Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary

PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES,
TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,
COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, AND
COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED

EDITED BY
Rev. THOMAS DAVIDSON
ASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA'
EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY'

London: 47 Paternoster Row
W. & R. CHAMBERS, Limited
EDINBURGH: 339 High Street
1908

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

The Arrangement of the Words.—Every word is given in its alphabetical order, except in cases where, to save space, derivatives are given after and under the words from which they are derived. Each uncompounded verb has its participles, when irregular, placed after it. Exceptional plurals are also given. When a word stands after another, with no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by adding the signification of the affix: thus the meanings of Darkness are obtained by prefixing the meaning of ness, state of being, to those of Dark.

Many words from French and other tongues, current in English usage, but not yet fairly Anglicised, are inserted in the list of Foreign Phrases, &c., at the end, rather than in the body of the Dictionary.

The Pronunciation.—The Pronunciation is given immediately after each word, by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its ordinary unvarying sound, no consonant being employed that has more than one sound. The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it, with the one exception of th, which is printed in common letters when sounded as in thick, but in italics when sounded as in then. Unmarked vowels have always their short sounds, as in lad, led, lid, lot, but, book. The marked vowels are shown in the following line, which is printed at the top of each page:—

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

The vowel u when marked thus, ü, has the sound heard in Scotch bluid, gude, the French du, almost that of the German ü in Müller. Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is more accepted.

The Spelling.—When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed first is the spelling in current English use. Unfortunately our modern spelling does not represent the English we actually speak, but rather the language of the 16th century, up to which period, generally speaking, English spelling was mainly phonetic, like the present German. The fundamental principle of all rational spelling is no doubt the representation of every sound by an invariable symbol, but in modern English the usage of pronunciation has drifted far from the conventional forms established by a traditional orthography, with the result that the present spelling of our written speech is to a large extent a mere exercise of memory, full of confusing anomalies and imperfections, and involving an enormous and unnecessary strain on the faculties of learners. Spelling reform is indeed an imperative necessity, but it must proceed with a wise moderation, for, in the words of Mr Sweet, 'nothing can be done without unanimity, and until the majority of the community are convinced of the superiority of some one system unanimity is impossible.' The true path of progress should follow such wisely moderate counsels as those of Dr J. A. H. Murray:—the dropping of the final or inflexional silent e; the restoration of the historical -t after breath consonants; uniformity in the employment of double consonants, as in traveler, &c.; the discarding of ue in words like demagogue and catalogue; the uniform levelling of the agent -our into -or; the making of ea = ĕ short into e and the long ie into ee; the restoration of some, come, tongue, to their old English forms, sum, cum, tung; a more extended use of z in the body of words, as chozen, praize, raize; and the correction of the worst individual monstrosities, as foreign, scent, scythe, ache, debt, people, parliament, court, would, sceptic, phthisis, queue, schedule, twopence-halfpenny, yeoman, sieve, gauge, barque, buoy, yacht, &c.

Already in America a moderate degree of spelling reform may be said to be established in good usage, by the adoption of -or for -our, as color, labor, &c.; of -er for -re, as center, meter, &c.; -ize for -ise, as civilize, &c.; the use of a uniform single consonant after an unaccented vowel, as traveler for traveller; the adoption of e for œ or æ in hemorrhage, diarrhea, &c.

The Meanings.—The current and most important meaning of a word is usually given first. But in cases like Clerk, Livery, Marshal, where the force of the word can be made much clearer by tracing its history, the original meaning is also given, and the successive variations of its usage defined.

The Etymology.—The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings, within brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it is so indicated by a reference. It must be noted under the etymology that whenever a word is printed thus, Ban, Base, the student is referred to it; also that here the sign—is always to be read as meaning 'derived from.' Examples are generally given of words that are cognate or correspond to the English words; but it must be remembered that they are inserted merely for illustration. Such words are usually separated from the rest by a semicolon. For instance, when an English word is traced to its Anglo-Saxon form, and then a German word is given, no one should suppose that our English word is derived from the German. German and Anglo-Saxon are alike branches from a common Teutonic stem, and have seldom borrowed from each other. Under each word the force of the prefix is usually given, though not the affix. For fuller explanation in such cases the student is referred to the list of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Appendix.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

CONTENTS.

the nineteenth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of the hard open sibilant: as a medieval Roman numeral—7—also 70; S—70,000.—Collar of ss, a collar composed of a series of the letter s in gold, either linked together or set in close order.

Sabadilla, sab-a-dil′a, n. a Mexican plant, whose seeds yield an officinal alkaloid, veratrine, employed chiefly in acute febrile diseases in strong healthy persons.—Also Cebadill′a, Cevadill′a.

Sabaism, sā′bā-izm. Same as Sabianism.—Also Sā′bæism, Sā′beism, Sā′bæanism.

Sabaoth, sa-bā′oth, n.pl. armies, used only in the B. phrase, 'the Lord of Sabaoth': erroneously for Sabbath. [Heb. tsebāōth, pl. of tsābā, an army—tsābā, to go forth.]

