; night, B. 1755. A.S. _deorc_.
  Derne, _adj._ secret, hidden, B. 588, 1611; _adv._ secretly, B. 697.
    See T. B. 1962. A.S. _dearn_, dark, secret, hidden.
  Derrest, dearest, B. 115, 1306.
  Derže = dearth, preciousness, value, worth, A. 99. See _Dere_.
  Deruely = derfely, quickly, B. 632.
  Derworth, precious, beautiful, A. 109. See _Dere_.
  {Des, Dese,} dais, seat of honour, A. 766; B. 115, 1394.
  Desert, C. 84.
  Desserte, desert, A. 595.
  Deseuered, severed, C. 315.
  Dessypele, disciple, A. 715.
  Destyné, A. 758; C. 49.
  Desyre, B. 545.
  Determynable, A. 594.
  Deuine, _sb._ divine, B. 1302; _vb._ B. 1561.
  Deuinores, diviner, B. 1578.
  Deuote, devout, A. 406.
  Deuoutly, B. 814.
  Deuoyde, do away with, destroy, A. 15; B. 908.
  {Deuyce, Deuyse, Deuice,} devise, imagine, B. 1046, 1100; describe,
    A. 99, 984; order, B. 110, 238.
  Deuyse, _sb._ device, A. 139.
  Deuysement, description, A. 1019.
  Devoydynge, putting away, _sb._ B. 544.
  Dewoutly, devoutly, C. 333.
  Dewoyde = devoyde, C. 284.
  Dewyne = dwine, pine, A. 11.
  Deystyné, destiny, B. 400.
  {De[gh]ter, De[gh]teres, De[gh]tters,} daughters, B. 270, 866, 899,
    933, 939. See T. B. 1489.
  Dialoke, discourse, B. 1157.
  Dispayred, in despair, C. 169.
  Display, B. 1107.
  Displese, C. 1.
  Dispit, spite, C. 50.
  Dispoyled, stripped, C. 95.
  Disserued, B. 613.
  Disstrye, destroy, B. 907, 1160.
  Disserne, discern, C. 513.
  Dissert, desert, C. 12.
  Distres, B. 880, 1160.
  Diuinité, B. 1609.
  Ditte[gh], stops up, closes, B. 588. N.Prov.E. _ditt_, to stop up.
    A.S. _dyttan_.
  Di[gh]e, die, C. 488.
  Di[gh]te, order, arrange, B. 1266. A.S. _dihtan_, to set in order,
    dispose, arrange, direct, etc.
  Do, doe, "_daunce as any do_," A. 345.
  Dobler, dish, B. 1146. O.Fr. _doublier_.
  Doc, duke, A. 211.
  {Doel, Dol,} sorrow, A. 326, 339, 642; B. 852.
  Dole, part, A. 136.
  {Dom, Dome,} doom, judgment, purpose, A. 157, 580, 667; B. 597;
    command, B. 632; doom, C. 203.
  Dongoun, dungeon, B. 1224.
  Dool, part, B. 216.
  Dool (dole), sorrow. See _Doel_.
  Doole, gift, B. 699.
  Dor, door, B. 320.
  Dotage, folly, B. 1425.
  Dote, act foolishly, B. 286, 1500; C. 125; be astonished, frightened,
    B. 852. Sc. _doit_. Icel. _dotta_, to slumber. Du. _doten_,
    _dutten_, delirare, desipere. (Kilian.) "Maddyn, or _dotyn_,
    desipio." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Doted, foolish, wicked, C. 196. N.Prov.E. _doited_, stupid.
  Dotel, a fool, B. 1517.
  Doun, down, A. 230.
  Doun, down, hill, A. 121.
  Doungoun, dungeon, A. 1187.
  Doured, grieved, mourned, C. 372. Sc. _dour_.
  Dousour, sweetness, A. 429.
  Doute, doubt, A. 928.
  {Douth, Douže,} brave, noble, A. 839, B. 270, 597, A.S. _duguth_, the
    nobility, senate, etc. _Dugeth_, good, virtuous. _Dugan_, to profit,
    avail, be good, etc.
  {Doune, Dovene,} a female dove, B. 469, 481. Cf. O.E. _wulvene_, a
    female wolf, and E. _vixen_, a female fox.
  Dowe, avail, profit, B. 374; C. 50. See T. B. 5001. See _Douth_.
  Dowelle, dwell, B. 376, 1770; C. 69.
  Downe, dove, B. 485.
  Downe[gh], downs, hills, A. 73, 85.
  Dowyne, dwine, pine, A. 326.
  Dowrie, B. 185.
  Do[gh]ter, daughter, B. 814.
  Do[gh]ty, doughty, valiant, B. 1182, 1791. See _Douthe_.
  Do[gh]tyest, bravest, B. 1306.
  Dra[gh], draw, A. 699.
  Dra[gh]t = draught, character, B. 1557.
  Drede, doubt, A. 1047.
  Drepe, to kill, slay, B. 246; destroy, B. 599, 1306.
      "This stone with his stremys stroyed all the venym,
      And _drepit_ the dragon to the dethe negh." --(T. B. 929.)
    A.S. _drepan_. O.N. _drepa_.
  Dresse, order, direct, prepare, A. 495, 860; B. 92; _pret._ _dressed_,
    _drest_.
  Dreue, drive, A. 323.
  Dreued, drove, went, A. 980.
  Dre[gh]e = dreghe, suffer, endure, B. 1224. Sc. _dree_. A.S.
    _dreógan_, to bear, suffer, endure. Cf. "dyntes full _dregh_."
    T. B. 935.
  Dre[gh]ly, sorrowfully, B. 476. See T. B. 2379.
  Drof, drove, A. 30, 1153.
  Drouy, turbid, B. 1016. A.S. _dréfe_, muddy, foul; _dréfan_, to
    trouble, make turbid. O.E. _drove_, to trouble. Goth. _drobjan_, to
    trouble. Du. _droeven_. "_Drovy_ turbidus, turbulentus." (Cath.
    Ang.)
    "He (the fool-large) is like to an hors that seketh rather to
    drynke _drovy_ watir and trouble, than for to drinke water of the
    welle that is cleer." (The Persones Tale: _Remedium contra
    avariciam_.)
  Drowned, was drowned, B. 372.
  Dro[gh], drew, A. 1116; B. 71; _pl._ _dro[gh]en_, B. 1394.
  Dro[gh]the = drouthe, drought. A.S. _druguth_. Du. _drooghte_. Sc.
    _drouth_, from A.S. _dryg_. Du. _droogh_, dry.
  Druye, dry, B. 412; dry land, B. 472.
  Drwry, dreary (?), A. 323.
  Drwry = drury, love, B. 699, 1065. O.Fr. _druerie_, _drurie_.
  {Dry[gh], Dry[gh]e,} dry, B. 385.
  {Dry[gh], Dry[gh]e,} heavy, sorrowful, A. 823; B. 342.
  Dry[gh]e, suffer, B. 372, 400, 1032. See _Dre[gh]e_.
  {Dry[gh]ly, Dry[gh]lych,} strongly, rapidly, A. 125; wrathfully,
    angrily, B. 74, 344; C. 235.
  Dry[gh]tyn, Lord, A. 349; B. 1065. A.S. _drihten_.
  {Dubbed, Dubbet,} decked, A. 73, 97, 202; adorned, B. 115. See T. B.
    1683.
  Dubbement, adornment, A. 121.
  Dublere, a dish, B. 1279. See _Dobler_.
  Due, A. 894; C. 49.
  Duk, duke, B. 38, 1182; leader, B. 1771.
  Dumpe, be dashed, fall, C. 362.
      "_Dumpe_ in že depe." --(T. B. 1996.)
      "Žan sal že rainbow descend,
      In hu o galle it sal be kend;
      Wit že wind sal it melle,
      And drive žam dun alle until helle;
      And _dump_ the devels žider in,
      In žair bale alle for to brin."
        --(_Signa Ante Judicium_, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)
  Dungen, _3d pers. pl. pret._ of _ding_, to beat, B. 1266. Sw. _dänga_.
      "So _dang_ he žat dog with dynt of his wappon." --(T. B. 302.)
  Dunne, dun, A. 30. See T. B. 925.
  Dunt, blow. See _Dynt_.
  Durande, lasting, during, A. 336.
  Dure, last, B. 1021; C. 488.
  Dusched, struck, B. 1538. Sc. _dusche_, to smite; _dusch_, a blow.
      "All _dusshet_ into the diche." --(T. B. 4776.)
    Dan. _daske_, to slap. Icel. _dust_ a blow.
  Dutande, shutting, closing (from _dutte_, to shut), B. 320. See
    _Ditte[gh]_.
  Dutte, fasten, close, B. 1182. Prov.E. _dyt_, stop up. O.N. _ditta_.
  Dych, ditch, A. 607; B. 1792.
  Dyd, caused, A. 306.
  Dylle = dull, slow, sluggish, foolish, A. 680. N.Prov.E. _dull_, hard
    of hearing. O.N. _dilla_, lallare.
  Dym, black, B. 1016.
  Dymly, secretly, C. 375.
  Dymme, dark, B. 472.
  Dyn, noise, B. 862.
      "All _dynnet_ the _dyn_ the dales aboute." --(T. B. 1197.)
  Dyngne, worthy, C. 119.
  Dyngneté, dignity, B. 1801.
  Dynt, blow, C. 125.
  Dyscreuen, describe, A. 68.
  Dyscouere, reveal, make known, B. 683.
  Dysheriete, disinherit, B. 185.
  Dysplese, to be displeased, A. 422; to displease, A. 455; B. 1136.
  Dyspyt, spite, B. 821.
  Dyssente, descend, A. 627.
  Dysstrye, destroy, B. 520.
  Dystresse, distress, A. 280, 337.
  Dystryed, destroyed, A. 124.
  Dyt, doeth, A. 681.
  Dy[gh]e, die, A. 306.
  Dy[gh]t, decked, A. 202, 987; ordered, prepared, B. 243, 632;
    ordained, C. 49; placed, seated, A. 920; B. 1794.
  Dy[gh]tte[gh], causest, C. 488.

  Efte, again, A. 328; afterwards, A. 332; B. 562.
  Egge = _edge_, hill, B. 451.
  Egge, edge (of a knife), B. 1104; of a hill, B. 383. A.S. _ecge_. O.N.
    _egg_, edge. Du. _egghe_, an angle, corner, angle. Ger. _ecke_,
    a corner.
  Eggyng, instigation, B. 241. Prov.E. "egg on." O.N. _egg_, an edge;
    _eggia_, to sharpen, and hence instigate.
  Elde, age, B. 657; C. 125. A.S. _eld_, _yld_, age.
  Elle[gh], else, otherwise, A. 32; 724; so that, B. 466.
  {Emerad, Emerade,} emerald, A. 118, 1005.
  Emperise, empress, A. 441.
  {Empire, Empyre,} A. 454; B. 540, 1332.
  {Enaumayld, Enaumaylde,} enamelled, B. 1411, 1457.
  Enbaned, supported (?), B. 1459. Sir F. Madden renders it
    _ornamented_.
  Enclose, B. 334.
  Enclynande, inclining, bowing, A. 236.
  Enclyned, prone, B. 518.
  {Enclyin, Enclyne,} incline, A. 630, 1206.
  Encres, increase, A. 959.
  Encroche, approach, A. 1117; receive, C. 18.
  Ende, die, B. 402; _on ende_, to death, C. 426. Cf. _ender-day_, and
    _ending_ day = the day of one's death.
  Endele[gh], endless, A. 738.
  Endente, A. 639, 1012.
  Endentur, crevices, holes, B. 313. O.Fr. _endenter_, to notch, jag.
  Endorde, adored, A. 368.
  {Endure, Endeure,} A. 476, 1082.
  Endyte, indite, A. 1126.
  Ene, once; _at ene_, at once, A. 291; _at ene_, at one, A. 953. A.S.
    _ęne_, once.
  Enfaminied, famished, B. 1194.
  Enforsed, forced, B. 938.
  Engendered, begat, B. 272.
  Enherite, inherit, B. 240.
  Enle = enely (? _onlepi_), alone, singly, A. 849.
  Enleuenže, eleventh, A. 1014.
  {Enmie, Enmye,} enemy, B. 1204.
  Enourled, encircled, surrounded, B. 18. Fr. _ourler_, to hem. _Orle_
    in Heraldry = border. Ital. Orlo = hem, edge. Spanish and Portug.
    Orla = selvedge, border.
  {Enprece, Enpresse,} press, C. 43, 528.
  Enpresse, impress, A. 1097.
  Enpoysened, poisoned, B. 242.
  Enprysonment, imprisonment, B. 46.
  Enquylen, obtain, C. 39. See _Aquyle_.
  Ensens, incense, A. 1122.
  Entent, intent, A. 1191.
  Entre, enter, A. 38, 1067.
  Entré, entrance, B. 1779.
  Entyse, to provoke, B. 1137, 1808.
  Enurned, adorned, decked, A. 1027.
  Er, ere, before, A. 324, 328; B. 648.
  {Erber, Erbere,} arbour, A. 9, 38, 1171.
  Erbes, herbs, B. 1684.
  Erde, land, abode, A. 248; B. 596, 601, 1006. A.S. _eard_, native
    soil, country, region; _eardian_, to dwell, inhabit.
      "Eson afterward _erdand_ on lyffe,
      Endured his dayes drowpyaite (? _drowpande_) on age."
        --(T. B. 121.)
  Erigant, arrogance, B. 148.
  Erly, early, A. 392.
  Ernde, errand, message, C. 52. See _Arende_.
  Erne, eagle, B. 1698. A.S. _earn_, eagle.
  Ernestly, quickly, rapidly, B. 277, 1240. A.S. _eornostlķce_.
  Errour, A. 422.
  Erytage, heritage, A. 443.
  Eže, easy, A. 1202; B. 608. A.S. _eįth_.
  Euen (wyth), _vb._ to be equal to, A. 1073.
  Euen-songe, vespers, A. 529.
  Euentyde, A. 582; B. 479.
  Euer-ferne, ever-fern, C. 438. A.S. _eforfearn_, polypodium vulgare.
    See Gloss. to Saxon Leechdoms, ii. 381.
  Ewere, ewer, B. 1457.
  Excuse, A. 281.
  {Expoun, Expoune, Expowne,} expound, A. 37; B. 1058, 1729.
  Expounyng, _sb._ expounding, B. 1565.
  Expresse, A. 910; B. 1158.

  Fable, A. 592.
  Face, B. 1539.
  Fader, father, A. 872.
  {Falce, False,} B. 205, 474.
  Falewed, became pale, faded, B. 1539. Ger. _falb_, pale, faded. A.S.
    _fealo_, pale, reddish or yellowish; _fealwian_, to grow yellow.
  Fale, good, C. 92. A.S. _fęl_, clean, good, true.
  Falle[gh], falls, happens, B. 494.
  Falure, A. 1084.
  Famacion, defamation, B. 188.
  Famed, celebrated, B. 275.
  Fande, found, A. 871.
  Fanne[gh], fans, flaps, B. 457.
  Fantumme, phantom, B. 1341.
  Farande, pleasing, A. 865; handsome, B. 607; joyous, B. 1758.
    N.Prov.E. _farant_, decent, pleasant, nice. Gael, _farranta_, stout,
    brave.
  Farandely, pleasantly, C. 435. N.Prov.E. _farantly_.
  Fare, _vb._ go, A. 129, 147; B. 100, 621, 929; fare, B. 466. A.S.
    _faran_. O.N. _fara_.
  Fare, _sb._ voyage, course, C. 98. A.S. _faru_, _fęr_.
      "Že caf he cast o corn sum quile,
      In že flum žat hatt že Nile;
      For-qui žat flum žat rennes žar,
      Til Joseph hus it has že _fare_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.)
  Fare, conduct, A. 832; B. 861.
  Faren, gone, passed, B. 403.
  Fasor, form, A. 431. See T. B. 3956.
  Fasoun, fashion, A. 983, 1101.
  Fat, B. 627.
  Fate[gh], fades, A. 1038.
  Fathme, (_a_) embrace, B. 399; (_b_) grope, C. 273.
      (_a_) "Als I sat upon that lawe,
      I bigan Denemark for to awe,
      The borwes, and the castles stronge,
      And mine armes weren so longe,
      That I _fadmede_, al at ones,
      Denemark with mine longe bones." --(Havelok the Dane, l. 1291.)
    O.N. _fadma_. Dan. _fadme_. A.S. _fęthmian_, to embrace.
  Fatte, vessel, B. 802. A.S. _fęt_.
  Fatted, fattened, B. 56.
  Faunt, child, maiden, A. 161.
  Faure, four, B. 958.
  Faurty, forty, B. 741, 743.
  {Faut, Faute,} fault, B. 177, 236, 571.
  Fautle[gh], faultless, B. 794.
  Fauty, faulty, sinful, B. 741.
  {Fauor, Fauour,} A. 428; "gret fauor," A. 968.
  Fawre, four, B. 938.
  Fawte, fault, B. 1736.
  {Fax, Faxe,} hair, B. 790, 1689. A.S. _feax_.
  Fay, _in faye_, in faith, indeed, A. 263; _par ma fay_, by my faith,
    A. 489.
  Faylande, failing, lacking, B. 1535.
  Fayle, be wanting, B. 737. Set (of the sun), B. 1758.
  Fayly, fail, A. 34; B. 548.
  Fayn, glad, A. 393; _fayn of_, B. 642; _faynest_, B. 1219.
  Fayned, false, B. 188.
  Fayth, "in _fayth_" indeed, B. 1732; gen. sing, B. 1735.
  Fa[gh]te, fought, A. 54.
  {Febele, Feble,} poor, bad, B. 47, 101, 145.
  {Fech, Feche,} fetch, A. 847, 1158; B. 621.
  Fede, A. 29.
  Fees, cities, B. 960. Fr. _fief_. Prov. Fr. _feu_, _fieu_. M.Lat.
    _feudum_. Eng. _fee_. The origin of this term is to be found in
    Goth. _faihu_, possessions. O.H.G. _fihu_, _fehu_, cattle. O.N.
    _fe_. A.S. _feoh_, cattle, money.
  Fel, bitterly, B. 1040. A.S. _fell_, cruel, severe.
  Fela[gh]schyp, fellowship, B. 271.
  Felde, field, B. 1750.
  Fele, (?) hide, B. 914.
  Fele, many, A. 21, 927. A.S. _féla_.
  Fele (feel), taste, B. 107.
  Fele-kyn, many kinds of, B. 1483.
  Felle, cruel, severe; _felle chere_, stern countenance, B. 139; sharp,
    A. 367; B. 156, 1737; boisterous, rough, B. 421; bitter, B. 954.
  Felly, fiercely, bitterly, B. 559, 571.
  Felonye, crime, sin, A. 800; B. 205.
  Feloun, sinner, criminal, B. 217.
  Felt, hair, B. 1689. A.S. _felt_. Du. _velt_, felt, cloth. Cf. W.
    _gwallt_, Gael. _falt_, hair of the head.
  Femmale, female, B. 696.
  Fende, fiend, devil, B. 205, 1341.
  Fende, fend, B. 1191. Fr. _defendre_.
  Fenden, of fiends, B. 224.
  Feng, took (_pret._ of fonge), B. 377.
  Fenny, dirty, vile, B. 1113. Cf. S.Prov.E. _venny_, mouldy. A.S.
    _fenn_, mud, dirt. Goth. _fani_.
  Fenyx, phenix, A. 430.
  Fer, far, A. 334.
  Ferd, Ferde, frightened, B. 897, 975.
  Ferde, fear, B. 386; C. 215. A.S. _forhtian_, to fear; _forht_, fear.
  Ferde, went, _pret._ of _fare_, B. 1106.
  Fere, a companion; _in fere_, in company, together, A. 89, 884;
    B. 985, 1062. A.S. _fera_, _gefera_, a companion.
  Fere[gh], carries, A. 98. A.S. _férian_.
  Fere[gh], companions, A. 1150. See _fere_.
  Ferke up, get up, B. 897; ferke over, go, walk over, B. 133.
      "The freike upon faire
      wise _ferke_ out of lyne." --(T. B. 145.)
      "He salle _ferkke_ before
          And I salle come aftyre." --(Morte Arthure, p. 347.)
      "Now _ferkes_ to the fyrthe,
          thees fresche mene of armes." --(_Ibid._ p. 209.)
      "The kyng _ferkes_ furthe
          on a faire stede." --(_Ibid._ p. 202.)
    In T. B. 185, it is used transitively. The verb _to ferk_ seems
    to be related to the Eng. _firk_, a quick movement, jerk, etc.
    A.S. _frician_, to dance.
  Ferly, _adj._ wondrous, A. 1084; _adv._ wonderfully, B. 269, 960;
    _sb._ wonder, astonishment, A. 1086; marvel, B. 1529. A.S. _fęr_,
    _fęrlice_, sudden.
  Ferlyly, exceedingly, B. 962.
  Ferre, farther, _comp._ of _fer_, B. 97, 98.
  Fers, fierce, B. 101.
  Ferslych, fiercely, C. 337.
  Feryed, ferried, A. 946. O.N. _feria_ (from _fara_, to go),
    to transport; set over.
  Fest, fast, C. 290.
  Fest, Feste, feast, A. 283; B. 642, 1758.
  Festen, fasten, establish, B. 156, 327, 1255; C. 273.
  Fester, B. 1040.
  Festiual, festive, B. 136.
  Fete, _in fete_, indeed, B. 1106. O.Fr. _faict_. Fr. _fait_, a deed,
    feat.
  Fežer-beddes, C. 158.
  Fetly = featly, aptly, fitly, B. 585. See _fete_.
  Fette, fetch, B. 802.
  Fettle, set in order, provide, make, B. 343, 585; C. 38, 435.
    Prov.E. _fettle_, set in order, etc. O.Fris. _fitia_, to adorn.
    Goth. _fetjan_. Norse, _fitla_, to labour at a thing in order to get
    it right. Pl.D. _fisseln_, to bustle about.
  Fettre, fetter, B. 1255.
  Feture, feature, B. 794.
  {Fetys, Fetyse,} neat, well made, B. 174; dexterity, B. 1103. O.Fr.
    _faictis_. Lat. _factitius_, well made, neat, handsome.
  Fetysely, handsomely, beautifully, B. 1462.
  Fe[gh]t, fight, B. 275, 1191. A.S. _feoht_. Ger. _fecht_, fight. See
    T. B. 1751.
  Fe[gh]tande, fighting, struggling, B. 404.
  Filed, defiled. See _Fyled_.
  Flake, flake; _flake of soufre_, B. 954. O.N. _flak_, plank, slice.
  Flake = fleck, spot, blemish, A. 947. O.N. _fleckr_. Ger. _fleck_,
    spot, blot, stain.
  Flakerande, flickering, fluttering, B. 1410. Ger. _flackern_, to
    flare, blaze, flutter.
  Flambe, flame, A. 769.
  Flaumbande, flaming, A. 90; shining, B. 1468.
  Flaunke, spark, B. 954. Prov.E. _flanker_, a flying spark. Pl. D.
    _flunkern_, to flicker, sparkle. Ger. _flunke_, spark.
  Flauore, flavour, A. 87.
  Flawen, fled, C. 214.
  Flay, terrify, B. 960, 1723; C. 215. See T. B. 4593. N.Prov.E. _flay_,
    _flee_.
  Flayn, flayed, A. 809.
  Fla[gh]t, plot of ground, a flat, A. 57.
  Flee[gh], fleece (of golde), B. 1476.
  {Flem, Fleme,} banish, A. 334; B. 31, 596. A.S. _flyman_.
  Flem, stream, C. 309. Cf. Prov.E. _flume_, _flem_, _fleme_,
    a mill-stream. Norse, _flom_, _flaum_, flood, overflow of water;
    _flauma_, to overflow.
  {Fleschlych, Fleschly,} fleshly, carnal, B. 265; A. 1082.
  Flet, _pret._ of flete, to flow, A. 1058.
  {Flete, Flet,} flow, B. 1025; to people, B. 685. See T. B. 278, 4715.
    A.S. _fleotan_. Sw. _flyta_, flow, float. O.N. _fliota_. Prov.E.
    _fleet_.
  Flette, floated, _pret._ of _flete_, to float, B. 387.
      "Childer," he said, "yee list and lete,
      I sagh caf on že water _flete_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.)
  Fle[gh]e, flew, A. 431.
  {Flod, Flode,} flood, A. 874, 1058; B. 369.
  Flokke, flock, company, B. 386, 1767.
  Flonc = flong = flung, A. 1165.
  Flor, flower, A. 29, 962; _pl._ _flores_.
  Flor, floor, B. 133.
  Flosed, flossed, B. 1689. Cf. _floss_-silk. Ital. _floscio flosso_,
    drooping, flaccid.
  Flot, grease, fat, B. 1011. A.S. _flótan_, to float; _flót-smere_,
    scum of a pot, floating fat. O.N. _flót_, the act of floating, the
    grease swimming on the surface of broth. Prov.E. _fleet_.
  {Flot, Flote,} company, A. 786, 946; army, B. 1212. O.Fr. _flote_,
    a crowd.
  {Flot, Flote, Flotte,} flowed, floated, A. 46; B. 421, 432; C. 248.
  Floty (? _flotery_), waving, A. 127.
  Flour-de-lys, lily, A. 753.
  Floury, flowery, A. 57.
  Flowen, flew, fled, A. 89; B. 945.
  Flowred, flowered, A. 270.
  Flo[gh]ed, flowed, B. 397.
  Flurted, flowered, figured, A. 208.
  Flyt, force, literally chiding, B. 421. O.S. _flit_, contention.
  Flyte, to quarrel, strive, A. 353. Prov.E. _flite_, scold. A.S.
    _flitan_.
  Flytande, chiding, B. 950.
  Fly[gh]e, flay (?), A. 813.
  Fly[gh]t, flight, B. 377.
  Fo, enemy, B. 1219.
  Fode, person, people, B. 466; _fode_, a child (King Horn, 1384);
    _fodder_, producer, mother (King Alys. 645); A.S. _fedan_, _afedan_,
    to bring forth, give birth to, rear. O.N._fęda_. Dan. _föde_.
  Fogge, dry grass, B. 1683. W. _fwg_.
  Fol, full, B. 1754.
  Fol, fool, B. 750, 996.
  Fol, foolish, C. 283.
  Folde, folded, A. 434.
  Folde, earth, A. 334; B. 403, 950.
  Folde, to beat, buffet, A. 813.
  Fole, fowl, B. 1410.
  Fole, fool, B. 202.
  Fole, foal, B. 1255.
  Foler, B. 1410.
  Foles, acts foolishly, B. 1422.
  {Folewande, Folwande,} following, A. 1040, B. 429, 1212.
  {Folk, Folke,} people, B. 100, 542, 960.
  Folken, of people, B. 271.
  Folmarde. Properly the beech-martin, but commonly applied to the
    pole-cat. O.Fr. _foine_, _faine_ (Lat. _fagina_), beechmast.
  Folyly, foolishly, B. 696. See T. B. 575.
  Fol[gh]e, follow, A. 127; B. 6, 677, 918, 1752. A.S. _folgian_.
  Fol[gh]ed, baptized, A. 654. A.S. _fullian_, _fulwian_, to baptize.
  Foman, enemy, B. 1175.
  Fon, ceased, _pret._, of _fyne_, A. 1030; B. 369. The northern form is
    _fan_.
      "Bot ai že quils he ne _fan_
      To behald že leve maidan." --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii, fol. 20a.)
  Fonde, to found, establish, A. 939; B. 173.
  Fonde, to go, proceed, A. 150.
  Fonde, try, B. 1103. A.S. _fandian_.
  Fonden, found, B. 356.
  Fonge, take, receive, A. 439, 479; B. 540; _fonge[gh] to the
    fly[gh]t_, takes to flight, B. 457. A.S. _fon_. Ger. _fangen_,
    take, seize. Goth. _fahan_.
  Font, B. 164.
  Fonte = _fond_, examined, A. 170, 327.
  {Fooschyp, Foschip,} enmity, B. 918, 919.
  For, from, B. 740; because, B. 323.
  Forbede, forbid, A. 379; B. 1147.
  Forbi, beyond, C. 483.
  Forboden, forbidden, B. 826, 998.
  Forbrent, burnt, A. 1139.
  For-clemmed, starved, C. 395. Prov.E. _clem_, to starve, pinch with
    hunger. Du. _klemmen_, to pinch, compress.
  For-didden, did away with, A. 124.
  For-dolked, severely wounded, A. 11. A.S. _dolc_, _dolh_, _dolg_,
    a wound; _dilgian_, to destroy.
  Forering, B. 3. See Note.
  Forfare, destroy; also to perish, B. 1168; C. 483; _forferde_,
    (_pret._), B. 571, 1051.
  Forfete, A. 619, 639; B. 743.
  Forfyne, lastly.
  {Forgart, Forgarte,} = for-did, lost, _pret._ of for-gar, ruin,
    destroy, lose, A. 321; B. 240. See _Gar_.
  Forged, made, B. 343.
  Forhede, forehead, A. 871.
  Foriusted, overthrown, defeated, B. 1216. Fr. _jouster_, to tilt.
      "So mony groundes he _for-justede_ & of joy broght."
        --(T. B. 296.)
  Forlete, lost, A. 327.
  For long, very long, A. 586.
  Forlonge, furlong, A. 1030.
  Forlote[gh] = forlete[gh], forsake, B. 101.
      "Že laghes bath he (Adam) žan _forlete_
      Bath naturel and positif." --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 52b.)
  Forloyne, forsake, depart, go astray, err, A. 368; B. 282, 750, 1155,
    1165. Fr. _loin_, far.
  For-madde, very mad (foolish), C. 509.
  Formast, first, foremost, B. 494.
  Forme, first, C. 38.
  {Forme-fader, Forme-foster,} first-father, progenitor, A. 639; B. 257.
  Fornes, furnace, B. 1011.
  For-payned, severely troubled, A. 246.
  Forray, forage, B. 1200. Fr. _fourrager_, to fodder, forrage, prey.
    O.Fr. _fourrer_. Mid. Lat. _foderare_, _forrare_, from A.S. _foder_.
    Ger. _futter_, food, victuals.
  Forselet, a fortified place, B. 1200. "_Forcelet_, stronge place
    (_forslet_, H. P.) Fortalicium." (Prompt. Parv.) O.Fr. _forcier_.
    It. _forciere_. Mid. Lat. _forsarius_, a strong box, safe, coffer.
  Forser = forcer, forcet, A. 263. See preceding word.
  Forsette, compass, B. 78.
  Forsothe, forsooth, indeed, C. 212.
  Forst, frost, B. 524. A.S. _forst_.
  Forže, way, passage, A. 150. See T. B. 4094, 4166. Welsh, _ffordd_,
    a way.
      "The kyng fraystez [seeks] a _furth_ over the fresche strandez,
      One a strenghe by a streme in thas straytt landez."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 103.)
  Forth-lep, forth-leapt, C. 154.
  Foržo[gh]t, repented, B. 557.
  Foržrast, for-thrust, B. 249.
  Foržy, therefore, wherefore, A. 234; B. 545, 1020.
  Foržynke, repent, B. 285.
  Fortune, A. 306.
  Forwarde = forward, covenant, promise, B. 327, 1742. A.S.
    _fore-weard_. "_Forwarde_, or cuuinawnt, convencio, pactum."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
  Forwro[gh]t, over-worked, weary, C. 163.
  For[gh]es, furrows, B. 1547. A.S. _furh_. Ger. _furche_, a furrow.
  For[gh]ete, forgat, B. 203.
  Fote, foot, A. 970.
  Foted, footed, B. 538.
  Founce, bottom, A. 113. See _Founs_.
  Foundande, going, C. 126.
  Founde, to go, B. 903.
      "Quen we suppose in our sele
          to sit alther heist,
      Than _fondis_ furth dame fortoun
          to the flode [gh]ates,
      Dra[gh]es up the damme borde
          and drenchis us evir." --(K. Alex. p. 64.)
      "Fflorent and Floridas with fyve
          score knyghttez,
      ffollowede in the foreste, and on the
          way _foundys_,
      Fflyngande a faste trott,
        and on the folke dryffes."
          (Morte Arthure, p. 231.)
  Foundemente, foundation, A. 993.
  Founden, found, B. 547.
  Foundered, destroyed, perished, B. 1014.
  {Founs, Founce,} bottom, B. 1026.
      "Onone as thai on Alexander
          and on his ost waites,
      Thai flee as fast into flode,
          and to the _founce_ plungid."
      (K. Alex. p. 141.)
  Fourferde, perished, _pret._ of _forfare_, B. 560.
  Fowle, foully, B. 1790.
  Fowled, became defiled, foul. B. 269.
  Fowre, four, A. 886.
  Foysoun, abundant, A. 1058. Fr. _foison_. O.Fr. _fuson_, from Lat.
    _fusio_, pouring out.
  Fraunchyse, liberality, A. 609; B. 750.
  Fray, terrify, B. 1553. See _Afray_.
  Frayne[gh], demands, asks, desires, A. 129. A.S. _fregnan_, to ask.
    Goth. _fraihnan_.
  Frayste (_a_), sought, A. 169; (_b_) literally, to try, prove,
    B. 1736. O.N. _fresta_.
    (_a_)
      "Bot wete thou wele this iwis, within a wale time,
      Fra that I _fraist_ have that faire (faice?) of my faire lady,
      I sall the seke with a sowme of seggis enarmed."
        --(K. Alex. p. 69.)
  {Frek, Freke,} man, B. 6, 79, 540. This word is used by Skelton. A.S.
    _freca_, a daring warrior, from _frec_, _freca_, bold, daring,
    eager. The adjective _freke_ (_frek_, _frike_), was not unknown to
    O.E. writers of the 14th century.
      "Israel wit žis uplepp,
      Žat moght noght forwit strid a step,
      Witouten asking help of sun;
      Žat quak wit ilk lim was won,
      Žat first for eild moght noght spek,
      To bidd hast now es nan sa frek."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 29b.)
  Freles, blameless, A. 431. O.N. _fryja_, to blame. _Frie_, to blame,
    occurs in the romance of _Havelok the Dane_, 1998.
  Freloker, more freely, B. 1106.
  Frely, lordly, B. 162; beautiful, B. 173; freely, C. 20.
  Frelych, lordly, B. 162; bountiful, C. 214.
  French, an error for _frech_ (_fresh_) or _frelich_, A. 1086.
  Frete, gnaw, eat, devour, B. 1040. A.S. _fretan_.
  Freten, devoured, B. 404.
  Frette, furnish, B. 339; ornament, B. 1476. A.S. _frętu_, ornament;
    _frętewian_, _frętwian_, trim, deck, adorn.
  Fro, from, A. 427; B. 396. This is another form of the Northumbrian
    _fra_. O.N. _frį_; "_to ne fro_," A. 347.
  {Frok, Frokke,} dress, garment, frock, B. 136, 1742.
  Frožande, frothing, frothy, filthy, B. 1721.
  Frunt, kicked, C. 187. See T. B. 5968.
  Frym, beautiful, fresh, vigorous, A. 1079. Prov.E. _frim_; _frum_,
    tender, fresh. A.S. _freme_, advantageous, good. Drayton uses the
    phrase "_frim_ pastures," _i.e._ luxuriant pastures.
  Fryst, delay, put off, B. 743. A.S. _fyrstan_, to give respite;
    _fyrst_, a space of time, interval. Icel. _frest_, delay; "_to
    frist_, to trust for a time" (Ray); to delay (Jam.).
  {Fryt, Fryte,} fruit, A. 29; B. 1044.
  Fryth, wood, A. 89; B. 534, 1680. Gael, _frith_, a heath, deer park,
    forest.
  Ful, foul, B. 231.
  Fulfille, accomplish, B. 264, 1732.
  Ful[gh]ed, baptized, B. 164. See _Fol[gh]ed_.
  Fundament, foundation, A. 1010.
  Funde, found, B. 1735.
  Fust, fist, B. 1535.
  Fyf, five, A. 849.
  Fygure, A. 170, 747.
  Fykel, treacherous, deceitful, C. 283.
  Fyldor, gold thread, A. 106. Fr. _fil d'or_.
  Fyled, defiled, dirty, B. 136.
  Fyled, formed, B. 1460.
  Fylsened, strengthened, aided, supported, B. 1167, 1644. A.S. _fylst_,
    help, assistance; _fylstan_, to help, aid.
  Fylter, huddle together, B. 224; join, B. 696; meet together in
    battle, B. 1191; become ragged, entangled. Prov.E. _felter_,
    entangle, clot. Fairfax uses the phrase "_feltred_ locks." Cf. the
    phrase a "_filtered_ fole," a shaggy foal. Baker says that the term
    _felt_ is applied to a matted growth of grass.
      "His fax and his foretoppe was _filterede_ togeder."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 91.)
  Fylyoles (= _fyells_, _phiolls_), round towers, B. 1462. Cf. _Fala_,
    a tour of tre. Med. Gram.
  Fyne, _vb._ end, die, A. 328; cease, A. 353; B. 450; delay, B. 929.
  Fyne, _sb._ cessation, A. 635.
  Fynne, fin, B. 531.
  Fyole, B. 1476.
  Fyrmament, B. 221.
  Fyrre, _adv._ farther, comp. of _fer_, A. 103, 127; B. 766; C. 116;
    _adj._ distant, A. 148. A.S. _fyrre_.
  Fyrte, fearful, trembling, A. 54. A.S. _fyrhto_; _fyrhtu_, fear,
    fright, trembling; _forht_, fearful, timid.
  Fyžel, fiddle, B. 1082.
  Fyžere, feather, B. 530, 1026.

