The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America, by John A. White This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America Author: John A. White Release Date: March 3, 2010 [EBook #31491] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Transcriber's Notes: The following change has been made to the text: Page 631, added closing parenthesis to "(genus Eutamias of California)"] The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America BY JOHN A. WHITE University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text December 1, 1953 University of Kansas LAWRENCE 1953 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, and Robert W. Wilson Volume 5, No. 35, pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text December 1, 1953 UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas PRINTED BY FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1953 [Illustration] 24-8968 The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America By JOHN A. WHITE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 613 Methods, Materials, and Acknowledgments 614 Variation 614 Key to the Bacula of the Species of Eutamias of Western North America 615 Accounts by Species 616 _Eutamias alpinus_ 616 _E. minimus_ 617 _E. townsendii_ 618 _E. sonomae_ 619 _E. amoenus_ 619 _E. dorsalis_ 620 _E. merriami_ 621 _E. quadrivittatus_ 621 _E. ruficaudus_ 622 _E. cinereicollis_ 624 _E. quadrimaculatus_ 624 _E. speciosus_ 625 _E. panamintinus_ 625 _E. umbrinus_ 626 _E. palmeri_ 627 _E. bulleri_ 627 Figures 1-19. Lateral views of bacula 629 Discussion 630 Literature Cited 631 INTRODUCTION The baculum is the bony part of the penis. In the species of the subgenus _Neotamias_ the proximal part of the baculum is termed the shaft, and the distal upturned part is termed the tip. On the dorsal side of the tip there is a longitudinal ridge termed the keel. The proximal end of the shaft is termed the base (see fig. 19). Depending on the species, the shaft varies from 2.11 to 5.28 mm. in length, and the base may or may not be widened or deepened. The purpose of this report is to: (1) Show the usefulness of the structure of the baculum as a taxonomic character in chipmunks; and (2) compare a classification based on the structure of the baculum with a classification based on the structure and appearance of the skull and skin. METHODS, MATERIALS, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The bacula which were borrowed from the University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, were processed according to the method described by Friley (1947:395-397), whereas all others were processed according to the method described by White (1951:125). Thus the bacula that were borrowed from the University of Michigan, are maintained there in a separate collection, whereas the bacula borrowed from other museums and those that are at the University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, are housed with the skulls of the corresponding specimens. All measurements of the bacula were made by means of an eyepiece micrometer. A total of 194 bacula were seen. All of these are in the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, unless otherwise indicated by the following symbols: BS United States Biological Surveys Collection. CN Chicago Natural History Museum. LA Los Angeles County Museum. MM University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. NM United States National Museum. UU University of Utah, Museum of Zoology. I am grateful to Professor E. Raymond Hall for guidance in my study and thank Drs. Robert W. Wilson, Keith R. Kelson, and Edwin C. Galbraith, as well as other friends and associates of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, for encouragement and valuable suggestions. Dr. William L. Jellison, United States Public Health Service, aided me in part of my field work and kindly sent me some specimens of chipmunks. My wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me in many ways. For the loan of bacula I thank Dr. William H. Burt, University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology. For permission to search for bacula on study skins, and to process those that were found, I thank Miss Viola S. Schantz, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Mr. Colin C. Sanborn, Chicago Natural History Museum, Mr. Kenneth E. Stager, Los Angeles County Museum, Dr. David H. Johnson, United States National Museum, and Dr. Stephen D. Durrant, Museum of Zoology, University of Utah. Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University Endowment Association, the National Science Foundation and the United States Navy, Office of Naval Research, through contract No. NR 161 791. VARIATION _Individual variation._--Individual variation is small. This is shown by a coefficient of variability of only 3.85 in the length of the shaft in a series of 12 specimens of _E. umbrinus umbrinus_ from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah County, Utah. _Variation with age._--In the chipmunks the baculum varies but little with age. In the youngest specimens that I have taken, the M3 and m3 have not yet erupted and there is no wear on P4 and p4; nevertheless, the baculum in these specimens has nearly an adult configuration and size. In juvenal _Eutamias minimus_ the tip of the baculum is longer in relation to the length of the shaft than it is in adults; the tip is 18 to 28 per cent of the length of the shaft in adults, as opposed to 29 to 32 per cent in juveniles. _Aberrations._--In a small percentage of specimens of _E. minimus_ and _E. umbrinus_ the baculum is small and S-shaped, even in adults. _Variations of taxonomic worth._--Variations in this category are described in the section immediately following the key. KEY TO THE BACULA IN EUTAMIAS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA 1. Distal 1/2 to 2/3 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly widened. 