Sabbath, sab′ath, n. among the Jews, the seventh day of the week, set apart for the rest from work: among Christians, the first day of the week, in memory of the resurrection of Christ, called also Sunday and the Lord's Day: among the ancient Jews, the seventh year, when the land was left fallow: a time of rest.—adj. pertaining to the Sabbath.—n. Sabbatā′rian, a very strict observer of the Sabbath: one who observes the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath.—adj. pertaining to the Sabbath or to Sabbatarians.—ns. Sabbatā′rianism; Sabb′ath-break′er, one who profanes the Sabbath; Sabb′ath-break′ing, profanation of the Sabbath.—adjs. Sabb′athless (Bacon), without Sabbath or interval of rest: without intermission of labour; Sabbat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or resembling, the Sabbath: enjoying or bringing rest.—n. Sabbat′ical-year, every seventh year, in which the Israelites allowed their fields and vineyards to lie fallow.—adj. Sabb′atine, pertaining to the Sabbath.—v.i. and v.t. Sabb′atise, to keep the Sabbath: to convert into a Sabbath.—n. Sabb′atism, rest, as on the Sabbath: intermission of labour.—Sabbath-day's journey, the distance of 2000 cubits, or about five furlongs, which a Jew was permitted to walk on the Sabbath, fixed by the space between the extreme end of the camp and the ark (Josh. iii. 4); Sabbath School (see Sunday school).—Witches' Sabbath, a midnight meeting of Satan with witches, devils, and sorcerers for unhallowed orgies and the travestying of divine rites. [L. Sabbatum, gener. in pl. Sabbata—Gr. Sabbaton—Heb. Shabbāth, rest.]

Sabbatia, sa-bā′ti-a, n. a genus of small North American herbaceous plants of the gentian family. [From Sabbati, an 18th-cent. Italian botanist.]

Sabbaton, sab′a-ton, n. a strong, armed covering for the foot, worn in the 16th century. [Sabot.]

Sabean, sā-bē′an, n. an Arabian, native of Yemen.—adj. pertaining to Saba in Arabia.

Sabeline, sab′e-lin, adj. pertaining to the sable.—n. the skin of the sable.

Sabella, sā-bel′ä, n. a genus of tubiculous annelids or sea-worms.—ns. Sabellā′ria; Sabellarī′idæ.

Sabellian, sā-bel′i-an, n. a follower of Sabellius, a 3d-century heretic, banished from Rome by Callistus.—adj. pertaining to Sabellius or his heresy.—n. Sabell′ianism, the heresy about the distinction of Persons in God held by Sabellius and his school—the Trinity resolved into a mere threefold manifestation of God to man, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit not distinct subsistences, but merely one and the same person in different aspects.

Sabian, sā′bi-an, n. a worshipper of the host of heaven—sun, moon, and stars—also Tsā′bian.—ns. Sā′bianism, Sā′baism, the worship of the host of heaven, an ancient religion in Persia and Chaldea: the doctrines of the Sabians or Mandæans (see Mandæan). [Heb. tsābā, a host.]

Sabine, sā′bīn, n. one of an ancient people of central Italy, ultimately subjected by Rome, 241 B.C.

Sable, sā′bl, n. a Siberian species of Marten, with lustrous dark-brown or blackish fur: its fur: a fine paint-brush made of sable: the colour black: (pl.) black clothes, mourning clothes.—adj. of the colour of the sable's fur: blackish, dark-brown: made of the fur of the sable.—v.t. to sadden.—adjs. Sā′ble-stoled; Sā′ble-vest′ed. [O. Fr. sable—Russ. sabolĭ.]

Sabot, sä-bō′, n. a wooden shoe, worn by the French peasantry: a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling.—n. Sabotier′, a wearer of wooden shoes: a Waldensian. [Fr. sabot—Low L. sabbatum, a shoe.]

Sabre, sā′bėr, n. a heavy one-edged sword, slightly curved towards the point, used by cavalry.—v.t. to wound or kill with a sabre.—ns. Sā′bre-bill, a South American bird: a curlew; Sā′bre-fish, the hair-tail or silver eel.—adj. Sā′bre-toothed, having extremely long upper canine teeth.—n. Sā′bre-wing, a humming-bird. [Fr. sabre—Ger. säbel, prob. from the Hung. szablya.]

Sabre-tache, sā′bėr-tash, n. an ornamental leather case worn by cavalry officers at the left side, suspended from the sword-belt.—Also Sā′bre-tash. [Fr. sabre-tache—Ger. säbeltasche, säbel, a sabre, Ger. tasche, a pocket.]

Sabulous, sab′ū-lus, adj. sandy, gritty.—n. Sabulos′ity, sandiness, grittiness. [L. sabulum, sand.]

Saburra, sā-bur′ä, n. a foulness of the stomach.—adj. Saburr′al.—n. Saburrā′tion, sand-baking: the application of a hot sand-bath.

Sac, sak, n. (bot., zool.) a sack or bag for a liquid.—adjs. Sac′cāte, -d, pouched: pouch-like; Sac′cular, like a sac, sacciform; Sac′culate, -d, formed in a series of sac-like expansions: encysted.—ns. Sacculā′tion, the formation of a sac: a series of sacs; Sac′cule, Sac′culus, a small sac:—pl. Sac′culi. [Fr.,—L. saccus, a bag.]