  Galle, gall, stain, filth, A. 1060; B. 1022. Cf. to _gall_, fret. Fr.
    _galler_. W. _gwall_. O.N. _galli_, fault, imperfection. Dan. _gal_,
    wrong, ill.
  Gain, against, A. 138.
  Gardyn, A. 260.
  Gare, cause, make, drive, A. 331; B. 690. N.Prov.E. _gar_. O.N.
    _göra_, _gera_.
  Garlande, A. 1186.
  Garnyst, garnished, ornamented, B. 1277.
  Gart, forced, made, A. 1151. See _gare_; _garten_, _3d pers. pl._
    A. 86.
  Gate, way, A. 395, 526; B. 676, 931. See T. B. 6292. O.N. _gata_.
  {Gaule, Gawle,} A. 463; C. 285. See _galle_.
  {Gay, Gaye,} A. 260; B. 830, 1315.
  Gayn, _vb._ avail, A. 343; C. 164; prevail, B. 1608. Sc. _gane_;
    _gain_, to be fit or suitable.
  {Gayn, Gayne,} useful, available, good, B. 259, 749.
  {Gaynly, Gaynlych,} gainly, gracious, B. 728; C. 83. Cf. ungainly =
    awkward. O.N. _gegn_, convenient, suitable; _gegna_, to meet.
  Ga[gh]afylace, royal treasury, B. 1283.
  Geder, gather, C. 105.
  Gef, gave, A. 174.
  Gele, spy, see, A. 931.
  Gemme, A. 253.
  Gendered, engendered, B. 300.
  Gendre[gh], genders, kinds, B. 434.
  Generacyoun, A. 827.
  {Gent, Gente,} gentle, noble, gracious, A. 118, 253, 265; B. 1495.
  Gentryse, nobleness, B. 1159, 1216.
  Gentyl, noble, A. 278; _gentyleste_, A. 1015; B. 1180.
  Gentylmen, B. 864.
  Gere, gear, B. 16; C. 148.
  Gere, clothing, attire, B. 1811.
  Gered, covered, clothed, ornamented, B. 1344, 1568. O.N. _gerfi_. A.S.
    _gearwa_, habiliments. O.H.G. _garawi_, ornament, dress. A.S.
    _gearwan_; _gearwian_, make ready, prepare, supply.
  Gesse, tell, A. 499. Norse, _gissa_.
  Geste, tale, saying, A. 277.
  {Geste, Gest,} guest, B. 98, 640.
  Gettes, devices, B. 1354. O.N. _geta_, to conceive. A.S.
    "and-_gitan_," get, know, understand.
  Geuen, given, A. 1190.
  Gilde, gilt, B. 1344.
  Giles, gills, C. 269.
  Gilofre, gilly flower, A. 43. Fr. _giroflée_. Lat. _caryophyllus_,
    a clove.
  Glace = glance, A. 171. Fr. _glacer_, _glacier_, slide, slip. Cf. O.E.
    _glace_, to polish, glance as an arrow turned aside.
  Glade, _vb._ to gladden, A. 861.
  Glam, word, message, B. 499; C. 63; talk, speech, B. 830; noise,
    B. 849. Obsolete Swedish, _glamm_, talk, chatter; _glamma_, to talk,
    chatter. Gael. _glam_, outcry. O.N. _glam_, clash; _glamra_, to
    rattle. Sc. _glamer_, noise, clatter.
      "Alle thire he closis in that cliffe, and cairis on forthire,
      To the occyann at the erthes ende, and, ther in an ilee, he heres
      A grete _glaver_ and a _glaam_ of grekin tongis."
        --(K. Alex. p. 188.)
  {Glas, Glasse,} A. 990, 1025.
  Glauere, to deceive, A. 688. Cf. N.Prov.E. _glaver_, _glaiver_, to
    talk foolishly; _glauver_, flattery. W. _glafr_. Irish _glafaire_,
    a babbler.
      "Sir," sais syr Gawayne,
          "So me gode helpe,
      Siche _glaverande_ gomes
          greves me bot lyttille." --(Morte Arthure, p. 212.)
    See extract under word _glam_.
  Glaymande, slimy, C. 269. Cf. "gleyme or rewme, reuma;" "gleymyn or
    _yngleymyn_, visco, invisco." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Glayre, glare, amber, A. 1026. A.S. _glęre_, amber. O.N. _gler_. Dan.
    _glar_, glass.
  Glayue, a sword, A. 654. Fr. _glaive_. Lat. _gladius_.
  Gle, joy, glee, A. 95, 1123.
  Glede, kite, B. 1696. A.S. _glķda_.
  {Glem, Gleme,} gleam, light, A. 79; brightness, B. 218; _day-glem_,
    daylight, A. 1094; _heven-glem_, heaven light, B. 946.
  Glemande, gleaming, shining, A. 70, 990.
  Glene, glean, gather, A. 955.
  {Glent, Glente,} shone, A. 70, 114, 1026; B. 218. Sc. _glent_,
    _glint_, to gleam. Dan. _glindse_, to glisten; _glindre_, to
    glitter.
      "The schaftes of the schire sone schirkind the cloudis,
      And gods glorious gleme _glent_ tham emannge."
        --(K. Alex. p. 164.)
  {Glent, Glente,} slipped, fell, A. 671. Sc. _glint_, _glent_, not only
    signifies to gleam, shine, but also to glide, slide. W. _ysglentio_,
    to slide.
      "Glissonand as the glemes žat _glenttes_ of že snaw."
        --(T. B. 3067.)
  Glente[gh], _sb._ looks, A. 1144.
  {Glet, Glette,} dirt, mud, slime, and hence filth, sin, A. 1060;
    B. 306, 573; C. 269. Pl. D. _glett_, slippery. Sc. _glķt_, pus. O.N.
    _glęta_, wet.
  Glewed, called, prayed, C. 164. Fr. _glay_, cry.
  Glode[gh], glades, A. 79.
  Gloped, was terrified, frightened, amazed, B. 849. O.N. _glapa_,
    stare, gaze, gape. O.Fris. _glupa_, to look, peep. Dan. _glippe_,
    to wink. N.Prov.E. _glop_, _gloppen_, to be amazed, to frighten.
      "Bees not _aglopened_ madame ne greved at my fadire."
        --(K. Alex. p. 30.)
      "Thane _glopned_ the glotone and glorede unfaire."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 90.)
      "O, my hart is rysand in a _glope_!
      For this nobylle tythand thou shalle have a droppe."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 146.)
  Glopnedly, fearfully, B. 896.
  Glory, A. 934; B. 1522.
  {Gloryous, Glorious, Gloryus,} A. 799, 915.
  Glotoun, a wicked wretch, a loose fellow, a ribald, B. 1505.
  Gloumb, look, observe, C. 94. Chaucer uses _glombe_ in the sense of
    looking gloomy, sullen, frowning. It seems to be connected with O.N.
    _glampa_, to glitter, shine. Cf. O.E. _glent_, to shine, and
    _glent_, to look. So also _stare_ signifies not only to look
    steadfastly at, but to shine, glitter.
  Glowed, shone, A. 114. O.N. _gloį_, to glow, burn, shine.
  Glwande, glowing, shining, bright, C. 94.
  Glydande, going, walking, B. 296.
  Glyde, to go, walk, slip along, B. 325, 677, 1590. Pl. D. _gliden_,
    _glien_, slip, glide.
  Glyfte, became frightened, B. 849. Originally to stare, look
    astonished.
      "Žys munke stode ande lokede žarto,
      And hade žerof so moche drede,
      Žat he wende have go to wede:
      As he stode so sore _aglyfte_
      Hys ry[gh]t hande up he lyfte,
      Ande blessede hym self stedfastly."
        --(Handlyng Synne, l. 3590.)
    _Gliffe_, in O.E. signifies also to look, shine, glow. Sc. _glevin_,
    to glow; _gliff_, a glimpse; _gliffin_, to wink. Dan. _glippe_, to
    wink.
  Glymme, brightness, A. 1088. O.Sw. _glimma_, to shine.
  Glysnande, shining, glistening. A. 1018. A.S. _glisnian_. O.N.
    _glyssa_, to sparkle, glitter.
  Gly[gh]t, shone, A. 114; looked, C. 453. Du. _glicken_, to shine.
    Icel. _glugga_, to peep. _A-gly[gh]te_, slipped from, in line 245,
    is evidently another form of _gly[gh]t_. Cf. N.Prov.E. _glea_,
    _aglea_, crooked, aside; _gledge_, to look asquint. Sc. _gley_,
    _gly_, to squint, all of which originally signified simply to look,
    shine. See T. B. 3943.
  Gnede, niggardly, beggarly, B. 146. The MS. reads nede, but _gnede_ is
    the correct form. Dan. _gnide_, to rub. A.S. _gnidan_. Cf. O.E.
    _nithing_, a miser. A.S. _gnethen_, moderate, sparing.
      "Sua lang has thir tua boght žair sede,
      Žat žair moné wex al _gnede_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 31a.)
      "Bot fra žair store bigan to sprede
      The pastur žam bigan to _knede_." --(_Ibid._ fol. 15a.)
      "Bot al he tok in godds nam,
      And thold luveli al žat scam;
      For al to _gnede_ him thoght že gram
      Žat he moght thol on his licam" --(_Ibid._ fol. 51a.)
  Goande, going, B. 931.
  Goblote, goblet, B. 1277.
  {God, Gode,} good, wealth. See _Goud_.
  Godhede, godhead, A. 413.
  Godlych, good, B. 753.
  Golf, deep, abyss, A. 608.
  Gome, man, A. 231; B. 1315.
  Gorde = _girde_, rush, go headlong, B. 911, 957. See T. B. 169.
  Gore, filth, B. 306. A.S. _gor_, wet, filth, mud. N. _gor_.
  Gorste, gorse, B. 99, 534. W. _gores_, _gorest_, waste, open.
  {Gost, Goste,} spirit, A. 86; B. 325, 1598.
  Gostly, spiritual, ghostly, A. 790.
  Gote, stream, A. 934; B. 413; C. 310; _pl._ gote[gh], A. 608. Prov.E.
    _gote_, _goit_, _gowt_, ditch, sluice, mill-stream. Du. _gote_,
    kennel, conduit. A.S. _geotan_, to pour.
      "As _gotes_ out of _guttars_ in golanand, (glomand ?) wedors,
      So voidis doun the venom be vermyns schaftes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 163.)
  {Goud, Goude, God,} _adj._ good, A. 33, 568; _sb._ wealth, riches,
    A. 731, 734; B. 1326.
  {Goun, Goune,} gown, dress, B. 145, 1568.
  Governor, B. 1645; C. 199.
  Gowde[gh], goods, C. 286.
  Grace, A. 436.
  {Gracios, Gracious,} A. 95, 260, 934; C. 26.
  Gracyously, B. 488.
  Grame, wrath, vengeance, C. 53. A.S. _grama_. Ger. _gram_, anger,
    displeasure.
  Graunt, _sb._ leave, permission, A. 317; _vb._ grant, B. 765; C. 240.
  Grauayl, gravel, pebbles, A. 81.
  Grauen, graven, B. 1324.
  Grauen, buried, B. 1332.
  Grayne[gh], grains, A. 31.
  Grayžed, prepared, B. 343, placed, B. 1485; availed, C. 53. See T. B.
    229. O.N. _greitha_, to make ready. N.Prov.E. _graid_.
  Grayžely, quickly, readily, B. 341; truly, A. 499; C. 240. N.Prov.E.
    _gradely_. See T. B. 54.
      "On Gydo, a gome žat _graidly_ had soght,
      And wist all že werks by weghes he hade." --(T. B. 229.)
    Cf. _Graiže_ = ready.
  Gre, will, desire, C. 348; hence _bongre_, _malgre_, etc. O.Fr.
    _gret_. Fr. _gré_, will, pleasure. Lat. _gratus_, pleasing.
  Grece, step, B. 1590.
  Gredirne, gridiron, B. 1277.
  Greffe, grief, A. 86.
  Greme, _adj._ displeasing, C. 42; wrath, B. 16, 947; _vb._ to make
    angry, displease, B. 138, 1347. A.S. _gremian_, to displease.
  Greme, spot, blemish, A. 465. Norse _grima_, a spot.
  Gresse, grass, A. 10, 245; B. 1028.
  Grete, the whole, A. 637, ? altogether A. 851; a _grete_, in the
    gross--a head, A. 560.
  Grete, weep, A. 331. A.S. _grętan_, Prov.E. _greet_.
  Gretyng, _sb._ weeping, B. 159.
  Greue, grieve, A. 471; B. 138, 302, 306.
  Greue, grove, A. 321; B. 99.
  Greuing, _sb._ sorrowing, grief, B. 159.
  Gromylyoun, the herb _gromwell_, grey millet, (Lithospermum
    officinale), A. 43. "_Gromaly_ herbe. Milium solis." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Grone, groan, B. 1077.
  Gropande, searching, trying, B. 591. A.S. _grįpian_, to touch, feel,
    seize, grope. O.N. _greipa_.
  Gropyng, _sb._ handling, B. 1102.
  Grounde, ground, sharpened, A. 654.
  Groundele[gh], bottomless, C. 310.
  Grouelyng, on the face, A. 1120. O.N. _grufa_; _grufa nidr_, to stoop
    down. _Liggia į grufu_, to lie face downwards, to lie groveling.
  Gruche, begrudge, B. 1347.
  Gru[gh]t, _pret._ of _gruche_, B. 810.
  Grychchyng, _sb._ murmuring, repining, C. 53.
  Grym, black, A. 1070.
  Grymly, sharply, A. 654; roughly, B. 1534.
  Grymme, horrible, B. 1553; sharp, B. 1696. A.S. _grim_; _grimm_, fury,
    rage; sharp, bitter; "a _grym_ toole," T. B. 938.
  Grynde, A. 81.
  Gryndel, angry, C. 524. Norse _grina_, wry the mouth; _grinall_, sour
    looking. Du. _grinnen_, _grinden_, to grin, snarl.
  Grysly, horrible, B. 1534. A.S. _grislķc_, horrible; _a-grķsan_, to
    dread, fear greatly.
  Gryspyng, _sb._ gnashing of the teeth. A.S. _grist-bķtung_.
  Gryste, dirt (?), A. 465.
  Guere, gear, B. 1505.
  Guferes, evidently an error for _guteres_, C. 310. See T. B. 3072. See
    extract under word _gote_.
  {Gult, Gulte,} guilt, A. 942; B. 690.
  Gulty, guilty, C. 210, 285.
  Gut, C. 280.
  Gyde-ropes, C. 105.
  Gye, govern, B. 1598. Fr. _guider_; _guier_, direct, guide.
  Gyle, guile, A. 671, 688; C. 285.
  Gylt, guilt, B. 731.
  Gylte[gh], A. 655.
  Gyltle[gh], guiltless, A. 668.
  Gyltyf, guilty, A. 669.
  Gyn, machine; applied to the ark, B. 491; to a boat, C. 146.
  Gyng, company, A. 455. A.S. _genge_. See T. B. 1225.
      "Žan was Jacob busked yare,
      Wit al že _gynge_ žat wit him ware."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 30a.)
  Gyngure, ginger, A. 43.
  Gyse, guise, A. 1099.
  Gyternere, A. 91. Fr. _guiterre_; _guiterne_, a gittern. (Cot.) Lat.
    _cithara_, a harp.

  Habbe, have, B. 75; _habes_, _habbes_, has, B. 555, 995.
  {Hach, Hachche,} hatch (of a ship), B. 409; C. 179.
  Hafyng. See _Hauyng_.
  Hagherlych, fitly, B. 18. See _Ha[gh]erly_.
  Haldande, holding, C. 251.
  Halde, hold, A. 454, 490; B. 652.
  Halden, held, A. 1191; B. 42.
  Hale, flow, A. 125. The original meaning is to drag along. Ger.
    _holen_. O.N. _hala_. Fr. _haler_. Cf. T. B. 1782.
  Hale, toss, B. 1520; C. 219.
  Half, side, quarter, B. 950. O.N. _halfa_.
  Halke, recess, B. 104, 321. A.S. _hylca_, hooks, turnings. "_Halke_ or
    hyrne. Angulus, latibulum." (Prompt. Parv.) See Canterbury Tales,
    11433.
  Halse, salute, wish one health, B. 1621. O.N. _heilsa_. Sw. _halsa_,
    to salute. O.N. _heilsa_, health. See T. B. 367.
  Halt, lame, B. 102. O.N. _halltr_, lame; _haltra_, _halta_, to limp.
  Halue, behalf, B. 896.
  Halue, side, border, B. 1039.
  Halyday, holy day, B. 134; C. 9.
  Hal[gh]ed, hallowed, sanctified, B. 506, 1163.
  Hampre, to pack up for removal, B. 1284.
  Han (_3d pers. pl. pres._), have, A. 776.
  Hande-helme, B. 419.
  Hapene[gh], is blessed, B. 27.
  Happe, joy, A. 16, 1195; _happe[gh]_, blessings, B. 24; C. 11. O.N.
    _happ_.
  Happe, cover, B. 626; C. 450. Prov.E. _hap_, to cover; _happing_,
    covering.
      "Lord, what (lo) these weders ar cold, and I am ylle _happyd_."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 98.)
    "_Happyn_ or _whappyn'_ yn cložys." "_Lappyn'_, or _whappyn'_ yn
    cložys (_happyn_ to-gedyr, S.; _wrap_ to-geder in clothes, P.)
    Involvo." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Happen, _adj._ happy, blessed, C. 13, 17, 19, 21.
  Hard, coarse cloth made of tow, "_hard_ hattes," B. 1209. A.S.
    _heordan_, _heordas_, hards, refuse of tow.
      "Sum araies thaim in ringes, and sum in row breuys,
      With _hard hattes_ on thaire hedis hied to thaire horsis."
        --(K. Alex. p. 102.)
  Hardy, bold, B. 143.
  Hardyly, boldly, A. 3.
  Hare, B. 391.
  Harlot, underling, B. 39; servant, profane jester, B. 860, 1584;
    _harlote[gh]_, harlot's, B. 34; harlots, B. 860. This term was not
    originally confined to females, nor even to persons of bad
    character. W. _herlawd_, _herlod_, a youth; _herlodes_, a damsel.
    Cf. "_harlotte_ scurrus." "Gerro a tryfelour or a harlott." Med. MS.
    Cant. "An _harlott_, balator, rusticus, gerror, mima, joculator,
    nugatur, scurrulus, manducus. An _harlottry_, lecacitas,
    inurbanitas," etc. To "do _harlottry_, scurrari." Cath. Ang. in
    Prompt. Parv.
      "Ffore _harlottez_ and _hause-mene_ (house-men) salle helpe bott
      littille." --(Morte Arthure, p. 229.)
  Harlottrye, profane speaking, B. 579.
  Harme, _sb._ wrong, sin, C. 17; _pl._ _harme[gh]_, harms, A. 388.
  Harmle[gh], guiltless, A. 676, 725.
  Harpe, A. 881.
  Harpen (_3d pers. pl. pres._), play on the harp, A. 881.
  Harpore[gh], harpers, A. 881.
  Haspe, fasten, B. 419; clothe, cover, C. 381. O.N. _hespa_, a clasp,
    buckle. Cf. "_haspyng_ in armys." T. B. 367.
  Haspede, hook, C. 189. Cf. Dan. _haspe_, windlass, reel; _haspevinde_
    capstan of a ship.
  {Hastif, Hastyf,} hasty, C. 520.
  {Hastyfly, Hastyly,} hastily, quickly, B. 200, 1150.
  Hat, call, B. 448. A.S. _hįtan_, to call.
  {Hatel, Hattel,} anger, B. 200; fierce, B. 227; keen, sharp, C. 367,
    481. S.Saxon _hatel_, _hetel_, keen, sharp, bitter. A.S. _hétel_,
    fierce. O.Sax. _hatol_. A.S. _atol_, dire, cruel.
  Hatere, clothing, garments, B. 33. A.S. _hętern_, _hęter_, clothing,
    apparel.
  Hažel, man, literally noble, A. 676; B. 27, 409, 1597. A.S. _ęthele_,
    noble; _ętheling_, a ruler, man.
      "Homer was holden _haithill_ of dedis." --(T. B. 38.)
  Hatte, is called, B. 926; C. 35.
  Haunte, practise, C. 15. Fr. _hanter_, frequent, haunt, literally, to
    follow a certain course.
  Haueke, hawk, B. 537.
  Hauen, haven, port, B. 420.
  Hauyng, condition, behaviour, A. 450, 754.
  Haylsed, saluted, A. 238; B. 612, 814. See _Halse_. See T. B. 1792.
  Hayre, heir, B. 666.
  Hayre[gh], shirts of horse-hair, hair-cloth, sack-cloth, C. 373. A.S.
    _héra_.
  Ha[gh]erly, fitly, properly, B. 18. This word occurs in the Ormulum
    under _ha[gh]herrlike_. O.N. _hęgr_, dexter, facilis. Dan. _haage_,
    to please; _haagelig_, agreeable, acceptable.
  Hede, notice, A. 1051.
  Hef, heaved, raised, C. 219.
  Heke = eke, also, A. 210.
  Helde, bend to, come to, B. 1330. A.S. _healdan_; _hyldan_, incline,
    lean to. Dan. _helde_.
  Helde, _adv._ willingly, A. 1193; _in helde_, in mind, in purpose,
    disposed, B. 1520.
  Helded, approached, B. 39.
  Helde[gh], goes, walks, B. 678.
      "Žir brether _helid_ ai forth žair wai
      Žat to žair fader ful suith com žai."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 29b.)
  Hele, safety, C. 335; health, B. 1099; pleasure, A. 16. A.S. _hél_.
  Helle-hole, B. 223.
  Hellen, of hell, C. 306.
  Helme, C. 149.
  Hem, them, C. 180.
  Hemme, border, A. 1001.
  Hende, gracious, B. 612; C. 398; pleasant, B. 1083. Norse _hendt_,
    adapted; _hendug_. Dan. _hęndig_, handy, dextrous. Cf. _hendly_,
    T. B. 1792.
  Hendelayk, mildness, civility, B. 860. Hard-_laike_ occurs in T. B.
    2213.
  {Heng, Henge,} hang, B. 1584, 1734.
  Hens, hence, C. 204.
  {Hent, Hente,} take, seize, receive, A. 388, 669; B. 151, 376, 883,
    1150. O.N. _henda_. A.S. _hentan_.
  Hepe, heap, company. B. 1775.
  Her, their, A. 888.
  Here, heir, B. 52.
    "Bede his doughter come downe and his _dere heire_." (T. B. 389.)
  Here, hair, A. 210.
  Here, company, B. 409, 902. T. B. 6253. A.S. _here_, an army, host,
    etc.
  Hered, honoured, B. 1086. A.S. _hérian_, to praise, commend.
  {Herken, Herkne,} hearken, B. 193, 458.
  Herne[gh], brains, A. 58. O.N. _hjarni_. Sw. _hjerna_.
  Herne[gh] = erne[gh], eagles, B. 537.
  Hert, heart, B. 1723.
  Hertte, hart, B. 391, 535.
  Heruest, harvest, B. 523.
  Hery, honour, praise, B. 1527. See _hered_.
  {Herytage, Heritage,} A. 417; B. 652.
  Her[gh]e, harry, B. 1179, 1294; drag out, C. 178. Sc. _herry_;
    _harry_, rob, spoil, pillage. A.S. _hergian_, _herian_, to plunder,
    afflict, vex. Fr. _harrier_, provoke, molest. O.N. _heria_, to make
    an inroad on.
  {Hest, Heste,} command, A. 633; B. 94, 341; promise, B. 1636.
  Hete, promise, vow, A. 402; B. 1346; C. 336. O.N. _haeta_, to
    threaten. T. B. 240.
  Heter, rough, C. 373. See T. B. 5254. N.Prov. _hetter_, _hitter_,
    eager, earnest.
  Heterly, quickly, greatly, fiercely, A. 402; B. 380, 1222; C. 381,
    477. See T. B. 3499.
  Heže, heath, B. 535.
  Hežen, hence, A. 231. O.N. _hėthan_. See T. B. 5115.
  Hežyng, scorn, contempt, B. 579, 710; C. 2. O.N. _hįthung_. See T. B.
    1753, 1818.
  Heue, heave, raise, A. 314, 473. O.N. _hefia_.
  Heued, head, A. 459, 465.
  Heuen, raise, exalt, A. 16; B. 24, 506; increase, "_heuen ži hele_."
    B. 920. We also meet with the phrase to "_heuen harm_."
      "Qua folus lang wit uten turn,
      Oft his fote sal find a spurn;
      Reu his res žan sal he sare,
      Or _heuen_ his harme with foli mare."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 25a.)
  Heuen-ryche, the kingdom of heaven, A. 719; C. 14.
  Heuy, sorrowful, A. 1180; C. 2.
  Heyred, harried, dragged, pulled, B. 1786. See _Her[gh]e_. "_Harryn'_
    or _drawyn'_ trahicio, pertraho" (Prompt. Parv.)
  Heyred = heryed, honoured, B. 1527. See _Hered_.
  He[gh]e, high, lofty, B. 1391, 1749.
  He[gh]e, hasten, B. 1584. See _Hy[gh]e_.
  {He[gh]t, He[gh]že,} height, A. 1031; B. 317.
  {Hide, Hidde,} hid, hidden, B. 1600, 1628.
  Hidor, fear, C. 367. O.Fr. _hisdour_; _hidour_, dread.
  Hiled, covered, B. 1397. A.S. _hélan_, _hélian_. Prov.E. _hele_,
    _hill_, _hile_, to cover. O.N. _hylia_, to hide.
  Hitte, to make for, C. 289; come, B. 479; C. 380. O.N. _hitta_, to
    light on, find.
      "Žai turne into Tessaile withouten tale more,
      _Hit_ up into a havyn all the hepe samyn." --(T. B. 991.)
  Hi[gh]e = high, loud, B. 1564.
  Hi[gh]ly, greatly, B. 920.
  Ho, she, A. 232, 233; B. 659. A.S. _heo_. Prov.E. _hoo_.
  Ho-beste[gh], she-heasts, B. 337.
  Hod, hood, B. 34.
  Hodle[gh], hoodless, B. 643.
  Hofen, (_p.p._ of _heve_), exalted, raised, B. 1711.
  Hokyllen, beat, B. 1267. Is this an error for _hollkyen_? See
    _Holkke_.
  Hol, whole, B. 102, 594.
  Hole-foted, B. 538.
  Holde, dominion, B. 1597.
  Holkke, thrust out, B. 1222. The original meaning seems to be "to make
    hollow, dig out, pierce." A.S. _holian_, to hollow; _hol_, _holh_,
    a hole. Cf. O.Sc. and O.E. _holket_, hollow; _holk_, dig out.
    Prov.E. _hulk_, to take out entrails of rabbits and hares (Baker).
    Sw. _holka_, _hulka_, to hollow.
  Holly, wholly, B. 104, 1140.
  Holte[gh], woods, A. 921. A.S. _holt_, wood, grove; "_holte woddes_,"
    T. B. 1351.
  Hol[gh]e, hollow, B. 1695. A.S. _holh_.
  Homly, familiar, domestic, A. 1211.
  Hommes, hams, thighs, B. 1541. O.N. _höm_, the back of the thigh.
  Honde, hand, A. 49, 706; B. 174.
  Hondel, handle, B. 11.
  Hondelyng, _sb._ handling, B. 1101.
  Hondelynge, _adv._ with hands, A. 681.
  Honde-werk, handwork, C. 496.
  Honde-whyle, a moment, B. 1786. A.S. _hand-hwķl_; "in a _hond-while_,"
    T. B. 406.
  Hone, to delay, abide, A. 921. See Met. Hom., p. 129.
  Honest, B. 14, 18.
  Honestly, B. 134, 705.
  Honour, A. 852; B. 594.
  Honyse[gh], destroys, ruins, B. 596. O.Fr. _honeison_, shame;
    _honnir_, to shame, blame, borrowed from Goth, _haunjan_. Ger.
    _höhnen_.
      "And Alexander alle that quile asperly rydis
      To the grete flode of Granton, and it one a glance fyndes,
      Or he was so[gh]t to the side [gh]it sondird the qweryns,
      His hors it _hunyschist_ for evir, and he with hard schapid."
        --(K. Alex. p. 102.)
  Hope, expect, think, suppose, A. 142; B. 663.
  Hores, theirs, C. 14.
  Hores (?), B. 1695.
  Hortyng, _sb._ hurting, harm, B. 740.
  Horwed, unclean, B. 335. A.S. _horwa_, _hóru_, dirt; _hyrwian_, to
    defile.
  Horyed, hurried, B. 883.
  {Hot, Hote,} angry, B. 200.
  Hourlande, rolling, rushing, hurling, C. 271.
  Hourle, wave, C. 319.
  Household, B. 18.
  Houe, abide, B. 927. W. _hofian_; _hofio_, to fluctuate, hover,
    suspend.
  Houe[gh], hovers, B. 458, 485.
  Houen, exalted, raised, B. 206, 413, 1451.
  Hue, cry, voice, A. 873.
  {Hue, Huee,} hue, complexion, A. 842; B. 1483.
  Huge, great, B. 4, 1659.
  Hunger, _vb._ C. 19.
  Hurkele, hang, B. 150; rest, 406. The original meaning is to nestle,
    crouch, squat. N.Prov.E. _hurkle_, to squat, crouch, nestle. Du.
    _hurken_, to squat. O.N. _hruka_.
      "Then come ther in a litill brid into his arme fle[gh]e,
      And ther _hurkils_ and hydis as sche were hande tame,
      Fast scho flekirs about his fete, and fle[gh]tirs aboute."
        --(K. Alex. p. 18.)
  Hurlande, hurling, rushing, B. 413, 1211.
  Hurle, rush, B. 44, 223, 376, 874, 1204; "_hurlet_ out of houses,"
    T. B. 1365.
  Hurrok, oar, B. 419; C. 185. Prov.E. _orruck_. "_Orruck_-holes,
    oar-drawing holes, as distinct from thole-pins, which are less used
    in our boats: _rykke_, to draw (Dan.). Compare English _rullocks_."
    Norfolk Words: Miss A. Gurney in Transactions of Philological
    Society for 1855, p. 34.
  Huyde, hide, B. 915.
  Huyle, while, A. 41.
  Hwe, hue, A. 896; _hwes_, B. 1119.
  Hwed, coloured, B. 1045.
  Hyde, skin, A. 1136.
  Hyl-coppe, hill-top, A. 791. See _Coppe_.
  Hynde = hende, courteous, A. 909; B. 1098.
  Hyne, servants; _hinds_, A. 505, 632, 1211. A.S. _hina_, _hine_ (for
    _higna_, _higne_), a domestic. O.N. _hion_, family.
  Hyre, _sb._ hire, wages, A. 534, 539.
  Hyre, _vb._ A. 507, 560.
  Hyrne, corner, B. 1294; C. 178. A.S. _hyrne_. "Hyd hom in houles and
    _hyrnys_ aboute," T. B. 1362.
  Hytte[gh], strives, seeks, A. 132.
  Hyue, hive, B. 223.
  Hyure, hire, C. 56.
  Hy[gh]e, high grounds, heights, B. 391.
  {Hy[gh]e, Hy[gh],} high, A. 39, 395; B. 380; "on _hy[gh]e_," B. 413;
    "_hy[gh]e_ trot," quick pace, B. 976.
  Hy[gh]e, hie, hasten, B. 33, 392, 538; C. 217. A.S. _higan_, _higian_.
  Hy[gh]e, labourer, servant, B. 67. A.S. _higo_, a servant. See _Hine_.
  Hy[gh]ly, greatly, B. 1527.
  Hy[gh]t, named, called, promised, A. 305, 950; B. 24, 665, 1162.
  Hy[gh]t, height, B. 458; C. 398.
  Hy[gh]tled, ornamented, decorated, B. 1290.
      "He had a hatt on his hede _hi[gh]tild_ o floures."
        --(K. Alex. p. 155.)

  I-brad, extended, reached, B. 1693. See _Brayde_.
  Ichose, chosen, A. 904.
  Idolatrye, B. 1173.
  Ilk, same, B. 1755.
  Ille, bad, evil, B. 577.
  Ilyche = alike, B. 228, 975; C. 161. A.S. _gelķc_.
  Image, B. 983.
  In-blande, together, B. 885. Dan. _iblandt_. See _Bland_.
  Inflokke, flock in, B. 1767.
  Inlyche, alike, A. 546, 603.
  In-melle, among, A 1127. This word is usually written _i-melle_. Icel.
    _į-milli_.
  {In-monge, In-monge[gh],} among, amidst, B. 278, 1485.
  {In-mydde, In-mydde[gh],} amidst, B. 125, 1677.
  Innocens, innocence, A. 708.
  {Innoghe, Inno[gh]e,} enough, sufficiently, A. 612, 625, 637;
    abundant, C. 528.
  In-nome, taken in, A. 703.
  {Innossent, Inoscente,} innocent, A. 666, 672, 684.
  Inobedyent, disobedient, B. 237. Fr. _inobedient_.
  In-seme, together, A. 838. A.S. _gesome_. O.E. _ysome_.
  In-stoundes, at times, B. 1603.
  Instrumente, B. 1081.
  Insy[gh]t, opinion, B. 1659.
  Ire, wrath, B. 572.
  Iwysse, truly, indeed, B. 84. A.S. _gewis_.
  In-wyth, within, A. 970.

  Jacynth, A. 1014.
  Janglande, muttering, C. 90. O.Fr. _jangler_, to chatter.
  Jape, device, sin, B. 272, 864; C. 57. Fr. _japper_, to yelp, chatter.
    The original meaning of _jape_ is in O.E. to deceive, to lie.
  Jasper, A. 999.
  Jauele, a wicked wretch, a base fellow, B. 1495. "_Javel_, Joppus,
    gerro." (Prompt. Parv.)
    "The Lieutenant of the Tower advising Sir Thomas Moor to put on
    worse cloaths at his execution, gives this reason, because he that
    is to have them is but a _javel_; to which Sir Thomas replied,
    shall I count him a _javel_ who is to doe me so great a benefit."
      --(MS. Lansd. 1033, in Hall.)
  Jeaunte, giant, B. 272.
  {Jolef, Jolyf, Joly,} handsome, happy, true, A. 842, 929; B. 300, 864;
    C. 241.
  Joparde, jeopardy, A. 602.
  Jostyse, justice, judge, B. 877.
  Journay, C. 355.
  Jowked, slept, C. 182.
  {Joy, Joye,} A. 266.
  Joyfol, A. 288.
  Joyle[gh], joyless, sorrowful, A. 252; C. 146.
  Joyne, B. 726.
  Joyned, A. 1009; B. 434.
  Joyned, enjoined, B. 877; C. 62, 355.
  Joynte, B. 1540.
  Joyst, B. 434.
  {Juel, Juele,} jewel, A. 249, 253, 278.
  {Jueler, Juelere,} jeweller, A. 252, 264.
  Juelrye, jewelry, B. 1309.
  Jugge, judge, A. 7, 804; C. 224.
  Juggement, judgment, B. 726.
  {Juis, Juise,} judgment, doom, B. 726; C. 224.
  Jumpred (? _Jumpre_ from A.S. _geomer_, miserable, sad), trouble,
    B. 491.
  Justyfyet, justified, A. 700.