2. Distal 1/2 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward to base of tip. 3. Height of keel 1/2 of length of tip; keel markedly enlarged. _Eutamias bulleri_, p. 627 3'. Height of keel 1/4 of length of tip; keel not markedly enlarged. _Eutamias umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, pp. 626, 627 2'. Distal 2/3 of shaft laterally compressed and curved downward to base of tip. 4. Base of keel 1/3 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft less than 100° _Eutamias speciosus_, p. 625 4'. Base of keel 1/2 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft more than 102° _Eutamias panamintinus_, p. 625 1'. Distal 1/12 to 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base not markedly widened. 5. Shaft thin; shaft less than .20 mm. in diameter at widest point. 6. Ridges on either side of keel enlarged, partially obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel 1/10 of length of tip. _Eutamias sonomae_, p. 619 6'. Ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, not partially obscuring lateral view of keel; height of keel at least 1/7 of length of tip. 7. Base not widened or dorsoventrally thickened. 8. Shaft more than 4.5 mm. in length; tip 16 per cent of length of shaft; shaft strongly incised on dorsal side of base _Eutamias merriami_, p. 621 8'. Shaft less than 4.4 mm. in length; tip more than 25 per cent of length of shaft; shaft not incised on dorsal side of base. 9. Height of keel 1/7 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft distinct _Eutamias alpinus_, p. 616 9'. Height of keel at least 1/5 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft poorly defined. 10. Height of keel 1/3 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft 140° _Eutamias dorsalis_, p. 620 10'. Height of keel 1/5 of length of tip; angle formed by tip and shaft 130° or less. 11. Tip more than 29 per cent of length of shaft. _Eutamias amoenus_, p. 619 11'. Tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft. _Eutamias minimus_, p. 617 7'. Base widened and dorsoventrally thickened. _Eutamias townsendii_, p. 618 5'. Shaft thick; shaft more than .25 mm. in diameter at widest point. 12. Length of shaft less than 3.00 mm.; length of tip less than 1.10 mm. _Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis_, p. 622 12'. Length of shaft more than 3.10 mm.; length of tip more than 1.15 mm. 13. Tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft. _Eutamias quadrimaculatus_, p. 624 13'. Tip more than 29 per cent of length of shaft. 14. Angle formed by tip and shaft more than 140°; ridges on either side of tip indistinct. _Eutamias cinereicollis_, p. 624 14'. Angle formed by tip and shaft less than 135°; ridges on either side of tip distinct. 15. Shaft less than 3.65 mm. in length, and .55 mm. or less in diameter at widest point. _Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, p. 621 15'. Shaft usually more than 3.65 mm. in length, but when shorter, diameter is .60 mm. or more at widest point. 16. Diameter of shaft at widest point less than .58 mm.; tip less than 35 per cent of length of shaft. _Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus_, p. 622 16'. Diameter of shaft at widest point more than .65 mm.; tip more than 40 per cent of length of shaft. _Eutamias ruficaudus simulans_, p. 623 ACCOUNTS BY SPECIES #Eutamias alpinus# (Merriam) Figure 1 Pelage silky; tail bright orange beneath; markings relatively obscure; size small; skull broad, flattened, and large in proportion to body. Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/7 of length of tip; tip 39 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 135°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than shaft; shaft short, 2.17 mm. Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, and shaft thinner; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum shorter; from _E. townsendii_, in base not dorsoventrally thickened, base not so widened; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, base not dorsoventrally thickened; from _E. amoenus_, _E. minimus_, and _E. dorsalis_, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and shaft more distinct; from _E. merriami_, in baculum markedly shorter, base not incised dorsally. _Specimen examined_: One from Big Cottonwood Meadows, S of Mount Whitney, 10,000 ft., Inyo Co., California (CN). #Eutamias minimus# (Bachman) Figure 2 Coloration varying from light to dark depending on subspecies; size small to medium; rostrum short and stout. Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 18 to 28 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 125°; distal 1/2 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to long, 2.44 to 4.35 mm. Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft thinner, base not markedly widened; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, tip shorter; from _E. amoenus_, in tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft; from _E. dorsalis_, in angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from _E. townsendii_, in tip less than 28 per cent of length of shaft, angle formed by tip and shaft 125° instead of 130°; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip less well-developed, keel higher; from _E. merriami_, in shaft shorter (less than 4.40 mm.), base not incised, tip proportionally longer. For comparison with _E. alpinus_ see the account of that species. In most places where _E. minimus_ and _E. amoenus_ occur together they can be distinguished without recourse to the baculum, but at Banff and Canmore in western Alberta, recourse to the baculum is almost necessary. There, as elsewhere, they can be distinguished readily by the shape of the bacula. _Specimens examined_: 72. _Eutamias minimus borealis_: Alberta: Canmore, 1 (BS). _E. m. cacodemus_: South Dakota: _Shannon Co._: Quinn's Draw, Cheyenne River, 1 (NM); 14 mi. N and 5 mi. W Rockyford, 3,200 ft., 1. _E. m. confinis_: Wyoming: _Big Horn Co._: 17 mi. E and 3 mi. S Shell, 9,000 ft., 1; 9 mi. E and 9 mi. N Tensleep, 8,200 ft., 1. _Washakie Co._: 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, 7,000 ft., 1. _E. m. consobrinus_: Montana: _Madison Co._: 26 mi. NW West Yellowstone, 6,100 ft., 1. Wyoming: _Sublette Co._: 5 mi. E and 9 mi. N Pinedale, 9,100 ft., 2. _Uinta Co._: 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 1; 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., 2. Utah: _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 8. Colorado: _Jackson Co._: 9-1/2 mi. W and 2 mi. N Walden, 8,400 ft., 1. _E. m. jacksoni_: Michigan: _Menominee Co._: 7 mi. E Stephenson, 4 (MM). Wisconsin: _Juneau Co._: Camp Douglas, 1 (NM). _E. m. minimus_: Wyoming: _Natrona Co._: 27 mi. N and 1 mi. E Powder River, 6,075 ft., 1; 16 mi. S and 11 mi. W Waltman, 6,950 ft., 1; Sun Ranch, 5 mi. W Independence Rock, 6,000 ft., 1. _Uinta Co._: 8-1/2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 7,100 ft., 1; 2 mi. W Ft. Bridger, 6,700 ft., 1; unspecified, 3 (MM). _Sweetwater Co._: Kinney Ranch, 21 mi. S Bitter Creek, 6,800 ft., 1; 32 mi. S and 22 mi. E Rock Springs, 7,025 ft., 3; 33 mi. S Bitter Creek, 1. _E. m. operarius_: Wyoming: _Converse Co._: 21-1/2 mi. S and 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 1. _Carbon Co._: 8 mi. N and 19-1/2 mi. E Savery, 8,800 ft., 1; 5 mi. N and 5 mi. E Savery, 6,900 ft., 1. _Albany Co._: 3 mi. ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft., 1. Colorado: _Rocky Mountain National Park_, 1 (MM). _Boulder Co._: Unspecified, 1 (NM). _Gunnison Co._: 7 mi. S and 7 mi. W Gunnison, 8,150 ft., 1. _Saguache Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 2. _Archuleta Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM); 5 mi. S and 25 mi. W Antonito, 9,600 ft., 3. _Costilla Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: _Taos Co._: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 3. _E. m. pallidus_: Montana: _Fergus Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). _Sweetgrass Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Wyoming: _Campbell Co._: 4 mi. S and 3 mi. W Rockypoint, 1; Ivy Creek, 8 mi. W and 5 mi. N Spotted Horse, 3; Middle Butte, 6,010 ft., 38 mi. S and 19 mi. W Gillette, 1. _E. m. silvaticus_: South Dakota: _Pennington Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). _Custer Co._: Unspecified, 2 (MM). Wyoming: _Weston Co._: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6,150 ft., 3. #Eutamias townsendii# (Bachman) Figure 3 Pelage tawny to olivaceous; stripes obscure and underparts tawny, or stripes conspicuous and underparts white; tail slender and sparsely haired; size large; skull largest in the subgenus _Neotamias_. Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 32 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than shaft; shaft short, 2.24 mm. Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner, tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum shorter and smaller; from _E. sonomae_, in ridges on either side of tip not enlarged, keel proportionally higher; from _E. amoenus_ and _E. dorsalis_, in base widened and thickened, baculum usually shorter; from _E. merriami_, in being markedly shorter, and having base widened and deepened but not incised dorsally. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_ and _E. minimus_ see the accounts of those species. _Specimens examined_: 2. _E. townsendii townsendii_: Oregon: _Multnomah Co._: Portland, 1 (NM). _E. t. cooperi_: Oregon: _Hood Co._: Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9 mi. ENE Mount Hood, 1. #Eutamias sonomae# Grinnell Figure 4 Upper parts rich reddish, more or less dulled by gray; backs of pinnae of ears nearly bare; tail long and bushy; size large; skull large, long, and narrow; rostrum deep. Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/10 of length of tip; tip 27 to 31 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/4 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base deeper and wider than shaft; shaft of medium length, 3.03 to 3.30 mm.; ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, partly obscuring keel from side. Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, shaft thin, base not markedly widened, tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thin, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, baculum shorter; from _E. amoenus_ and _E. dorsalis_, in keel lower, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, base thicker and wider; from _E. merriami_, in markedly shorter, ridges on either side of tip strongly developed, tip proportionally longer, base wider and deeper but not incised dorsally. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, and _E. townsendii_, see the accounts of those species. _Specimens examined_: 5. _E. sonomae alleni_: California: _Marin Co._: Unspecified, 1 (NM). _E. sonomae sonomae_: California: _Siskiyou Co._: Salmon Mts., W slope, W of Etna, 1 (BS). _Shasta Co._: Redding, 1 (BS). _Mendocino Co._: Cahto, 1 (BS). #Eutamias amoenus# (J. A. Allen) Figure 5 Upper parts generally ochraceous; venter frequently buffy; size small to medium; zygomatic arches usually appressed to cranium; frequently difficult to distinguish from _E. minimus_. Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 30 to 35 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short, 2.37 to 2.96 mm. Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft thinner; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_ and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter, tip shorter; from _E. dorsalis_, in keel lower, angle formed by tip and shaft 130°, usually smaller; from _E. merriami_, in being markedly shorter, and in base not being dorsally incised, tip proportionally longer. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, and _E. sonomae_, see the accounts of those species. Bacula from skins labeled as _E. amoenus amoenus_ from, Lardo, Valley Co., Idaho (MM), Butte Co., Idaho (MM), and Boise National Forest, Idaho (BS), resemble the bacula of _E. umbrinus_, and critical study of other features of these specimens probably will show that they are _E. umbrinus_. _Specimens examined_: 23. _E. amoenus amoenus_: Oregon: _Klamath Co._: Fort Klamath, 1 (MM). Idaho: _Valley Co._: Lardo, 1 (BS). _Butte Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Boise National Forest, 1 (BS). _E. a. ludibundus_: British Columbia: Moose Lake, 1 (NM). _E. a. luteiventris_: Alberta: Banff, 2 (BS). Montana: _Flathead Co._: 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 1. _Teton Co._: 17-1/8 mi. W and 6-1/2 mi. N Augusta, 5,100 ft., 2. _Missoula Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). Idaho: _Idaho Co._: 20 mi. S and 2 mi. E Grangeville, 2. _Fremont Co._: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 7,000 ft., 5; 9 mi. SW West Yellowstone, 8,500 ft., 1. Wyoming: _Teton Co._: 2-1/2 mi. N and 3-1/2 mi. E Moran, 7,225 ft., 1. _E. a. monoensis_: California: _Mono Co._: Leevining Creek, 1 (NM). _E. a. vallicola_: Montana: _Ravalli Co._: Bass Creek, 3-1/2 mi. NW Stevensville, 3,750 ft., 2. #Eutamias dorsalis# (Baird) Figure 6 General tone of upper parts smoky gray; dorsal stripes indistinct or obsolete; skull large. Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 29 to 40 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 140°; distal 1/2 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short to medium, 2.64 to 3.69 mm. Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not widened, shaft thinner; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in shaft thinner, baculum usually shorter; from _E. merriami_, in shaft markedly shorter, base not incised dorsally, tip proportionally longer. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, and _E. amoenus_, see the accounts of those species. _Specimens examined_: 12. _E. dorsalis dorsalis_: Arizona: _Yavapai Co._: 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple, 5,000 ft., 1 (BS). _Gila Co._: Carr's Ranch, Sierra Ancha Mountains, 1 (BS). _Pima Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). New Mexico: _Valencia Co._: Mount Taylor, 1 (MM); 1 mi. N Cebolleta, 1 (MM). _Socorro Co._: San Mateo Mountains, 1 (BS). _Chihuahua_: Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 3 (BS). _E. d. utahensis_: Wyoming: _Sweetwater Co._: W side Green River, 1 mi. N Utah Border, 1. Colorado: _Moffat Co._: Escalante Hills, 20 mi. SE Ladore, 1 (BS). Arizona: _Coconino Co._: Ryan, 1 (BS). #Eutamias merriami# (J. A. Allen) Figure 7 General tone of upper parts grayish; cheeks and underparts white, more or less dulled by gray; size large; skull large. Baculum: Shaft thin; keel low, 2/5 of length of tip; tip 16 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/10 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base incised dorsally; shaft markedly long, 4.88 mm. Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base incised dorsally, base not widened, shaft thinner, tip proportionally shorter; from _E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in base incised dorsally, shaft thinner, tip proportionally much shorter. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, and _E. dorsalis_, see the accounts of those species. _Specimens examined_: One from Mount Piņos, Ventura Co., California (LA). #Eutamias quadrivittatus# (Say) Figures 8-10 Color bright and tawny; size medium to large; braincase widened. Baculum of _E. q. quadrivittatus_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 30 to 44 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft long, 3.17 to 3.62 mm. Differs from _E. q. hopiensis_, in baculum larger, angle formed by tip and shaft less distinct; from _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, in shaft and tip proportionally shorter; from _E. r. simulans_, in keel proportionally lower, shaft usually shorter and narrower; from _E. cinereicollis_, in shaft shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft larger, ridges on either side of tip more distinct; from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in tip proportionally shorter, shaft shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft longer, angle formed by tip and shaft larger. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, and _E. merriami_, see the accounts of those species. Baculum of _E. q. hopiensis_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/3 of length of tip; tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; shaft short, 2.64 mm. in length. Differs from _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, _E. r. simulans_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_, in being shorter, proportions as in _E. q. quadrivittatus_; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, and _E. merriami_, except for smaller size, as in _E. q. quadrivittatus_. Bacula of _E. q. hopiensis_ from northeastern Arizona are like those in typical _E. q. quadrivittatus_. The specimens from this region, to judge from parts of the animal other than the baculum, are intergrades between _E. q. hopiensis_ and _E. q. quadrivittatus_. Specimens from near Moab, Grand Co., Utah, are typical _E. q. hopiensis_ and the bacula of these specimens are considerably smaller than those of specimens of typical _E. q. quadrivittatus_. No bacula are known to me that are structurally intermediate between those of _E. q. quadrivittatus_ and _E. q. hopiensis_. _Specimens examined_: 21. _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_: Colorado: _Gunnison Co._: Sapinero, 1 (BS). _Chaffee Co._: Unspecified, 1 (MM). _Saguache Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache, 10,000 ft., 1. _Fremont Co._: Canon City, 3 (BS). New Mexico: _Rio Arriba Co._: Dulce, 1 (BS). _Taos Co._: 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 4. _Union Co._: Sierra Grande, 1 (BS). _Valencia Co._: Mirror Spring, Mt. Taylor, 3 (MM). _Torrance Co._: S end, E slope, Manzano Mountains, 2 (BS). _E. quadrivittatus hopiensis_: Utah: _Grand Co._: Mouth of Nigger Bill Canyon, E side Colorado River, 4 mi. N Moab Bridge, 4,500 ft., 1 (UU); Moab, 4,500 ft., 1 (UU). Arizona: _Apache Co._: Tunicha Mountains, 1 (BS). #Eutamias ruficaudus# Howell Figures 11-12 General tone of upper parts dark tawny; size medium; braincase narrowed. Baculum of _E. r. ruficaudus_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 31 to 33 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 120°; distal 2/5 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly widened; shaft long, 4.09 to 4.56 mm. Differs from _E. r. simulans_, in keel proportionally lower, tip proportionally shorter, distal 1/5 of shaft less laterally compressed, shaft usually longer; from _E. cinereicollis_, in angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct; from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in tip proportionally longer, shaft usually shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft longer, angle formed by tip and shaft larger. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, and _E. quadrivittatus_, see the accounts of those species. Baculum of _E. r. simulans_: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 2/5 of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 130°; distal 2/5 of shaft laterally compressed; base slightly wider than shaft; shaft medium to long, 3.30 to 4.26 mm. Differs from _E. cinereicollis_ in, keel proportionally higher, shaft shorter, tip proportionally longer, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally compressed; from _E. quadrimaculatus_ in, keel proportionally higher, angle formed by tip and shaft larger, tip proportionally longer, distal 2/5 of shaft more laterally compressed, shaft shorter; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in base not markedly widened, shaft usually longer. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, and _E. quadrivittatus_, see the accounts of those species. The differences between the bacula of the subspecies _Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus_ and _E. r. simulans_ are comparable to those usually found between species of chipmunks. Consequently, I suspect that _E. r. simulans_ and _E. r. ruficaudus_ are specifically distinct and suggest that a search would be worth while for specimens in the geographic area between the geographic ranges as now known for the two kinds to ascertain whether intergradation (the criterion of subspecies) occurs. I suppose there is no intergradation but in the absence of precise information, I choose not to modify the current taxonomic arrangement of _E. r. ruficaudus_ and _E. r. simulans_. _Specimens examined_: 17. _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_: Montana: _Flathead Co._: 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., 2. _Ravalli Co._: Big Hole Hill, 6,000 ft., 2; Big Hole Hill, 6,600 ft., 1; Continental Divide, Big Hole Hill, 7,000 ft., 1. _E. r. simulans_: Idaho: _Bonner Co._: Priest Lake, 1 (BS). _Kootenai Co._: 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, 3. _Shoshone Co._: Mullan, 1 (BS). _Clearwater Co._: 25 mi. E and 16 mi. N Pierce, 6. #Eutamias cinereicollis# (J. A. Allen) Figure 13 General tone of upper parts dark grayish tawny; size medium to large; skull large; braincase widened. Baculum: Shaft thick; keel proportionally low, 1/5 of length of tip; tip 34 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 145°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly widened; shaft long, 4.88 mm. Differs from _E. quadrimaculatus_, in keel lower, ridges on either side of tip weakly developed, angle formed by tip and shaft larger; from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft longer, base not markedly widened, angle formed by tip and shaft much larger. For comparisons with _E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, _E. merriami_, _E. quadrivittatus_, and _E. ruficaudus_, see the accounts of those species. _Specimen examined_: One from Mount Thomas, White Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona (BS). #Eutamias quadrimaculatus# (Gray) Figure 14 General tone of upper parts bright reddish; pattern inconspicuous; light and dark facial stripes strongly contrasting; size large; skull relatively small and slightly built. Baculum: Shaft thick; keel relatively low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 27 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 120°; distal 1/3 of shaft slightly compressed laterally; base slightly wider than shaft; shaft long, 4.35 to 5.28 mm. Differs from _E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_, in shaft markedly longer; base not markedly widened; angle formed by tip and shaft larger; tip proportionally shorter. For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks from western North America, see the accounts of those species. _Specimens examined_: 4. California: _Plumas Co._: Mountains near Quincy, 1 (BS). _Placer Co._: Blue Canyon, 1 (NM). _Alpine Co._: Markleeville, 1 (BS); N fork Stanislaus River, 1 (BS). #Eutamias speciosus# (Merriam) Figure 15 General tone of upper parts bright; light and dark elements of color pattern strongly contrasting; outer stripes broad and strikingly conspicuous; size medium; skull moderately broadened; dorsal outline of skull strongly arched in profile; upper incisors short and sharply recurved. Baculum: Shaft thick; keel of medium height, 1/3 of length of tip; base of keel 1/3 of length of tip; tip 47 to 55 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 90°; distal 2/3 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly wider than shaft; shaft short to medium, 2.11 to 3.17 mm. Differs from _E. panamintinus_, in base of keel proportionally shorter, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller; from _E. umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, in keel higher, angle formed by tip and shaft smaller, distal 2/3 (not 1/2) of shaft markedly laterally compressed, base markedly wider; from _E. bulleri_, in keel smaller, shaft shorter, tip proportionally longer, ridges on either side of tip distinct. For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North America, see the accounts of those species. The baculum in _E. speciosus frater_ is approximately the same size as in _E. umbrinus inyoensis_, but differs in shape as described above. _Specimens examined_: 6. _E. speciosus frater_: California: _Madera Co._: San Joaquin River, near head of N fork, Sierra Nevada Mountains, 2 (BS). _E. speciosus sequoiensis_: California: _Tulare Co._: Mount Whitney, 1 (BS); Sequoia National Park, 2 (BS). _E. speciosus callipeplus_: California: _Kern Co._: Mount Pinos, 1 (BS). #Eutamias panamintinus# (Merriam) Figure 16 Dorsal dark stripes reddish; size small to medium; skull of medium size; braincase flattened. Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/3 of length of tip; base of keel 1/2 of length of tip; tip 52 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 110°; distal 2/3 of shaft moderately compressed laterally; base markedly widened; shaft short, 2.17 mm. Differs from _E. umbrinus_ and _E. palmeri_, in distal 2/3 (rather than 1/2) of shaft moderately compressed laterally; from _E. bulleri_, in keel smaller, shaft shorter, ridges on either side of tip distinct. For comparisons with other species of chipmunks of western North America, see the accounts of those species. The structure of the baculum most closely resembles that of _E. speciosus_ and the geographic ranges of these two species are in juxtaposition. _Specimen examined_: One from Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co., California (CN). #Eutamias umbrinus# (J. A. Allen) Figures 17-18 General tone of upper parts dark; size medium to large; skull of medium size; braincase narrowed. Baculum: Shaft thick; keel low, 1/4 of length of tip; tip 36 to 50 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 100°; distal 1/2 of shaft markedly compressed laterally; base markedly widened; shaft short to medium, 2.51 to 3.03 mm. Differs from _E. bulleri_, in shaft shorter, keel smaller, ridges on either side of tip distinct; distal 1/2 of shaft strongly compressed laterally. Does not differ from _E. palmeri_. For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North America, see the accounts of those species. Specimens of _E. umbrinus montanus_ from north-central Colorado have, in the past (Howell 1929:82), been referred to _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_. In many features these two kinds of chipmunks resemble each other closely; their bacula, nevertheless, differ markedly (compare figs. 8-9 with 17-18). _Specimens examined_: 25. _E. umbrinus umbrinus_: Wyoming: _Uinta Co._: 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft, 1. Utah: _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 12. _E. u. adsitus_: Utah: _Beaver Co._: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range Mountains, 8,500 ft, 1 (BS). _Wayne Co._: Donkey Lake, Boulder Mountain, 10,000 ft., 1 (UU). _Garfield Co._: Wildcat R. S., Boulder Mountain, 8,700 ft., 1 (UU). _E. u. sedulus_: Utah: _Garfield Co._: Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, 1 (BS). _E. u. inyoensis_: California: _Tulare Co._: Mount Whitney, head of Big Cottonwood Creek, 2 (BS). Nevada: _Elko Co._: W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N Elko County Line, 1. _E. u. nevadensis_: Nevada: _Clark Co._: Sheep Mountains, 1 (MM). _E. u. fremonti_: Wyoming: _Sublette Co._: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., 1; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 1. _E. u. montanus_: Colorado: _Boulder Co._: 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 ft., 1; 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1. #Eutamias palmeri# Merriam Figures 17-18 General tone of upper parts grayish tawny; ocular stripe pale; skull, rostrum, nasals, and upper incisors shorter than in _E. umbrinus_. Baculum: Indistinguishable from that of _E. umbrinus_. This supports the opinion of previous students that _E. palmeri_ is a close relative of _E. umbrinus_ which occurs immediately to the north and east. Intergradation does not occur between these two species, for, low-lying terrain, inhospitable to chipmunks, isolates _E. palmeri_ from its relatives. (Verbal information from E. R. Hall.) _Specimen examined_: One from Charleston Peak, 8,000 ft., Clear Creek Co., Nevada. #Eutamias bulleri# (J. A. Allen) Figure 19 General tone of upper parts dark; dorsal dark stripes conspicuous and black; size large; skull large. Baculum: Shaft thick; keel high, 1/2 of length of tip; keel long, 1/2 of length of tip; tip 40 to 48 per cent of length of shaft; angle formed by tip and shaft 100°; base markedly widened; shaft of medium length, 3.30 mm. For comparisons with all other species of chipmunks of western North America, see the accounts of those species. The large size of the keel of the baculum in this species is distinctive among chipmunks of western North America. _Specimens examined_: 2. _E. bulleri bulleri_: Zacatecas: Sierra de Valparaiso, 2 (NM). [Illustration: FIGS. 1-19. Lateral view of right side, unless otherwise indicated, of the baculum in each of the species of chipmunks (subgenus _Neotamias_) of western North America: 1. _Eutamias alpinus_, No. 12577 CN; from Big Cottonwood Meadow, Tulare Co., California. 2. _E. minimus consobrinus_, No. 25439; from 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., Uinta Co., Wyoming. 3. _E. townsendii cooperi_, No. 53169; from Brooks Meadow, 4,300 ft., 9 mi. ENE Mt. Hood, Hood River Co., Oregon. 4. _E. sonomae sonomae_, No. 98436 BS; from Redding, Shasta Co., California. 5. _E. amoenus luteiventris_, No. 33811; from 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 7,000 ft., Fremont Co., Idaho. 6. _E. dorsalis dorsalis_, No. 213415 BS; from 3 mi. N Ft. Whipple, 5,000 ft., Yavapai Co., Arizona. 7. _E. merriami merriami_, No. 1270 LA; from Mount Pinos, Ventura Co., California. 8 and 9. _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, No. 35648/47919 BS; from Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 9 in dorsal view. 10. _E. quadrivittatus hopiensis_, No. 783 UU; from Moab, 4,500 ft., Grand Co., Utah. 11. _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, No. 33884; from 1 mi. W and 2 mi. S Summit, 5,000 ft., Flathead Co., Montana. 12. _E. ruficaudus simulans_, No. 41478; from 13 mi. E and 5 mi. N Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai Co., Idaho. 13. _E. cinereicollis cinereicollis_, No. 208621 BS; from Mount Thomas, White Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona. 14. _E. quadrimaculatus_, No. 95780 BS; from Mountains near Quincy, Plumas Co., California. 