Sac, sak, n. (law) the privilege of a lord of manor of holding courts. [A.S. sacu, strife.]

Saccade, sa-kād′, n. a violent twitch of a horse by one pull: a firm pressure of the bow on the violin-strings so that two are sounded at once. [Fr.]

Saccharine, sak′a-rin, adj. pertaining to, or having the qualities of, sugar.—n. Sac′charāte, a salt of a saccharic acid.—adjs. Sacchar′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar and allied substances; Saccharif′erous, producing sugar, as from starch.—v.t. Sac′charify, to convert into sugar.—ns. Saccharim′eter, Saccharom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of saccharine matter in a liquid; Saccharim′etry, Saccharom′etry; Sac′charin, a white crystalline solid slightly soluble in cold water, odourless, but intensely sweet; Saccharin′ity.—v.t. Sac′charise, to convert into sugar:—pr.p. sac′charīsing; pa.p. sac′charīsed.—adjs. Sac′charoid, -al, having a texture resembling sugar, esp. loaf-sugar.—n. Sac′charose, the ordinary pure sugar of commerce.—adj. Sac′charous.—n. Sac′charum, a genus of grasses, including the sugar-cane. [Fr. saccharin—L. saccharum, sugar.]

Saccharocolloid, sak-a-rō-kol′oid, n. one of a large group of the carbohydrates.

Saccharomyces, sak-a-rō-mī′sēz, n. a genus of the yeast fungi. [Low L. saccharum, sugar, Gr. mykēs, a mushroom.]

Sacciform, sak′si-form, adj. having the form of a sac: baggy.—adj. Saccif′erous.

Saccobranchia, sak-ō-brang′ki-a, n.pl. a division of tunicates with saccate gills.—adj. and n. Saccobranch′iāte. [Gr. sakkos, a sack, brangchia, gills.]

Saccolabium, sak-ō-lā′bi-um, n. a genus of orchids. [L. saccus, a sack, labium, a lip.]

Saccomyoid, sak-ō-mī′oid, adj. having cheek-pouches. [Gr. sakkos, sack, mys, a mouse.]

Saccopharyngidæ, sak-o-fā-rin′ji-dē, n. a family of lyomerous fishes, including the bottle-fish, noted for swallowing fishes larger than themselves.

Saccos, sak′os, n. a tight sleeveless vestment worn by Oriental patriarchs and metropolitans during divine service, corresponding to the Western dalmatic. [Gr. sakkos, a sack.]

Sacellum, sā-sel′um, n. a little sanctuary, a small uncovered place consecrated to a divinity: a canopied altar-tomb:—pl. Sacell′a. [L., dim. of sacrum, neut. of sacer, consecrated.]

Sacerdotal, sas-ėr-dō′tal, adj. priestly.—v.t. Sacerdō′talise, to render sacerdotal.—ns. Sacerdō′talism, the spirit of the priesthood: devotion to priestly interests, priestcraft: the belief that the presbyter is a priest in the sense of offering a sacrifice in the eucharist; Sacerdō′talist, a supporter of sacerdotalism.—adv. Sacerdō′tally. [L. sacerdos, a priest—sacer, sacred, dăre, to give.]

Sachem, sā′chem, n. a chief of a North American Indian tribe, a sagamore: one of the Tammany leaders.—ns. Sā′chemdom, Sā′chemship.

Sack, sak, n. a large bag of coarse cloth for holding grain, flour, &c.: the contents of a sack: (also Sacque) a woman's gown, loose at the back, a short coat rounded at the bottom: a measure of varying capacity.—v.t. to put into a sack: (slang) to dismiss.—ns. Sack′-bear′er, any bombycid moth of the family Psychidæ; Sack′cloth, cloth for sacks: coarse cloth formerly worn in mourning or penance.—adj. Sack′clothed.—ns. Sacked′-frī′ar, a monk who wore a coarse upper garment called a saccus; Sack′er, a machine for filling sacks; Sack′-fil′ter, a bag-filter; Sack′ful, as much as a sack will hold; Sack′-hoist, a continuous hoist for raising sacks in warehouses; Sack′ing, coarse cloth or canvas for sacks, bed-bottoms, &c.; Sack′-pack′er, in milling, a machine for automatically filling a flour-sack; Sack′-race, a race in which the legs of competitors are encased in sacks.—Get the sack, to be dismissed or rejected; Give the sack, to dismiss. [A.S. sacc—L. saccus—Gr. sakkos—Heb. saq, a coarse cloth or garment, prob. Egyptian.]

Sack, sak, v.t. to plunder: to ravage.—n. the plunder or devastation of a town: pillage.—ns. Sack′age; Sack′ing, the storming and pillaging of a town.—adj. bent on pillaging.—Sack and fork (Scot.), the power of drowning and hanging. [Fr. sac, a sack, plunder (saccager, to sack)—L. saccus, a sack.]

Sack, sak, n. the old name of a dry Spanish wine of the sherry genus, the favourite drink of Falstaff.—n. Sack′-poss′et, posset made with sack.—Burnt sack, mulled sack. [Fr. sec (Sp. seco)—L. siccus, dry.]