  Kable, B. 418.
  Kake, B. 625, 635.
  Kark, sorrow, C. 265. W. and Gael. _carc_, care.
  Karle, churl, B. 208. See _Chorle_.
  Kart, B. 1259.
  Kayrene, to go, B. 945. See _Cayre_.
  Kayser, emperor, B. 1593.
  Ka[gh]t, caught, B. 1215.
  Kene, great, noble, B. 839, 1593; sharp, B. 1697.
  Kenely, quickly, B. 945.
  Kenne, to know, make known, show, A. 55; B. 865, 1707; C. 357. O.N.
    _kenna_. Norse _kjenna_, to perceive by sense, recognise, observe.
  Kennest, keenest, B. 1575.
  Kepe, care for, regard, B. 508.
  Kerve, dig, A. 512; cut, B. 1104; rend, B. 1582.
  {Kest, Keste,} contrive, B. 1070, 1455; cast, A. 66; B. 414.
  Keue, depart, A. 320.
  Keued, separated, A. 981.
  Keuer, recover, restore, B. 1605, 1700.
  Keye, key, B. 1438.
  Klubbe, club, B. 1348.
  Klyffe[gh], cliffs, A. 66, 74.
  Knaue, knave, B. 855; servant, B. 801.
  {Knaue, Knaw, Knawe,} know; _knawen_, known, A. 637; B. 1435, 1575.
  Knawlach, knowledge, B. 1702; See T. B. 1083.
  Knot, crowd, company, A. 788.
  Knyt, knit, unite, establish, B. 564.
  Kost, coast, border, B. 912.
  Kote, house, B. 801.
  Koynt = quaint, curious, crafty, B. 1382.
  Krakke, sound, B. 1403.
  Kuy, kine, cows, B. 1259.
  {Kyd, Kydde,} showed, proved, (_pret._ of _kythe_), B. 23, 208.
    _Kyde_, as an _adj._ = renowned.
      "This kyde realme." --(T. B. 213.)
  Kylle, to strike, B. 876. See T. B. 1211, 1213.
  Kyndam, kingdom, B. 1700.
  Kynde, nature, species, B. 266, 505, 507.
  {Kyndely, Kyndly,} naturally, properly, B. 1, 319.
  Kynne, conceive, B. 1072. A.S. _cennan_, to conceive, beget.
  Kynned, kindled, B. 915. O.N. _kynda_.
  Kynne[gh], "alle kynne[gh] = of every kind," A. 1028.
  Kyntly = kyndly, naturally, A. 690.
  Kyppe, take up, seize, B. 1510. Prov.E. _kep_. O.N. _kippa_. A.S.
    _cépan_. See Robt. of Glouc. 125. Havelok the Dane, 2407. "_Kyppyn'_
    idem quod _Hynton_;" "_Kyppynge_ or _hyntynge_ (_hentynge_, K. P.),
    Raptus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  {Kyrk, Kyrke,} church, temple, A. 1061; B. 1270.
  Kyryous = curious, careful, particular, B. 1109.
  {Kyst, Kyste,} chest, ark, B. 449, 1438; C. 159.
  Kyže, show, exhibit, A. 356; B. 851, acknowledge, B. 1368. A.S.
    _cķthan_, to make known.
      "Ye _kyže_ me suche kyndnes," --(T. B. 557.)
  {Kyž, Kyže,} city, land, region, A. 1198; B. 414, 571, 901, 912;
    C. 18. A.S. _cyth_, a region, home, native place.
      "Ther was a kyng in žat coste žat že _kithe_ ought."
        --(T. B. 103.)
  Kyžyn (_gen. pl._ of _kyže_), of cities, B. 1366.

  Labour, _sb._ A. 634; _vb._ A. 504.
  {Lache, Lachche,} = latch, take, receive, B. 166; _lached_, received,
    B. 1186; taken, C. 266; reach, C. 322; "_lach_ out," take away,
    C. 425. A.S. _lęccan_.
  Lad, led, A. 801.
  Ladde = lad, man (of inferior station), B. 36; C. 154. O.H.G. _laz_,
    libertinus. Ger. _lasse_. Du. _laete_, a peasant.
  Ladde-borde, larboard, C. 106.
  Laddres, ladders, B. 1777.
  Lade, led, A. 1146.
  Ladyly, A. 774.
  Ladyschyp, A. 578.
  Lafte, left, B. 1004.
  Laften, (_3d pers. pl. pret._) left, A. 622; C. 405.
  {Lake, Llak,} lake, deep, B. 438, 536.
  Lakke, sin against, abuse, B. 723. Dan. and Sw. _lak_, fault, vice.
    Dan. _lakke_, decay, decline.
  {Lalled, Laled,} spoke, B. 153, 913. Dan. _lalle_, to prattle.
    Bavarian _lallen_, to speak thick, talk. Gr. #lalein#, to
    talk.
  Lance, take, C. 350.
  Langage, language, B. 1556.
  Langour, sorrow, A. 357.
  Lansed (? _laused_), uttered, B. 668; C. 489. _Launch_, in the dialect
    of Worcestershire, signifies to cry out, groan.
  Lansed, ? quaked, B. 957.
  Lante[gh] (? _lance[gh]_), lentest, gavest, B. 348.
  Lantyrne, A. 1047.
  Lape, lap, taste, B. 1434. _Lape_, lape, taste (Baker's Northampton
    Glossary).
  Lappe, _sb._ A. 201. A.S. _lęppa_, border, hem. "_Lappe_, skyrte
    (_lappe_, barme, K.). Gremium." (Prompt. Parv.)
    "The word _lap_, according to many ancient writers, signified the
    skirt of a garment. Thus G. de Bibelsworth says,
      'Car par deuant avez eskours (_lappes_),
      Et d'en costé sont vos girouns (sidgoren).'
    It denoted, likewise, the hinder skirt." (Way in Prompt. Parv.)
  Lapped, folded, clothed, B. 175. See T. B. 236.
  Lasched, B. 707. ? became hot, lascivious.
  Lasned = lessened, made smaller, B. 438, 441.
  Lasse, less, A. 599, 600; B. 1640.
  Laste, follow, A. 1146; C. 320. A.S. _last_, footstep. Goth,
    _laistjan_, to follow after.
  Laste, fault, crime, C. 198.
  Lastes, becomes faulty, B. 1141. Dan. _last_, vice, fault. O.N.
    _löstr_. S.Sax. _last_, calumny, blame. Icel. _last_. Ger.
    _lästerung_, slander.
  Lat, slow, late, B. 1172. A.S. _lęt_, slow, late. Cf. _"lat_-a foot,
    slow in moving." (Wilbraham's Cheshire Glossary.)
  Laže, to invite, B. 81. A.S. _lathian_. O.Sax. _lathian_. O.N. _lada_.
    Prov.E. _lathe_, to invite. A.S. _lathu_, invitation. N.Prov.E.
    _lathing_, invitation.
  Lauce, loosen, do away with (?), B. 1589.
  Laue, law, B. 723.
  Lauande, pouring, flowing, B. 366.
  Laue, pour out, A. 607; C. 154. A.S. _lafian_.
  Launce[gh], branches (of trees), A. 978.
  Launde, an open space between woods, a park; _lawn_, B. 1000, 1207.
    "_Saltus_ a lawnd." (Nominale MS.) Welsh _llan_. "_Lawnde_ of a
    wode. Saltus." (Prompt. Parv.) "_Indago_, a parke, a huntynge place,
    or a _launde_." (Ortus.) "_Lande_, a _land_ or _launde_, a wild
    untilled shrubbie or bushy plaine." (Cotg.) O.Fr. _lande_, saltus.
      "Sythyne [he] wente into Wales wyth his wyes alle;
      Sweys into Swaldye with his snelle houndes,
      For to hunt at the hartes in thas hye _laundes_."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 6.)
  Lawe, hill, B. 992. Sc. _law_. A.S. _hlęw_, mound, mount. Goth.
    _hlaiw_.
  Lawles, C. 170.
  Lay, put down, B. 1650.
  Layke, _sb._ sport, play, amusement, B. 122, 1053.
  Layke, _vb._ to play, B. 872. A.S. _lįc_, play; _lįcan_, to play.
  Layke, device, B. 274; C. 401.
  Layned, kept secret, A. 244. N.Prov.E. _lane_, to hide. O.N. _leyna_.
  Layth, vile, evil, C. 401. A.S. _lįth_, evil, harm; _lįth_, hateful,
    evil; "_laithe_ hurtes," T. B. 1351.
  Layte, seek, search, B. 97, 1768. N.Prov.E. _late_. Icel. _leita_. Sw.
    _leta_, to look for; "_laytyng_ aboute," T. B. 2348.
  La[gh]ares, lepers, B. 1093.
  La[gh]e, laugh, B. 653, 661.
  {La[gh]te, La[gh]t,} = laught, took, A. 1128, 1205. See _Lache_.
  Le, shelter, C. 277. A.S. _hleo_, shade, shelter. Cf. T. B. 2806. O.N.
    _hlja_, to protect. Cf. _Leeside_ = the sheltered side of a ship.
      "---- thar I the tell
      Is the richt place and sted for [gh]our cite,
      And of [gh]our travell ferm hald to rest in _le_."
        --(G. Doug. vol. i. p. 152.)
      "Že wicked alsua že gode sal se,
      Wit-in žair gamen stad and gle,
      Žat žai že sorfuller sal be,
      Žat losen folili has žat _le_." (_i.e._, heaven).
        --("De Penis," quoted in "Hampole's Pricke of Conscience," l. 4,
        p. xii.)
  Leauty, loyalty, B. 1172.
  Lebarde, leopard, B. 536.
  Lecherye, B. 1350.
  {Led, Lede,} man, person, A. 542; B. 412. A.S. _leód_, man.
  {Led, Leede,} people, nation, B. 691, 772, 909. A.S. _leóde_, people,
    folk.
  Ledden = leden, sound, A. 878. Chaucer uses the word _leden_ in the
    sense of _speech_, _language_. A.S. _hlyd_. O.N. _hliod_, a sound.
  Ledisch, national, pertaining to a people or country, B. 1556. S.Sax.
    _leodisce_. See _Lede_.
  {Leef, Lef,} _adj._ dear, precious; _sb._ dear one, wife, A. 266, 418;
    B. 772, 939, 1066. A.S. _leóf_.
  Lefly, dear, beloved, B. 977. A.S. _leóflķc_.
  Lefsel, bower, house formed of leaves, C. 448.
      "By a lauryel ho (Dame Gaynour) lay, vndur a _lefe-sale_,
      Of box and of barberč, byggyt ful bene."
        --(The Anturs of Arther in Robson's Met. Rom. p. 3, vi. 5.)
      "With _lefsales_ uppon lofte lustie and faire." (T. B. 337.)
    A.S. _leaf_, a leaf, and _sel_, dwelling, hall. Sw. _löfsal_, a hut
    built of green boughs. _Levesel_ (another form of _lefsel_) is used
    by Chaucer (Reve's Tale, 4059), but is left unexplained in the
    glossary to Wright's edition. Tyrwhitt's derivation of this term
    from A.S. _lefe_, folium, and _setl_, sedes, is certainly very near
    the mark. Cf. "_levecel_ beforne a wyndowe, or other place.
    Umbraculum." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Lege, liege, subject, B. 94, 1174.
  Legioune, A. 1121, B. 1293.
  Lel, true, B. 425. "Leve this for _lell_." T. B. 239.
  Lelly, truly, faithfully, A. 305; B. 1066. See T. B. 420.
  Leme, glide away, A. 358.
  Leme, shine, gleam, A. 119, 1043; B. 1273. A.S. _leóma_, a ray of
    light; _leóman_, to shine. See T. B. 699.
  Lemman = leof-man, beloved one, mistress, A. 763, 796, 805; B. 1352.
    A.S. _leóf_, dear, and _man_. O.E. _leofmon_, a lover.
  Lene, grant, C. 347. A.S. _lęnian._
  Lenge, dwell, abide, A. 261, 933; B. 81, 412, 497, 994; C. 42. See
    T. B. 1937.
  Lenger, longer, A. 600, 977; B. 810; _lengest_, B. 256.
  Lenghe, length, A. 416.
  Lent (_pret._ of _lend_), abode, dwelt, B. 256; _wat[gh] lent_, had
    dwelt, B. 1084.
  Lent, arrived, C. 201. A.S. _gelandian_, to land, arrive.
      "Langour _lent_ is in land, all lychtnes is lost."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 447.)
  Lenže, length, A. 1031; B. 425, 1594.
  Lep, leaped, C. 179.
  Lere, to teach, B. 843. A.S. _lęran_
  Lere, reward, ? _here_, A. 616.
  {Ler, Lere,} countenance, A. 398; _pl._ _lers_, features, B. 1542 A.S.
    _hleor_. See T. B. 480.
  Lese, false, A. 865. See _Lese_.
  Lesande, loosening, opening, A. 837. O.E. _lese_, _les_, to loose.
    Goth. _lausjan_.
  Lese, false, B. 1719. A.S. _leas_.
  {Lest, Leste,} lost, A. 9; B. 887.
  Lesyng, _sb._ lie, A. 897. A.S. _leasung_.
  Leže, assuage, lessen, cease, bate, cool. A. 377; B. 648; C. 3. A.S.
    _leothian_, to release, slacken. See Met. Hom. p. 135.
  Leže, _sb._ calm, C. 160. N.Prov.E. _leath_, rest, quiet. Stratmann
    compares O.Du. _lede_, ease, _leath_.
  Lether, leather, B. 1581.
  Lette, hinder, prevent, A. 1050; B. 1803.
  Letter, B. 1580.
  Lettrure, letters, learning, A. 751.
  Leue, "_aske leue_," A. 316; "_take leue_," B. 401.
  Leue, forsake, C. 401.
  Leue, believe, A. 69, 865, 876; B. 1493.
  Leued, leaved, A. 978.
  Lewed, ignorant, B. 1580. A.S. _leóde_, _leśd_, the people.
  Lik, to lick, B. 1000.
  Likke, sip, drink, B. 1521.
  Liure[gh], dresses, garments, A. 1108. O.Fr. _livree_.
  Lode, lot, C. 156.
  Lode, course, conduct, guidance, C. 504. A.S. _lįd_, _lįdu_, way. O.N.
    _leid_, course. Cf. _lode_, a way for water.
  Lodesmon, conductor, pilot, B. 424; C. 179. A.S. _lįdman_, a leader.
  {Lodly, Lodlych,} loathsome, hateful, vile, B. 274, 1090, 1093.
    N.Prov.E. _laidly_, ugly, foul. A.S. _lįthlķc_, odious, detestable.
      "He laid on žat _loodly_, lettyd he noght." (T. B. 934.)
  Lofly, dear, lovely, B. 1804.
  Lofte, "_upon lofte_," on high, B. 206, 318, 808. O.N. _lopt_, sky,
    air.
  {Loge, Logge,} tent, lodge, B. 784, 807, 1407; C. 457. Fr. _loge_,
    a hut. See T. B. 1140, 1369.
  Logging, lodging, B. 887.
  {Loghe, Lo[gh],} = low, lau, pit, deep, abyss, B. 366. O.N. _lagr_.
    Sw. _låg_, low.
  Lokande, looking, C. 458.
  Loke = loken, enclosed, C. 350.
  Loke, guard, watch over, C. 504.
  Lokyng, _sb._ sight, looking, A. 1049.
  Loltrande, ? _loitrande_, lolling, loitering, C. 458. Du. _loteren_,
    to loiter. O.N. _lotra_, to go lazily.
  Lombe, lamb, A. 841, 1047.
  Lome, lame, B. 1094.
  Lome, vessel, instrument of any kind; (1) ark; (2) boat, B. 314, 412,
    443; C. 160. A.S. _gelóma_, _lóma_.
  Lomerande, hesitating, creeping, B. 1094. This term seems to be
    connected with _lumber_. O.E. _lumer_, _lomer_, to move heavily.
    O.Du. _lammer_, _lemmer_, impedimentum, molestia. (Kil.) Dan.
    _belemre_. Du. _belemmern_, to encumber, impede.
  Lompe, lamp, A. 1046.
  Londe, land, A. 148, 937.
  Lone, path, lane, A. 1066. N.Prov.E. _lone_, _lannin_. Fris. _lona_,
    _lana_, a narrow way between gardens and houses. Is it connected
    with O.N. _leyna_, to hide, conceal?
  Longande, belonging, A. 462.
  Longed, belonged, B. 1090, 1747.
  Lont, land, C. 322.
  Lopen (_p.p._ of _lepe_, to leap), leapt, B. 990.
  Lore, wisdom, learning, B. 1556. A.S. _lįr_.
  Lore, mode, wise, A. 236.
  Lorn, lost, destroyed, B. 932.
  Los, loss, B. 1589.
  Lose, destroy, B. 909; C. 198; depart, be lost, A. 908.
  Losed, lost, B. 586.
  Losyng, perdition, B. 1031.
  Losynger, _sb._ liar, deceiver. O.Fr. _losengier_.
  {Lot, Lote,} sound, noise, roar, A. 876; C. 161, 183; word, B. 668.
    Sw. _låta_, to sound; _låt_, sound; _låte_, cry, voice. A.S.
    _hleóthor_, a sound, noise. O.E. _lud_, voice. The original form of
    the word is _late_.
      "Than have we liking to lithe (listen to) the _lates_ of the
      foules." --(K. Alex. p. 149.)
      "(He) _late_ so lathely a _late_ and sa loude cried
      That all the fest was aferd and othire folke bathe."
        --(K. Alex. p. 17.)
      "He gaped, he groned faste, with grucchande _latez_."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 90.)
  Lote = late, countenance, feature, form, manner, A. 899; C. 47. This
    word occurs in La[gh]amon under the form _late_, looks, glances.
    Glossarial remarks to La[gh]amon, p. 449. _Lete_, countenance, is
    found in the Owl and Nightingale, 35, 403. A.S. _wlite_. O.N.
    _lęti_.
  Lote, lot, A. 1205; C. 173.
  Lote = lout, bow, A. 238. A.S. _lśtan_, to bend, bow, stoop. Sw.
    _luta_. See T. B. 1900.
  Lože, _sb._ sorrow, A. 377. A.S. _lįth_, evil, harm.
  Loželych, wicked, bad, B. 1350.
  Loute, abide, sit, A. 933.
  Loute, bow, make obeisance. B. 798. See _Lote_.
  Louande, praising, B. 1719.
  Loue, praise, A. 285, 1124, 1127; B. 497, 987. A.S. _lofian_.
  Loue[gh], hands, B. 987. N.Prov.E. _leuf_, palm of the hand, and hence
    used for the hand itself. _Palm_ is used for the hand in early
    English authors. O.N. _lofi_. Sc. _loof_.
      "(He) held the letter in his _love_." --(K. Alex. p. 71.)
      "----he takis
      The licor in his awen (one) _loove_,
      the letter in the tothire." --(_Ibid._ l. 2569.)
  Loueloker, more lovely, A. 148.
  Lovne, offer (advice), propose, C. 173. N.Prov.E. _loave_, _loff_, to
    offer. O.N. _lofa_, promise, praise. Du. _looven_. Flem. _loven_,
    estimate. Cf. "_Lovon_ and bedyn as chapmen, Licitor." (Prompt.
    Parv.)
  Louy, love, B. 841, 1053.
  {Louely, Louyely, Louyly, Louelych,} lovely, A. 565, 693; B. 1486.
  Lowe, flame; "_luf lowe_," flame of love, B. 707. O.E. _logh_ (see
    T. B. 168) "the _lowe hot_," T. B. 494.
  Lowkande, locking, shutting, B. 441.
  {Lo[gh], Lo[gh]e,} the deep, pit, sea, A. 119; B. 441, 1031; C. 230.
    See _Loghe_.
  Lo[gh], Lo[gh]e, low, B. 798, 1761.
  Lo[gh]ed, made low, abased, B. 1650.
  Lo[gh]en, laughed (_3rd pers. pl. pret._ of _la[gh]e_, B. 495.
  Lo[gh]ly, humbly, B. 614, 745.
  Luche, pitch, throw, C. 230. N.Prov.E. _lutch_, to pulsate strongly.
    W. _lluchio_, to fling, throw violently. Stratmann suggests A.S.
    _lyccan_, pull, lutch.
  {Ludych, Ludisch,} national, B. 73, 1375. See _Ledisch_.
  Luf, _gen. sing._, of love, B. 707.
  {Lufly, Luflych, Luflyly,} lovely, A. 880; B. 81; 939; C. 419.
  Lufsoum, _sb._ lovesome, beloved one, A. 398.
  Luged, was pulled, B. 443. O.N. _lugga_.
  Lulted, sounded, B. 1207. O.N. _lulla_, to lull, sing to sleep. Cf.
    "_lullit_ on slepe," T. B. 648. Ger. _lallen_, to sing without
    words, only repeating the syllable _la_. N.Prov.E. _lilt_, to sing
    with a loud voice; _lilt_, a song.
  Luly-whit, lilly-white, B. 977.
  Lumpen, befallen, B. 424, 1320. See _Lympe_.
  Lur, loss, C. 419.
      "What _lure_ is of my lyfe & I lyffe here." --(T. B. 582.)
  Lure[gh], losses, A. 339, 358. A.S. _lyre_, _lor_.
  {Lurke, Lurkke,} A. 978; C. 277. See T. B. 1140.
  Lusty, B. 981.
  Luther, bad, wicked, B. 163, 1090; C. 156. A.S. _lyther_.
  Luuy, love. See _Louy_.
  Lyf, life, B. 1719.
  Lyflode, sustenance in life, B. 561. A.S. _lif-lįde_, from _lįd_,
    a way.
  {Lyft, Lyfte,} heavens, firmament, sky, B. 212, 366, 1356, 1448. A.S.
    _lyft_.
  Lyftande, lifting, rising, B. 443.
  Lyfte, raised, A. 567.
  Lyfte, left, B. 981, 1581.
  Lygge, lie, B. 1126, 1792. A.S. _licgan_.
  Lyke, _vb. impers._ please, A. 566; B. 36, 411, 693, 1646.
  Lyke, _adj._ pleasing, C. 42.
  Lykker, more like, C. 493.
  Lykne[gh], likens, compares, A. 500; is like, B. 1064.
  Lyknyng, _sb._ likeness, C. 30.
  Lykore[gh], liquors, drinks, B. 1521.
  Lykyng, _sb._ pleasure, A. 247; B. 172, 1803. See T. B. 2912.
  Lylled, flourished, shone, C. 447. N.Prov.E. _lilli-lo_, a bright
    flame. Cf. Mod. Gr. #louloudi#, a blossom; #louloudiazō#, to
    flourish, bloom. Is _lylle_, to flourish, connected with the word
    _lilly_?
  Lympe, befall, happen, C. 174, 194. See T. B. 36. A.S. _limpan_, to
    happen, concern.
  Lyne, lineage, A. 626.
  Lynne, linen, A. 731.
  Lyre, flesh, B. 1687. A.S. _lira_.
  Lysoun, trace, B. 887.
  {Lyst, Lyste,} _sb._ pleasure, A. 467, 908; B. 843; lust, B. 693;
    _vb._ desire, please, A. 146; B. 415, 1766.
  Lyst, path, border, B. 1761. Du. _lijst_, edge, border.
  Lysten, to hear, A. 880.
  Lysten, hearing, B. 586. A.S. _hlist_, hearing; _hlistan_, to hear,
    listen. O.N. _hlust_, an ear.
  Lyte, little, B. 119.
  Lyth, limb, A. 398. A.S. _lith_.
  Lyže, assuage, lessen, A. 357. See _Leže_.
  Lyže, grant, A. 369.
  Lyžer, evil, wickedly, A. 567. See _Lužer_.
  Lyžerly, badly, negligently, B. 36.
  {Lyuie, Lyuy,} live, B. 558, 581; C. 364.
  Lyuyande, living, A. 700.
  Ly[gh]e, lie, A. 304.
  Ly[gh]t, light, A. 69, 1043; bright, A. 500; innocent, guiltless,
    pure, A. 682; B. 987; _lette_ _ly[gh]t_, esteem, treat lightly,
    B. 1174, 1320.
  {Ly[gh]t, Ly[gh]te,} _vb._ to light, fall upon, A. 247, 943, 988;
    B. 213, 1069.
  Ly[gh]ten, to lighten, C. 160.
  Ly[gh]tly, easily, A. 358; soon, quickly, B. 817, 853; C. 88. Comp.
    _ly[gh]tloker_, C. 47.

  Ma, make, A. 283; B. 625.
  Ma, man (?), A. 323.
  {Mach, Machche,} = make, fellow, companion, B. 124, 695, 1512. See
    _Make_.
  Mache, to make familiar with, C. 99.
  {Mad, Madde,} foolish, A. 267, 290, 1166; B. 654. Prov. Ger. _maden_,
    to tattle; _madeln_, to mutter.
      "Thi momlyng and thi _mad_ wordes." --(See T. B. 1864.)
  Madde, _vb._ to render foolish, A. 359.
  Maddyng, folly, A. 1154.
      "_Madding_ marrid has thi mode, and thi mynd changid."
        --(K. Alex. p. 121.)
  {Mak, Make,} = mach, match, equal, fellow, wife, A. 759; B. 248, 331,
    994. A.S. _maca_, a mate; _mace_, a wife.
      "Že king him (Joseph) did a wiif to tak,
      Hight Assener, a doghti _mak_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27a.)
  Makele[gh], matchless, A. 435, 733, 757, 780.
  Male, B. 337, 695.
  Malicious, C. 508.
  Malscrande, accursed, B. 991.
  Malskred, bewildered, C. 255. Bosworth quotes "_malscra_, a
    bewitching," upon the authority of Somner.
  {Malt, Malte,} ease, assuage, soothe, B. 776, 1566. O.N. _melta_, to
    dissolve.
  Malte, discourse, speak, A. 224, 1154. A.S. _męlan_, to speak,
    converse; _mathelian_, _męthlan_, to discourse.
  {Malyce, Malys,} B. 250, 518; C. 4.
  Man = maken (_3d pers. pl. pres._), make, A. 512.
  Manace, threaten, C. 422.
  Manayre, manor, A. 1029.
  Mancioun, mansion, B. 309.
  Maner, manner, B. 701.
  Maner, manor, A. 918.
  Manerly, properly, decently, B. 91.
  Mangerie, feast, B. 52, 1365. Fr. _manger_, to eat, from Lat.
    _manducare_.
  Mankyn, mankind, A. 637.
  Mansed, cursed, B. 774; C. 82. A.S. _a-mįnsumian_, to excommunicate.
  Mantyle, mantle, C. 342.
  Marchal, marshal, B. 91, 118.
  Mare, more, A. 145.
  {Margary, Margyrye,} pearl, A. 199, 1037; B. 556.
  Marie, marry, B. 52.
  Marked, market, A. 513.
  Marre, corrupt, spoil, destroy, perish, A. 23; B. 279, 991; C. 172,
    474. O.H.G. _marrjan_, to hinder, make void. A.S. _merran_,
    _myrran_, to hinder. Du. _merren_, to obstruct.
  Marere[gh] = marre[gh] (?). A. 382.
  {Maryag, Maryage,} A. 414, 778; B. 186.
  Maryed, married, B. 815.
  Marryng, _sb._ spoiling, preventing, B. 186.
  Marschal, B. 1427.
  Maryners, C. 99.
  Mas, mass, A. 1115.
  Mascelle[gh], spotless, A. 732.
  Mascle, spot, A. 726. Du. _maese_, _masche_, _maschel_, a spot, stain;
    _maschelen_, to stain.
  Mase (masse), astonishment, alarm, B. 395.
  {Maskele[gh], Maskelles, Maskelle[gh],} spotless, A. 744, 745, 756,
    768.
  Maskle, spot, stain, B. 556. See _Mascle_.
  Masporye (?), A. 1018.
  Mate, dejected, downcast, subdued, A. 386. Fr. _mat_.
  Mate, to overcome, A. 613. Fr. _mater_. O.Fr. _amater_. Cf. Du. _mat_,
    exhausted, overcome. Ger. _matt_, feeble, faint.
  Mater, subject, B. 1617.
  Matere, matter, C. 503.
  {Maugre, Maugref, Mawgre,} C. 44, 54. Fr. _malgré_, in spite of,
    against the will of; _mal_, ill; _gré_, will, pleasure. In B. 250
    _mawgre_ is used as a _sb._ = displeasure.
  Mawe, stomach, C. 255. Ger. _magen_. Du. _maag_.
  May, maid. A. 435, 780. A.S. _męg_.
  Maynful, great, powerful, A. 1093; B. 1730. A.S. _męgen_, power,
    force, strength. O.N. _megin_, strength; _mega_, to be able.
  Maynly, loudly, B. 1427.
  Mayntnaunce, maintenance, B. 186.
  Mayntyne, maintain, C. 523.
  Mayster, master, lord, A. 462, 900; B. 1793.
  Maysterful, powerful, A. 401; B. 1328.
  Maystery, mastery, C. 482.
  Ma[gh]t, power, C. 112. Goth. _mahts_. Ger. _macht_, might, power.
  Ma[gh]ty, mighty, B. 273, 279.
  Ma[gh]tyly, mightily, B. 1267.
  Mede = meed, reward, B. 1632.
  Medoes, meadows, B. 1761.
  Megre, meagre, lean, B. 1198. Fr. _maigre_. Lat. _macer_, lean.
  Mekne, make meek, B. 1328.
  Mele, meal, B. 625.
  Mele, _sb._ discourse, A. 23.
  Mele, _vb._ to talk, relate, say, A. 497, 589; B. 736; C. 10.
    "To _mele_ of this mater." (T. B. 209.)
  Melle, speak, A. 797. See _Malte_.
  Membre[gh], members, A. 458.
  Mendes, amends, A. 351.
  Mendyng, _sb._ improvement, repentance, A. 452; B. 764.
  Mene, general, common, B. 1241. A.S. _gemęne_. Ger. _gemein_.
  Mene, mean, A. 293.
  Mene, tell, explain, B. 1635. A.S. _męnan_, to tell.
  {Meng, Menge,} mix, join, B. 337, 625. A.S. _mengan_.
  {Mensk, Menske,} _sb._ honour, A. 162, 783; B. 121, 522; thanks,
    B. 646; _vb._ to honour, B. 141, 1740. A.S. _mennisc_, human.
    N.Prov.E. _mense_, to grace, deck; _mense_, decency, good manners.
  Mensked, honoured, B. 118.
  Menteene, maintain, A. 783.
  Mercy, A. 576, 623.
  Mercyable, merciful, B. 1113; C. 238.
  Mercyles, B. 250.
  Mere = meer, boundary, B. 778; C. 320. Du. _meere_. O.N. _męri_,
    boundary.
  Mere, sea, lake, stream, A. 140, 158, 1166; B. 991; C. 112. A.S.
    _mere_. O.Sax. _meri_. O.N. _mar_.
  Merit, B. 613.
  Merk, _adj._ dark, obscure, B. 1617.
  Merk, _sb._ darkness, B. 894; C. 291. A.S. _myrc_, dark. O.N. _myrkr_,
    darkness; _myrka_, to darken, grow dark.
  Merke, make, devise, order, place, B. 558, 637, 1487, 1617. A.S.
    _mearcian_. O.N. _merkia_, to mark, perceive, signify.
  Mersy, A. 383; B. 776.
  {Meruayle, Merwayle,} _adj._ marvellous, C. 81; _sb._ a marvel,
    A. 1081, 1130; B. 586.
  Meruelous, A. 1166.
  Mery, pleasant, B. 1760.
  Mes, A. 862. See _Messe_.
  Message, B. 454; C. 81.
  Meschef, evil, misfortune, A. 275; B. 373, 1164.
  Mese, moderate, temper, assuage, B. 764. See _Methe_.
      "Sir Pylate mefe you now no more,
      But _mese_ youre hart, and mend youre mode."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 175.)
      "Kyng Eolus set hie apon his chare,
      With ceptoure in hand, thar muyd (mood) to _meys_ and stille."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 27.)
      "The blastis _mesit_." --(_Ibid._ p. 130.)
      "A _mes_ you of malice,
      but a mene qwile." --(T. B. 12842.)
  Messe, mass, service, A. 497.
  Messe[gh], messes (of meat), B. 637.
  Mester, need, B. 67; C. 342.
  Mesure, measure, moderation, A. 224; B. 215, 247, 565; C. 295.
  Mesurable, mild, temperate, B. 859.
  Metalles, B. 1513.
  Mete, meat, food, applied to an apple, A. 641.
  Meten, to measure, A. 1032.
  {Meth, Meže,} moderation, mildness, pity, B. 247, 436, 565.
      "And Mari ledd hir life with _methe_
      In a toun that hiht Nazarethe." --(Met. Hom. p. 107.)
    A.S. _męthian_, to measure, estimate, use gently; _męth_, measure,
    degree; _męthlic_, kind, courteous. N.Prov.E. _meedless_, without
    measure, immoderate.
  Mežele[gh], immoderate, B. 273.
  Mette, measure, B. 625.
  Met[gh] = mese (?), pity, B. 215.
  Meuande, moving, B. 783.
  Meue, move, A. 156; B. 303.
  Meuen (_3rd pers. pl. pres._), move, A. 64. See T. B. 384.
  Meyny, labourers, servants, A. 542; household, B. 331; company,
    A. 892, 899, 925; B. 454; C. 10.
  Miry, pleasant, C. 32.
  Misschapen (monstrous), wicked, B. 1355.
  Mistrauthe, unbelief, B. 996.
  Mo, more, A. 870, 1194; B. 674.
  {Mod, Mode,} = mood, pride, A. 401, 738; B. 565, 764.
  Moder, mother, A. 435.
  {Modey, Mody,} = proud, haughty, B. 1303; C. 422.
  Mokke, muck, dirt, A. 905.
  Mol = mul, dust, A. 382. Flem. _mul_, _gemul_, dust. Du. _mullen_, to
    crumble. Pl. D. _mull_, loose earth, dust. Cf. "peat-_mull_," the
    dust and fragments of peat. (Brockett.)
  Molde, earth, B. 279; _molde[gh]_, lands, B. 454; "_on molde_," on
    earth, B. 514, 1114; "_in molde[gh]_," in earth, C. 494. A.S.
    _molde_, mould, earth. Goth. _mulda_. O.H.G. _molta_. Dan. _muld_.
      "Loo! here the duchez dere to daye was cho takyne,
      Depe dolvene and dede, dyked _in moldez_."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 82.)
  Mon, man, A. 310.
  Mon, moan, sorrow, A. 374.
  Mone, moon, A. 923.
  Monkynd, mankind, B. 564.
  Mon-sworne, perjury, B. 182. Other forms of this word are
    _main-sworn_, _man-sworn_. O.H.Ger. _meinsweridi_, perjury, from
    _main_, _mein_, spot, stain, injury, impure, bad. O.N. _mein_, sore,
    crime.
  Mony, many, A. 572; B. 1164.
  Monyth, month, B. 493, 1030.
  Moon, moan, sorrow, B. 373.
  Moote = mote, spot, blemish, A. 948.
  Mor, moor, B. 385, 1673. A.S. _mór_, a moor, heath.
  Morehond, more, A. 475. Cf. _nerehande_, near; _betuixande_, betwixt.
  {Morn, Morne,} morning, B. 493; morrow, B. 1001.
  Mornyf, mournful, A. 386.
  Mornyng, _sb._ mourning, A. 262.
  Morteres, mortars, B. 1487.
  {Most, Moste,} greatest, B. 254, 385.
  Mot, must, may, A. 397, 663.
  {Mot, Mote,} spot, blemish, sin, A. 764, 843, 855. Du. _mot_, dust.
  Mote, _vb._ speak to, A. 613. A.S. _mótian_, to moot, debate. Then
    Medea with mowthe _motys_ thus agayne. T. B. 610.
  Mote, building, dwelling, abode, A. 142, 936, 937, 948, 949; city,
    C. 422. _Mote_ signifies a hill, mound, moat, and hence a city on
    a hill (?). Mid. Lat. _mota_, hill or mound. O.Fr. _mote_.
      "Že bryght ceté of heven is large and brade,
      Of whilk may na comparyson be made
      Tille na ceté žat on erth may stand,
      Ffor it was never made with mans hand.
      Bot yhit, als I ymagyn in my thoght,
      I lyken it tylle a ceté žat war wroght
      Of gold, of precyouse stones sere,
      Opon a _mote_, sett of berylle clere,
      With walles, and wardes, and turrettes,
      And entré, and yhates, and garrettes."
        --(Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, p. 239, l. 8896.)
    MS. Lansd. 348, reads _mount_ for _mote_.
  {Moteles, Motele[gh],} spotless, A. 899.
  Moul = mould, earth, A. 23.
  Moun (_3rd pers. pl._ of _mowe_, to be able), are able, A. 536.
  Mount, A. 868; B. 447.
  Mountaunce, amount, C. 456.
  Mountayne, B. 385.
  {Mountes, Mounte[gh],} = amounts, avails, A. 351; C. 332.
  Mourkenes, _mirkens_, becomes dark, B. 1760. O.N. _myrka_, to darken,
    Dan. _mörkne_.
  Mourkne, to rot, become rotten, B. 407. From this verb is derived the
    O.E. _morkin_, a dead beast, carrion, a scarecrow. O.N. _morkinn_,
    rotten; _morkna_, to rot.
  Mourne, to mourn, C. 508.
  Mo[gh]t, might, could, B. 1108, 1668.
  Mudde, B. 407.
  Mukel, great, B. 52, 366, 1164. O.N. _mikill_.
  Mul, dust, dirt, A. 905; B. 736. See _Mol_.
  Multyplyed, B. 278.
  Mun, C. 44. This may be another form of _mon_ = moan. But the phrase
    "_maugre his mun_," leads us to reject this interpretation. _Maugre_
    is generally used with some part of the body, as "_mawgre his
    tethe_," "_maugre his chekes_," etc. _Mun_ may therefore signify the
    mouth. (Sw. _mun_, a mouth.) The term is still retained in the north
    of England. Halliwell quotes the following:
      "A common cry at Coventry on Good Friday is--
        'One a penny, two a penny, hot cross buns,
        Butter them and sugar them and put them in your _muns_.'"
  Munster = minster, church, cathedral, temple, B. 1267; C. 268.
  Munt, purpose, A. 1161. N.Prov.E. _munt_, a hint. See _Mynt_.
  Murte, break, crush, C. 150. Pl. D. _murten_, to crush. See
    _to-murte_. In T. B. 4312 we have _myrte_ = to crush. Bothe
    mawhownus & maumettes _myrtild_ in peces.
  Mydde[gh], midst, A. 740. See _In-mydde[gh]_.
  Mydny[gh]t, midnight, B. 894.
  Myke, _sb._ B. 417. Cf. Du. _mik_. The crutches of a boat, which
    sustain the main boom or mast and sail when they are lowered for the
    convenience of rowing.
  Myke[gh], free labourers (?), A. 572. A.S. _mecg_, a man. In the
    _Cursor Mundi_, Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 17, the angels are
    represented as speaking to Lot as follows:
      "'Has žou her,' žai said, 'ani man,
      Sun or doghter, _mik_ or mau,
      To že langand, or hei or lau
      Žou lede žam suith out o žis tun
      Ar žat hit be sunken don.'"
    But ? _be myke[gh]_ = he _myke[gh]_, he chooses.
  Myne[gh], "_me myne[gh]_," I remember, B. 25. A.S. _mynan_, to
    remember. O.N. _minna_.
  Mynge, record, mention, A. 855. A.S. _myngian_, to remind.
  Mynne, recollect, remember, A. 583; B. 436, 771. See T. B. 1434. See
    _Myne[gh]_.
  Mynte, devise, purpose, B. 1628. A.S. _myntan_, _myntian_ to dispose,
    settle, appoint. "_Myntyn'_ or _amyn'_ towarde for to assayen.
    Attempto." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Mynstralsy, B. 121.
  Mynyster, minster, temple, A. 1063.
  Mynystre, _vb._ B. 644.
  Myre, B. 1114.
  Myrže[gh], joys, A. 140.
  Myrže[gh], gladdens, A. 862.
  {Myri, Myry,} = merry, pleasant, A. 23, 158; B. 417, 804; _myryer_,
    A. 850; _myryest_, A. 435.
  Myryly, pleasantly, joyously, B. 493.
  {Mys, Mysse,} wrong, sin, A. 262; C. 420.
  Myserecorde, mercy, A. 366.
  Myse-tente, misunderstood, A. 257.
  Mysse, to lose, A. 329; B. 189. O.N. _missa_, to lose. Du. _missen_,
    to fail, miss.
  Mysse, loss, grief, A. 364.
  Mysseleue, unbelief, B. 1230.
  Mysse-payed, displeased, C. 399.
  Mysse-[gh]eme, mis-use, A. 322.
  Myst, B. 1760.
  Myste, mysteries, secrets, (?), A. 462.
  Mysterys, A. 1194.
  Myže, to trouble, weary (?), A. 359. A.S. _méthe_, wearied; _méth_,
    feeble.
  My[gh]t, might, A. 630.
  My[gh]tes = mights, powers, B. 644, 1699.