15. _E. speciosus sequoiensis_, No. 29135/41203 BS; from Mount Whitney, Tulare Co., California. 16. _E. panamintinus panamintinus_, No. 12502 CN; from Coal Kilns, Panamint Mountains, Inyo Co., California. 17. _E. umbrinus umbrinus_, No. 38062; from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah Co., Utah. 18. _E. umbrinus montanus_, No. 20105; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co., Colorado. Dorsal view. 19. _E. bulleri bulleri_, No. 193142 NM; from Sierra del Valparaiso, Zacatecas.] DISCUSSION In California, Johnson (1943) recognized ten species of chipmunks and assigned these to the five main groups of species which were proposed by Howell (1929). In characterizing each species, Johnson (_op. cit._) not only made a careful study of skins and skulls, but also employed many ecological data. Study of the bacula of the Californian chipmunks supports Johnson's (_op. cit._) conclusion that there are ten species, but suggests that there are three (not five) groups of species in California--as well as elsewhere within the geographic range of the subgenus _Neotamias_. The three groups are (see figs. 1-19): 1. _minimus_-group (_E. alpinus_, _E. minimus_, _E. townsendii_, _E. sonomae_, _E. amoenus_, _E. dorsalis_, and _E. merriami_); 2. _quadrivittatus_-group (_E. quadrivittatus_, _E. ruficaudus_, _E. cinereicollis_, and _E. quadrimaculatus_); and 3. _speciosus_-group (_E. speciosus_, _E. panamintinus_, _E. umbrinus_, _E. palmeri_, and _E. bulleri_). _Eutamias panamintinus_, according to Howell (_op. cit._:78) and Johnson (_op. cit._:83), is a near relative of _E. amoenus_. But, the baculum in _E. panamintinus_ more closely resembles that in _E. speciosus_ than that in _E. amoenus_ (compare figs. 5, 15, and 16). Consequently I have placed _E. panamintinus_ in the _speciosus_-group. In north-central Colorado, specimens that really are _E. umbrinus_ (subspecies _montanus_) have, in the past (Howell _op. cit._:82), been referred to _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, but the bacula of the two species differ markedly from each other (compare figs. 8-9 with 17-18) and permit the specimens readily to be correctly identified to species. Further, Howell (_op. cit._:95) placed _E. umbrinus_ (subspecies _umbrinus_ and _fremonti_ of current usage) in the _quadrivittatus_-group, whereas the structure of the baculum leads me to place _E. umbrinus_ in the _speciosus_-group. Thus, groups of species established on the basis of only skulls and skins, in a few instances differ from those established on a broader basis which includes the bacula. Johnson (_op. cit._:63) writes, "Each species [of Eutamias] has a characteristic habitat which differs from those of other species. Where two or more species occur together in a general locality they are usually mutually exclusive in their choice of foraging and nesting sites and in the time of breeding." Thus he classified the species of Californian chipmunks not only by morphologic characteristics but by habits and habitats as well. The characteristics of the skulls and skins of chipmunks probably reflect the habitats in which these animals live. The characteristics of the bacula, on the other hand, may also reflect the habitats in which the animals live, but to a lesser degree. Because the structures of the bacula are probably less affected by the action of the external environment they probably indicate relationships between groups of species of chipmunks more clearly than do characteristics of the skulls and skins. If the structures of the bacula indicate relationships between groups of species of chipmunks more clearly than do the characteristics of the skulls and skins, the close resemblance of the skulls of _E. quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ may be thought of as convergence. The same can be said of _E. amoenus_ and _E. panamintinus_. LITERATURE CITED FRILEY, C. E., JR. 1947. Preparation and preservation of the baculum of mammals. Jour. Mamm., 28:395-397, 1 fig., December 1. HOWELL, A. H. 1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera _Tamias_ and _Eutamias_). N. Amer. Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 maps. JOHNSON, D. H. 1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias of California). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 pls., 12 figs, in text, December 24. WHITE, J. A. 1951. A practical method for mounting the bacula of small mammals. Jour. Mamm., 32:125, February 15. _Transmitted June 26, 1953._ 24-8968 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Baculum in the Chipmunks of Western North America, by John A. White *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BACULUM IN CHIPMUNKS OF WEST N. AMER. *** ***** This file should be named 31491-8.txt or 31491-8.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/4/9/31491/ Produced by Chris Curnow, Erica Pfister-Altschul, Joseph Cooper and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at http://gutenberg.net/license). Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at http://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit http://pglaf.org While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: http://www.gutenberg.net This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.