Sackbut, sak′but, n. a kind of trumpet, the predecessor of the trombone: (B.) a kind of stringed instrument resembling the guitar. [Fr. saquebute—Sp. sacabuche—sacar, to draw out, buche, the maw or stomach, prob. Old High Ger. būh (Ger. bauch), the belly.]

Sackless, sak′les, adj. (Scot.) guiltless: innocent: guileless. [A.S. sacleás, without strife, sacu, strife, -leás, -less.]

Sacodes, sā-kō′dēz, n. a genus of beetles of the family Cyphonidæ. [Gr. sakos, a shield, eidos, form.]

Sacrament, sak′ra-ment, n. an holy ordinance instituted by Christ as an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace (Baptism and the Lord's Supper—amongst Roman Catholics, also Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction): the Lord's Supper specially: an oath of obedience taken by Roman soldiers on enlistment: any solemn obligation: materials used in a sacrament.—v.t. to bind by an oath.—adj. Sacramen′tal, belonging to or constituting a sacrament.—ns. Sacramen′talism, the attachment of excessive importance to the sacraments: the doctrine that there is in the sacraments themselves a special direct spiritual efficacy to confer grace; Sacramen′talist, one who holds this view.—adv. Sacramen′tally.—ns. Sacramentā′rian, one who holds a high or extreme view of the efficacy of the sacraments: (obs.) one who rejects the doctrine of the real presence in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; Sacramentā′rianism, the holding of extreme views with regard to the efficacy of sacraments.—adj. Sacramen′tary, pertaining to the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or to the sacramentarians.—n. a book containing all the prayers and ceremonies used at the celebration of the R.C. sacraments: a sacramentarian. [L. sacramentum, a sacred thing—sacrāre, to consecrate—sacer, sacred.]

Sacrarium, sā-krā′ri-um, n. the part of a church where the altar is, the sanctuary: in ancient Rome, any sacred place, the place where the Penates were stored.—n. Sac′rary (obs.), a holy place.—v.t. Sā′crate (obs.), to consecrate.

Sacred, sā′kred, adj. set apart or dedicated, esp. to God: made holy: proceeding from God: religious: entitled to respect or veneration: inviolable: devoted to destruction: opposed to secular, as sacred music or history: not liable to punishment.—adv. Sā′credly.—n. Sā′credness.—Sacred ape, the hanuman of India; Sacred beetle, an Egyptian scarab; Sacred cat, the house cat of Egypt, sacred to Pasht; Sacred fish, one of the fresh-water fishes of the Nile; Sacred Heart (R.C.), the physical heart of Christ, adored with special devotion since the 18th century. [O. Fr. sacrer—L. sacrāre—L. sacer, sacred.]

Sacrificati, sak-ri-fi-kā′tī, n.pl. in the early church, those who sacrificed to idols in persecution, but returned as penitents afterwards.

Sacrifice, sak′ri-fīs, v.t. to offer up, esp. on the altar of a divinity: to destroy or give up for something else: to devote or destroy with loss or suffering: to kill.—v.i. to make offerings to God.—n. the fundamental institution of all natural religions, primarily a sacramental meal at which the communicants are a deity and his worshippers, and the elements the flesh and blood of a sacred victim: the act of sacrificing or offering to a deity, esp. a victim on an altar: that which is sacrificed or offered: destruction or loss of anything to gain some object: that which is given up, destroyed, or lost for some end: mere loss of profit.—n. Sacrif′icant, one who offers a sacrifice.—adj. Sacrif′icātory, offering sacrifice.—n. Sac′rificer, a priest.—adj. Sacrifi′cial, relating to, or consisting in, sacrifice: performing sacrifice.—adv. Sacrifi′cially.—Sacrifice hit, in base-ball, a hit to enable another player to score or to gain a base.—Eucharistic sacrifice, the supposed constant renewal of the sacrifice of Christ in the mass. [O. Fr.,—L. sacrificium—sacer, sacred, facĕre, to make.]

Sacrilege, sak′ri-lej, n. profanation of a sacred place or thing: the breaking into a place of worship and stealing therefrom.—n. Sac′rileger (obs.).—adj. Sacrilē′gious, polluted with sacrilege: profane: violating sacred things.—adv. Sacrilē′giously.—ns. Sacrilē′giousness; Sac′rilēgist, one guilty of sacrilege. [Fr. sacrilège—L. sacrilegium—sacer, sacred, legĕre, to gather.]

Sacrist, sā′krist, n. a sacristan: a person in a cathedral who copies out music for the choir and takes care of the books.—ns. Sā′cring, consecration; Sā′cring-bell, in R.C. churches, a small bell rung to call attention to the more solemn parts of the service of the mass; Sac′ristan, an officer in a church who has charge of the sacred vessels and other movables: a sexton; Sac′risty, an apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, &c. are kept: vestry. [Low L. sacristia, a vestry, sacristanus, sacrista, a sacristan—L. sacer.]

Sacrosanct, sak′rō-sangkt, adj. very sacred or inviolable.—n. Sacrosanc′tity. [L. sacrosanctus—sacer, sacred, sanctus, pa.p. of sancīre, to hallow.]