  Nadde = ne hadde, had not, B. 404.
  Nakeryne (_gen. pl._ of _naker_), B. 1413; _naker_, _nacaire_, seems
    to signify a kettle-drum.
  Nas = ne was, was not, B. 727, 983.
  Nature, A. 749.
  Nauel, C. 278.
  Naule, nail, A. 459.
  {Naužele[gh], Nawželes,} nevertheless, A. 877, 950.
  {Naužer, Nawžer,} neither, A. 1087; B. 1226.
  Nawhere, nowhere, A. 534.
  Nay, refuse, deny, B. 805.
  Nayed, refused, B. 65.
  Nayt, use, employ, B. 531. See T. B. 1038. A.S. _neotan_. O.N. _nyta_.
  Naytly, neatly, dexterously, B. 480. See T. B. 2427. Nestor, a noble
    man, _naitest_ in werre. T. B. 1038. N.Prov.E. _nately_, neatly.
  Na[gh]te, night, A. 1203; B. 484, 807, 1002.
  Ne, nor, B. 1226.
  Nece, niece, A. 233.
  Nedde, needed, A. 1044; hem nedde = they needed.
  {Nede, Nede[gh],} of necessity, A. 344.
  Nedle[gh], needless, useless, B. 381; C. 220.
  Nee = ne, nor, A. 262.
  Nel, ne wille, will not, B. 513.
  Nem, took (_pret._ of _nimme_), A. 802; B. 505.
  Nemme, name, A. 997. See T. B. 152.
  Nente, ninth, A. 1012.
  Nere, _ne were_, were not, B. 21.
  {Nere, Ner,} near, nigh, A. 286, 404; _wel ner_, nearly, B. 1585.
  Nerre, nearer, A. 233; C. 85.
  Nesch, gently, A. 606. A.S. _hnesc_, soft, tender.
  Neue, fist, hand, B. 1537. N.Prov.E. _neve_, _neif_, a fist. O.N.
    _hnefi_.
  Neuen, name, B. 410, 1376, 1525. O.N. _nafn_, a name; _nefna_, to
    name.
  {Ne[gh], Ne[gh]e,} nigh, near, A. 528; B. 803.
  {Ne[gh], Ne[gh]e, Ne[gh]en,} approach, B. 32, 143, 805, 1017, 1754.
  Nice, _adj._ foolish, B. 1354; _sb._ B. 1359. Fr. _nice_, foolish,
    simple.
  Nif, ne-if, if not, B. 30.
  Niye, trouble, B. 1002.
  Noble, A. 1097.
  Nobley, nobleness, B. 1091.
  No-bot, only, B. 1127. N.Prov.E. _no-bot_.
  Nok, nook, C. 278.
  Nolde, ne wolde, would not, B. 805, 1091.
  {Nom, Nome,} took, A. 587; B. 1613; _pret._ of _nimme_, to take.
  Nome, name, A. 872.
  Nomen, seized, taken; _p.p._ of _nimme_, B. 1281; C. 360.
  Norne, entreat, ask, B. 803. A.S. _gnornian_, to complain, murmur.
  Norture, nurture, B. 1091.
  Note, city, A. 922; B. 1233.
  Note, devise, ordain, B. 1651; C. 220.
  Note, device, purpose, A. 155; B. 381, 727. A.S. _nota_, use, duty,
    employment; _notian_, to employ, use.
      "The Bibel telles us openlye
      Of Nembrot and his maistri,
      Hou the fole that was wit him
      Bigan to mak a tour that tim,
      That suld reche to the lifte;
      Bot Godd that skilfulli kan skift.
      Mad them alle serely spekand,
      That nan moht other understand,
      And gert them lef thair wilgern werk,
      Bot of thair _not_ yet standes merk,
      In Babilony the tour [gh]et standes,
      That that folk mad wit thair handes." --(Met. Hom. p. 61.)
      "Mony noble for že nonest to že _note_ gode." --(T. B. 284.)
  Note, A. 879, 883.
  Notyng, device, devising, B. 1354. See _Note_.
  Noumbre, number, B. 1283, 1376.
  Nouže, now, C. 414.
  Nowželese, nevertheless, A. 889.
  Noye, trouble, annoy, B. 1236.
  {Noys, Noyse,} B. 849; C. 490.
  No[gh]t, naught, nothing, A. 520; B. 888; not, B. 106.
  No[gh]ty, bad, B. 1359.
  Nummen (_p.p._ _nimme_), taken, B. 1291; C. 76.
  Nurne, speak, say, B. 669.
  Nuye, displease, B. 578.
  Nuyed, troubled, B. 1176.
  {Nw, Nwe,} new, A. 527; anew, A. 1079.
  Nwy, wrath, B. 301.
  Nwyed, displeased, B. 306.
  Nye, trouble, B. 1376; _nyes_, troubles, B. 1754; C. 76.
  Nyed, troubled, B. 1603.
  Nyf = ne if, if not, B. 424.
  Nyl, ne wyl, will not, B. 1261; C. 41.
  Nylt, ne wylt, wilt not, C. 346.
  {Nym, Nymme,} take, B. 481. A.S. _niman_.
  Nys, ne ys, is not, A. 951.
  Nyse, nice, dainty, B. 824.
  Nyteled, laboured, toiled, B. 888. Prov.E. _nattle_, to endeavour, to
    be busy about trifles. O.E. _nyte_, to use, employ, enjoy. O.N.
    _nyta_.
  Ny[gh]e, nigh, B. 484; _wel ny[gh]e_, B. 704.
  {Ny[gh]t, Ny[gh]te,} night, A. 243; B. 526.

  Obeche, reverence, B. 745. Prov. Fr. _obezir_.
  Obes, obey, A. 886.
  Odde, (1) not even, B. 426; (2) spotless, faultless, B. 505. See T. B.
    4401, 6157, 6172, 6179, 6189, 6194, 6198.
  Oddely, (_a_) alone, B. 923; (_b_) nobly, B. 698.
    (_b_)
      "I Alexandre the aire and eldest childe hattene,
      Of kyng Philip the fers, that fest am in Grece,
      And of the quene Olimpades, the _oddest_ under heven,
      To all [gh]ow of Athenes, thus I etill my sa[gh]es."
        --(K. Alex. p. 79.)
      "For thai the mesure and the mett of alle the mulde couthe,
      The sise of alle the grete see and of the gryme wawys,
      Of the ordere of that _odde_ home [heaven] that overe the aire
          hingis." --(_Ibid._ p. 2.)
  Oke, oak, B. 602.
  Olipraunce, vanity, fondness for gay apparel, B. 1349. Prov.E.
    _olypraunce_, a merry making.
      "Of tournamentys y preue thereynne
      Seven poyntes of dedly synne;
      Fyrst ys pryde, as žou wel wost
      Avauntement, bobaunce and bost;
      Of rych atyre ys here avaunce,
      Prykyng here hors wyth _olypraunce_."
        --(Robt. of Brunne's Handlyng Synne, p. 145.)
  On, an, A. 9.
  One, alone, self, B. 872, 923, 1669.
  Onelych, only, B. 1749.
  One[gh], once, B. 801.
  Onhede, unity, concord, B. 612.
  On-hit, struck, inflamed with anger (?), C. 411. A.S. _onhętan_ to
    inflame, heat.
  On-lofte, aloft, on high, B. 692; 947.
  On-ry[gh]t, aright, B. 1513.
  On-syde[gh], aside, C. 219.
  On-wyde, about, B. 1423.
  On-y[gh]ed, one-eyed, B. 102.
  Ordaynt, ordained, B. 237.
  Ordenaunce, ordinance, B. 698.
  Ordure, filth, B. 1092.
  Ore, oar, C. 218.
  Orenge, orange, B. 1044.
  Organe, B. 1081.
  Orisoun, prayer, C. 328.
  Ornemente, ornament, B. 1799.
  Orppedly, quickly, B. 623. N.Prov.E. _orput_, quick (at learning).
    Orped is generally derived from O.N. _verpa_, to throw; _p.p._
    _orpinn_. But this etymology is very doubtful. Cf. "_Orpud_, audax,
    bellipotens." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Ossed, showed, C. 213. N.Prov.E. _awse_, _oss_, to attempt, offer. W.
    _osi_.
      "Quat and has thou _ossed_ to Alexander
      this _ayndain_ (angry) wirdes." --(K. Alex., p. 79.)
  Oste, host, army, B. 1204.
  Ožer, or, A. 141.
  Ouer-borde, C. 157.
  Ouer-brawden, covered over, B. 1698.
  Ouer-seyed, passed over, gone, B. 1686.
  Ouer-tan, overtaken, C. 127.
  Ouer-žwert, across, B. 316, 1384.
  Ouer-tok, B. 1213.
  Ouer-torne, past, B. 1192.
  Ouer-walte, overflowed, B. 370.
  Ouer-[gh]ede, past, went, B. 1753.
  Ouerte, open, clear, A. 593.
  Ouerture, opening, A. 218.
  Oure, prayer, A. 690.
  Out-borst, _vb._ outburst, B. 1251.
  Out-comlyng, a stranger, B. 876. N.Prov.E. _out-cumling_, a foreigner,
    stranger. The more usual form in early English is _comling_.
  Out-dryf, drive out, A. 777.
  Out-fleme, banished, A. 1177. See _Fleme_.
  Out-kast, B. 1679.
  Out-sprent, outburst, A. 1137.
  Out-taken, excepted, B. 1573.
  Out-tulde, thrown out, C. 231.
  O[gh]e = owe, ought, A. 552.
  {O[gh]t, O[gh]te,} _vb._ ought, A. 341.
  {O[gh]t, O[gh]te,} _pr._ aught, A. 274; B. 663.

  Pace, passage, A. 677.
  {Pacience, Pacyence,} C. 1, 36.
  Pakke, pack, B. 1282.
  Pakke, company, A. 929.
  {Palayce, Palays,} B. 83, 1389, 1531.
  Pale, A. 1004.
  Palle = pall, fine cloth, B. 1384, 1637.
  Pane, a side, division of a building, A. 1034. Lat. _pagina_, a leaf,
    any flat expanse. "A _pane_, piece or pannel of a wall, of wainscot,
    of a glasse window." (Cotg.) "_Pane_ of a wall, _pan de
    mur_." (Palsg.)
  Panne, head, but we may read _paune_, paws, claws, B. 1697.
  Papeiay = a popinjay, a parrot, B. 1465. It. _papagallo_. O.Fr.
    _papegau_, _papegay_. Sp. _papagayo_, parrot.
  Parage, kindred, rank, nobleness, A. 419; B. 167. O.Fr. _parage_.
  Paramore[gh], paramours, lovers, B. 700. Fr. _par amour_, by way of
    love.
  Paraunter, peradventure, A. 588.
  Parchmen, parchment, B. 1134.
  Pare, cut, B. 1408, 1536.
  Parform, perform, B. 542; C. 406.
  Parfyt, perfect, A. 638.
  Parget, plaister of a wall, B. 1536. "_Pariette_ for walles,
    blanchissure." (Palsg.)
  Parlatyk, paralytic, B. 1095.
  Partle[gh], partless, portionless, A. 335.
  Partrykes, partridges, B. 57.
  Pass, surpass, A. 428.
  Passage, journey, C. 97.
  Passande, passing, B. 1389.
  Pasture, C. 393.
  Pater, paternoster, A. 485.
  Paume, palm, hand, B. 1533, 1542.
  {Pay, Paye,} pleasure, A. 1, 1164, 1176; C. 99.
  Pay, please, A. 1165, 1177.
  Payment, A. 598.
  Paynt, A. 750.
  Payre, pair, B. 335.
  Payre = appayre, become worse, fade, B. 1124. Lat. _pejor_, worse.
    "To _appayre_ to waxe worse." (Palsg.)
  Payred, impaired, A. 246.
  Pechche, sin, fault, A. 841. Fr. _péché_.
  {Penance, Penaunce,} A. 477.
  Pene[gh], pens, folds (for cattle), B. 322.
  Penitotes, (? _Peritotes_), a kind of stone (the _peritot_ or
    _peridot_ Marsh), B. 1472.
  Penne, B. 1724.
  Penne-fed, B. 57.
  Pensyf, pensive, A. 246.
  Pented, appertained, belonged to, B. 1270.
  Peraunter, peradventure, B. 43.
  {Pere, Per,} equal, peer, A. 4; B. 1214, 1336.
  Pere[gh], pears, A. 104.
  Perile, B. 856, 942.
  Perré, precious stones, jewelry, A. 730; B. 1117.
  Pertly = apertly, openly, B. 244. See T. B. 1130. Cf. "_pert_ wordes,"
    T. B. 977.
  Peryle, A. 695; C. 85.
  Pes, peace, A. 952.
  Pich, pitch, B. 1008.
  Pike = pick, pluck, B. 1464.
  Pinnacle, B. 1463.
  Pité, pity, B. 232.
  {Pitously, Pytosly,} A. 370, 798.
  Planed, B. 310.
  Planete, A. 1075.
  Plaster, B. 1549.
  Plat, flat, B. 1379.
  Plat, struck (_pret._ of _plette_, to strike), B. 1265. A.S.
    _plęttian_.
      "Hwan he hauede him so schamed,
      His hand (he) of _plat_, and yvele lamed."
        --(Havelok the Dane, 2755.)
  Plater, plate, platter, B. 638.
  Plate[gh], A. 1036.
  Plat-ful, brimful, B. 83.
  Plattyng, _sb._ striking (or folding?), B. 1542.
  Play, A. 261.
  Play-fere, play-fellow, companion, C. 45.
  Playn, _adj._ even, clear, A. 178, 689; B. 1068; C. 439.
  Playn, _sb._ A. 104, 122; B. 1216.
  Playned, lamented, A. 53, 242.
  Playne[gh], complains, C. 376.
  Playnt, complaint, A. 815.
  Plek, place, plot of ground, B. 1379. "_Pleckke_ or plott,
    porculetum." (Prompt. Parv.) N.Prov.E. _pleck_. A.S. _plęc_.
    "Se that the hare hathe be at pasture in grene corne, or in eny
    other _plek_." --(Quoted by Way from MS. Harl. 5086, fol. 47.)
  Pleny, to complain, A. 549.
  Plete, demand, plead for, A. 563.
  Pleyn, mourn, C. 371.
  Plontte, plant, A. 104.
  Plow, plough, B. 68.
  Plyande, pliant, C. 439.
  Plye, A. 1039; B. 196, 1385.
  Plyt, danger, fault, A. 647; B. 1494; C. 114. A.S. _pliht_.
  Ply[gh]t, condition, A. 1075; B. 111.
  Pobbel, pebble, A. 117.
  Pole, pool, stream, A. 117.
  Polle, poll, head, B. 1265. Du. _polle_, _pol_, head, top, crown.
  Polmente, a kind of pottage, B. 628. O.Fr. _polment_. Lat.
    _pulmentum_. "_Pulmentarium_ a _pulment_." Nominale, MS.
      "His brother (Jacob) he fand give--and his tent
      To grayth a riche _pulment_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 21a.)
  {Polyce, Polyse,} polish, B. 1068, 1131, 1134.
  Polyle, poultry, B. 57. Fr. _poule_, a hen; _poulet_, a chicken. Lat.
    _pullus_. "_Polayle_, bryddys or fowlys, Altilis." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Pomgarnade, pomegranate, B. 1466. Cf. Lat. _malum granatum_. It.
    _granata_. Sp. _granada_.
  Poplande, rushing, foaming, C. 319. N.Prov.E. _popple_, to tumble
    about with a quick motion. O.Sc. _pople_, to flow, rush.
      "The wawis of the wild see apone the wallis betes,
      The pure _populand_ hurle passis it umby." --(K. Alex. p. 40.)
      "And on the stanys owt thar harnys [he] dang,
      Quhil brayn and eyn and blude al _poplit_ owt."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 167.)
  Porchase, purchase, A. 439.
  Porche, B. 785.
  Pore, poor, A. 873.
  Porfyl, hem, A. 216. Fr. _pourfiler_, to work upon the edge,
    embroider; _fil_, a thread. O.E. _purfle_, to overlay with gems or
    gold. "_Purfyll_ or hemme of a gowne, bort." (Palsg.)
  Porpre, purple, B. 1568.
  Porros, B. 1772.
  Port, gate, B. 856; harbour, C. 90.
  Portale, A. 1036.
  Portray, B. 700.
  {Poruay, Poruaye,} to provide, B. 1502; C. 36.
  Possyble, A. 452.
  Potage, B. 638.
  Poursent, course, A. 1035.
  Pourtray, B. 1271. Fr. _pourtraire_.
  Pouer, power, B. 1654.
  {Pouer, Pouere,} poor, B. 615, 1074.
  Poueren (_pl._ of _pouer_), poor, B. 127.
  Pouert, poverty, C. 43.
  Pouerté, C. 13.
  Powdered, A. 44.
  Powle[gh], pools, C. 310.
  Poyned, trimmed, ornamented, A. 217.
  Poynt, _sb._ particle, A. 891.
  Poysened, B. 1095.
  Poyntel, a style, B. 1533.
  Pray, _sb._ prey, B. 1297; _vb._ to plunder, B. 1624.
  Prayse, A. 301.
  Prece, press, B. 880.
  Prechande, preaching, B. 942.
  {Precios, Precious,} A. 4, 216; B. 1282.
  Prelate, B. 1249; C. 389.
  Pres, press, A. 730; to press, A. 957.
  Prese, praise, honour; "his _prese_, his _prys_," A. 419. Sp. _prez_,
    honour, glory. Fr. _prix_, value, worth, price.
      "Fra žan forth heild Sir Moyses
      Žis wandes bath in _pris_ and _pres_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 36a.)
  {Prese, Pres,} _sb._ press, A. 1114; _vb._ B. 1249.
  {Presens, Presente,} presence, A. 389; B. 8, 1496.
  Present, _vb._ B. 1217.
  Presonere, prisoner, B. 1217.
  Prest, ready, B. 147; C. 303. Ital. _presto_.
  Prestly, quickly, B. 628.
  Presyous, B. 1496.
  Pretermynable, A. 596.
  Preue, prove, A. 983; B. 704, 1748.
  Prisoner, B. 1297.
  Profecie, B. 1158, 1308.
  Profere, A. 235, 1200.
  Profert, B. 1463.
  Professye, A. 821.
  Profete, prophet, A. 797.
  Proper, A. 686.
  Properté[gh], properties, A. 752.
  Property, A. 446.
  Prophete, A. 831; B. 1300.
  Prosessyoun, procession, A. 1096.
  Prouince, B. 1300.
  Pruddest, proudest, B. 1300.
  Prudly, proudly, B. 1379, 1466. See T. B. 857.
  Pryce, chief, B. 1308.
  Prymate, B. 1570.
  Pryncipale, B. 1531, 1781.
  Pryncipalté, dominion, B. 1672, 1738.
  {Priys, Prys,} value, worth, A. 272, 419, 755; B. 1117. See _Prese_.
  Prysoun, C. 79.
  Pryuely, B. 238.
  Pryuy, A. 12; _pryuyest_, B. 1748.
  Pulde, pulled, B. 1265.
  Pulle, draw, B. 68.
  Pure, _adj._ A. 227; B. 704; _vb._ B. 1116.
  {Purely, Purly,} A. 1004; B. 1660.
  Purpre, purple, A. 1016.
  Pursaunt, a sergeant, B. 1385. O.Fr. _pursuivant_.
  Pursue, B. 1177.
  Purtraye, B. 1465, 1536.
  Puryté, B. 1074.
  Pyche, pitch, fix, B. 477.
  Pye, B. 1465.
  Pyked, adorned, A. 1036.
  Pyke[gh], pick, choose, A. 573.
  Pyle, building, A. 686.
  Pyle, to rob, B. 1270, 1282. Fr. _piller_, to rob.
  Pylere, pillar, B. 1271.
  Pyne, _vb._ to torment, B. 1095; _sb._ pain, A. 330. Du. _pijnen_, to
    torture.
  Pyne = pynd, fasten, C. 79. A.S. _pyndan_, to shut in.
  Pynkardine, ? _perre carnadine_, carnelian stone (Marsh), B. 1472.
  Pyony, A. 44.
  Pytosly, pitifully, A. 370.
  Pyty, A. 1206.
  Py[gh]t, fixed, placed (_pret._ of _pyche_), A. 117, 228, 742; B. 785.

  Quat, what, A. 293.
  Quat-kyn, what kind of, A. 771.
  Quauende, flowing, waving, B. 324.
  Quayle, _sb._ quail, A. 1085.
  Quayntyse, wisdom, craft, B. 1632. O.Fr. _accointer_, to make known;
    _coint_, informed, acquainted with. Lat. _cognitus_.
  Qued, _sb._ evil, crime, ill, B. 567; C. 4. Du. _kwaad_, bad. Pl. D.
    _quat_.
  Quelle, kill, A. 799; B. 324; subdue, C. 4. A.S. _cwellan_.
  Queme, _adj._ pleasing, A. 1179. A.S. _cweman_, to please. Your
    _qweme_ spouse, T. B. 634.
  Quen, when, A. 40, 93, 232, 804.
  Quenche, C. 4.
  Quere, where, A. 65.
  Query, A. 803.
  Quest, C. 39.
  Quežer-so-euer, whether-so-ever, A. 606.
  Quikken, C. 471.
  Quo, who, A. 747.
  Quo-so, who-so, B. 1647; C. 5.
  Quos, whose, B. 1648.
  Quoynt, wise, A. 889; B. 160, 871; curious, B. 1459. See _Quayntyse_.
  Quoyntis, clothing, B. 54. "_Quoyntyse_, yn gay floryschynge, or other
    lyke. Virilia." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Quoyntyse, device, C. 39. See _Quayntyse_.
  {Quyk, Quik,} quick, living (_pl._ _quyke[gh]_, A. 1179; B. 567),
    B. 324.
  Quyl, while, B. 627.
  Quyte, requite, reward, A. 595; B. 1632.
  Quyte, white, A. 220, 842, 844.

  Raas = rase, rese, way, course, A. 1167. A.S. _ręs_, way, course,
    race. Sw. _resa_.
  Rac, storm, vapour, B. 433. N.Prov.E. _rack_, driving clouds, clouds
    driven along by the wind.
      "A _rak_ and a royde wynde rose in her saile." --(T. B. 1984)
  Rachche, proceed, go, B. 619. A.S. _ręcan_, to reach, extend. O.H.G.
    _rechen_. N.Prov.E. _ratch_, stretch. Perhaps _rachche_ is a
    softened form of _rayke_ (Icel. _reika_, to go), to go. S.Sax.
    _ruchen_.
  Rad, frightened, B. 1543. Sw. _raedd_, afraid. N.Prov.E. _rade_.
      "In a _rad_ haste." --(T. B. 917.)
      "Vn-to the gryselyche gost Syr Gauane is gone,
      And rayket to hit in a res, for he was neuyr _radde_;
      _Rad_ was he neuyr [gh]ette, quoso ry[gh]te redus."
        --(The Anturs of Arther, p. 5; ix. 8, 9.)
  Radde, advised, C. 406 (_pret._ of _rede_, to advise). See _Rede_.
  Radly, readily, quickly. A.S. _rįd_, ready, quick; _rįdlice_,
    speedily.
      "The sight of žat semely sanke in hir herte,
      And rauysshed hir _radly_ že rest of hir sawle." --(T. B. 462)
  Raft, bereft, took, (_pret._ of _reve_), B. 1142, 1431; taken,
    B. 1739. See _Reue_.
  Rak, C. 176. See _Rac_.
  Rakel, hasty, rash, C. 526. N.Prov.E. _rackle_.
  Rakente, chain (?), C. 188. A.S. _raccenta_.
  Rakke, C. 139. See _Rac_.
  Ramelande, fetid, filthy, C. 279. Prov.E. _ram_, fetid; _rammely_,
    tall, rank; _ramel_, rubbish, dirt.
  Rande[gh], paths, borders, A. 105. A.S. _rand_, _rond_, a border, rim,
    edge.
  Rank, strong, severe, B. 233. Fris. _rank_, long-grown, rank. Dan.
    _rank_, upright. See T. B. 1392, 1879.
  Ranker, rancour, B. 756.
  Rape, blow, B. 233. Sw. _rapp_.
  Rapely, quickly, A. 363, 1168. O.E. _rape_, haste. O.N. _rįpa_,
    cursitare. In T. B. rape = to hasten (818).
  Rasch, A. 1167.
  Rasp, B. 1545, 1724.
  Rasse, summit, top, B. 446. N.Prov.E. _raise_, a mound, cairn. O.N.
    _reysa_.
  Ratted, rent, ragged, B. 144; from O.E. _ratte_, to tear, rend.
    N.Prov.E. _rats_, pieces, fragments. Fris. _rite_, tear, pull.
      "Thane the Romayns relevyde that are ware rebuykkyde,
      And alle _to-rattys_ oure mene with theire risté horsses."
        --(Morte Arthure, E. E. T. S. 2235.)
  {Rauže, Rawže,} = ruth, pity, sorrow, A. 858; B. 233, 972; mercy,
    C. 21.
  Raue, A. 363, 665.
  Rauen, B. 455.
  Rauyste, ravished, A. 1088.
  Rawe, row, "vpon a _rawe_," in a row, in order, A. 545.
  Rawe[gh], rows, borders, A. 105.
  Raw-sylk, B. 790.
  Raxled, roused up, A. 1174. A.S. _ręscian_, to shake, rustle. O.N.
    _ruska_. Sc. _rax_, to stretch.
  Ray, A. 160.
  Raykande, going, flowing, A. 112; B. 382.
  Rayke, go, B. 465, 671; C. 89. O.N. _reka_. N.Prov.E. _rake_, to go
    about.
  Raynande, raining, B. 382.
  Rayn-ryfte, rain-fissure, B. 368.
  Raysoun, reason, cause, A. 268; C. 191.
  {Ra[gh]t, Ra[gh]te,} afforded, extended (_pret._ of _rache_), B. 561,
    766, 1691. See _Rachche_.
  Reame, realm, B. 1316.
  Rebaude, ribald, B. 873. Fr. _ribald_, from O.H.G. _hrśpa_,
    a prostitute. (Burguy.)
  Rebel, B. 455.
  Rebounde, B. 422.
  Rebuke, A. 367.
  Recen, tell, A. 827. A.S. _recan_.
  Reche, reach, extend, B. 10, 1369.
  {Rech, Reche,} reck, care, A. 333; B. 465. A.S. _récan_.
  Reche = reke, smoke, B. 1009. A.S. _reįc_.
  Recorde, _sb._ A. 831; _vb._ B. 25.
  Recoverer, recovery, B. 394.
  Rede, _vb._ to counsel, advise, B. 1346; explain, B. 1578. A.S.
    _rędan_.
  {Redles, Redeles,} without counsel, uncertain, fearful, B. 1197;
    C. 502.
  Refete, feed, refresh, A. 88; C. 20.
  Reflayr, smell, A. 46; odour, B. 1079. Fr. _flairer_, to smell. Prov.
    Fr. _flairar_, to smell, sniff.
  Refrayne, B. 756.
  Reget, A. 1064.
  Regretted, A. 243.
  Regioun, A. 1178; B. 760, 964.
  Rehayte, cheer, B. 127. O.Fr. _rehaiter._
  Reiaté[gh], kingdoms, royalties, A. 769. O.Fr. _reiauté_ = _reialté_,
    royalty.
  Reken, beautiful, A. 5, 906; joyous, A. 92; merry, B. 1082; pious,
    B. 10, 738; wise, B. 756. See Wright's Lyrical Poems, p. 27. A.S.
    _recan_. O.S. _recon_, to order, direct. Pl. D. _reken_, right,
    straight, orderly.
  Rekenly, nobly, princely, B. 127, 1318.
  Rekken up, B. 2.
  Relande, reeling, C. 270.
  Rele, reel, roll, C. 147.
  {Reles, Relece,} cessation, A. 956; B. 760.
  Releue, C. 323.
  Relusaunt, shining, A. 159. O.Fr. _reluire_, to shine.
  Relygioun, B. 7, 1156.
  Relyke, B. 1156, 1269.
  Reme, realm, A. 448, 735.
  Reme, lament, cry, A. 858, 1181; C. 502. A.S. _hreman_.
  Remembre, C. 326.
  Remnaunt, remainder, A. 1160; B. 433.
  Remorde, grieved, A. 364.
  {Remue, Remwe,} remove, A. 427, 899; B. 646, 1673.
  Renay, reject, forsake, B. 105; C. 344.
  {Renge, Rengne,} reign, B. 328, 1321.
  Rengne[gh], courses, B. 527. A.S. _ryne_, course.
  Renischche, foreign, strange, B. 96. See _Runische_.
  {Renk, Renke,} a man, originally a warrior, B. 7, 96, 766, 969. A.S.
    _rinc_. O.N. _reckr_.
  Renne, run, B. 527, 1392.
  Renoun, A. 986, 1182.
  Renowle[gh], renews, A. 1080.
  Renyschly, fiercely, B. 1724. See _Runische_.
  Reparde, kept back, A. 611.
  Repayre, _vb._ A. 1028.
  Repente, A. 662.
  Repreue, reprove, A. 544.
  Requeste, A. 281.
  Rere, rise, B. 366, 423; C. 188; raise, B. 873; proceed, A. 160.
  Rert, if not _rered_, raised = _ert_, powerful, A. 591. Cf. _ertid_.
    T. B. 2641, 4841.
  Res, onset, assault, B. 1782. See _Raas_.
  Reset, resting place, seat, abode, A. 1067.
  {Resonabele, Resounable,} A. 523; B. 724.
  Resoun, A. 665, 716; B. 1633.
  Respecte, "in respecte of," A. 84.
  Respyt, A. 644.
  Resse, "on resse," in course, A. 874. See _Raas_.
  Restay, keep back, restrain, A. 716, 1168.
  Restle[gh] = restless, unceasing, B. 527.
  Restore, A. 659; B. 1705.
  Retrete, treat of, A. 92.
  Reue, bereave, C. 487. A.S. _refian_, _reafian_. O.Fris. _rāva_.
  Reuel, B. 1369.
  Reuer, river, A. 105.
  {Reuerence, Reverens,} B. 10, 1318.
  Rewarde, A. 604.
  Rewfully, sorrowfully, A. 1181.
  Rewled, ruled, ordered, B. 294.
  Reynye[gh], reins, B. 592.
  Re[gh]tful, rightful, B. 724.
  Rial, royal, B. 1082.
  Rialté, royalty, B. 1321.
  Ridlande, dropping (as out of a sieve), oozing, B. 953. A.S.
    _hriddel_, a sieve; _hridrian_, to sift.
  Riboudrye, ribaldry, B. 184.
  Rigge, back, C. 379. A.S. _hrycg_.
  Rifte[gh], pieces, fragments, B. 964.
  Ring = rink, man, B. 592. See _Renk_.
  Robbor, B. 1269.
  Roborrye, B. 184.
  Roche, rock, B. 537.
  Rode, cross, A. 705; C. 96.
  Rok, crowd, throng, B. 1514. Sc. _rok_. O.Sw. _rok_, cumulus.
  Rollande, curly, waving, B. 790.
  Rome = roam, go, C. 52.
  Romy, roar, howl, B. 1543. A.S. _reomian_, to cry out. O.E. _rome_.
    Sc. _rame_. Sw. _raama_.
  Ronk = rank, fine, A. 844; bold, A. 1167; C. 490; bad, B. 455, 760;
    full grown, B. 869; _sb._ boldness, C. 298.
  Ronkly, fiercely, C. 431.
  Rop, rope, C. 150.
  Rop, gut, intestine, C. 270. N.Prov.E. _ropps_, the guts. A.S.
    _roppas_, the bowels, entrails, the _raps_. Cf. A.S. _rop_-weorc,
    the colic.
    "Huervore he (the liar) is ase the gamelos (chameleon), thet
    leveth by the eyr, and na[gh]t ne heth ine his _roppes_ bote wynd,
    and heth ech manere colour, thet ne heth non (of) his o[gh]en."
      --(The Ayenbite of Inwyt, E. E. T. S. p. 62.)
  Rore, roar, cry, B. 390, 1543.
  Rose, praise, B. 1371. Sc. _ruse_. Sw. _rosa_. Dan. _rose_, to praise.
  {Rot, Rote,} root, A. 26.
  Rote, _sb._ rot, decay, B. 1079.
  Rote, lyre of seven strings, B. 1082. O.H.G. _hrotta_. M.H.G. _rotte_.
    W. _crwth_. Eng. _crowd_.
  Roželed, prepared, B. 59; rushed, hastened, B. 890. A.S. _hrathian_,
    to be quick. Or from Welsh _rhuthr_, a sudden gust, onset, assault.
    Lanc. _rhute_, passion. Sc. _ruther_, uproar.
  Rožer, rudder, B. 419.
  Rožun, rush, B. 1009. See _Roželed_.
  Roum, room, B. 96.
  Roun = rune, discourse, C. 514. A.S. _rśn_, a letter, character,
    mystery, council, conversation.
  Rourde, sound, A. 112. A.S. _reord_, _reard_, speech, language.
  Route, snore, C. 186. Fr. _router_. O.N. _rauta_, to roar, bellow.
      "Dormiendo sonare, Anglice to _rowtyn_."
        --(MS. Bibl. Reg. 12 B. i. f. 88.)
  Rownande, murmuring, A. 112.
  Rowned, sounded, C. 64. A.S. _rśnian_, to whisper.
  Rowtande, rushing, B. 354. "A _routond_ rayn," T. B. 1986.
  Rowte, company, band, host, B. 969, 1197, 1782.
  Rowwe, row, C. 216.
  Royl, royal, B. 790.
  {Ro[gh], Ro[gh]e,} rough, B. 382, 1724; C. 139, 147; roughness,
    B. 1545; C. 144.
  Ro[gh]ly, roughly, B. 433. Is it an error for _rwly_, sorrowful?
  Ro[gh]t, cared for (_pret._ of _reche_), C. 460.
  Ruchen, fettle, set in order, C. 101. M.H.G. _rechen_. O.S. _recon_.
    A.S. _recan_, to order, direct.
      "(He) _riches_ him radly to ride and remowis his ost."
        --(K. Alex. p. 172.)
      "[The king] Ricchis his reynys." --(T. B. 1231.)
  Ruddon, light, literally redness, B. 893. O.N. _rodna_, rubescere,
    erubescere; _rodi_, rubor, rubigo. Prov.E. _roaded_, _rody_,
    streaked.
  Rudnyng, ? lightning, C. 139. See _Ruddon_.
  Rueled, rushed, B. 953. O.N. _hrolla_. Dan. _rulle_.
  Ruful, sorrowful, pitiful, A. 916.
  Runnen (_p.p._ of _rinne_), run, A. 26, 874.
  Runisch, strange, B. 1545. A.S. _rénisc_, hidden; from _rśn_,
    a mystery.
  Runyschly, fiercely, roughly, C. 191. _Renisch_ or _runisch_,
    signifies not only strange but fierce, rough. N.Prov.E. _rennish_,
    _rinnish_, furious.
      "Than has sire Dary dedeyne and derfely he lokes;
      Rysys him up _renysche_ and re[gh]t in his sete."
        --(K. Alex. p. 100.)
  Rurd, cry, noise, B. 390; C. 64. A.S. _reord_.
  Ruže, arouse, B. 895, 1208. See _Roželed_.
  Ruyt, hasten, endeavour, C. 216. Fris. _rite_, to pull.
  Rwe, to pity, C. 176, 502; _vb. impers._ _rwe_, repent, B. 290, 561.
    A.S. _hreówan_, to rue, repent, grieve; _hreówian_, to be sorry for.
  Rwly = ruly, sorrowfully, piteously, B. 390; C. 96.
  Ryal, royal, A. 160; B. 786.
  Ryally, royally, A. 987; B. 812.
  Rybaude, ribald, C. 96.
  Rybe, ruby, A. 1007.
  Ryche, kingdom, A. 601, 722. A.S. _rķce_.
  Ryche, rich, A. 770.
  Rydelande, drifting, C. 254. See _Ridlande_.
  Rydelles, without counsel, uncertain, B. 969. See _Redeles_.
  Ryf = rife, abundant, plentiful, A. 770, 844. A.S. _ryf_, frequent.
    O.N. _rifr_.
      "Forži he hight (promised) žam giftes _riif_,
      Žat suld bring David of his liif;
      In feild and tun, in frith and felle,
      Saul soght David for to quelle."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43a.)
  {Ryg, Ryge,} rain, torrent, shower, B. 354, 382. O.N. _hregg_. A.S.
    _racu_. N.Prov.E. _rag_.
  Ryngande, ringing, B. 1082.
  Rynk, man, C. 216. See _Renk_.
  Rypande, searching, trying, B. 592. O.E. _rype_, to probe, plunder.
    A.S. _rypan_; N.Prov.E. to investigate.
      "Now if ye have suspowse to Gille or to me,
      Com and _rype_ oure howse, and then may ye se who had hir."
        --(Town. Myst. p. 112.)
    See State Papers, i. 295.
  Rysed, rose, B. 1778.
  Ryth, a hound, mastiff, B. 1543. A.S. _riththa_, a mastiff.
  Ry[gh]t, right, A. 622.
  Ry[gh]twys, righteous, right, A. 675; C. 490.
  Ry[gh]twysly, aright, A. 709.

  {Sacrafyce, Sacrefyce,} B. 510, 1447; C. 239.
  {Sad, Sade, Sadde,} sad, staid, solemn, A. 211, 887; B. 595; long,
    B. 1286; bitter, B. 525.
  Sadele, saddle, B. 1213.
  Sadly, soundly, heavily, C. 442.
  Saf, safe, secure, A. 672.
  Saf, save, except, B. 1749.
  {Saffer, Safyre,} sapphire, A. 1002; B. 1469.
  Sage, B. 1576.
  Saghe = saw, word, A. 226. See _Saw_.
  Sake, fault, A. 800; C. 84. A.S. _sacu_.
  Sakerfyse, sacrifice, A. 1064; B. 507.
  Sakle[gh] = sakeless, innocent, faultless, B. 716. Sc. _sackless_.
    O.N. _saklaus_, innocent. See _Sake_.
  Sakred, hallowed, B. 1139.
  Sale, hall, palace, B. 120, 1260, 1722. A.S. _sal_. T. B. 1657.
  Samen, _adv._ together, at once, A. 518; B. 400, 468; _adj._ B. 985.
    O.N. _saman_.
  Samen, to consort with, B. 870. A.S. _samnian_, to assemble, collect.
  Samne, assemble, B. 53.
  Samned, assembled, B. 126, 361.
  Samnes (_imp._ of _samne_), C. 385.
  Sample, example, A. 499; B. 1326.
  Sapyence, wisdom, B. 1626.
  Sardiner, sardine stone, B. 1469.
  Sardonyse, sardonyx, A. 1006.
  Sarre (_comp._ of _sare_), sorer, more painful, B. 1195; _superl._
    _sarrest_, B. 1078.
  Sattle, settle, C. 409. N.Prov.E. _sattle_.
  {Sau, Saue,} = saw, word, B. 1545.
  Sauce, B. 823.
  Saudan, sultan, B. 1323.
  {Saule, Sawle,} soul, A. 461; B. 290; C. 325.
  Saundyuer, sandever, glass-gall, B. 1036.
  Sauter, psalter, A. 677.
  Sauteray, psaltery, B. 1516.
  Saue, A. 666.
  Sauer, _vb._ savour, B. 825.
  Sauerly, savourly, sweet, A. 226.
  {Sauor, Savour,} B. 510, 995, 1447; C. 275.
  Sauyté, safety, B. 489.
  {Saw, Sawe,} word, A. 278; B. 109. A.S. _sagu_.
  Sayde = sadde, stedfast, B. 470.
  Saym, fat, grease, C. 275. Prov.E. _saim_, seam, lard. W. _saim_.
  Sayned, blessed, B. 746. A.S. _senian_. Ger. _segnen_, to bless.
      "Swa sal I _saine_ že in lif mine,
      Sic benedicam te in vita mea,
      And sal lift mi handes in name thine,
      Et in nomine tuo levabo manus meas." --(Psalm lxii. 5.)
  Saynt, A. 835.
  {Sa[gh], Sa[gh]e,} word, B. 1599, 1737. See _Saw_.
  Sa[gh], saw, A. 1021.
  {Sa[gh]t, Sa[gh]te,} reconciliation, A. 1201; _adj._ at peace, A. 52.
    A.S. _saht_, peace; _saht_, reconciled; _sahtlian_, to reconcile.
  Sa[gh]tled, appeased, reconciled, B. 230, 1139.
  Sa[gh]tled, settled, restored, B. 445; became calm, C. 232.
  Sa[gh]tlyng, reconciliation, peace, B. 490, 1795.
  Sa[gh]ttel, to be calm, patient, C. 529.
  Scale, A. 1005.
  Scape, escape, B. 62, 529, 928; C. 155.
  Scarre = scare, _vb._ be frightened, B. 598, 838; scatter, B. 1784.
    N.Prov.E. _skair_, wild, timid. S.Sax. _skerren_, to terrify.
  Scaže, harm, ruin, wrong, sin, B. 21, 196, 569, 600, 1148.
  Scaže, to break, destroy, B. 1776. A.S. _scethan_, to injure, hurt,
    harm. _Sceththe_, injury, loss, guilt.
  Scažel, dangerous, C. 155. Goth. _skathuls_. O.H.G. _scadhal_,
    hurtful.
      "Lokez the contree be clere the corners are large:
      Discoveres now sekerly skrogges and other,
      That no _skathelle_ (hurtful thing) in the skroggez skorne us
          here-aftyre;
      Loke [gh]e skyfte it so that no _skathe_ lympe."
        --(Morte Arthure, pp. 137-8.)
    Ascalphus, a _skathel_ duke, T. B. 4067.
  Scelt, spread, served (?), B. 827.
  Schad, descended, B. 1690.
  Schadowed, shaded, A. 42.
  Schaftes, beams, rays, A. 982; C. 455. A.S. _sceaft_, dart, arrow.
      "(He) had on a mitre
      Was forged all of fyne gold, and fret fulle of perrils,
      Sti[gh]t staffulle of stanes that stra[gh]t out bemes
      As it ware schemerand _schaftis_ of the schire sonne."
        --(K. Alex. p. 53.)
  {Schalk, Schalkke,} man, fellow, B. 762, 1029; C. 476. A.S. _scealc_,
    a warrior, serving man. Goth. _skalks_. O.S. _scalc_. O.N. _skįlkr_.
  Schape, devise, form, C. 247; endeavour, B. 762; happen, C. 160. A.S.
    _scapan_, to appoint, shape, create. O.N. _skapa_.
  Schauen, shaven, scraped, B. 1134.
  Schawe, show, B. 1599.
  {Schawe, Scha[gh]e,} grove, thicket, wood, A. 284; C. 452. Prov.E.
    _scow_, _shaw_. O.N. _skógr_, Dan. _skov_, a wood.
  Schede, depart, A. 411.
  Schelde[gh], shields (of a boar), B. 58.
  Schende, ruin, destroy, B. 519. A.S. _scendan_, to confound, shame,
    destroy.
  Schended, accursed, C. 246.
  Schene = sheen, _sb._ bright, beautiful, A. 166, 965; brightness,
    C. 440; _adj._ A. 203, 1145; B. 1076, 1310. A.S. _sceone_,
    beautiful; _scine_, splendour.
  {Schent, Schente,} destroyed, A. 668; B. 1029; ruined, B. 47, 580.
  Schep, sheep, A. 801.
  Schepon, stall, stable, B. 1076. A.S. _scypen_.
  Schere, divide, separate, A. 107; purify, A. 165. A.S. _scéran_, to
    divide.
  Schet, shut, C. 452.
  Schin, shall, B. 1435. See "Liber Cure Cocorum," p. 29, l. 29.
      "For in a slac thou shalle be slayn,
      Seche ferlčs _schyn_ falle!"
        --(The Anturs of Arther, p. 12, xxiii. 13.)
  Schome, shame, B. 1115.
  Schomely, shamefully, C. 128.
  Schonied, shunned, B. 1101.
  Schor, shower, B. 227.
  Schore, shore, A. 230.
  Schorne (gold), purified, refined, A. 213. See _Schere_.
  Schortly, quickly, hastily, B. 519, 600.
  Schowte, shout, A. 877.
  Schowue, shove, B. 44, 1029, 1740.
  Schrewe, a wicked person, a wretch, B. 186; C. 77.
  Schrewedschyp, wickedness, B. 580.
  Schrowde, clothing, B. 47, 170. A.S. _scrśd_, garment, shroud.
  Schrylle = shrill, clear, A. 80.
  Schulder, shoulder, B. 981, 1690.
  Schunt = aside, aslant, B. 605. O.E. _shunt_, to slip aside, withdraw.
    A.S. _scunian_, to shun. Du. _schuins_, slope, slant.
      "He schodirde and schrenkys and _shontes_ bott lyttille."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 354.)
      "[gh]a werpes tham up (the [gh]ates) quoth
          the wee, and wide open settes,
      If at [gh]e schap [gh]ow to _schount_ unschent
          of oure handes." --(K. Alex. p. 73.)
  Schylde, to shield, A. 965; C. 440.
  Schyldere, shoulder, A. 214.
  Schym, bright, A. 1077. A.S. _scima_, a brightness. M.H.G. _schīm_.
    A.S. _sciman_, to glitter, shine. See T. B. 4974.
  Schymeryng, _sb._ brightness, A. 80. A.S. _scimrian_, to shine. Du.
    _schémeren_, to dazzle. Sw. _skimra_, to glitter.
  Schyn, shall, B. 1810. See _Schin_.
  Schynde, shone, A. 80.
  {Schyr, Schyre,} brightly, A. 28; bright, beautiful, A. 42, 284;
    B. 553, 605, 1278; bare, B. 1690. Comp. _schyrrer_, A. 982. A.S.
    _scķr_, _sheer_, pure, clear, bright. See T. B. 1269.
  Sclade = slade, valley, green plain, A. 1148. A.S. _slęd_.
  Scla[gh]t, slaughter, B. 56.
  Scoghe, scoff, or perhaps perverseness, backsliding, A. 610. A.S.
    _sceoh_, askew, perverse.
  Scole, cup, B. 1145. O.N. _skįl_. Dan. _skaal_.
  Scolere, scholar, B. 1554.
  Scomfyt, to discomfit, B. 1784.
  Scope, scoop, C. 155.
  {Scorn, Scorne,} _vb._ B. 709; _sb._ B. 827.
  Scoumfit, discomfited, B. 151.
  Scowte-wach, sentinel, guard, B. 838.
      "Thane the price mene prekes and proves theire horsez,
      Satilles to the cete appone sere halfes;
      Enserches the subbarbes sadly thare-aftyre,
      And skyrmys a lyttille;
      Skayres thaire skottefers
      And theire _skowtte-waches_." --(Morte Arthure, p. 206.)
  Scoymous, particular, scrupulous, fearful, B. 21, 1148.
  Scrof, rough, B. 1546.
  Scrypture, writing, B. 1546.
  Scue. See _Skewe_.
  Scylle, wit, B. 151. It signifies also reason, cause. O.N. _skil_.
  Scylful, wise, B. 1148.
  {Sech, Seche,} seek, A. 354; B. 29, 420.
  Seele, joy, happiness, C. 242. A.S. _sél_, good, excellent. Cf.
    _unsell_, T. B. 1961.
  Sege, seat, C. 93. Fr. _siége_.
  Sege, siege, B. 1185.
  {Segg, Segge,} a man, servant, B. 93, 398, 549, 681. A.S. _secg_,
    a man, literally a messenger, speaker; from _secgan_, to say.
  Segge, say, B. 621.
  Segh, saw, A. 790.
  Sekke, sack, C. 382.
  Selconth, a marvel, B. 1274. A.S. _sel-cśth_ = _seld-cśth_, rare,
    seldom known.
  Selden, seldom, A. 380. A.S. _seldan_.
  Sele, happiness, bliss, C. 5. See _Seele_.
  Selepe = slep, slept, C. 186.
  Self, very, A. 1046; same, B. 1769.
  Selly, a marvel, C. 140; wonderfully, C. 353. A.S. _séllķc_, _sķllķc_,
    worthy, wonderful; _séllķce_, wonderfully.
      "For thou has samned, as men sais, a _selly_ noimbre
      Of wrichis and wirlinges out of the west endis,
      Of laddis and of losengers and of litille thevys."
        --(K. Alex. p. 59.)
    See T. B. 1544.
  Sely, fortunate, blessed, happy, A. 659; B. 490. See _Seele_.
  Sem, seam, B. 555.
  Semblaunt, appearance, cheer, A. 211, 1143; B. 131, 640.
  Semblé, assembly, B. 126.
  Sembled, assembled, C. 177.
  Seme, seemly, A. 190; B. 549, 1810. O.Sw. _sęma_. Dan. _sömme_, to be
    fitting, bear one's self becomingly. O.N. _sęmr_, seemly.
  Seme, to be fitting, become, B. 793.
  Semed, A. 760.
  {Semely, Semly, Semlych,} seemly, beautiful, A. 34, 789; B. 209, 1442.
    Comp. _sem-loker_, B. 868.
  Sengeley, ever, constantly, A. 8. A.S. _singallķce_, perpetually.
  {Ser, Sere,} diverse, various, separate, B. 358; _ser kynde_, B. 507;
    _sere course_, B. 1418; _ser wyse_, C. 12.
  Serelych, severally, separately, C. 193.
  Sergaunt, a royal servant, a squire, B. 109.
  Serges, wax tapers, B. 1489. Lat. _cerea_.
  Seriaunte, sergeant, C. 385. See _Sergaunt_.
  Serkynde[gh], diverse kinds, B. 336.
  Serlype[gh], diverse, different, separate, A. 994.
  Sermoun, discourse, speech, A. 1185.
  Sertain, certainly, A. 685.
  Seruage, bondage, B. 1257.
  Seruaunt, A. 699; B. 631.
  Serue, avail, A. 331.
  Serue, deserve, A. 553; B. 1115.
  Seruyse, B. 1152, 1401.
  Sese, cease, B. 523; _sese[gh]_, let cease, C. 391.
  Sesoune, season, B. 523.
  {Sessed, Sesed,} took possession of, A. 417; B. 1313.
  {Sete, Seete,} sat, A. 161; B. 1171. _pl._ _seten_, B. 1763.
  Sete, seat, C. 24.
  Seže = seethe, boil, B. 631.
  {Seue, Seve,} = sewe, sew, a kind of pottage, B. 108, 825.
  Sewer, the officer who set and removed the dishes, tasted them, etc.,
    B. 639.
  Sewrté, surety, C. 58.
  Sexte, sixth, A. 1007.
  Seyed, passed, B. 353.
      "_Seyet_ furth with sory chere." --(T. B. 2512.)
  Seysoun, season, A. 39.
  Se[gh], saw, A. 158, 531, 698; B. 209.
  Side-borde, B. 1398.
  Siue, sieve, B. 226.
  Skarmoch, fight, skirmish, B. 1186.
  Skaže, harm, danger, sin, B. 151, 598, 1186. See _Scaže_.
  Skele, dish, B. 1405.
  Skelt, scattered, spread, B. 1186, 1206. O.E. _skale_, to scatter.
    N.Prov.E. _scale_, to spread. See Hall, Richard III. f. 15. A.S.
    _scylan_, to separate, divide; _pret._ _scel_.
      "Skairen out skoute wacche for _skeltyng_ of harme."
        --(T. B. 1089, 6042.)
  Skelt, hasten, run, B. 1554. Sw. _skala_, to scamper, scour.
  Skete, quick, sudden, B. 1186; quickly, C. 195. See T. B. 13672. O.N.
    _skjótt_.
  Skewe, sky, cloud, B. 1206, 1759. Sw. _sky_, a cloud. A.S. _scśa_,
    a shadow.
  Skowte, look, search, B. 483. See T. B. 1089.
  Skoymous, B. 598. See _Scoymous_.
  Skwe, sky, B. 483.
  Skyfte, devise, order, ordain, A. 569. A.S. _scyftan_.
  Skyfte, shift, change, B. 709. Sw. _skifta_.
  Skyg, scrupulous, careful, B. 21. Sw. _skygg_, shy. N.Prov.E. _sky_,
    to shun.
  {Skyl, Skyle,} reason, wit, A. 312; _by skylle_, rightly, reasonably,
    A. 674; ordinance, B. 709; meaning, B. 1554. See _Scylle_.
  Skylle[gh], doubts, A. 54.
  Skylly, device, purpose, B. 529.
  Skyly, excuse, B. 62.
  Skyre = shire = sheer, clear, B. 1776. See _Schyre_.
  Skyrme, screams (?), B. 483.
      "Scho gaffe _skirmande_ skrikes at all the skowis range."
        --(K. Alex. p. 176.)
    Or does it here signify to look about, like Prov.E. skime? O.N.
    _Skima_, to look about.
  Skyualde, ordained, manifested, B. 529. Prof. Child suggests Somerset,
    _scaffle_, scramble, scuffle. See _Skyfte_.
  Slade, valley, A. 141.
  Slake, absolve (lit. to loosen), A. 942. A.S. _sleacian_, to slacken.
  Slauže, sloth, B. 178.
  Sla[gh]t, slaughter, A. 801.
  Sla[gh]te, stroke, A. 59; C. 192. A.S. _slagan_, to strike, beat,
    kill.
  Sleke, assuage, lessen, B. 708. See _Slake_.
  Slente = slant, a slope, declivity, A. 141. Sw. _slinta_, to slip.
  Slep, slept, C. 466.
  Sloberande, slobbering, drivelling, C. 186. _Slobber_ is evidently
    formed from _slob_, _slab_, in the same way as _blubber_ is formed
    from _blob_, _blab_, a drop. Cf. "_Slobur_ or _blobur_, of fysshe
    and other like Burbulum." (Prompt. Parv.) O.E. _slab_. Prov.E.
    _slob_, thick, slimy. Ir. _slaib_, mud, ooze. O.N. _sluppra_. Dan.
    _slubbre_, to sip, sup. Du. _slubberen_, to hang loose and slack.
  Slode, slid, A. 59.
  Sloghe, slow, C. 466.
  Sloue, slew, B. 1264.
  Sloumbe, slumber, C. 186, 466. N.Prov.E. _sloomy_, dronish, slow;
    _sloum_, _sloom_, slumber. O.E. _slome_, _sleme_, to sleep. A.S.
    _sluma_, a slumber. O.N. _slęmi_. Cf. the modern phrase, "to slumber
    and sleep."
      "(Sire Telomew) cairys into a cabayne, quare the kyng ligges,
      Fand him _slomande_ and on slepe, and sleely him rayses."
        --(K. Alex. p. 176.)
  Slow, slew, B. 1221.
  Sluchched, muddy, dirty, C. 341. Prov.E. _slutch_, mud; _slotch_,
    a sloven; _slotching_, slovenly.
  Slyde, fall, C. 466.
      "And _slydyn_ uppon slepe by slomeryng of age." --(T. B. 6.)
  Slyke, slide, slip. O.N. _slikja_, to make smooth. See _Atslyke_.
  Slyp, stroke, blow, B. 1264.
  Slyppe, go, glide, make off, slip away, B. 985; fall, C. 186. A.S.
    _slipan_.
  Slyppe, escape, B. 1785. Sw. _slippa_, to escape.
  Sly[gh]t, slight, A. 190.
  Sly[gh]t, wisdom, B. 1289; device, C. 130. O.E. _sleghe_, _sle[gh]e_,
    wise. O.N. _slęgr_.
  Smach, scent, smell, B. 461, 1019. A.S. _smęc_. Prov.E. _smatch_,
    flavour.
  Smachande, smelling, savouring, B. 955.
  Smartly, quickly, B. 711.
  Smod, stain, filth, B. 711. Sc. _smot_, _smad_. O.Sw. _smuts_, spot,
    stain. Dan. _smuds_, dirty. Pl. D. _smuddern_, to dirty.
  Smolderande, smouldering, smothering, B. 955.
  Smolt, be at peace, quiet, B. 732. A.S. _smolt_, serene, clear.
    Prov.E. _molt_-water, clear exudation; _smolt_, smooth, clear.
    See _Smelt_, T. B. 1669.
  Smolt{es}; so in MS., but ? an error for smolt{e} = smelt, B. 461.
      "A smoke _smulte_ through his nase." --(T. B. 911.)
  Smože, smooth, A. 6.
  Smožely, quietly, B. 732.
  Smylt, decayed (?), B. 226. Sw. _multna_, to moulder. Dan. _smuldre_,
    to crumble, moulder.
  Snaw, snow, B. 222.
  Soberly, quietly, A. 256; courteously, decently, B. 117, 799, 1497.
    See T. B. 248.
  Sobre, gentle, A. 532.
  Sodanly, suddenly, A. 1098; B. 1769.
  Soerly, an error for _Soberly_, B. 117.
  Soffer, suffer, A. 940.
  Soffraunce, forbearance, C. 417.
  Soghe, sow, C. 67.
  Soghe, moan, C. 391. A.S. _swógan_, _swégan_, to make a noise, howl.
    O.S. _suōgan_.
  Sok, _sb._ suck, C. 391.
  Sokored, succoured, C. 261.
  Solace, A. 130; B. 870, 1080.
  Solased, B. 131.
  {Solemne, Solempne,} B. 1171, 1447; C. 239.
  Solempnely, B. 37.
  {Solemneté, Solempneté,} B. 1313, 1678, 1757.
  {Solie, Soly,} throne, B. 1171, 1678. A.S. _sylla_, a chair; _salo_,
    a hall, palace.
  Somere, B. 1686.
  {Sommoun, Somone,} _vb._ B. 1498; _sb._ summons, A. 1098.
  Sonde, sand, C. 341.
  Sonde = sande, message, word, A. 943; messenger, B. 53, 781. A.S.
    _sįnd_.
  Sonde[gh]-mon, messenger, B. 469.
  Sone, soon, B. 461.
  {Sonet, Sonete,} B. 1415, 1516.
  Songen, _pl._ sang, B. 1763.
  Sope, sup, B. 108.
  Soper, supper, B. 107, 829, 997, 1763.
  {Sor, Sore,} sorrow, A. 130; C. 242, 507; _adv._ sorely, A. 550;
    B. 290.
  Sorewe, sorrow, B. 778.
  Sorquydry[gh]e = surquedrie, presumption, arrogance, conceit, A. 309.
  Sorsers, sorcerers, B. 1579.
  Sorsory, sorcery, B. 1576.
  Sorte, lot, C. 193.
  {Sor[gh], Sor[gh]e,} sorrow, A. 352; B. 75, 563, 1080.
  {Soth, Sože,} true, truth, A. 482, 653; B. 515; _sožes_, truths,
    B. 1598. A.S. _sóth_.
  Sožefast, faithful, B. 1491.
  Sothfol, truthful, A. 498.
  {Sožly, Sožely,} truly, B. 299, 654, 657.
  Sotte, fool, sot, B. 581; C. 501. A.S. _sot_. See T. B. 1961.
  Sotyle, subtle, A. 1050.
  Soufre, sulphur, B. 954.
  Soumme, company, C. 509.
  Soun, sound, word, A. 532; C. 429; to sound, B. 973, 1670.
  Sounande, sounding, A. 883.
  Souped, supped, B. 833.
  Sour, bad, vile, B. 192. Cf. "Soory or defowlyd yn _sowr_ or filth.
    Cenosus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Sou[gh]ed, sobbed, sighed, C. 140. See T. B. 342. Prov.E. _sugh_,
    _sow_, _suff_, to murmur. O.Sc. _swouch_, a noise, sound. A.S.
    _swoeg_, a noise; _swógan_, to sound, howl. Du. _zwoegen_, to pant,
    puff.
  Souerayn, B. 93, 552.
  Soyle, soil, earth, B. 1039, 1387; C. 443.
  So[gh]t, sought, A. 518, 730; _so[gh]t to_, reached, B. 510, 563;
    made for, C. 249; endeavoured, B. 1286.
  Spak, quickly, C. 104; _spakest_, boldest, C. 169.
  Spakk, spake, A. 938.
  Spakly, certainly, surely, quickly, B. 755; C. 338.
  Spare, spar, C. 104, 338. Sw. _sparre_. O.H.G. _sparro_.
  Sparred, spurred, rushed, A. 1169.
  Spec, speck, B. 551.
  {Special, Specyal,} A. 235, 938; B. 1492.
  Sped, help, B. 1607.
  Spede, prosper, B. 511; hasten, B. 551.
  Spedly, quickly, B. 1729.
  Sped-whyle, a short space of time, a moment, B. 1285.
  Speke, spoke, B. 1220.
  Spelle, tell, relate, A. 793.
  Spelle, speech, A. 363. A.S. _spell_.
  Spenned, folded, A. 49. O.N. _spenna_. A.S. _spannan_.
  Spenned, allured, enticed away, A. 53. A.S. _spanan_. N.Prov.E.
    _span_, to wean from.
  Spiritually, B. 1492.
  Spitous, fell, abominable, B. 845.
  Spitously, fiercely, angrily, B. 1220.
  Sponne = spun, grew, A. 35.
  Spornande, rushing, dashing, A. 363. O.E. _sporn_, _spurn_, to dash.
    A.S. _spurnan_.
      "Now aithir stoure on ther stedis,
      _Spurnes_ out spakly with speris in hand." --(K. Alex. p. 27.)
  Spot, blemish, A. 12, 764.
  Spote, place, spot, A. 13; B. 551.
  Spotle[gh], spotless, pure, A. 856.
  Spotty, to defile, A. 1070.
  Spoyle, B. 1285, 1774.
  {Sprad, Spradde,} spread (_pret._ of _sprede_), B. 1607; C. 365.
  Sprange, sprung, A. 13.
  Sprawlyng, B. 408.
  Sprete = sprit (as in bow-sprit), C. 104. A.S. _sprit_.
  Sprude = spread, fasten, C. 104.
  Spryngande, springing, A. 35.
  Spuniande = spinnande, sticky, cleaving, B. 1038. _Pynnand_ occurs in
    this sense in the Northern Romance of Alexander, p. 142.
      "Than vmbyclappis thaim a cloude and covirs all ovir,
      As any _pynnand_ pik (pitch) the planets it hidis."
  Spure = spere, ask, inquire of, B. 1606. Sc. _speer_. A.S. _spirian_.
    See T. B. 823.
  Sputen = spouted, uttered, B. 845.
  Sput = spat, vomited, C. 338.
  {Spyce, Spyse,} A. 235, 938; _pl._ _spyse[gh]_, A. 25, 35.
  Spye, B. 780, 1774.
  Spylt, destroyed, B. 1220.
  Spyrakle, breath, spirit, B. 408.
  Spysere[gh], spice-mongers, B. 1038.
  Spyt, cruelty, A. 1138; vengeance, B. 755.
  Spytously, B. 1285. See _Spitously_.
  Stable, _adj._ A. 597; _vb._ B. 1334, 1652.
  Stac (_pret._ of _steke_), closed, fastened, B. 439. See _Steke_.
  {Stad, Stadde,} placed, fixed (_pret._ of _stede_), B. 806, 983, 1506.
  Stage, state, A. 410.
  Stal, seat, B. 1506. A.S. _stal_, _steal_.
  Stale, step, degree, place, A. 1002.
  Stalke, A. 152.
  Stalle, place, fix, B. 1334. A.S. _stęlan_.
  Stalle, _vb._ bring, place, A. 188; B. 1184.
      "Lia he (Jacob) _stalle_ until his bedd."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 22b.)
  Stalworth, strong, B. 884; great, B. 983.
  Stalworžest, bravest, B. 255.
  Stamyn, threshold, B. 486.
  Stanc, pool, B. 1018. N.Prov.E. _stank_. Gael. _stang_, a pool.
      "_Stagnum_, a pounde, a _stanke_, a dam."
        --(MS. Harl. 2270, f. 181.)
  Standen (_p.p._), stood, A. 519, 1148.
  Stange, pool, B. 439. See _Stanc_.
  Stape-fole, high, C. 122.
  Stare, _vb._ A. 149; B. 389.
  Stare, star, B. 583.
  Stared, shone, B. 1506.
  Staren (_3rd pers. pl. pres._), shine, A. 116. "_Staring_ stone,"
    T. B. 3037. Cf. "_Staryng_, or schynyng as gaye thyngys. Rutilans."
      "_Staryń_ or schynyń and glyderyń, niteo." (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Many _starand_ stanes strikes of thair helmes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 28.)
      "As ai stremande sternes _stared_ alle thaire wedes."
        --(_Ibid._, p. 129.)
  Start, A. 1159.
  Statue, B. 995.
  {Staue, Staw,} = stow, place, B. 352, 360, 480.
  Stayre, shine, B. 1396. See _Staren_.
  Stayre, ladder, C. 513.
  Stayre, steep, high, A. 1022. A.S. _stķgan_, to ascend; _stęger_,
    a stair. O.E. _staire_, to ascend.
      "A hundreth daies and a halfe he held be tha playnes,
      Till he was comen till a cliffe, at to the cloudis semed,
      That was so _staire_ and so stepe, the storé me tellis,
      Mi[gh]t ther no wee, bot with wynges, winne to the topp."
        --(K. Alex. p. 164, l. 4828.)
      "With that _stairis_ he forth the stye that stre[gh]t to the est."
        --(_Ibid._, 4834.)
  Steke, fasten, shut up, close, B. 157, 352, 754, 884. N.Prov.E.
    _steek_. A.S. _stician_, to stick in. O.N. _steckr_, a fold.
  Stel, stole, B. 1203.
  Stele, approach stealthily, B. 1778. A.S. _stélan_.
  Stele, a step (of a ladder), C. 513. See _Stale_.
      "This ilke laddre (that may to hevene leste) is charite,
      The _stales_ gode theawis." --(Poems of Wm. of Shoreham, p. 3.)
  Stemme = stem, to stop, delay, B. 905. The same root occurs in
    _stammer_, stumble, etc. Sw. _stämma_, to dam.
  Stepe, step, B. 905.
  {Stepe, Steppe,} bright, B. 583, 1396. S.Sax. _steap_, bright,
    brilliant. "Stepe ene." T. B. 3101. Cf. "eyen _stepe_." Chaucer.
    C. T. Prologue, l. 201.
  Stere, direct, A. 623; rule, C. 27.
  Sterne, star, A. 115; C. 207. O.N. _stjarna_.
  Sterne (of a boat), C. 149.
  Sterre, star, B. 1378.
  Stewarde, B. 90.
  Steuen, voice, A. 188; sound, A. 1125; B. 1203, 1402; noise, B. 1778;
    command, B. 360, 463. A.S. _stefen_.
  Stiffe, B. 983.
  Stifly, firmly, B. 157.
  Stik, fix, fasten, B. 157. See _Steke_.
  Stille, dumb, B. 1523.
  Stoffe, fill, B. 1184. See T. B. 2748.
  Stoken, fastened, enclosed, shut (_p.p._ of _steke_), A. 1065; B. 360,
    1199, 1524.
      "Sothe stories ben _stoken_ up & straught out of mind."
        --(T. B. 11.)
  {Stokke, Stoke,} stocks, B. 46, 157.
  Stonde, stand, B. 1490.
  Stonde, blow, B. 1540. A.S. _stunian_, to beat, strike. O.E. _stund_,
    to strike.
      "Quat! wyns (wenis) žou I am a hund,
      Wit ži stans me for to _stund_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 42b.)
  Stonen, _adj._ of stone, B. 995.
  Ston-harde, fast, B. 884.
  Store, a great (number), A. 847.
      "A _store_ man of strength and of stuerne will." --(T. B. 538.)
  Stote, stand, stop still, A. 149. Dan. _stötte_, stay, support.
    S.Sax. _stuten_, to stop. Sc. _stoit_, stumble. "_Stotyng_,
    Titubatus." (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Anone to the forest they found (go),
      There they _stoted_ a stound." --(Sir Degrevant, 225.)
      "Ffurth he stalkis a stye, by tha stille euys,
      _Stotays_ at a hey strette, studyande hym one."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 290.)
      "Than he _stotays_ for made, and alle his strenghe faylez."
        --(_Ibid._, p. 357.)
  Stound, Stounde, a space of time, moment, A. 659; B. 1716; _in
    stoundes_, at times, B. 1603. A.S. _stund_.
  Stounde, blow, and hence sorrow, A. 20. See _Stonde_.
  Stour, conflict; _bale-stour_, death pang, C. 426. Cf. _dede-stoure_,
    death conflict. Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, 1820, 5812. O.N.
    _styr_.
      "Son efter-ward, it was not lang,
      Gain Saul žai gaf batail strang;
      Žaa sar[gh]ins žan že king umsett,
      In hard _stur_ žai samen mett;
      Ful snaip it was žair, _stur_ and snelle,
      The folk al fled of Israel." --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43b.)
  Stout, firm, stable, A. 779, 935; brave, B. 1184.
  Stowed, placed, B. 113.
  Stowned, troubled, astonished, C. 73. A.S. _stunian_.
  Strake, struck up, sounded, B. 1402.
  Strate, street, A. 1043.
  Straunge, strange, B. 409.
  Stray, A. 1173; B. 1199. See T. B. 6258.
  Strayne, strain, A. 128; labour, A. 691; pain, B. 1540; trouble,
    C. 234.
  Strayt, B. 880, 1199.
  {Strech, Streche,} stretch, A. 843, 971; B. 905.
  Stremande, shining, A. 115. See extract under the word _Staren_.
  Strenkle, scatter, B. 307.
  Strenže, strength, B. 1155, 1430.
  Streny, strain, toil, labour, A. 551.
  Stre[gh]t, strait, A. 691; C. 234. Cf. streght, T. B. 351.
  Stronde = strand, stream, river, A. 152; C. 254, 311.
      "Midward žat land a wel springes,
      Žat rennes out wit four _strandes_,
      Fflummes farand in fer landes."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7b.)
      "Quen thai war passed over _strand_,
      And raght apon že toižer land,
      Witte yee žat žai war ful gladd." --(_Ibid._, fol. 46a.)
  Strot = strut, contest, chiding, A. 353, 848.
      "O pride bicums unbuxumnes,
      Strif and _strutt_ and frawardnes."
        --(The Seven Deadly Sins, in Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)
  Strože, bold, fierce (?), A. 115.
  Strye, destroy, B. 307, 1768; _stryed_, B. 1018.
  Stryf, A. 248.
  Stryke, pass, go, A. 1125. A.S. _strican_.
  Strynde = strond, stream, C. 311.
  Stryuande, striving, C. 311.
  Stud = stede, place, B. 389, 1334.
  Sturnen, strong, B. 1402.
  {Styf, Styffe,} strong, A. 779; C. 234; _styfest_, strongest, B. 255.
  Styfly, fast, firmly, B. 352, 1652.
  Styke = stryke, walk, go (?), A. 1186.
  Stykked, fixed, placed, B. 583. See _Steke_.
  Stylle, secret, A. 20; B. 589, 706; quiet, B. 1203; quietly, B. 486.
    See T. B. 1778.
      "State from že slyth kyng _styllé_ by night." --(T. B. 988.)
  Stylle, secretly, B. 806, 1778.
  Styngande, stinging, B. 225.
  Stynkande, stinking, B. 1018.
  Stynst, a mistake for stynt, stop, A. 353.
  Stynt, stop, B. 225, 381, 1261; stopped, C. 73. A.S. _stintan_.
  Styry, stir, move, B. 403, 1720.
  Styste[gh] = stynte[gh], stops, B. 359.
  Sty[gh]e, path, C. 402. A.S. _stķg_.
  Sty[gh]e, ascend, climb, B. 389. A.S. _stķgan_, to ascend.
  Sty[gh]tle, place, order, fix, B. 90; C. 402. A.S. _stihtan_, to
    arrange, dispose. See T. B. 1997.
      "Unstithe for to stire or _stightill_ the Realme." --(T. B. 117.)
  Sued, followed, B. 681.
  {Suffer, Suffre,} A. 554.
  Suffraunce, endurance, patience, C. 3, 529.
  Suffyse, A. 135.
  {Sulp, Sulpe,} defile, pollute, B. 15, 550, 1130, 1135. O.E. _sulwe_,
    to defile, soil. M.H.D. _be-sulwen_. O.N. _söla_, to pollute. Prov.
    Ger. _sulpern_, unclean, to defile. The word _sulp_ (_solp_) occurs
    in the Romance of K. Alexander, ed. Stevenson, but the editor
    renders it "_to swallow_"!
      "Oure inward enmys ilkane we inwardly drepis,
      That is to say alle the sin, at _solp_ may [gh]e (the ?) saule."
        --(K. Alex. p. 146.)
  Sulpande, defiling, A. 726.
  Sumkyn, of some kind, A. 619.
  Sumoun, to summon, A. 539.
  Sum quat, some sort of, B. 627.
  Sum-while, formerly, C. 57.
  Sunderlupes, severally, C. 12.
  Suppe, B. 108; C. 151.
  Supplantor, A. 440.
  Sure, A. 1089.
  Sum, one, "_al & sum_," one and all, A. 584.
  Surely, B. 1643; C. 315.
  Sustnaunce, B. 340.
  Sute (?) A. 203, 1108.
  Sve = sue, follow, go after, A. 976.
  Swalt, died, A. 816, 1160. See T. B. 1200, 4687. See _Swelt_.
  Swane[gh], swans, B. 58.
  Swange (_pret._ of _swenge_ or _swinge_), toiled, worked, A. 586. A.S.
    _swingan_, to dash, to labour.
  Swange, flowed, A. 1059.
  Swangeande, flowing, rushing, A. 111. See T. B. 13024.
  Swap, blow, B. 222. A.S. _swipian_. O.N. _svipa_, to shake. O.E.
    _swepe_, _swappe_, to beat. See T. B. 1889.
      "He swynges out with a swerd and _swappis_ him to dethe."
        --(K. Alex. p. 38.)
      "With a swinge of his sworde _swappit_ hym in že fase."
        --(T. B. 1271.)
  Sware, square, A. 837; B. 1386.
  Sware, answer, A. 240; B. 1415. O.N. _svara_. See T. B. 1200.
  Swarme, B. 223.
  Swart, black, C. 363.
  {Swat, Swatte,} sweated (_pret._ of _swete_), A. 586, 829.
  Swayf, blow, literally, a sudden movement. See _Swayue_.
      "Than Alexander . . . . .
      Swythe swyngis out his swerde and his _swayfe_ feches,
      The nolle of Nicollas, the kyng, he fra the nebb partis."
        --(K. Alex. p. 28.)
  Swayne, swain, servant, B. 1509.
  Swayue, swims. T. B. 2358. Dan. _swęve_, to wave, move, flutter.
  Swe, follow, A. 892; ran, B. 956.
  Sweande, flowing, B. 420.
  Sweft, swift, C. 108.
  Swelme, heat, C. 3. A.S. _swell_, a burning; _swélan_, to burn,
    _sweal_.
      "[He] lete asauage, or he sware (spoke), the _swelme_ of his
      angirs." --(K. Alex. p. 21.)
  Swelt, die, perish, B. 108; C. 427; destroy, B. 332. A.S. _sweltan_.
    O.N. _svelta_.
  Swemande (_pres. part._ of _sweme_), afflicting, B. 563. A.S. _swima_,
    a stupor. S.Sax. _sweamen_, to grieve, vex.
      "Whan this was seide, his hert began to melt
      For veray _sweme_ of this _swemeful_ tale."
        --(Lydgate's Minor Poems, p. 38.)
      "Sum swalt in a _swym_ with outen sware more." --(T. B. 1200.)
  Sweng, _sb._ toil, labour, A. 575. A.S. _sweng_, a stroke, blow. See
    _Swange_. See T. B. 1271.
  Swenge, hasten, rush, dash out, B. 109, 667; C. 108, 250, 253.
      "He _swynges_ out with a swerd and swappis him to dethe."
        --(K. Alex. p. 33.)
    A.S. _swingan_, to swing, dash.
  Swepe, glide, A. 111; hasten, B. 1509. See T. B. 342. O.E. _swippe_,
    to pass quickly. O.N. _svip_, a rapid movement; _svipa_, to whip, do
    quickly, turn.
  Swepe, to seize, C. 341. A.S. _swipian_, to take by violence.
  Swer, swore, B. 69, 667.
  Swete, life; _to lose the swete_ = to die, C. 364. _Swete_ may here
    signify _sweet_, the word _life_ being understood.
      "And alle at lent ware on loft loste ther the _swete_."
        --(K. Alex. p. 105.)
      "---- the brande es myne awene
      Many swayne, with the swynge [struck], has the _swete_ levede."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 281.)
      "All the kene mene of kampe, knyghtes and other,
      Killyd are colde dede and castyne over burdez
      Theire swyers sweyftly has the _swete_ levyde."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 309.)
  Swetter, sweeter, C. 236.
  Sweuen, dream, A. 62. A.S. _swefen_.
  Swey, go, walk, B. 788; came, C. 429. See T. B. 2512. O.N. _sweigia_.
    Dan. _sveje_, to bend. N.Prov.E. _swey_, to swing; _sweigh_, to
    press. See _Sve_.
  Sweyed, swayed, C. 151.
  Swe[gh]e, go, C. 72; drove, C. 236.
  Swol[gh]e, swallow, C. 250, 363; kill, B. 1268.
  Swone, swoon, A. 1180. A.S. _aswunan_.
  Swowed, swooned, C. 442. S.Sax. _swowen_, to swoon.
  Swyed = sweyed, followed, B. 87.
  Swyere, squire, B. 87,
  Swypped, escaped, B. 1253. See _Swepe_.
  Swyre, neck, B. 1744. A.S. _sweora_.
  Swyže, firm, strong, A. 354; C. 236; great, B. 1283; very, B. 816;
    many, B. 1299; quickly, A. 1059; B. 354; greatly, B. 987. A.S.
    _swķth_, strong, great; _swķthe_, very, greatly.
  Swyže, burn, scorch, C. 478 (_pret._ _swath_). N.Prov.E. _swither_, to
    singe; _swidden_, to scorch. O.N. _svķtha_.
      "Mi Gode, als whele set žam,
      Als stubble bi-fore wind lickam
      Als fire that brennes wode swa;
      Als lowe _swižand_ hilles ma." --(Ps. lxxxii. 15.)
  Syence, B. 1454, 1599.
  Syfle, blow, C. 470. _Syfle_ sometimes signifies to _whistle_. It may
    he connected with the Prov.E. _suffe_, to pant, blow. A.S.
    _siofian_, mourn, lament.
  Sykande, sighing, B. 715. A.S. _sycan_, to sigh.
  Syked, sighed, C. 382.
  Sykerly, surely, C. 301. O.Fris. _sikur_. Ger. _sicher_, sure.
  Syle, to glide, go, proceed, B. 131. See T. B. 364, 1307. Prov.E.
    _sile_, to go. O.N. _sķla_.
      "With that the segge all himselfe _silis_ to his chambre."
        --(K. Alex. p. 5.)
    See T. B. 364.
  Sylueren, silver, B. 1406.
  Symbale, B. 1415.
  Symple, A. 1134; B. 746.
  Sympelnesse, A. 909.
  Syn, since, C. 218.
  Syngne, sign, B. 489, 1710.
  Synglerty, singularity, singleness, A. 429.
  Synglure, uniqueness, A. 8.
  Syngnette[gh], signets, A. 838.
  Synne, after, B. 229.
  Syre, lord, B. 1260.
  {Syt, Syte,} sorrow, sin, B. 566, 1257; C. 5, 517. O.N. _sśt_.
      "Jacob wen he was mast in _siit_,
      God lighted him witouten _liit_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 27b.)
      "This tre in forbot haf I laid,
      If žou sa bald be it to bite,
      Žou sal be ded in sorou and _site_,
      And if žou haldes mi forbot,
      Žou sal be laverd ouer ilk crot." --(_Ibid._ fol. 52b.)
  Syže, time, A. 1079; B. 1169, 1417, 1686. A.S. _sith_.
  Syžen, afterwards, A. 13, 643, 1207; B. 998; since, A. 245.
  Sytole, citole, guitar, A. 91.
  {Sy[gh], Sy[gh]e,} saw, A. 308, 788, 985; B. 985.
  {Sy[gh]t, Sy[gh]te,} sight, A. 226; B. 552, 1710.