Sacrum, sā′krum, n. a triangular bone situated at the lower part of the vertebral column (of which it is a natural continuation), and wedged between the two innominate bones, so as to form the keystone to the pelvic arch.—adj. Sā′cral.—n. Sācral′gia, pain in the region of the sacrum.—adjs. Sācrocos′tal, connected with the sacrum and having the character of a rib (also n.); Sācroil′iac, pertaining to the sacrum and ilium; Sācrolum′bar, pertaining to sacral and lumbar vertebræ; Sācropū′bic, pertaining to the sacrum and to the pubes; Sācrorec′tal, pertaining to the sacrum and the rectum; Sācrosciat′ic, pertaining to the sacrum and the hip; Sācrover′tebral, pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it. [L. sacrum (os, bone), sacred.]

Sad, sad (comp. Sad′der, superl. Sad′dest), adj. sorrowful: serious: cast down: calamitous: weary: sombre: stiff: doughy: dejected: troublesome: sober, dark-coloured: (obs.) ponderous, heavy.—v.t. to grieve.—v.t. Sad′den, to make sad: to render heavy: to grow hard.—v.i. to grow sad.—adjs. Sad′-eyed (Shak.), having an expression of sadness in the eyes; Sad′-faced (Shak.), having an expression of sadness in the face; Sad′-heart′ed (Shak.), having the heart full of sadness.—adv. Sad′ly.—n. Sad′ness. [A.S. sæd, sated, weary; cf. Dut. zat, Ger. satt; L. sat, satis.]

Saddening, sad′n-ing, n. a method of applying mordants in dyeing and printing cloths, so as to give duller shades to the colours employed.

Saddle, sad′l, n. a seat or pad, generally of leather, for a horse's back: anything like a saddle, as a saddle of mutton, veal, or venison—a butcher's cut, including a part of the backbone with the ribs on one side: a part of the harness used for drawing a vehicle: the seat on a bicycle: (naut.) a block of wood fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar.—v.t. to put a saddle on, to load: to encumber.—n. Sadd′le-back, a hill or its summit when shaped like a saddle: a raccoon oyster: the great black-backed gull: the harp-seal: a variety of domestic geese: the larva of the bombycid moth: (archit.) a coping thicker in the middle than at the edges.—adj. Sadd′le-backed, having a low back and an elevated head and neck.—ns. Sadd′le-bag, one of two bags united by straps for carrying on horseback; Sadd′le-bar, a bar for sustaining glass in a stained-glass window; Sadd′le-blank′et, a small blanket folded under a saddle; Sadd′le-bow, the arched front of a saddle from which the weapon often hung; Sadd′le-cloth, the housing or cloth placed under a saddle.—n.pl. Sadd′le-feath′ers, the long slender feathers which droop from the saddle or rump of the domestic cock.—ns. Sadd′le-girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place; Sadd′le-horse, a horse suitable for riding; Sadd′le-joint, a joint made in plates of sheet-iron so that the margins interlock: (anat.) a joint admitting movement in every direction except axial rotation; Sadd′le-lap, the skirt of a saddle; Sadd′le-plate, the bent plate which forms the arch of the furnace in locomotive steam-boilers; Sadd′le-quern, an ancient quern for grinding grain; Sadd′ler, a maker of saddles: the harp-seal; Sadd′le-rock, a variety of the oyster; Sadd′le-roof, a roof having two gables; Sadd′ler-cor′poral, a non-commissioned officer in the household cavalry, with the charge of the saddles; Sadd′ler-ser′geant, a sergeant in the cavalry who has charge of the saddlers: (U.S.) a non-commissioned staff-officer of a cavalry regiment; Sadd′lery, occupation of a saddler: materials for saddles: articles sold by a saddler.—adjs. Sadd′le-shaped, shaped like a saddle: (bot.) bent down at the sides: (geol.) bent down at each side of a ridge; Sadd′le-sick, galled with much riding.—ns. Sadd′le-tree, the frame of a saddle.—Put the saddle on the right horse, to impute blame where it is deserved. [A.S. sadol, sadel; cf. Dut. zadel, Ger. sattel.]

Sadducee, sad′ū-sē, n. one of a Jewish sceptical school or party of aristocratic traditionists in New Testament times.—adj. Saddūcē′an, of or relating to the Sadducees.—ns. Saddūcee′ism, Sadd′ūcism, scepticism. [Gr. Saddoukaios—Heb. Tsedūqīm, from their supposed founder Zadok, or from the race of the Zadokites, a family of priests at Jerusalem since the time of Solomon.]

Sadina, sa-dē′na, n. a clupeoid fish resembling a sardine. [Sp. sardina.]