  Ta, take, arrest, C. 78. "Ta me," take, arrest me. Tat[gh], take,
    B. 735. (Cf. O.E. _ma_ = make.)
  Tabarde, coat. It sometimes signifies a short coat or mantle, B. 41.
    Fr. _tabar_. Ital. _tabaro_.
  Tabelment, A. 994.
  Taborne, tabour, B. 1414.
  Tached, fixed, fastened, A. 464.
  Takel, C. 233.
  Tale, tale, message, B. 1437.
  Talent, will, pleasure, C. 416. See T. B. 464.
  Talle = tuly (?), B. 48.
  Tan, taken, B. 763.
  Tat[gh], take, B. 735. See _Ta_.
  Tayt, agreeable, lively, B. 871. O.N. _teitr_.
      "The laddes were kaske and _teyte_." --(Havelok the Dane, 1841.)
      "Ther mouhte men se the boles beyte,
      And the bores with hundes _teyte_." --(_Ibid._ 2331.)
  Tayt, fear, B. 889.
      "Brynges furthe, [as] sayd the boke, bestes out of noumbre,
      And trottes on toward Tyre with _taite_ at thaire hertes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 42.)
  Teche, teach, B. 160.
  Teche, mark, sign, B. 1049.
  Teche, fault, B. 1230; device, B. 943. Fr. _tache_.
  Tede, an error for _tene_ = ten (?), B. 1634.
  Tee, go, B. 9, 1262; C. 87.
      "Let hym _tegh_ to že tempull."
        --(T. B. 2541.)
    A.S. _teon_. Cf. _teght_, T. B. 1786.
  Telde, tent, B. 866. A.S. _teld_.
  Telded, raised, B. 1342. See T. B. 6075.
  Telle, raise, excite, B. 1808. Du. _tillen_, to lift up.
  Teme, approach, A. 460; B. 9; C. 316. See T. B. 3306. It seems to be
    connected with the A.S. _geteman_, to bear witness; _teama_, to
    cite, summon. In La[gh]amon _teman_ signifies to go, proceed,
    approach, vol. i. p. 53, l. 1245.
      "Albion hatte that lond;
      Ah leode ne beoth thar nane,
      Ther to thu scalt _teman_ [wende]
      & ane neowe Troye thar makian."
  Teme, team, C. 37.
  Teme, theme, C. 358.
  Tempest, C. 231.
  Temple, A. 1062.
  Tempre, moderate, B. 775.
  Temptande, tempting, B. 283.
  Tender, A. 412; B. 630.
  Tene, _sb._ anger, sorrow, A. 332; B. 283, 687, 1137; C. 90; _adj._
    angry, B. 1808; _vb._ punish, B. 759. A.S. _teonan_, _tynan_, to
    anger; _teona_, wrong, mischief.
  Tenfully, sorrowfully, bitterly, B. 160.
  Tenor, C. 358.
  Tenoun, A. 993.
  {Tent, Tente,} attend, care for, B. 676, 935; C. 59, 498; heed,
    A. 387.
  Terme, term, A. 1053; B. 1393.
  Terne, lake, B. 1041. N.Prov.E. _tarn_. O.N. _tjörn_.
  Teuel (or _tenel_ ?), enclose, or ? _undermine_, B. 1189.
  Žacce, blow, C. 325. A.S. _thaccian_, to stroke.
  Žayre[gh], theirs, B. 1527.
  Ža[gh], though, A. 134.
  Žede, country, A. 711. A.S. _theód_.
      "I sett [gh]owe ane ensample [gh]e se it alle day,
      In thorps and in many _thede_ ther [gh]e thur[gh]e ride,
      At ilka cote a kene curr, as he the chache walde,
      Bot as bremely as he baies, he bitis never the faster."
        --(K. Alex. p. 62.)
  Žede, vessel, B. 1717. Prov.E. _thead_, a strainer used in brewing.
    "_Thede_, bruares instrument, qualus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Žeder, thither, B. 461.
  Žef, thief, A. 273.
  Theme, A. 944; C. 358.
  {Žen, Ženne,} than, A. 134.
  Ženkande, thinking, C. 294.
  Žerue, unleavened, B. 635. Prov.E. _therf_, _tharf_, _thar_. A.S.
    _theorf_, _therf_.
  Žester, darkness, B. 1775. A.S. _theostru_. See T. B. 2362.
  Žewe, virtue, B. 1436; C. 30; ordinances, B. 544, 755.
  Žewed, virtuous, B. 733.
  Žewes, thieves, B. 1142.
  Žikker, oftener, C. 6.
  Žirled, pierced, B. 952.
  Žo, the (_pl._), B. 635; those, A. 557.
  Žole, suffer, A. 344; B. 190; C. 6. A.S. _thólian_, to suffer, endure.
  Žonc, _sb._ thank, A. 901.
  Žonkke, _vb._ thank, B. 745.
  Žore, there, A. 562.
  Žorpe, city, B. 1178. O.N. _thorp_.
  Žor[gh], through. See _Žur[gh]_.
  Žo[gh], though, A. 345.
  Žo[gh]t, seemed, A. 153; B. 562.
  Žo[gh]t, imagination, B. 516.
  Žrad, reproached, tormented, B. 751. A.S. _threagan_ (_pret. threįde_,
    _p.p._ _thread_), to blame, vex, torment.
  Žrange, pierce, A. 17. See _Žrenge_.
  Žrast, stroke, thrust, B. 952.
  Žrat, vexation, torment, C. 55. A.S. _threat_, threat; _threatian_, to
    vex, distress.
  Žratten (_3d pers. pl. pret._) threatened, B. 937.
  Žrawe, to reach, B. 590.
  Žrawen, close, thick, B. 1775.
  Žrenge, press, crowd after, follow, B. 930; pass, C. 354. A.S.
    _thringan_, to press, crowd, throng. O.N. _threnga_.
  Žrep, contradiction, B. 350. N.Prov.E. _threap_, _threpe_, to dispute.
    A.S. _threapian_, to reprove, chide.
      "_Withoutyn threp_ more." --(T. B. 1127.)
  Žrepyng, _sb._ strife, B. 183. A.S. _threapung_.
  {Žret, Žrete,} threaten, A. 561; B. 680, 1728.
  Žretty, thirty, B. 751.
  Žreuenest, wisest, noblest, B. 1571.
  Žro, anger, B. 754; C. 6; angry, A. 344. N.Prov.E. _thro_, keen,
    eager. O.N. _thrį_.
      "Be žou noght in ži hert so _thra_." --(MS. Harl. 4196. fol. 94.)
    Cf. "his _throo_ hert," T. B. 147. "A _throo_ (bold) knight."
    _Ib._ 1482.
  Žro, good, A. 868.
  Žro, sharply, quickly, B. 220. A.S. _threį_.
  Žro, thoroughly, B. 1805.
  Žroble, press, B. 879.
  Žroly, fiercely, quickly, B. 180, 514.
      "_Throly_ he thoght in his hert." --(T. B. 209.)
  {Žrong, Žronge,} _sb._ crowd, B. 135, 504, 754.
  Žrongen (_3d pers. pl. pret._ of _thringe_), crowded, pressed,
    B. 1775.
      "Mony thoughtes full thro _thronge_ in hir brest." --(T. B. 470.)
  Žrublande, pressing, B. 504. See _Žroble_.
  {Žrwen, Žrowen,} thrown, B. 220, 504.
  Žrych, through, A. 17. O.Sc. _throuch_.
  {Žryd, Žryde, Žrydde,} third, A. 833; B. 249, 300, 1639.
  Žrye[gh], thrice, B. 429.
  Žrynge, press, B. 180; follow, B. 1639. See _Žrenge_.
  Žrynne, three, B. 606, 1727.
  Žryuande, good, pure, B. 751. See T. B. 1482.
  Žryue, prosper, thrive, B. 249; C. 521.
  Žryuen, prudent, wise, A. 868, 1192; grown up, adult, B. 298;
    _žryuenest_, wisest, noblest, B. 1639.
  Žry[gh]t, thrust, pressed, thronged, A. 670, 706, 926; B. 135; Cf.
    _thriccing_ of hondys. T. B. 1522. A.S. _thryccan_ (_pret._
    _thrycte_), to thrust, press, tread on.
  Žur[gh], through, A. 670.
  Žykke, closely, B. 504.
  Žy[gh]e, thigh, B. 1687.
  To, toe, C. 229.
  To-cleues, separate, B. 1806.
  To-corue (_3d pers. pl. pret._), slit, ript up, B. 1250.
  Token, betoken, B. 1557.
  To-kerue, divide, B. 1700.
  {Tole, Tool,} tool, B. 1108, 1342.
  {Tolk, Tolkke, Tulkke,} man, B. 687, 757. _Tolk_, like _segge_,
    signified originally a speaker, an interpreter. O.N. _tślka_, to
    explain, interpret; _tślkr_, an interpreter, a mediator. See
    T. B. 63.
  Tom, (1) leisure, A. 134; opportunity, B. 1153; interval, C. 135;
    (2) time, A. 585. O.Sw. and O.N. _tóm_. "_Toom_ oportunitas."
    (Prompt. Parv.)
      "Tharfore žis _tyme_ I may noght cum
      Telle ži lord I haue no _tome_."
        --(MS. Harl, 4196, fol. 105.)
    In T. B. 1088, we have _tomly_.
  To-marred, spoilt, B. 1114.
  To-murte, crushed to pieces, C. 150. See _murte_, T. B. 6128.
  Tonne (or toune?), conceive, B. 655.
  Top, head, C. 229.
  Topace, topaz, B. 1469.
  Tor, tower, A. 966.
  Tor, hard, A. 1109. O.N. _tor_. Sans. _dus_, hard, difficult. Cf. O.E.
    _torfer_, hardship, T. B. 81.
      "But this tyme is so _tore_." --(T. B. 645.)
  {To-rente, To-rent,} rent asunder, A. 1136; B. 368; C. 96.
  To-riuen, torn away, A. 1197.
  Tormenttour, B. 154.
  To-rof (_pret._ of _to-riue_), burst, B. 964; C. 379.
  Torre[gh], towers, A. 875,
  Toter, totter, C. 233.
  Tote[gh] = tot[gh], toes; Cf. _got[gh]_ = goes, etc., B. 41.
  To-torne, torn, B. 41.
  Tot[gh], goes, A. 513. Sw. _tota_.
  Tour, tower, B. 216.
  Tourne[gh] = turns, devices, B. 192.
  Tow, two, B. 866.
      "_Two_ pyllers he pight in a place low." --(T. B. 310.)
  To-walten, overflowed (_3d pers. pl._), B. 428.
  Towche, to relate, deliver a message, speak, A. 898; B. 1437.
      "Litille kyngis there come . . . . .
      _Touches_ titly thair tale and tribute him askis."
        --(K. Alex. p. 31.)
  Towche, _sb._ touch, C. 252.
  Towe, C. 100.
  Towen, drawn, A. 251.
  To[gh]e, tough, B. 630.
  To[gh]t, firm, binding, A. 522.
  Tra, high (?), B. 211, or (?) _tor_, great, difficult of access.
      "This castel es o luve and grace,
      Bath o socur and o solace,
      Apon the mathe it standes traist;
      O fede ne dredes it na fraist;
      It is hei sett upon že crag,
      _Trai_ and hard wituten hag."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 55a.)
  Tramme, tackle, gear? C. 101. In the northern Romance of Alexander,
    p. 5, _tramme_ signifies an instrument (optical).
      "He toke _trammes_ him with to tute (look) in the sternes."
  Tras = trace, path, course, A. 1113. "_Trace_, a streyght way,
    _trace_." (Palsg.)
  Trasches = trauses or trossers, drawers or trousers? B. 40.
  Trauayle, _sb._ labour, C. 505; _vb._ A. 550; C. 498.
  Trave = trawe, believe, B. 587.
  Trauerce = traverse, B. 1473.
  {Traw, Trawe,} = trow, believe, suppose, A. 282, 295; B. 655, 1335,
    1686. See T. B. 298.
  Trawande, believing, B. 662.
  {Trawže, Trauže,} truth, A. 495; B. 63, 667; belief, 1490, 1703.
  Trayled, B. 1473.
  Traysoun, treason, B. 187.
  {Trayžly, Trayžely,} certainly, surely? B. 907, 1137. If _trayžly_ be
    derived from _trauth_, _truth_, the meaning here assigned to it may
    be correct; but the sense of _fiercely_, _fearfully_, would suit the
    context better.
  Traytoure, B. 1041; C. 77.
  Tre, wood, B. 1342.
  Trendel, roll, A. 41.
  Tres, yards (of a ship), C. 101.
  {Tresor, Tresore,} treasure, A. 237, 331, B. 866.
  Tresorye, treasury, B. 1317.
  Trespas, B. 48.
  Trespast, B. 1230.
  Trestes, trestles, B. 832.
  Trichcherye, treachery, B. 187.
  Troched, ornamented? An architectural term of uncertain meaning,
    B. 1383.
  {Tron, Trone,} went (_pret._ of _tryne_), A. 1113; B. 132; C. 101. See
    _Trynande_.
  Trone, throne, A. 1055.
  Trot, _sb._ pace, step, B. 976.
  Trow, believe, B. 1049.
  Trumpen, trumpets, B. 1402.
  Trussed, deposited, B. 1317. See T. B. 1819.
  Trwe, true, A. 460.
  Tryed, select, trusty, B. 1317. O.E. _trie_, choice. See T. B. 695.
  Tryfled = trayfoled, ornamented with knots, B. 1473. Fr. _treffilier_,
    a chain maker.
  Trynande, going, walking, B. 976. Dan. _trine_, to go.
      "Than the traytoure treunted the Tyesday thar aftyre,
      _Trynnys_ in with a trayne tresone to wirke."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 326.)
      "The trays (path) of the traytoure he _trynys_ fulle evenne,
      And turnys in be Treynte, the traytoure to seche."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 339.)
      "They _tryne_ unto a tente whare tables whare raysede."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 267.)
  Tryste, trusty, A. 460; _vb._ to trust, C. 324.
  Trysty, trusty, B. 763.
  Try[gh]e, to trust in, rely upon, A. 311. N.Prov.E. _trigg_, firm,
    faithful. Sw. _trygg_, safe, sure.
  Tuch, cloth, B. 48. Ger. _tuch_. Cf. Eng. _tuck_ and _tucker_.
  Tulkke, man, soldier, B. 1189, 1262. See _Tolk_.
      "The Tothyr was a _Tulke_ out of Troy selfe." --(T. B. 63.)
  Tulket = tulked, sounded, B. 1414. The original meaning of _tulk_ is
    to speak, explain (O.N. _tślka_), hence to utter, sound.
      "The Tebies _tulked_ (addressed) us with tene (anger)."
        --(K. Alex. p. 83.)
  Tult, threw, pitched. B. 1213; C. 252. See _Tilt_, in T. B. 914, 3704.
    A.S. _tealtian_, to tilt, shake.
  Tuyred, destroyed, B. 1234.
  Twayned, separated, A. 251.
  Tweyne, two, B. 674, 1749.
  Twynande, entwining, B. 1691. Sw. _twinna_, to twine.
  Twynne, two, A. 251; B. 1047.
  Twynne, separate, B. 402.
  Tyd, quickly, B. 64, 1213; C. 100, 229. A.S. _tķd_, _tķdlķce_. Sw.
    _tida_, frequently.
  Tyde, time, B. 1393.
  Tykel, uncertain, B. 655.
  Tylle, to, B. 1064.
  Tymbre, B. 1414. "Tymbyr a lytyl taboure, timpanellum." (Prompt.
    Parv.)
  Tylte, overturn, B. 832; tumble, C. 361.
      "_Tylude_ ouer borde." --(T. B. 3704.)
  Tynde, branch, A. 78. A.S. _tine_. O.E. _tind_, a tine, tooth, prong,
    fork.
  Tyne, lose, A. 332; destroy, B. 775, 907. O.N. _tyna_.
  Tynt, lost, B. 216. See T. B. 1208.
  Type, overturn, C. 506.
  Typped, extreme, C. 77.
  Tyraunte, B. 943.
  Tyrauntyré, tyranny, B. 187.
  Tyrne, flay, B. 630. Du. _tornen_, to rend, rip up.
      "And so thai did al bidene and sum oure douth slo[gh]e,
      Tuke out the tuskis and the tethe, and _ternen_ of the skinnes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 140.)
  Tyt, quickly, A. 728. N.Prov.E. _tite_, soon. Cf. _tytly_, T. B. 1094.
    See _Tyd_.
  Tyže, tenth, B. 216.
  Tyžynge, tiding, B. 458, 498; C. 78.
  Tytter, sooner, C. 231. N.Prov.E. _titter_. See _Tyt_.
  Tyxt, text, B. 1634; C. 37.
  Ty[gh]ed, tied, A. 464; B. 702.
  {Ty[gh]t, Ty[gh]te,} described, A. 1053; give, B. 1153; endeavour,
    B. 1108; near, A. 503. See T. B. 1358. A.S. _tihtan_, to draw.

  U = o = of, A. 792.

  {Vch, Vche, Vcha,} = ilk, ilka, each, every. A. 33, 117.
  Vchon, each one, A. 546.
  Vglokest (_superl._ of _vgly_), most horrid, dreadful, B. 892. See
    _vgsome_, horrible, T. B. 877.
  Vmbe, about, B. 879, 1384; C. 309. A.S. _ymbe_.
      "Grete toures full toure all že toune _vmbe_." --(T. B. 320.)
  Vmbe-brayde, accost, B. 1622. See _Brayde_.
  Vmbe-grouen, overgrown, B. 488.
  Vmbe-kest, look about, B. 478.
  Vmbe-ly[gh]e, compass, surround, B. 836.
  Vmbe-py[gh]te, surrounded, A. 1052.
  Vmbre, rain, B. 524. Cf. _ymur_, in T. B. 897. Lat. _imber_.
  Vmbe-schon, shone about, C. 455.
  {Vmbe-stounde, Vmbe-stoundes,} at times, sometimes, C. 7, 122.
  Vmbe-sweyed, encircled, B. 1380.
  Vmbe-walt, surrounded, B. 1181.
  Vnavysed, unadvised, thoughtless, A. 292.
  Vnblemyst, unblemished, A. 782.
  Vn-brosten, unburst, B. 365.
  Vnblyže, dismal, B. 1017.
  Vncheryst, uncherished, uncared for, B. 1125.
  Vnclannesse, uncleanness. B. 30, 1800, 1806.
  Vnclene, B. 550, 1713.
  Vncler, indistinct, C. 307.
  Vnclose, disclose, B. 26, 1438.
  Vncortoyse, uncourteous, A. 303.
  {Vncouže, Vncowže,} unknown, B. 414, 1600, 1722.
  Vnder, the third hour of the day, A. 513. A.S. _undern_. Goth.
    _undaurns_.
  Vnder-nomen, understood, perceived, C. 213.
  Vnder-stonde, understand, A. 941; C. 122.
  Vnder-[gh]ede = under-[gh]ete, understood, B. 796. A.S. _undergitan_,
    to perceive.
  Vndyd, destroyed, B. 562.
  Vnfayre, bad, B. 1801.
  Vnfolde, B. 1563.
  Vnfre, unfortunate, B. 1129.
  Vngarnyst, unadorned, B. 137.
  Vnglad, sorry, C. 63.
  Vngoderly, bad, wicked, B. 145, 1092.
  Vnhap, misfortune, B. 143, 1150; misery, B. 892. See T. B. 1402.
  Vnhappen, unfortunate; and hence bad, B. 573.
  Vnhaspe, disclose, B. 688.
  Vnhole, badly, B. 1681.
  Vnhonest, vile, B. 579.
  Vnhuled, uncovered, B. 451. See _Hile_.
  Vnhyde, disclose, A. 973.
  Vnhyle, disclose, B. 1628. See _Hile_.
  Vnknawen, unknown, B. 1679.
  Vnkyndely, wickedly, B. 208.
  Vnmard, undefiled, B. 867.
  Vnmete, unmeet, unfit, A. 759.
  Vnneuened, unnamed, B. 727. See _Neuen_.
  Vnnynges, signs, C. 213. A.S. _unnan_, to give, grant, permit.
  Vnpynne, to unpin, unfasten, A. 728.
  Vnresounable, unreasonable, A. 590.
  Vnry[gh]t, wrong, B. 1142.
  Vnsmyten, B. 732.
  Vnsounde, wicked, evil, bad, B. 575; C. 527; misfortune, wretched
    state, C. 58. See T. B. 495.
  Vnsoundely, badly, B. 201. See T. B. 1826.
  Vnstered, unmoved, B. 706.
  Vnstrayned, untroubled, A. 248.
  Vnswol[gh]ed, unhurt, B. 1253. See _Swol[gh]e_.
  {Vnžank, Vnžonk,} wrath, displeasure, B. 183; C. 55.
  Vnžewe, fault, vice, B. 190. See _Thewe_.
  Vnžryfte, folly, wickedness, B. 516, 1728.
  Vnžryftyly, unwisely, badly, B. 267.
  Vnžryuandly = unthrivingly, badly, B. 135. See T. B. 4893.
  Vntrwe, untrue, A. 897; B. 456; unfaithful, B. 1160.
  Vntwynne, separate; and hence, destroy, B. 757.
  Vnwar, foolish, C. 115.
  Vnwaschen, unwashed, B. 34.
  Vnwelcum, B. 49.
  Vnworželych, unworthy, B. 305.
  Vnwytté, unwise, foolish, simple, C. 511.
  Vpbrayde, literally to raise; and hence to utter loudly, rebuke,
    C. 430. See _Brayde_. In the sense of to utter, speak, we find
    _upbrayde_ used in the following passage.
      "Again my brether haue I bene
      Oft-sith lightly for to tene,
      Wit flitt, wit brixil, strive and strut;
      Myn euen cristen haue I hurt,
      And oft unsaght o him I said,
      And of his lastes (faults) gane upbraid."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 156.)
  Vp-caste, spoken, B. 1574.
  Vp-folden, up-folded, B. 643.
  Vp-lyfte, uplifted, B. 987.
  Vpon, open, B. 453.
  Vp-rerde, upreared, B. 561.
  Vp-ros, uprose, C. 378.
  Vpryse, C. 433.
  Vp-set, raised, C. 239.
  Vp-so-doun, upside down, C. 362.
  Vp-wafte, uprose, B. 949.
  Vpynyoun, opinion, C. 40.
  Vrnementes, ornaments, B. 1284.
  Vrže, earth, A. 442.
  Vržely, earthly, A. 135; B. 35.
  Vsage, B. 710.
  Vsched, B. 1393, _to vsched_ = ? _tousched_ = _towched_, approached.
    See B. 1437.
  Vse, B. 11.
  {Vsle, Vslle,} ashes, cinders, B. 747, 1010. A.S. _ysle_, ashes. O.N.
    _usli_, fire. "Isyl, of fyre. Favilla." (Prompt. Parv.) Prov.E.
    _isle_, _easle_, embers; _eizle_, ashes.
  Vtter, out, B. 42; without, B. 927.
  Vt-wyth, without, outside, A. 969.
  Vus, us, B. 842.
  V[gh]ten, the morning, dawn, B. 893. A.S. _uhta_.
      "Hi slo[gh]en and fu[gh]ten
      Že ni[gh]t and že _u[gh]ten_." --(K. Horn, 1424.)