Safe, sāf, adj. unharmed: free from danger or injury: secure: securing from danger or injury: no longer dangerous: clear: trusty: sound: certain.—n. a chest or closet for money, &c., safe against fire, thieves, &c., generally of iron: a chest or cupboard for meats: (coll.) a safety-bicycle.—v.t. to safeguard.—v.t. Safe′-conduct′ (Spens.).—ns. Safe′-con′duct, a writing, passport, or guard granted to a person to enable him to travel with safety; Safe′-depos′it, a safe storage for valuables; Safe′guard, he who, or that which, guards or renders safe: protection: a guard, passport, or warrant to protect a traveller: a rail-guard at railway switches: (zool.) a monitor lizard.—v.t. to protect.—n. Safe′-keep′ing, preservation from injury or from escape.—adv. Safe′ly, in a safe manner.—ns. Safe′ness; Safe′-pledge, a surety for one's appearance at a day assigned; Safe′ty, freedom from danger or loss: close custody: a safeguard: Safe′ty-arch (archit.), an arch built in the body of a wall to relieve the pressure, as over a door or window; Safe′ty-belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or capable of being inflated, for helping a person to float; Safe′ty-bī′cycle, a low-wheeled bicycle; Safe′ty-buoy, a buoy for helping a person to float: a life-preserver; Safe′ty-cage (mining), a cage by which a fall would be prevented in case of the breakage of the rope by means of safety-catches; Safe′ty-chain, a check-chain of a car-truck: a safety-link; Safe′ty-fuse, a waterproof woven tube enclosing an inflammable substance which burns at a regular rate; Safe′ty-hoist, a hoisting-gear so arranged as to prevent its load being thrown precipitately down in case of accident; Safe′ty-lamp, a lamp surrounded by wire-gauze, used for safety in mines on account of the inflammable gases; Safe′ty-lock, a lock that cannot be picked by ordinary means: in firearms, a lock with some device for preventing accidental discharge; Safe′ty-match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose; Safe′ty-pā′per, a paper so prepared as to resist alteration by chemical or mechanical means; Safe′ty-pin, a pin in the form of a clasp with a guard covering its point; Safe′ty-plug, a plug of soft metal in an opening in a steam-boiler, so as to melt when the temperature rises to its fusing-point, and allow of an escape of steam; Safe′ty-rein, a rein for preventing a horse from running away; Safe′ty-stop, a contrivance for preventing accidents in machinery; Safe′ty-tube, a tube used in chemical operations to prevent the bursting of vessels by gas, and for other purposes; Safe′ty-valve, a valve in the top of a steam-boiler, which lets out the steam when the pressure is too great for safety. [O. Fr. sauf—L. salvus; prob. allied to solus.]

Saffian, saf′i-an, n. a name applied to skins tanned with sumac and dyed in bright colours. [Russ.]

Safflower, saf′flow-ėr, n. an annual herbaceous composite plant, cultivated all over India for its red dye—Carthamine. [O. Fr. saflor, through It. from Ar. usfūr—safrā, yellow.]

Saffron, saf′run, n. a bulbous plant of the crocus kind with deep-yellow flowers: a colouring substance prepared from its flowers.—adj. having the colour of saffron: deep yellow.—adj. Saff′rony.—n. Saf′ranine, a coal-tar producing yellowish colour used in dyeing. [O. Fr. safran (It. zafferano)—Ar. za‛farān—safrā, yellow.]

Sag, sag, v.i. to bend, sink, or hang down: to yield or give way as from weight or pressure: to hang heavy: to make leeway.—n. a droop.—adj. loaded. [M. E. saggen, from Scand.; Sw. sacka, to sink down; cf. Ger. sacken, to sink.]

Saga, sä′ga, n. a tale, historical or fabulous, in the old prose literature of Iceland.—n. Sä′gaman, a narrator of sagas. [Ice. saga, pl. sögur—segja, say.]

Sagacious, sa-gā′shus, adj. keen or quick in perception or thought: acute: discerning and judicious: wise.—adv. Sagā′ciously.—ns. Sagā′ciousness, Sagac′ity, acuteness of perception or thought: acute practical judgment: shrewdness. [L. sagax, sagacis—sagīre, to perceive quickly.]

Sagamore, sag′a-mōr, n. a chief among some tribes of American Indians—prob. conn. with sachem.

Sagapenum, sag-a-pē′num, n. a fetid gum-resin, the concrete juice of a Persian species of Ferula, formerly used in hysteria, &c. [Gr. sagapēnon.]

Sagathy, sag′a-thi, n. (obs.) a woollen stuff. [Fr. sagatis—L. saga, a mantle.]

Sage, sāj, n. any plant of genus Salvia, of the mint family, esp. Common or Garden Sage, used for flavouring meats.—ns. Sage′-app′le, a gall formed on a species of sage; Sage′-bread, bread baked from dough mixed with a strong infusion of sage in milk; Sage′-brush, a collective name of various shrubby species of Artemisia in the western United States; Sage′-cock, -grouse, a large North American grouse; Sage′-green, a gray slightly mixed with pure green; Sage′-rabb′it, a small hare or rabbit abounding in North America; Sage′-rose, a plant of the genus Cistus: an evergreen shrub of tropical America; Sage′-sparr′ow, a fringilline bird characteristic of the sage-brush of North America; Sage′-thresh′er, the mountain mocking-bird of west North America; Sage′-will′ow, a dwarf American willow.—adj. Sā′gy, full of, or seasoned with, sage.—Apple-bearing sage, a native of southern Europe, with large reddish or purple bracts, and bearing on its branches large gall-nuts; Meadow Sage, or Meadow clary, a common ornament of meadows in the south of England, with bluish-purple flowers; Oil of sage, an essential oil, yielded by the sage, once much used in liniments against rheumatism. [O. Fr. sauge (It. salvia)—L. salvia—salvus, safe.]