  Vale, A. 127; B. 673.
  Vanyté, B. 1713; C. 331.
  Vanyste, vanished, B. 1548.
  Vayle, avail, A. 912; B. 1151, 1311.
  Vayment, exhibition, show, B. 1358.
  Vayn, A. 811; B. 1358.
  Vayned, brought, A. 249. See _Wayned_.
  Venge, avenge, B. 199, 559; C. 71.
  Vengeaunce, B. 247, 1013.
  {Venkkyst, Venquyst,} vanquished, B. 544, 1071.
  Venym, venom, filth, B. 574; C. 71.
  {Veray, Verray,} true, A. 1184, 1185; truly, C. 333; very, C. 370.
  Verayly, verily, B. 664, 1548.
  Vered, veered, raised, A. 254.
  Vergyne, virgin, A. 1099.
  {Vergynté, Vergynyté,} virginity, A. 767; B. 1071.
  Vertue, A. 1126.
  Vertuous, precious, B. 1280.
  Vessayl, vessel, B. 1713.
  Vesselment, vessels, B. 1280, 1288.
  Vesture, B. 1288.
  Veued = weued, passed, A. 976. See _Weue_.
  Vilanye, C. 71.
  Vilté, filth, vileness, B. 199. O.Fr. _vilté_.
  Violent, B. 1013.
  Voched, prayed, A. 1121. Fr. _voucher_.
  Vouche, resolve, B. 1358.
  Vouched, vowed, C. 165.
  Vowe, C. 239.
  Voyde, do away with; B. 744; destroy, B. 1013; C. 370; depart,
    B. 1548.
  Vus, use, or ? drink, B. 1507. We may, however read, and thus preserve
    the alliteration, _bus_ = _bous_ = _bouse_, to drink deeply. Du.
    _buysen_.
  Vycios, vicious, B. 574.
  Vyf, wife, A. 772.
  Vygour, 971.
  Vyl, vile, evil, B. 744.
  Vylanye, crime, sin, B. 544, 574.
  Vyle, defile, B. 863.
  Vyole, vial, B. 1280.
  Vyolence, B. 1071.
  Vyrgyn, A. 426.
  {Vys, Vyse,} face, A. 254. O.Fr. _vis_.
  Vyue[gh], wives, A. 785.

  Wach, watch, B. 1205.
  Wade, A. 143, 1151.
  Waft, closed, B. 857. A.S. _wefan_, _węfan_, to cover. O.N. _vefa_.
  Wafte, move, lift up, raise, B. 453 O.N. _veifa_, to raise, move,
    swing. _Waft_, B. 857, in the sense of _closed_ may be of the same
    origin with _wafte_.
  Wage, endure, A. 416.
  Wage, wave, B. 1484. A.S. _wįgian_.
  Wake, watch, B. 85; C. 130. A.S. _węccan_. O.N. _vaka_.
  Waken, raise, arouse, awake, A. 1171; B. 323, 437, 891, 933, 948;
    C. 132; O.N. _vakna_.
      "Wyndis at hir wille to _wakyn_ in the aire." --(T. B. 404.)
  Wakker (_comp._ of _wayke_), weaker B. 835.
  {Wale, Walle,} _vb._ discern, A. 1000; choose, select, B. 921; C. 511;
    _adj._ noble, choice, B. 1734. Sc. _wale_. See T. 386, 4716. Ger.
    _wählen_, to choose, select. O.N. _val_, electio, optio, delectus.
      "O mister was ther wimmen tuin,
      Žat ledd žar liif wit sike and sin,
      Ffor žai had husing nan to _wale_,
      Žai lended in a littel scale."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 48a.)
      "Of choys men syne, _walit_ by cut (lot), thai tuke
      A gret numbyr, and hyd in bylgis dern."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 72.)
      "Awai žan drou him son Davi,
      Bot Saul dred him mo forži,
      And of a thusand men o _wal_ (worth)
      He made him ledder and marscal."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 43a.)
      "That worthy had a wyfe _walit_ hym seluon." --(T. B. 105.)
  Walkyries, witches, fate-readers, B. 1577. O.N. _valkyriur_; _f. pl._
    _Parcę_. Dan. _valkyrier_.
  Wallande, boiling, bubbling up, A. 365. A.S. _weallan_, to boil up.
  Walle-heued = well-head, spring, B. 364.
  {Walt, Walte,} rolled, turned, B. 501, 1734. Prov.E. _walt_, _welt_.
    A.S. _wealtian_, to roll. O.N. _vella_.
      "Hit _walt_ up the wilde se." --(T. B. 4633.)
  Walter, roll, flow, B. 415, 1027; C. 142. O.Sc. _welter_, _walter_.
    Dan. _vęlte_, to roll. See _Walt_.
  Waltere[gh], an error for watterez = waters? C. 263.
  Walterande, swimming, C. 247.
  Walte[gh], pours, rushes, flows, B. 364, 1037. See _Walte_, T. B.
    3699, 4632.
  Wame, belly. See _Wombe_.
  Wamel, to wamble, C. 300. O.N. _vambla_. Dan. _vamle_, to wamble, to
    create or cause a squeamishness or loathing. "_Wamelyn'_ in the
    stomake. Nauseo." "_Wamelynge_ of the stomake, Nausia." (Prompt.
    Parv.)
  Wan (_pret._ of _wynne_), got, reached, A. 107; B. 140.
  Wap, a step, C. 449. O.N. _vapp_. It is generally explained by a blow,
    stroke, which was probably its original meaning.
      "The werld wannes at a _wappe_ and the wedire gloumes."
        --(K. Alex. p. 141.)
      "It (worldly wealth) wites away at a _wapp_, as the wynd turnes."
        --(_Ibid._ p. 181.)
    See T. B. 207, 6405.
  Wappe, to strike, knock, B. 882.
  War, aware, A. 1096; crafty, B. 589. A.S. _węr_, wary. O.N. _var_.
  {War, Ware,} guard, beware, B. 165, 545, 1133. A.S. _wįrian_.
  Warded, guarded, C. 258. A.S. _weardian_, to guard.
  Ware, were, A. 151.
  Warisch, protect, B. 921.
  Warla[gh]e, wizard, B. 1560. See _Warlow_.
  Warlok, prison, C. 80.
  Warlow, a monster, C. 258. A.S. _wér-loga_, a liar, a faith-breaker.
      "Že warla[gh] was wete of his wan atter." --(T. B. 303.)
  Warne, bid, C. 469.
  Warnyng, _sb._ B. 1504.
  {Warpe, Warpen,} cast, hurl, B. 444; ejaculate, utter, A. 879; B. 152,
    213. O.N. _varpa_. A.S. _weorpan_, to throw, cast.
  Warže, a water-ford, C. 339. A.S. _warth_, _waroth_, the shore.
  Wary, curse, B. 513. A.S. _węrgian_, to curse.
  Waryed, accursed, B. 1716.
  Wassayl, B. 1508.
  {Wast, Waste,} destroy, B. 326, 431, 1178. A.S. _wéstan_.
  Wasturne, a wilderness, B. 1674. _Wasterne_ signifies a desert place,
    from the A.S. _wéste_, desert, barren, and _ęrn_, a place.
      "Methoughte I was in a wode willed myne one,
      That I ne wiste no waye whedire that I scholde,
      Ffore wolue[gh] and whilde swynne, swykkyde bestez,
      Walkede in that _wasterne_ wathes to seche."
        --(Morte Arthure, p. 270.)
  Wate = wot, know, A. 502. A.S. _witan_ (_Ic wįt_, _žu wįst_, _he
    wįt_).
  Water, stream, A. 107, 139; river, B. 1380.
  Waule[gh], shelterless, from the A.S. _wįh_, a wall (?), C. 262. We
    should perhaps read wanle[gh] = wonle[gh], hopeless, from the A.S.
    _wén_. O.N. _von_. O.E. _wone_, hope.
  Wawe, wave, A. 287; B. 382; C. 142. A.S. _węg_.
  Wax, increase, B. 521.
  Waxlokes, waves (?), B. 1037.
  Wayferand, wayfaring, B. 79.
  Waykned, weakened, B. 1422. O.N. _veikr_. A.S. _wįc_, weak; _wįcan_,
    to become weak.
  Wayle, select, choice, B. 1716. See _Wale_.
  Waymot, passionate, C. 492. A.S. _weamod_.
  Wayne, give, B. 1504; gain, recover, 1616, 1701. The original meaning
    seems to be that of gaining, getting. O.Fr. _gaagnier_. In some O.E.
    works _wayne_ is used like our word _get_.
      "Than past up the proude quene into prevé chambre,
      _Waynes_ (_i.e._ puts out her head) out at wyndow and waytes
        aboute." --(K. Alex. p. 33.)
  Wayte, look into, search, B. 99; be careful, B. 292; look about,
    B. 1423; inquire, B. 1552. See T. B. 876. "_Waytyn_ or _aspyyn_,
    observo." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Wa[gh]e[gh]es, _wa[gh]es_, waves, B. 404.
      "Girdon ouer the grym _waghes_." --(T. B. 1410.)
    See _Wawe_.
  Webbe, cloth, A. 71.
  Wedde, A. 772; B. 69.
  Wedded wyf, B. 330.
  Weddyng, A. 791.
  {Wed, Wede,} garments, weeds, A. 748, 766; B. 793. A.S. _węd_.
  {Wed, Wede,} become mad, B. 1585. A.S. _wédan_, to rave, be mad.
  Weder, storm, B. 444, 948.
  Weder, weather, B. 1760.
  Wela-wynnely, very joyfully, B. 831. A.S. _welig_, rich, bountiful;
    _wyn_, pleasure, joy.
  {Welcom, Welcum,} B. 813.
  Welde, govern, rule, wield, B. 195, 835; use, employ, possess, B. 705,
    1351; C. 16. A.S. _wealdan_, rule, exercise, possess.
  Welder, ruler, C. 129.
  Wele, joy (_pl._ _wele[gh]_), A. 14, 154, 394; B. 651; C. 262. A.S.
    _wela_.
  Welgest, worthiest, B. 1244. A.S. _welig_ (_welga_), rich, wealthy.
  Welke, walked, A. 101.
  Welkyn, welkin, the sky. A.S. _welcn_, _wolcen_. O.Sc. _walk_,
    a cloud.
  Welle-hede[gh], springs, B. 428.
  Welt, revolved, C. 115. See _Walter_.
  Welwed, faded, C. 475. A.S. _wealwian_.
      "The grond stud burrant, widderit dosk or gray,
      Herbis, flowris and gersis _wallowyt_ away."
        --(G. Douglas, vol. i. p. 378.)
  Wely, joyous, happy, A. 101. A.S. _welig_.
      "_Welli_ make, Laverd, and noght ille,
      To Syon in ži gode wille." --(Ps. i. 20.)
      "Žan was žar never suilk a hald,
      Ne nan in _welier_ in werld to wald."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 55b.)
  {Wem, Wemme,} spot, blemish, A. 1003. A.S. _wem_.
  Wemle[gh], spotless, without blemish.
  Wenche, woman, B. 974, 1250; concubine, B. 1716. A.S. _wencle_, a
    maid. S.Sax. _wenchell_, a child.
  Wende = wened, thought, A. 1148; C. 111.
  Wene = ween, believe, A. 47; B. 821; C. 244. A.S. _wénan_.
  Wene, doubt, A. 1141.
  Weng, avenge, B. 201.
  Wenyng, supposition, C. 115.
  Wepande, weeping, C. 384.
  Weppen, weapon, B. 835.
  Wered, guarded, protected, C. 486. A.S. _weren_. Ger. _wehren_,
    defend.
  Werke[gh], labours, B. 136.
  Werp (_pret._ of _warp_), threw, B. 284.
  Werre, war, B. 1178.
  Wers, worse, B. 80.
  Werte, root, herb, C. 478. A.S. _wyrt_.
  Weryng, wearing, age, B. 1123. "_Weryn_ or wax olde, febyl,
    veterasco." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Wesch, washed, A. 766.
  Westernays, wrongly, A. 307. See Note on this word, p. 106. ?
    wižer-ways, wrong-wise.
  Wete, wet, A. 761.
  Weue, pass, A. 318.
  Weued, cut off (?), B. 222.
  Wex (_pret._ of _wax_), became, A. 538; B. 204.
  We[gh]e, weigh (anchor), C. 103; carry round, B. 1420, 1508. A.S.
    _wegan_, to weigh, carry.
  We[gh]te, weight, B. 1734.
  Wham, whom, A. 131.
  Whate[gh] = wat[gh], was, A. 1041.
  What-kyn, what kind of, B. 100.
  Whichche = hutch, ark, B. 362. "_Hutche_ or _whyche_, cista, archa."
    (Prompt. Parv.) A.S. _hwęcca_.
  Whyle, moment, B. 1620.
  Wite, blame. See _Wyte_.
  With-dro[gh], withdrew, A. 658.
  With-nay, refuse, deny, A. 916.
  Wi[gh]t = wight, quickly, C. 103. See _Wy[gh]t_.
  Wlate, to abhor, hate, detest, B. 305; to be disgusted at, B. 1501.
    A.S. _wlęttian_.
  Wlatsum, hateful, abominable, B. 541.
  {Wlonc, Wlonk,} beautiful, A. 122, 1171; B. 606, 793, 933; C. 486;
    good, A. 903. A.S. _wlanc_.
  {Wod, Wode,} mad, enraged, B. 204, 1558; foolish, B. 828; fierce,
    strong, B. 364; C. 142. A.S. _wód_.
  Wodbynde, woodbine, C. 446.
  Wodder (_comp._ of _wode_), fiercer, rougher, C. 162.
  Woghe, wrong, sin, A. 622. A.S. _woh_.
  Wolde = walde, perform, do, A. 812. See _Welde_.
  Wolde, would, A. 772.
  Wolen, woollen, A. 731.
  Wolle, wool, A. 844.
  Wombe, belly, B. 462, 1250.
  {Won, Wone,} _sb._ dwelling, abode, A. 32, 1049; B. 140, 928;
    wone[gh], A. 917, 924; _vb._ to dwell, A. 404, 298; B. 875. A.S.
    _wunian_. O.Fris. _wona_.
  Won = wone, custom, usage, B. 720. A.S. _wune_.
  Wonde, fear, hesitate, B. 855. A.S. _wandian_.
  Wonde = wande, delay, cease, A. 153.
      "[I wole] for no dethe _wonde_." --(T. B. 591.)
      "I wille noghte _wonde_ for no werre,
      To wende whare me likes." --(Morte Arthure, p. 292.)
      "Sua did žis wiif I yow of redd,
      Sco folud Joseph ai žar he fledd,
      And for sco foluand fand a spurn,
      Sco waited him wit a werr turn,
      Hirself in godds gram and gilt,
      And almast did him to be spilt;
      How sco broght him to the fand (trial),
      Fforth to telle wil I noght _waand_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 25a.)
  Wonder, _adj._ wonderful, A. 1095; B. 153.
  Wonderly, wonderfully, B. 570; C. 384.
  Woned = waned, decreased, B. 496. A.S. _wanian_, to decrease.
  Wonen (_pret. pl._) got, B. 1777.
  Wonne, pale, wan, C. 141. A.S. _wonn_, wan.
  Wonne, got, A. 32.
  Wonnen, begotten, B. 112.
  Wonnyng, dwelling, B. 921. See _Won_.
  Wont, be wanting, B. 739.
  Wony, dwell, abide, live, A. 284; B. 431; C. 462. See _Won_.
  Wonyande, dwelling, living, B. 293.
  Wonys, dwells, A. 47.
  Worche, _vb._ work, labour, A. 511.
  Worcher = worker, maker, B. 1501.
  Worchyp, honour, B. 1802.
  Worded, spoken, uttered, C. 421.
  Wore, were, A. 142, 232; B. 928.
  Worme, reptile, B. 533.
  Worre, weaker, literally, worse, B. 719. O.N. _verr_. Sw. _värre_.
    O.Sc. _war_. O.E. _werr_, worse.
  Worschyp, honour, A. 394.
  Worte[gh], herbs, A. 42. See _Werte_.
  Worže, to be, C. 22.
  {Woržely, Worželych, Woržly, Woržlych, Woržyly,} worthy, A. 47, 846,
    1073; B. 471, 651, 1298, 1351; beautiful, C. 475.
  Woržloker, more worthy (_comp._ of _worželych_), C. 464.
  {Wost, Woste,} knowest, A. 293, 411; B. 875. See _Wot_.
  Wot, know, A. 47, 1107; C. 129.
  Wote, knows, C. 397.
  Wože, hurt, harm, B. 855. This word occurs under the forms _quathe_,
    _wathe_, and seems to be related to O.E. _qued_. Low Ger. _quat_,
    bad. O.E. _wathe_, bad; _wathely_, badly.
      "Ffor _wože_ of že worse." --(T. B. 1223.)
  Wože, path, A. 151, 375. A.S. _wįth_, _wįthu_. O.E. _wathe_, a way,
    path. See extract under the word _Wasturne_.
  {Wowe, Wo[gh]e,} wall, A. 1049; B. 832, 839, 1403, 1531. A.S. _wįh_.
    "_Wowe_ or wal, murus." (Prompt. Parv.)
  Wrache, vengeance, B. 204, 229; C. 185. A.S. _wrec_, _wracu_.
  Wrak (_pret._ of _wreke_), avenged, B. 570.
  Wrake, vengeance, B. 213, 235, 718, 970, 1225.
  Wrakful, angry, bitter, B. 302, 541.
  Wrang, wrong, A. 15; B. 76; wrongly, A. 488, 631; bad, C. 384.
  Wraste (_pret._ of _wreste_), raised, uplifted, B. 1166, 1403; thrust,
    1802; C. 80.
  {Wrastel, Wrastle,} wrestle, B. 949; C. 141.
  Wraže, become angry, B. 230; C. 74; make angry, B. 719.
  Wra[gh]te, wrought, A. 56.
  Wrech = wrache, vengeance, B. 230.
  {Wrech, Wreche, Wrechche,} wretch, B. 84, 828; C. 113.
  Wrech, wretched, C. 258. A.S. _wrec_, wretched. With _wrech_ and
    _wretched_, cf. _wik_ and _wikked_.
  {Wrek, Wreke,} avenged, B. 198.
  Wrenche, device, B. 292. A.S. _wrence_.
  Wro, passage; literally, corner, A. 866. O.Sw. _wraa_. Dan. _vraa_.
  Wroken, (_pret._ of _wreke_), banished, exiled, A. 375. A.S. _wrecan_,
    to exile, banish.
  Wrot (_pret._ of _wrote_), grubbed up, C. 467. A.S. _wrótan_, to turn
    up with the snout; _wrót_, a snout.
      "With wrathe he begynnus to _wrote_,
      He ruskes vppe mony a rote
      With tusshes of iij. fote." --(Avowynge of Arthur, xii. 13.)
  Wrože, fierce, B. 1676. A.S. _wrįth_, wroth, enraged.
  Wroželoker (_comp._ of _wrožely_), more fiercely, angrily, C. 132.
  {Wrožely, Wrožly,} angrily, fiercely, B. 280, 949; C. 132.
  Wrožer (_comp._ of _wrože_), fiercer, C. 162.
  {Wro[gh]t, Wro[gh]te,} wrought, worked, A. 525, 748.
  Wruxeled, raised, B. 1381. _Wrixle_ = change, turn, occurs in T. B.
    445.
    "Žis unwarnes of wit _wrixlis_ hys mynd."
  Wryst, B. 1535.
  Wryt, B. 1552.
  Wryže, turn, A. 350, 488; wriggle, B. 533; toil, A. 511; bind, thrust,
    C. 80. A.S. _writhan_, to writhe, bind, twist. "_Writhen_ like a
    wilde eddur." T. B. 4432.
  Wunder, B. 1390.
  Wunnen, won, B. 1305.
  Wyche, B. 1577.
  Wyche-crafte, B. 1560.
  Wyddere, wither, C. 468.
  Wydowande (_wyndowande_), withering, dry, B. 1048; _wyndowand_ = burnt
    up. N.Prov.E. _winny_, to dry, burn up.
  Wyke, member, part, B. 1690. O.N. _vik_.
  {Wykke, Wyk,} wicked, B. 908, 1063. A.S. _wķcan_, to become weak, to
    yield. O.N. _vķkia_.
  {Wykket, Wyket,} wicket, gate, door, B. 501, 857.
  {Wyl, Wylle,} wandering, C. 473; forlorn, B. 76. O.N. _villa_, error;
    _villa_, to lead astray, beguile. Phrase, _wille o wan_, astray from
    abode, uncertain where to go; _wil-sum_, _wil-ful_, lonely,
    solitary, desert.
      "So I _wilt_ in the wod." --(T. B. 2359.)
      "Adam went out ful _wille_ o wan."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 7a.)
      "All wery I wex and _wyle_ of my _gate_." --(T. B. 2369.)
      "Sone ware thay _willid_ fra the way the wod was so thick."
        --(K. Alex. p. 102.)
      "Sorful bicom žat fals file (the devil)
      And thoght how he moght man _bi-wille_;
      Agains God wex he sa gril,
      Žat alle his werk he wend to spil."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 5b.)
      "His suns žat (we) of forwit melt,
      Al že werld bituix žam delt;
      Asie to Sem, to Cham Affrik,
      To Japhet Europ žat _wilful_ wike:
      Al žer žre žai war ful rike." --(_Ibid._ fol. 13a.)
  Wyldren = wyldern (?), waste, wilderness, C. 297. A.S. _wild_, wild,
    and _ęrn_, a place (?). See _Wasturne_.
      "In _wildrin_ land and in wastin,
      I wil tham (the Israelites) bring of žair nocin;
      Bot wel I wat he (Pharaoh) is ful thra,
      Lath sal him think to let žam ga."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 33a.)
  Wylsfully, wilfully, B. 268.
  Wylger, wild, fierce, B. 375. See extract under the word _Note_.
  Wylle, forlorn, B. 76. See _Wyl_.
  Wylnes, apostacy, B. 231.
  Wylne[gh], desirest (_2d pers. sing_ of _wylne_), A. 318. A.S.
    _wilnian_.
  Wyly, curiously, craftily, B. 1452. A.S. _wile_, a device.
  Wyndas, windlass, C. 103.
  Wyndowe, B. 453.
  Wynne, joyful, A. 154. A.S. _wyn_, pleasure, delight.
  Wynne, obtain, get, A. 579; B. 617. A.S. _winnan_. See T. B. 1165.
  Wynnelych, gracious, B. 1807, Cp. _wynly_ = dexterously, 1165.
  Wyrde, fate, destiny, A. 249, 273; B. 1224. Sc. _wird_. A.S. _wyrd_.
  Wyrle, flew, B. 475.
  Wyschande, hoping for, wishing, A. 14.
  Wyse, manner, A. 1095; _wyses_, B. 1805.
  {Wyse, Wysse,} show, appear, A. 1135, B. 1564; direct, send out,
    B. 453; instruct, C. 60. A.S. _wissian_.
  {Wyst, Wyste,} knew, A. 376; B. 152.
  Wyt, wisdom, B. 348; C. 129.
  Wyt, know, learn, B. 1319, 1360. A.S. _witan_.
  Wyte, blame, B. 76; C. 501. A.S. _wķtian_.
  Wyte, pass away (?), C. 397. A.S. _wķtan_.
  Wyter, true, truly, B. 1552. O.N. _vitr_, wise, prudent.
      "& her ice wile shęwenn [gh]aw
      Summ žing to _witter_ tįkenn." --(Ormulum, vol. i. p. 115.)
      "Ne že nedder was noght bitter
      Žan, žowf he was ever _witter_;
      Ffor of alle, als sheus že boke,
      Mast he cuth o crafte and crok."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 5b.)
  Wytered, informed, B. 1587.
  Wyterly, truly, B. 171, 1567. Dan. _vitterlig_, known, manifest.
  Wyže, gentle, soft, C. 454. A.S. _wéthe_, soft, pleasant.
  Wyžer, contrary, opposite, A. 230; adverse, hostile, C. 48. S.Sax.
    _witherr_, adverse, evil. A.S. _witherian_, to oppose, resist.
    Cf. _wetheruns_ = _wetherings_, enemies, T. B. 5048.
      "Ga, _witherr_ gast, o bacch fra me." --(Ormulum, vol. ii. p. 41.)
  Wyžerly, fiercely, angrily, B. 198; C. 74.
  Wyth-halde, withhold, B. 740.
  Wythouten, without, A. 390.
  Wytles, foolish, B. 1585; C. 113.
  Wytte, meaning, B. 1630; wit, A. 294; _wytte[gh]_, devices, B. 515.
  {Wy[gh], Wy[gh]e,} person, being, A. 131, 579; B. 545. A.S. _wiga_,
    a warrior, soldier; _wig_, war.
  Wy[gh]t, quick, quickly, B. 617; C. 103. O.E. _wight_. Sw. _vig_,
    active.
  Wy[gh]tly, quickly, B. 908.
      "He waites vmbe hym _wightly_." --(T. B. 876.)

  Ydropike, dropsical, B. 1096.
  Yle, isle, A. 693.
  Ylle, bad, evil, C. 8.
  Ynde, blue, A. 1016; B. 1411.
      "Že toižer heu neist (to grennes) for to find,
      Es al o _bleu_, men cals it _ynd_."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 53a.)
  Yow, you, A. 287.
  Yor, your, A. 761.
  Yre, anger, B. 775, 1240.
  Yže, wave, B. 430; C. 147. A.S. _ythu_, a wave, flood. S.Sax. _uthe_.
    "Že roghe _yžes_." --T. B. 1045.
  Y[gh]e, eye (_pl._ _y[gh]en_), A. 254, 302.

  [Gh]are = yare, plainly, accurately, A. 834. A.S. _gearo_, ready,
    prepared, accurate.
  [Gh]ark, _adj._ select, B. 652; prepare, B. 1708; _vb._ to grant,
    B. 758. A.S. _gearcian_, to prepare, make ready. See T. B. 414.
  [Gh]arm, cry, B. 971. As the character [gh] in these poems always
    represents _g_ or _gh_, _[gh]arm_ is evidently not derived from the
    A.S. _cyrm_, noise, retained in O.E. _charm_, a humming noise, the
    cry of birds, etc., but is from the Welsh _garm_, shout, outcry;
    _garmio_, to set up a cry, from which the A.S. _cyrm_, is itself
    derived.
  [Gh]ate, gate, A. 1034.
  [Gh]e, ye, A. 381.
  [Gh]ede (_pret._ of _go_), went, A. 526, 1049; B. 432.
  [Gh]ederly, quickly, soon, B. 463. O.N. _gedugr_, exceedingly. The
    adjective _[gh]eder_ does not occur in the poems, but was not
    unknown to O.E. literature. It occurs in the glossary to the
    Romance of King Alexander, ed. Stevenson, but is left unexplained
    by the editor.
      "Then bownes agayn the bald kyng, baldly he wepis,
      That he so skitly suld skifte and fo his skars terme;
      So did his princes, sais the profe, for pete of himselfe,
      With _[gh]edire_ [gh]oskinges and [gh]erre [gh]ette out to grete."
      (p. 172.)
      "_[Gh]edire [gh]oskinges_ = great (frequent) sobbings."
  [Gh]elde, yield, perform, B. 665.
  [Gh]ellyng = yelling, outcry, B. 971. A.S. _geallian_, to yell.
    "_[Gh]ellyn'_ or hydowsly cryin', Vociferor." (Prompt. Parv.)
  [Gh]eme, protect, guard, B. 1242, 1493. A.S. _géman_, to care for,
    take care of.
  [Gh]emen, yeomen, A. 535.
  [Gh]ender, yonder, B. 1617.
  {[Gh]ep, [Gh]epe,} quick, active, bold, B. 796, 881. A.S. _gęp_.
    "So yonge & so _[gh]epe_." T. B. 357.
  [Gh]eply, quickly, B. 665, 1708. See T. B. 414.
  {[Gh]er, [Gh]ere,} year, A. 483, 588.
  [Gh]erne = yearn, desire, A. 1190; B. 66, 758.
  [Gh]estande, B. 846. If from the A.S. _gęston_, "afflicted," we may
    render this term "afflicting," but if, as is more probable, it is
    from the A.S. _gist_, froth, yeast, we may explain it as "frothing,"
    "overflowing." Cf. the phrase, "the _yesty_ waves."
  [Gh]ete, offer, give, A. 558. O.E. _yate_ (_pret._ _yatte_). O.N.
    _géta_.
      "He _yatte_ hir freli al hir bone (prayer)."
        --(Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 47a.)
    _Gate_, in T. B. 979, seems to mean a request.
      "And he hir graunted žat _gate_ with a good wille."
  [Gh]ete, yet, A. 1061.
  [Gh]e[gh]ed, spoke, B. 846. Prov. Ger. _gaggen_, to stutter, gabble.
  [Gh]if, if, B. 758.
  [Gh]ise, truly, yes, C. 117.
  [Gh]isterday, yesterday, B. 463.
  [Gh]okke, yoke, B. 66.
  [Gh]olden, restored, B. 1708.
  [Gh]olpe, _vb._ boast, B. 846. A.S. _gilpan_.
  [Gh]omerly, sorrowful, lamentable, B. 971. A.S. _geomor_, sad;
    _geomorlķc_, doleful. Cf. _[gh]omeryng_, T. B. 1722.
  [Gh]on, yon, A. 693; B. 772.
  [Gh]onde, yonder, B. 721.
  {[Gh]ong, [Gh]onge,} young, A. 412, 474; B. 783.
  [Gh]ore, before, A. 586. A.S. _geara_.
  [Gh]ore-fader, forefather, A. 322.
  [Gh]ore-whyle, ere-while, B. 842.
  [Gh]ornen (_3rd pers. pl. pret._), ran, B. 881. A.S. _ge-yrnan_, to
    run.
  [Gh]yrd, go, hasten, A. 635. The original meaning of _[gh]yrd_ is
    perhaps a sudden sting, blow, hence to strike, then to start
    forward. Goth. _gazd_, a sting, goad. Lat. _hasta_. O.E. _gird_,
    to strike.
      "_Gird_ out the grete teth of the grym best." --(T. B. 177.)




Errata (noted by transcriber)

Typographical Errors

  "Bacus he was brayne-wode for _bebbing_ of wynes."  [ofwynes]
  Comyne, B.    . See T. B. 12863.
    [_printed as shown: the word "comynes" appears at B. 1747_]
    [_The only number that fits the space is 111. This entry is not in
    the 1864 edition; the editor may have left a space, intending to
    come back and fill in the correct line number._]
  {Endure, Endeure,} A. 476, 1082.
    [_"Eudeure" but body text and 1864 edition both have "Endeure"_]
  Harlot, underling ... To "do _harlottry_, scurrari."
    [_open quote conjectural: also missing in 1864 edition_]
  Soerly, an error for _Soberly_, B. 117.
    [_"on error" but 1864 edition has "an error"_]
  {Sulp, Sulpe,} ... M.H.D. _be-sulwen_.
    [_printed as shown: error for "M.H.G."?_]
  Sty[gh]tle ... _stightill_ the Realme."
    [_"the / the" at line break_]


Punctuation and Mechanics

  Abate, lessen, put an end to, A. 123; B. 1356.  [end to.]
  Atlyng ... (T. B. 855.)  [(T. B., 855).]
  Attled ... (T. B. 394.)  [T. B.,]
  Aunter, adventure, marvel, B. 1600. See T. B. 1899.  [T. B.,]
  Bagge, baggage. C. 158.  [C. 158,]
  Babtem, A. 627. See _Baptem_.  [_cross-reference not italicized_]
  Baronage, nobility, B. 1424. See T. B. 211.  [T. B.,]
  {Ben, Bene,} are _3rd. pers. pl._ A. 572.  [A 572.]
  "The kyng was full curteus, _calt_ on a maiden."  [_" missing_]
  Bityde, betide; _pret._ bitydde, C. 61.  [_. missing_]
  Brych ... B. 848. ... Ger. _brechen_  [B. 848, ... Gr.]
  Byde, abide ... B. 449, 622.  [B. 449, 622,]
  Bysyde, beside, B. 673.  [B. 673,]
  {Cheuetayn, Cheuentayn,} ... O.Fr. _chevetaine_.  [_chevetaine_,]
  {Childer, Chylder,} children, A. 718; B. 1300.  [A. 718:]
  Enquylen, obtain, C. 39. See _Aquyle_.  [_Aquyle_..]
  Fest, Feste, feast, A. 283; B. 642, 1758.  [1758..]
  Flyte, to quarrel, strive ... _flitan_.  [_flitan_,]
  Founce ... See _Founs_.  [_cross-reference not italicized_]
  Grymme, horrible ... _grimm_, fury, rage;  [rage,;]
  Haspe, fasten, B. 419 ... Cf. "_haspyng_ in armys"  [_" missing_]
  {Hatel, Hattel,} ... S.Saxon _hatel_, _hetel_  [S.Saxon,]
  Heuen ... Or _heuen_ his harme with foli mare."  [_" missing_]
  Hyre, _sb._ hire, wages, A. 534, 539.  [wages.,]
  Jauele ... --missing (MS. Lansd. 1033, in Hall.)  [_open ( missing_]
  {Kyž, Kyže,} ... (T. B. 103.)  [T. B.,]
  Lefsel ... Sw. _löfsal_  [_ö printed as small e over o_]
  Lote ... See T. B. 1900.  [T. B.,]
  {Ne[gh], Ne[gh]e, Ne[gh]en,} approach, B. 32, 143, 805, 1017, 1754.
    [805 1017, 1754,]
  Pray, _sb._ prey, B. 1297; _vb._ to plunder, B. 1624.  [Pray.]
  Rowtande, rushing, B. 354. "A _routond_ rayn," T. B. 1986.
    [_" missing_]
  Ruchen ... "[The king] Ricchis his reynys."  [_. invisible_]
  Rwe, to pity, C. 176, 502  [C, 176,]
  Ryche, kingdom, A. 601, 722. A.S. _rķce_.  [A, 601,]
  Schauen, shaven, scraped, B. 1134.  [B, 1134.]
  Soberly, quietly ... B. 117, 799, 1497.  [799.]
  Stalle ... "Lia he (Jacob) _stalle_ until his bedd."  [_. invisible_]
  Stour, conflict ... The folk al fled of Israel."  [_. invisible_]
  Strot ... (... Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii.)  [_final . missing_]
  Swap ... "He swynges out with a swerd and _swappis_ him to dethe."
    [_" missing_]
  Tenfully, sorrowfully, bitterly, B. 160.  [B. B.]
  Towche ... A. 898; B. 1437.  [_. missing_]
  Vglokest ... T. B. 877.  [T. B.,]
  Wafte ... same origin with _wafte_.  [_wafte_,]
  Waken ... (T. B. 404.)  [(T. B. 404).]
  {Wale, Walle,} ... T. 386, 4716  [_text unchanged_]
  {Walt, Walte,} ... Prov.E. _walt_, _welt_.  [_walt_.]
  {Wast, Waste,} destroy, B. 326, 431  [326, .431]
  {Woržely ... Woržyly,} ... beautiful, C. 475.  [beautiful;]
  Wyldren ... (Cott. MS. Vesp. A. iii. fol. 33a.)
    [_a in "33a" not italicized_]
  Wy[gh]tly ... (T. B. 876.)  [(T. B. 876).]
  [Gh]ete, offer, give ... O.N. _géta_.  [O.N,]
  [Gh]yrd ... (T. B. 177.)  [(T. B. 177).]


      *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


The Pearl: Sidenotes

I.
Description of a lost pearl (_i.e._ a beloved child).
The father laments the loss of his pearl.
He often visits the spot where his pearl disappeared, and hears a
sweet song.
Where the pearl was buried there he found lovely flowers.
Each blade of grass springs from a dead grain.
In the high season of August the parent visits the grave of his lost
child.
Beautiful flowers covered the grave.
From them came a delicious odour.
The bereaved father wrings his hands for sorrow, falls asleep upon the
flowery plot, and dreams.

II.
In spirit he is carried to an unknown region, where the rocks and cliffs
gleamed gloriously.
The hill sides were decked with crystal cliffs.
The leaves of the trees were like burnished silver.
The gravel consisted of precious pearls.
The father forgets his sorrow.
He sees birds of the most beautiful hues, and hears their sweet melody.
No tongue could describe the beauty of the forest.
All shone like gold.
The dreamer arrives at the bank of a river, which gave forth sweet
sounds.
In it, stones glittered like stars in the welkin on a winter night.

III.
His grief abates, and he follows the course of the stream.
No one could describe his great joy.
He thought that Paradise was on the opposite bank.
The stream was not fordable.
More and more he desires to see what is beyond the brook.
But the way seemed difficult.
The dreamer finds new marvels.
He sees a crystal cliff, at the foot of which, sits a maiden clothed in
glistening white.
He knows that he has seen her before.
He desires to call her but is afraid, at finding her in such a strange
place.