Sage, sāj, adj. discriminating, discerning, wise: well judged.—n. a wise man: a man of gravity and wisdom.—adv. Sage′ly.—n. Sage′ness.—Seven sages, or wise men (see Seven). [Fr. sage (It. saggio, savio), from a L. sapius (seen in ne-sapius), wise—sapĕre, to be wise.]

Sagene, sā′jēn, n. a Russian unit of long measure, of seven English feet.

Sagenite, sāj′en-īt, n. acicular crystals of rutile occurring in reticulated forms embedded in quartz.—adj. Sagenit′ic. [Gr. sagēnē, a drag-net.]

Sageretia, saj-e-rē′ti-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants belonging to the buckthorn order. [Named from Aug. Sageret, 1763-1852.]

Saggar, Sagger, sag′ar, -ėr, n. a box of hard pottery in which porcelain is enclosed for baking—also v.t.—ns. Sagg′ard; Sagg′ar-house, a house in which unbaked vessels are put into saggars. [Safeguard.]

Sagina, sa-jī′na, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the pink family.—v.t. Sag′inate, to pamper: to fatten.—n. Saginā′tion. [L. sagināre, to fatten.]

Sagitta, saj′it-a, n. a northern constellation—the Arrow: a genus of small pelagic worms.—adj. Sag′ittal, arrow-shaped: (anat.) straight, pertaining to the sagittal suture.—adv. Sag′ittally.—ns. Sagittā′ria, a genus of aquatic plants, some species with sagittate leaves and white flowers; Sagittā′rius, the Archer, one of the signs of the zodiac; Sag′ittary, a centaur: a public building in Venice.—adj. of or like an arrow.—adjs. Sag′ittāte, -d, Shaped like an arrow-head, as a leaf; Sagittiling′ual, having a long slender tongue, as a woodpecker. [L. sagitta, an arrow.]

Sago, sā′go, n. a nutritive farinaceous substance produced from the pith of several East Indian palms.—n. Sā′go-palm. [Malay sāgu.]

Saguin, sag′win, n. a South American monkey.—Also Sag′oin, Sag′ouin.

Sagum, sā′gum, n. a military cloak worn by ancient Roman soldiers. [L., prob. of Celt. origin.]

Sahib, sä′ib, n. a term of respect given in India to persons of rank and to Europeans. [Hind. sāhib—Ar. sāhib.]

Sahlite, sä′līt, n. a variety of augite, from the silver-mines of Sahla in Sweden.

Saic, sä′ik, n. a Turkish or Grecian vessel common in the Levant. [Fr. saïque—Turk. shāīqa.]

Said, sed, pa.t. and pa.p. of say: the before-mentioned, as the said witness.

Sail, sāl, n. a sheet of canvas, &c., spread to catch the wind, by which a ship is driven forward: a ship or ships: a trip in a vessel: a fleet: arm of a windmill: speed: a journey.—v.i. to be moved by sails: to go by water: to begin a voyage: to glide or float smoothly along.—v.t. to navigate: to pass in a ship: to fly through.—adj. Sail′able, navigable.—n. Sail′-boat, a boat propelled by a sail.—adjs. Sail′-borne; Sail′-broad (Milt.), broad or spreading like a sail.—n. Sail′-cloth, a strong cloth for sails.—adj. Sailed, having sails set.—ns. Sail′er, a sailor: a boat or ship with respect to its mode of sailing, or its speed; Sail′-fish, the basking shark: the quill-back; Sail′-fluke, the whiff; Sail′-hoop, a mast-hoop; Sail′ing, act of sailing: motion of a vessel on water: act of directing a ship's course: the term applied to the different ways in which the path of a ship at sea, and the variations of its geographical position, are represented on paper, as great circle sailing, Mercator's sailing, middle latitude sailing, oblique sailing, parallel sailing, plane sailing; Sail′ing-ice, an ice-pack through which a sailing-vessel can force her way.—n.pl. Sail′ing-instruc′tions, written directions by the officer of a convoy to the masters of ships under his care.—n. Sail′ing-mas′ter, a former name for the navigating officer of a war-ship.—adj. Sail′less, destitute of sails.—ns. Sail′-liz′ard, a large lizard having a crested tail; Sail′-loft, a loft where sails are cut out and made; Sail′-māk′er, a maker of sails: in the United States navy, an officer who takes charge of the sails; Sail′or, one who sails in or navigates a ship: a seaman; Sail′or-fish, a sword-fish; Sail′or-man, a seaman; Sail′or-plant, the strawberry geranium; Sail′or's-choice, the pin-fish: the pig-fish; Sail′or's-purse, an egg-pouch of rays and sharks; Sail′-room, a room in a vessel where sails are stowed.—adj. Sail′y, like a sail.—n. Sail′-yard, the yard on which sails are extended.—n.pl. Stay′-sails, triangular sails, suspended on the ropes which stay the masts upon the foresides—from the jib-boom, bowsprit, and deck in the case of the foremast, and from the deck in the case of the mainmast.—Sail close to the wind, to run great risk; Sailors' Home, an institution where sailors may lodge, or aged and infirm sailors be permanently cared for.—After sail, the sails carried on the mainmast and mizzen-mast; Fore-and-aft sails, those set parallel to the keel of a ship, as opp. to Square sails, those set across the ship; Full Sail, with all sails set; Make sail, to spread more canvas, in sailing; Set sail, to spread the sails, to begin a voyage; Shorten sail, to reduce its extent; Strike sail, to lower the sail or sails: (Shak.) to abate one's pretensions of pomp or superiority; Take the wind out of one's sails, to deprive one of an advantage; Under sail, having the sails spread. [A.S. segel, cf. Dut. zeil, Ger. segel.]