IV.
So he stands still, like a well trained hawk.
He fears lest she should escape before he could speak to her.
His long lost one is dressed in royal array--decked with precious
pearls.
She comes along the stream towards him.
Her kirtle is composed of 'sute,' ornamented with pearls.
She wore a crown of pearls.
Her hair hung down about her.
Her colour was whiter than whalebone.
Her hair shone as gold.
The trimming of her robe consisted of precious pearls.
A wonderful pearl was set in her breast.
No man from here to Greece, was so glad as the father, when he saw his
pearl on the bank of the stream.
The maiden salutes him.

V.
The father enquires of the maiden whether she is his long-lost pearl,
and longs to know who has deprived him of his treasure.
The maiden tells him that his pearl is not really lost.
She is in a garden of delight, where sin and mourning are unknown.
The rose that he had lost is become a pearl of price.
The pearl blames his rash speech.
The father begs the maiden to excuse his speech, for he really thought
his pearl was wholly lost to him.
The maiden tells her father that he has spoken three words without
knowing the meaning of one.
The first word. The second. The third.

VI.
He is little to be praised who loves what he sees.
To love nothing but what one sees is great presumption.
To live in this kingdom (_i.e._ heaven) leave must be asked.
This stream must be passed over by death.
The father asks his pearl whether she is about to doom him to sorrow
again.
If he loses his pearl he does not care what happens to him.
The maiden tells her father to suffer patiently.
Though he may dance as any doe, yet he must abide God's doom.
He must cease to strive.
All lies in God's power to make men joyful or sad.

VII.
The father beseeches the pearl to have pity upon him.
He says that she has been both his bale and bliss.
And when he lost her, he knew not what had become of her.
And now that he sees her in bliss, she takes little heed of his sorrow.
He desires to know what life she leads.
The maiden tells him that he may walk and abide with her, now that he is
humble.
All are meek that dwell in the abode of bliss.
All lead a blissful life.
She reminds her father that she was very young when she died.
Now she is crowned a queen in heaven.

VIII.
The father of the maiden does not fully understand her.
Mary, he says, is the queen of heaven.
No one is able to remove the crown from her.
The maiden addresses the Virgin.
She then explains to her father that each has his place in heaven.
The court of God has a property in its own being.
Each one in it is a king or queen.
The mother of Christ holds the chief place.
We are all members of Christ's body.
Look that each limb be perfect.
The father replies that he cannot understand how his pearl can be a
queen.
He desires to know what greater honour she can have.

IX.
She was only two years old when she died, and could do nothing to
please God.
She might be a countess or some great lady but not a queen.
The maiden informs her father that there is no limit to God's power.
The parable of the labourers in the vineyard.
The lord of the vineyard hires workmen for a penny a day.
At noon the lord hires other men standing idle in the market place.
He commands them to go into his vineyard, and he will give them what is
right.
At an hour before the sun went down the lord sees other men
standing idle.
Tells them to go into the vineyard.

X.
As soon as the sun was gone down the "reeve" was told to pay the
workmen.
To give each a penny.
The first began to complain.
Having borne the heat of the day he thinks that he deserves more.
The lord tells him that he agreed only to give him a penny.
The last shall be first, and the first last.
The maiden applies the parable to herself.
She came to the vine in eventide, and yet received more than others who
had lived longer.
The father says that his daughter's tale is unreasonable.

XI.
In heaven, the maiden says, each man is paid alike.
God is no niggard.
The grace of God is sufficient for all.
Those who live long on the earth often forfeit heaven by sinning.
Innocents are saved by baptism.
Why should not God allow their labour.
Our first father lost heaven by eating an apple.
And all are damned for the sin of Adam.
But there came one who paid the penalty of our sins.
The water that came from the pierced side of Christ was baptism.

XII.
Repentance must be sought by prayer with sorrow and affliction.
The guilty may be saved by contrition.
Two sorts of people are saved, the _righteous_ and the _innocent_.
The words of David.
The innocent is saved by right.
The words of Solomon.
David says no man living is justified.
Pray to be saved by innocence and not by right.
When Jesus was on earth, little children were brought unto him.
The disciples rebuked the parents.
Christ said, "Suffer little children to come unto me," etc.

XIII.
No one can win heaven except he be meek as a child.
The pearl of price is like the kingdom of heaven, pure and clean.
Forsake the mad world and purchase the spotless pearl.
The father of the maiden desires to know who formed her figure and
wrought her garments.
Her beauty, he says, is not natural.
Her colour passes the fleur-de-lis.
The maiden explains to her father that she is a bride of Christ.
She is without spot or blemish.
Her weeds are washed in the blood of Christ.
The father asks the nature of the Lamb that has chosen his daughter, and
why she is selected as a bride.

XIV.
The Lamb has one hundred and forty thousand brides.
St. John saw them on the hill of Sion in a dream, in the new city of
Jerusalem.
Isaiah speaks of Christ or the Lamb.
He says that He was led as a lamb to the slaughter.
In Jerusalem was Christ slain.
With buffets was His face flayed.
He endured all patiently as a lamb.
For us He died in Jerusalem.
The declaration of St. John, "Behold the Lamb of God," etc.
Who can reckon His generation, that died in Jerusalem?
In the New Jerusalem St. John saw the Lamb sitting upon the throne.

XV.
The Lamb is without blemish.
Every spotless soul is a worthy bride for the Lamb.
No strife or envy among the brides.
None can have less bliss than another.
Our death leads us to bliss.
What St. John saw upon the Mount of Sion.
About the Lamb he saw one hundred and forty thousand maidens.
He heard a voice from heaven, like many floods.
He heard the maiden sing a new song.
So did the four beasts and the elders "so sad of cheer."
This assembly was like the Lamb, spotless and pure.
The father replies to the maiden.
He says he is but dust and ashes.
He wishes to ask one question, whether the brides have their abode in
castle-walls or in manor.

XVI.
Jerusalem, he says, in Judea.
But the dwelling of the brides should be perfect.
For such "a comely pack" a great castle would be required.
The city in Judęa, answers the maiden, is where Christ suffered, and is
the Old Jerusalem.
The New Jerusalem is where the Lamb has assembled his brides.
Jerusalem means the city of God.
In the Old city our peace was made at one.
In the New city is eternal peace.

XVII.
The father prays his daughter to bring him to the blissful bower.
His daughter tells him that he shall see the outside, but not a foot may
he put in the city.

XVIII.
The maiden then tells her father to go along the bank till he comes to
a hill.
He reaches the hill, and beholds the heavenly city.
As St. John saw it, so he beheld it.
The city was of burnished gold.
Pitched upon gems, the foundation composed of twelve stones.
The names of the precious stones.
i. Jasper. ii. Sapphire. iii. Chalcedony. iv. Emerald.
v. Sardonyx. vi. Ruby. vii. Chrysolite. viii. Beryl.
ix. Topaz. x. Chrysoprasus. xi. Jacinth. xii. Amethyst.
The city was square.
The wall was of jasper.
Twelve thousand furlongs in length and breadth.

XIX.
Each "pane" had three gates.
Each gate adorned with a pearl.
Such light gleamed in all the streets, that there was no need of the sun
or moon.
God was the light of those in the city.
The high throne might be seen, upon which the "high God" sat.
A river ran out of the throne; it flowed through each street.
No church was seen.
God was the church; Christ the sacrifice.
The gates were ever open.
There is no night in the city.
The planets, and the sun itself, are dim compared to the divine light.
Trees there renew their fruit every month.
The beholder of this fair city stood still as a "dased quail."

XX.
As the moon began to rise he was aware of a procession of virgins
crowned with pearls, in white robes, with a pearl in their breast.
As they went along they shone as glass.
The Lamb went before them.
There was no pressing.
The "alder men" fell groveling at the feet of the Lamb.
All sang in praise of the Lamb.
The Lamb wore white weeds.
A wide wound was seen near his breast.
Joy was in his looks.
The father perceives his little queen.

XIX.
Great delight takes possession of his mind.
He attempts to cross the stream.
It was not pleasing to the Lord.
The dreamer awakes, and is in great sorrow.
He addresses his pearl; laments his rash curiosity.
Men desire more than they have any right to expect.
The good Christian knows how to make peace with God.
God give us grace to be his servants!

       *       *       *       *
   *       *       *       *       *

Cleanness: Sidenotes

I.
Cleanness discloses fair forms.
God is angry with the unclean worshipper, and with false priests.
The pure worshipper receives great reward.
The impure will bring upon them the anger of God, Who is pure and holy.
It would be a marvel if God did not hate evil.
Christ showed us that himself.
St. Matthew records the discourse.
The clean of heart shall look on our Lord.
What earthly noble, when seated at table above dukes, would like to see
a lad badly attired approach the table with "rent cockers," his coat
torn and his toes out?
For any one of these he would be turned out with a "big buffet," and be
forbidden to re-enter, and thus be ruined through his vile clothes.
The parable of the "Marriage of the King's Son."
The king's invitation.
Those invited begin to make excuses.
One had bought an estate and must go to see it.
Another had purchased some oxen and wished to see them "pull in the
plough."
A third had married a wife and could not come.
The Lord was greatly displeased, and commanded his servants to invite
the wayfaring, both men and women, the better and the worse, that his
palace might be full.
The servants brought in bachelors and squires.
When they came to the court they were well entertained.
The servants tell their lord that they have done his behest, and there
is still room for more guests.
The Lord commands them to go out into the fields, and bring in the halt,
blind, and "one-eyed."
For those who denied shall not taste "one sup" to save them from death.
The palace soon became full of "people of all plights."
They were not all one wife's sons, nor had they all one father.
The "brightest attired" had the best place.
Below sat those with "poor weeds."
All are well entertained "with meat and minstrelsy."
Each with his "mate" made him at ease.

II.
The lord of the feast goes among his guests.
Bids them be merry.
On the floor he finds one not arrayed for a holyday.
Asks him how he obtained entrance, and how he was so bold as to appear
in such rags.
Does he take him to be a harlot?
The man becomes discomfited.
He is unable to reply.
The lord commands him to be bound, and cast into a deep dungeon.
This feast is likened to the kingdom of heaven, to which all are
invited.
See that thy weeds are clean.
Thy weeds are thy works that thou hast wrought.
For many faults may a man forfeit bliss.
For sloth and pride he is thrust into the devil's throat.
He is ruined by covetousness, perjury, murder, theft, and strife.
For robbery and ribaldry, for preventing marriages, and supporting the
wicked, for treason, treachery, and tyranny, man may lose eternal bliss.

III.
The high Prince of all is displeased with those who work wickedly.
For the first fault the devil committed, he felt God's vengeance.
He, the fairest of all angels, forsook his sovereign, and boasted that
his throne should be as high as God's.
For these words he was cast down to hell.
The fiends fell from heaven, like the thick snow, for forty days.
From heaven to hell the shower lasted.
The devil would not make peace with God.
Affliction makes him none the better.
For the fault of one, vengeance alighted upon all men.
Adam was ordained to live in bliss.
Through Eve he ate an apple.
Thus all his descendants became poisoned.
A maiden brought a remedy for mankind.

IV.
Malice was merciless.
A race of men came into the world, the fairest, the merriest, and the
strongest that ever were created.
They were sons of Adam.
No law was laid upon them.
Nevertheless they acted unnaturally.
The "_fiends_" beheld how fair were the daughters of these mighty men,
and made fellowship with them and begat a race of giants.
The greatest fighter was reckoned the most famous.
The Creater of all becomes exceedingly wroth.
Fell anger touches His heart.
It repents Him that He has made man.
He declares that all flesh shall be destroyed, both man and beast.
There was at this time living on the earth a very righteous man: Noah
was his name.
Three bold sons he had.
God in great anger speaks to Noah.
Declares that He will destroy all "that life has."
Commands him to make "a mansion" with dwellings for wild and tame.
To let the ark be three hundred cubits in length, and fifty in breadth,
and thirty in height, and a window in it a cubit square.
Also a good shutting door in the side, together with halls, recesses,
bushes, and bowers, and well-formed pens.
For all flesh shall be destroyed, except Noah and his family.
Noah is told to take into the ark seven pairs of every clean beast, and
one of unclean kind, and to furnish the ark with proper food.
Noah fills the ark.

V.
God asks Noah whether all is ready.
Noah replies that all is fully prepared.
He is commanded to enter the ark, for God tells him that he will send a
rain to destroy all flesh.
Noah stows all safely in the ark.
Seven days are passed.
The deep begins to swell, banks are broken down, and the clouds burst.
It rains for forty days, and the flood rises, and flows over the woods
and fields.
All must drown.
The water enters the houses.
Each woman with her bairns flees to the hills.
The rain never ceases.
The valleys are filled.
People flock to the mountains.
Some swim for their lives.
Others roar for fear.
Animals of all kinds run to the hills.
All pray for mercy.
God's mercy is passed from them.
Each sees that he must sink.
Friends take leave of one another.
Forty days have gone by, and all are destroyed.
All rot in the mud, except Noah and his family, who are safe in the ark.
The ark is lifted as high as the clouds, and is driven about, without
mast, bowline, cables, anchors, or sail to guide its course.
At the mercy of the winds.
Oft it rolled around and reared on end.
The age of the patriarch Noah.
Duration of the flood.
The completeness of the destruction.
God remembers those in the ark.
He causes a wind to blow, and closes the lakes and wells, and the
great deep.
The ark settles on Mount Ararat.
Noah beholds the bare earth.
He opens his window and sends out the raven to seek dry land.
The raven "croaks for comfort" on finding carrion.
He fills his belly with the foul flesh.
The lord of the ark curses the raven, and sends out the dove.
The bird wanders about the whole day.
Finding no rest, she returns about eventide to Noah.
Noah again sends out the dove.

VI.
The dove returns with an olive branch in her beak.
This was a token of peace and reconciliation.
Joy reigns in the ark.
The people therein laugh and look thereout.
God permits Noah and his sons to leave the ark.
Noah offers sacrifice to God.
It is pleasing to Him that "all speeds or spoils."
God declares that He will never destroy the world for the sin of man.
That summer and winter shall never cease.
Nor night nor day, nor the new years.
God blesses every beast.
Each fowl takes its flight.
Each fish goes to the flood.
Each beast makes for the plain.
Wild worms wriggle to their abodes in the earth.
The fox goes to the woods.
Harts to the heath, and hares to the gorse.
Lions and leopards go to the lakes.
Eagles and hawks to the high rocks.
The four 'frekes' take the empire.
Behold what woe God brought on mankind for their hateful deeds!
Beware of the filth of the flesh.
"One speck of a spot" will ruin us in the sight of God.
The beryl is clean and sound,--it has no seam.

VII.
When God repented that he had made man, he destroyed all flesh.
But afterwards He was sorry, and made a covenant with mankind that He
would not again destroy all the living.
For the filth of the flesh God destroyed a rich city.
God hates the wicked as "hell that stinks."
Especially harlotry and blasphemy.
Nothing is hidden from God.
God is the ground of all deeds.
He honours the man that is honest and whole.
But for deeds of shame He destroys the mighty ones.

VIII.
Abraham is sitting before his house-door under a green oak.
He sees three men coming along, and goes toward them.
He entreats them to rest awhile, that he may wash their feet, and bring
them a morsel of bread.
Abraham commands Sarah to make some cakes quickly, and tells his servant
to seethe a tender kid.
Abraham appears bare-headed before his guests.
He casts a clean cloth on the green, and sets before them cakes, butter,
milk, and pottage.
God praises his friend's feast, and after the meat is removed, He tells
Abraham that Sarah shall bear him a son.
Sarah, who is behind the door, laughs in unbelief.
God tells Abraham that Sarah laughs at His words.
Sarah denies that she laughed.
Abraham's guests set out towards Sodom, two miles from Mamre.
The patriarch accompanies them.
God determines to reveal to Abraham his secret purposes.

IX.
He informs him of the destruction about to fall upon the cities of
the plain, for their great wickedness, in abusing the gifts bestowed
upon them.
The ordinance of marriage had been made for them, but they foully set it
at nought.
The flame of love.
Therefore shall they be destroyed as an example to all men for ever.
Abraham is full of fear, and asks God whether the "sinful and the
sinless" are to suffer together.
Whether he will spare the cities provided fifty righteous are found
in them?
For the sake of fifty the cities shall be spared.
The patriarch beseeches God to spare the city for the sake of forty-five
righteous.
For the lack of five the cities shall not be destroyed.
For forty the cities shall be spared.
Abraham entreats God's forbearance for his speech.
Thirty righteous, found in the cities, shall save them from destruction.
For the sake of twenty guiltless ones God will release the rest.
Or if ten only should be found pure.
The patriarch intercedes for Lot.
Beseeches Him to "temper His ire," and then departs weeping for sorrow.

X.
God's messengers go to Sodom.
Lot is sitting alone at the "door of his lodge."
Staring into the street he sees two men.
Beardless chins they had, and hair like raw silk.
Beautifully white were their weeds.
Lot runs to meet them.
Invites them to remain awhile in his house, and in the morning they may
take their way.
Lot invites them so long that at last they comply.
The wife and daughters of Lot welcome their visitors.
Lot admonishes his men to prepare the meat, and to serve no salt
with it.
Lot's wife disregards the injunction.
The guests are well entertained.
But before they go to rest the city is up in arms.
With "keen clubs" the folk clatter on the walls, and demand that Lot
should deliver up his guests.
The wind yet stinks with their filthy speech.
Lot is in great trouble.
He leaves his guests and addresses the Sodomites.
He offers to give up to them his two daughters.
The rebels raise a great noise, and ask who made him a justice to judge
their deeds, who was but a boy when he came to Sodom.
The young men bring Lot within doors, and smite those outside with
blindness.
In vain they try to find the door of Lot's house.

XI.
Early in the morning the angels command Lot to depart from Sodom, with
his wife and two daughters, and to look straight before him, for Sodom
and Gomorrah shall be destroyed.
Lot asks what is best to be done, that he may escape.
He is told to choose himself a dwelling which shall be saved from
destruction.
He chooses Zoar.
The angels command Lot to depart quickly.
He wakes his wife and daughters.
All four are hastened on by the angels, who "preach to them the peril"
of delay.
Before daylight Lot comes to a hill.
God aloft raises a storm.
A rain falls thick of fire and sulphur.
Upon the four cities it comes, and frightens all folks therein.
The great bars of the abyss do burst.
Cliffs cleave asunder.
The cities sink to hell.
Such a cry arises that the clouds clatter again.
Lot and his companions are frightened, but continue to follow
their face.
Lot's wife looks behind her, and is turned to a stiff stone "as salt as
any sea."
Her companions do not miss her till they reach Zoar.
By this time all were drowned.
The people of Zoar, for dread, rush into the sea and are destroyed.
Only Zoar with three therein (Lot and his daughters) are saved.
Lot's wife is an image of salt for two faults:
1. She served salt before the Lord at supper.
2. She looked behind her.
Abraham is up full early on the morn.
He looks towards Sodom, now only a pit filled with pitch, from which
rise smoke, ashes and cinders, as from a furnace.
A sea now occupies the place of the four cities.
It is a stinking pool, and is called the Dead Sea.
Nothing may live in it.
Lead floats on its surface.
A feather sinks to the bottom of it.
Lands, watered by this sea, never bear grass or weed.
A man cannot be drowned in it.
The clay clinging to it is corrosive, as alum, alkaran, sulphur, etc.,
which fret the flesh and fester the bones.
On the shores of this lake grow trees bearing fair fruits, which, when
broken or bitten, taste like ashes.
All these are tokens of wickedness and vengeance.
God loves the pure in heart.
Strive to be clean.
Jean de Meun tells how a lady is to be loved.
By doing what pleases her best.
Love thy Lord!
Conform to Christ, who is polished as a pearl.
By how comely a contrivance did he enter the womb of the virgin!
In what purity did he part from her!
No abode was better than his.
The sorrow of childbirth was turned to joy.
Angels solaced the virgin with organs and pipes.
The child Christ was so clean that ox and ass worshipped him.
He hated wickedness, and would never touch ought that was vile.
Yet there came to him lazars and lepers, lame and blind.
Dry and dropsical folk.
He healed all with kind speech.
His handling was so good, that he needed no knife to cut or carve with.
The bread he broke more perfectly than could all the tools of Toulouse.
How can we approach his court except we be clean?
God is merciful.
Through penance we may shine as a pearl.
Why is the pearl so prized?
She becomes none the worse for wear.
If she should become dim, wash her in wine.
She then becomes clearer than before.
So may the sinner polish him by penance.
Beware of returning to sin.
For then God is more displeased than ever.
The reconciled soul God holds as His own.
Ill deeds rob Him of it.
God forbids us to defile any vessels used in His service.
In Belshazzar's time, the defiling of God's vessels brought wrath upon
the king.

XII.
Daniel in his prophecies tells of the destruction of the Jews.
For their unfaithfulness in following other gods, God allowed the
heathen to destroy them, in the reign of Zedekiah, who practised
idolatry.
Nebuchadnezzar becomes his foe.
He besieges Jerusalem, and surrounds the walls.
The city is stuffed full of men.
Brisk is the skirmish.
Seven times a day are the gates assailed.
For two years the fight goes on, yet the city is not taken.
The folk within are in want of food.
Meager they become.
For so shut up are they that escape seems impossible.
But on a quiet night they steal out, and rush through the host.
They are discovered by the enemy.
A loud alarm is given.
They are pursued and overtaken.
Their king is made prisoner.
His chief men are presented as prisoners to Nebuchadnezzar.
His sons are slain.
His own eyes are put out.
He is placed in a dungeon in Babylon.
All for his "bad bearing" against the Lord, who might otherwise have
been his friend.
Nebuchadnezzar ceased not until he had destroyed Jerusalem.
Nebuzaradan was "chief of the chivalry."
The best men were taken out of the city.
Nevertheless Nebuzaradan spared not those left.
Brains of bairns were spilt.
Priests pressed to death.
Wives and wenches foully killed.
All that escaped the sword were taken to Babylon, and were made to drag
the cart or milk the kine.
Nebuzaradan burst open the temple, and slew those therein.
Priests, pulled by the poll, were slain along with deacons, clerks, and
maidens.
The enemy pillages the temple of its pillars of brass, and the golden
candlestick from off the altar.
Goblets, basins, golden dishes, all are taken by Nebuzaradan, and
hampered together.
Solomon had made them with much labour.
The temple he beats down, and returns to Babylon.
Presents the prisoners to the king, among whom were Daniel and his three
companions.
Nebuchadnezzar has great joy, because his enemies are slain.
Great was his wonder when he saw the sacred jewelry.
He praises the God of Israel.
Such vessels never before came to Chaldea.
They are thrust into the treasury.
Nebuchadnezzar reigns as emperor of all the earth, through the "doom of
Daniel," who gave him good counsel.
Nebuchadnezzar dies and is buried.
Belshazzar succeeds him.
He holds himself the biggest in heaven or on earth.
He honours not God, but worships false phantoms.
He promises them rewards if good fortune befal.
If they vex him he knocks them in pieces.
He has a wife, and many concubines.
The mind of the king was fixed upon new meats and other vain things.

XIII.
Belshazzar, to exhibit his vainglory, proclaims throughout Babylon, that
all the great ones should assemble on a set day, at the Sultan's feast.
Kings, dukes, and lords were commanded to attend the court.
To do the king honour many nobles came to Babylon.
It would take too long to name the number.
The city of Babylon is broad and big.
It is situated on a plain, surrounded by seven streams, a high wall, and
towers.
The palace was long and large, each side being seven miles in length.
High houses were within the walls.
The time of the feast has come.
Belshazzar sits upon his throne: the hall floor is covered with knights.
When all are seated, service begins.
Trumpets sound everywhere.
Bread is served upon silver dishes.
All sorts of musical instruments are heard in the hall.
The king, surrounded by his loves, drinks copiously of wine.
It gets into his head and stupifies him.
A cursed thought takes possession of him.
He commands his marshal to bring him the vessels taken from the temple
by Nebuchadnezzar, and to fill them with wine.
The marshal opens the chests.
Covers the cupboard with vessels.
The Jewels of Jerusalem deck the sides of the hall.
The altar and crown, blessed by bishop's hands, and anointed with the
blood of beasts, are set before the bold Belshazzar.
Upon this altar were noble vessels curiously carved, basins of gold,
cups arrayed like castles with battlements, and towers with lofty
pinnacles.
Upon them were pourtrayed branches and leaves, the flowers of which were
white pearls, and the fruit flaming gems.
The goblets were ornamented with flowers of gold.
The candlestick was brought in, with its pillars of brass, and
ornamental boughs, upon which sat birds of various hues.
Lights shone bright from the candlestick, which once stood before the
"Holy of Holies."
The pollution of the sacred vessels is displeasing to God.
For "a boaster on bench" drinks from them till he is as "drunken as the
devil."
God is very angry.
Before harming the revellers He sends them a warning.
Belshazzar commands the sacred vessels to be filled with wine.
The cups and bowls are soon filled.
Music of all kind is heard in the hall.
Dukes, princes, concubines, and knights, all are merry.
Drinking of the sweet liquors they ask favours of their gods, who,
although dumb, are as highly praised "as if heaven were theirs."
A marvel befals the feasters.
The king first saw it.
Upon the plain wall, "a palm with pointel in fingers" is seen writing.
The bold Belshazzar becomes frightened.
His knees knock together.
He roars for dread, still beholding the hand, as it wrote on the
rough wall.
The hand vanishes but the letters remain.
The king recovers his speech and sends for the "book-learned;" but none
of the scholars were wise enough to read it.
Belshazzar is nearly mad.
Commands the city to be searched throughout for the "wise of
witchcraft."
He who expounds the strange letters, shall be clothed in "gowns of
purple."
A collar of gold shall encircle his throat.
He shall be the third lord in the realm.
As soon as this cry was upcast, to the hall came clerks out of Chaldea,
witches and diviners, sorcerers and exorcists.
But after looking on the letters they were as ignorant as if they had
looked into the leather of the left boot.
The king curses them all and calls them churls.
He orders the harlots to be hanged.
The queen hears the king chide.
She inquires the cause.
Goes to the king, kneels before him, and asks why he has rent his robes
for grief, when there is one that has the Spirit of God, the counsellor
of Nebuchadnezzar, the interpreter of his dreams, through the holy
Spirit of God.
The name of this man is Daniel, who was brought a captive from Judęa.
The queen tells the king to send for Daniel.
Her counsel is accepted.
Daniel comes before Belshazzar.
The king tells him that he has heard of his wisdom, and his power to
discover hidden things, and that he wants to know the meaning of the
writing on the wall.
Promises him, if he can explain the text of the letters and their
interpretation, to clothe him in purple and pall, and put a ring about
his neck, and to make him "a baron upon bench."
Daniel addresses the king, and reminds him how that God supported his
father, and gave him power to exalt or abase whomsoever he pleased.
Nebuchadnezzar was established on account of his faith in God.
So long as he remained true, no man was greater.
But at last pride touches his heart.
He forgets the power of God, and blasphemes His name.
He says that he is "god of the ground," and the builder of Babylon.
Hardly had Nebuchadnezzar spoken, when God's voice is heard, saying,
"Thy principality is departed.
Thou, removed from men, must abide on the moor, and walk with wild
beasts, eat herbs, and dwell with wolves and asses."
For his pride he becomes an outcast.
He believes himself to be a bull or an ox.
Goes "on all fours," like a cow, for seven summers.
His thighs grew thick.
His hair became matted and thick, from the shoulders to the toes.
His beard touched the earth.
His brows were like briars.
His eyes were hollow, and grey as the kite's.
Eagle-hued he was.
At last he recovered his "wit," and believed in God.
Then soon was he restored to his seat.
But thou, Belshazzar, hast disregarded these signs, and hast blasphemed
the Lord, defiled his vessels, filling them with wine for thy wenches,
and praising thy lifeless gods.
For this sin God has sent thee this strange sight, the fist with the
fingers writing on the wall.
These are the words: "Mene, Tekel, Peres.
Mene.-- God has counted thy kingdom and finished it.
Tekel.-- Thy reign is weighed and is found wanting in deeds of faith.
Peres.-- Thy kingdom is divided, and given to the Persians.
The Medes shall be masters here."
The king commands Daniel to be clothed in a frock of fine cloth.
Soon is he arrayed in purple, with a chain about his neck.
A decree is made, that all should bow to him, as the third lord that
followed Belshazzar.
The decree was made known, and all were glad.
The day, however, past.
Night came on.
Before another day dawned, Daniel's words were fulfilled.
The feast lasts till the sun falls.
The skies become dark.
Each noble hies home to his supper.
Belshazzar is carried to bed, but never rises from it, for his foes are
seeking to destroy his land, and are assembled suddenly.
The enemy is Darius, leader of the Medes.
He has legions of armed men.
Under cover of the darkness, they cross the river.
By means of ladders they get upon the walls, and within an hour enter
the city, without disturbing any of the watch.
They run into the palace, and raise a great cry.
Men are slain in their beds.
Belshazzar is beaten to death, and caught by the heels, is foully cast
into a ditch.
Darius is crowned king, and makes peace with the barons.
Thus the land was lost for the king's sin.
He was cursed for his uncleanness, and deprived of his honour, as well
as of the joys of heaven.
Thus in three ways has it been shown, that uncleanness makes God angry.
Cleanness is His comfort.
The seemly shall see his face.
God give us grace to serve in His sight!

       *       *       *       *
   *       *       *       *       *

Patience: Sidenotes

I.
Patience is often displeasing, but it assuages heavy hearts, and
quenches malice.
Happiness follows sorrow.
It is better to suffer than to be angry.
Matthew tells us of the promises made by Christ: Blessed are the poor,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are the meek, for they shall "wield the world."
Blessed are the mourners, for they shall be comforted.
Blessed are the hungry, for they shall be filled.
Blessed are the merciful, for mercy shall be their reward.
Blessed are the clean of heart, for they shall see the Saviour.
Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall be called God's sons.
Blessed are they that live aright, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
These blessings are promised to those who follow poverty, pity, penance,
meekness, mercy, chastity, peace and patience.
Poverty and patience are to be treated together.
They are "fettled in one form," and have one meed.
Poverty will dwell where she lists, and man must needs suffer.
Poverty and patience are play-fellows.
What avails impatience, if God send affliction?
Patience is best.
Did not Jonah incur danger by his folly?

II.
Jonah was a prophet of the gentiles.
God's word came to him, saying, "Rise quickly, take the way to Nineveh.
Say that which I shall put in thine heart.
Wickedness dwells in that city.
Go swiftly and carry my message."
Jonah is full of wrath.
He is afraid that the shrews will put him in the stocks, or put out
his eyes.
He thinks that God desires his death.
He determines not to go near the city, but fly to Tarshish.
Grumbling, he goes to port Joppa.
He says that God will not be able to protect him.
Jonah reaches the port, finds a ship ready to sail.
The seamen catch up the cross-sail, fasten the cables, weigh their
anchors, and spread sail.
A gentle wind wafts the ship along.
Was never a Jew so joyful as was Jonah then.
He has, however, put himself in peril, in fleeing from God.
The words of David.
Does He not hear, who made all ears?
He is not blind that formed each eye.
Jonah is now in no dread.
He is, however, soon overtaken.
The wielder of all things has devices at will.
He commands Eurus and Aquilo to blow.
The winds blow obedient to His word.
Out of the north-east the noise begins.
Storms arose, winds wrestled together, the waves rolled high, and never
rested.
Then was Jonah joyless.
The boat reeled around.
The gear became out of order.
Ropes and mast were broken.
A loud cry is raised, Many a lad labours to lighten the ship.
They throw overboard their bags and feather beds.
But still the wind rages, and the waves become wilder.
Each man calls upon his god.
Some called upon Vernagu, Diana, and Neptune, to the sun and to
the moon.
Then said one of the sailors: "Some lawless wretch, that has grieved his
God, is in the ship.
I advise that we lay lots upon each man.
When the guilty is gone the tempest may cease."
This is agreed to.
All are assembled, from all corners of the ship, save Jonah the Jew, who
had fled into the bottom of the boat.
There he falls asleep.
Soon he is aroused, and brought on board.
Full roughly is he questioned.
The lot falls upon Jonah.
Then quickly they said: "What the devil hast thou done, doted wretch?
What seekest thou on the sea?
Hast thou no God to call upon?
Of what land art thou?
Thou art doomed for thy ill deeds."
Jonah says: "I am a Hebrew, a worshipper of the world's Creator.
All this mischief is caused by me, therefore cast me overboard."
He proves to them that he was guilty.
The mariners are exceedingly frightened.
They try to make way with their oars, but their endeavours are useless.
Jonah must be doomed to death.
They pray to God, that they may not shed innocent blood.
Jonah is cast overboard.
The tempest ceases and the sea settles.
The stiff streams drive the ship about.
At last they reach a bank.
The seamen thank God, and perform solemn vows.
Jonah is in great dread.

III.
Jonah is shoved from the ship.
A wild whale swims by the boat.
He opens his swallow, and seizes the prophet.
It is not to be wondered at that Jonah suffered woe.
The prophet is without hope.
Cold was his comfort.
Jonah was only a mote in the whale's jaws.
He entered in by the gills, and by means of one of the intestines of the
fish, came into a space as large as a hall.
The prophet fixes his feet firmly in the belly of the whale.
He searches into every nook of its navel.
The prophet calls upon God.
He cries for mercy.
He sits safely in a recess, in a bowel of the beast, for three days and
three nights.
The whale passes through many a rough region.
Jonah makes the whale feel sick.
The prophet prays to God in this wise:

IV.
"Lord! to thee have I cried out of hell's womb.
Thou dippedst me in the sea.
Thy great floods passed over me.
The streams drive over me.
I am cast out from thy sight.
The abyss binds me.
The rushing waves play on my head.
Thou possessest my life.
In my anguish I remembered my God, and besought His pity.
When I am delivered from this danger, I will obey thy commands."
God speaks fiercely to the whale, and he vomits out the prophet on a dry
space.
Jonah has need to wash his clothes.
God's word comes to the prophet.
He is told to preach in Nineveh.
By night Jonah reaches the city.
Nineveh was a very great city.
Jonah delivers his message; "Yet forty days and Nineveh shall come to
an end.
It shall be turned upside down, and swallowed quickly by the black
earth."
This speech spreads throughout the city.
Great fear seizes all.
The people mourn secretly, clothe themselves in sackcloth, and cast
ashes upon their heads.
The message reaches the ears of the king.
He rends his robes, clothes himself in sackloth, and mourns in the dust.
He issues a decree, that all in the city, men, beasts, women and
children, prince, priest, and prelates, should fast for their sins.
Children are to be weaned from the breast.
The ox is to have no hay, nor the horse any water.
Who can tell if God will have mercy?
Though He is mighty, He is merciful, and may forgive us our guilt.
All believed and repented.
God forgave them through his goodness.

V.
Much sorrow settles upon Jonah.
He becomes very angry.
He prays to God and says: "Was not this my saying, when Thy message
reached me in my own country?
I knew Thy great goodness, Thy long-suffering, and Thy mercy.
I knew these men might make their peace with Thee, therefore I fled unto
Tarshish.
Take my life from me, O Lord!
It is better for me to die than live."
God upbraids Jonah, saying: "Is this right to be so wroth?"
Jonah, jangling, uprises, and makes himself a bower, of hay and
ever-fern, to shield him from the sun.
He slept heavily all night.
God prepared a woodbine.
Jonah awakes, and is exceedingly glad of the bower.
The prophet, under its gracious leaves, is protected from the
sun's rays.
Jonah wishes he had such a lodge in his own country.
God prepared a worm, that made the woodbine wither.
Jonah awakes and finds his woodbine destroyed.
The leaves were all faded.
The sun beat upon the head of Jonah.
He is exceedingly angry, and prays God that he may die.
God rebukes the prophet.
"Dost thou well," He says, "to be angry for the gourd?"
Jonah replies, "I would I were dead."
God asks if it is to be wondered at that He should help His handy work.
Is not Jonah angry that his woodbine is destroyed, which cost him no
labour?
God is not to be blamed for taking pity upon people that He made.
Should He destroy Nineveh the sorrow of such a sweet place would sink to
His heart.
In the city there are little bairns who have done no wrong.
And there are others who cannot discern between their right hand and
their left hand.
There are also dumb beasts in the city incapable of sinning.
Judgment must be tempered with mercy.
He that is too hasty to rend his clothes must afterwards sit with worse
ones to sew them together.
Poverty and pain must be endured.
Patience is a noble point, though it displeases oft.





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