Sain, sān, v.t. (Scot.) to bless so as to protect from evil. [A.S. segnian—L. signāre—signum, mark.]

Sainfoin, sān′foin, n. a leguminous fodder-plant.—Also Saint′foin. [Fr., sain, wholesome, foin, hay—L. sanum fœnum.]

Saint, sānt, n. a sanctified or holy person: one eminent for piety: one of the blessed dead: one canonised by the R.C. Church: an image of a saint: an angel: (pl.) Israelites as a people: Christians generally.—v.t. to salute as a saint.—adj. Saint′ed, made a saint: holy: sacred: gone to heaven: canonised.—n. Saint′hood.—adj. Saint′ish, somewhat saintly, or affectedly so.—n. Saint′ism, the character or quality of a saint: sanctimoniousness.—adjs. Saint′-like, Saint′ly, like or becoming a saint.—adv. Saint′lily.—n. Saint′liness.—adj. Saint′-seem′ing, appearing like a saint.—n. Saint′ship, the character of a saint.—Saint's day, a day set apart for the commemoration of a particular saint; St Agnes's flower, the snowflake; St Andrew's cross, a North American shrub; St Andrew's Day, 30th November; St Anthony's fire, erysipelas; St Anthony's nut, the pig-nut or hawk-nut; St Audrey's necklace, a string of holy stones; St Barbara's cress, the yellow rocket; St Barnaby's thistle, the English star-thistle; St Bennet's herb, the herb bennet; St Bernard, a kind of dog; St Blase's disease, quinsy; St Cassian beds, a division of the Triassic series; St Crispin's Day, 25th October; St David's Day, 1st March; St Domingo duck, a West Indian duck; St Domingo grebe, the smallest grebe in America; St Elmo's fire (see Elmo's fire); St George's Day, 23d April; St George's ensign, the distinguishing flag of the British navy, a red cross on a white field; St Hubert's disease, hydrophobia; St John's bread, the carob bean: ergot of rye; St John's Day, 27th December; St John's hawk, a blackish variety of the rough-legged buzzard; St Julien, an esteemed red Bordeaux wine from the Médoc region; St Leger, the name of a race run at Doncaster, so called since 1778 from Col. St Leger; St Luke's summer, a period of pleasant weather about the middle of October; St Martin's evil, drunkenness; St Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather in late autumn; St Nicholas's Day, 6th December; St Patrick's Day, 17th March; St Peter's finger, a belemnite; St Peter's fish, the dory; St Peter's wort, a name of several plants; St Pierre group, a thick mass of shales in the upper Missouri region; St Swithin's Day, 15th July; St Valentine's Day, 14th February; St Vitus's dance, chorea.—All-Saints' Day, a feast observed by the Latin Church on 1st November, in the Greek Church on the first Sunday after Pentecost; Communion of the Saints, the spiritual fellowship of all true believers, the blessed dead as well as the faithful living, mystically united in each other in Christ; Intercession, Perseverance, of saints (see Intercession, Perseverance); Latter-day saints, the Mormons' name for themselves; Patron saint, a saint who is regarded as a protector, as St George of England, St Andrew of Scotland, St Patrick of Ireland, St David of Wales, St Denis of France, St James of Spain, St Nicholas of Russia, St Stephen of Hungary, St Mark of Venice, &c. [Fr.,—L. sanctus, holy.]

Saint-Simonism, sānt-sī′mon-izm, n. the socialistic system founded by the Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825).—ns. Saint-Simō′nian (also adj.); Saint-Simō′nianism; Saint-Sī′monist.

Sair, sār, v.t. to serve: to fit: to satisfy: to give alms.—n. Sair′ing, as much as serves the turn: enough.

Sake, sak′e, n. a Japanese fermented liquor made from rice: a generic name for all spirituous liquors.

Sake, sāk, n. cause: account: regard, as 'for my sake': contention: fault: purpose.—For old sake's sake, for the sake of old times, for auld langsyne. [A.S. sacu, strife, a lawsuit; Dut. zaak, Ger. sache; A.S. sacan, to strive, Goth. sakan. Seek is a doublet.]

Saker, sā′kėr, n. a species of falcon: a species of cannon. [Fr.,—Low L. falco sacer, sacred falcon.]

Sakieh, sak′i-e, n. a Persian wheel used in Egypt for raising water.—Also Sak′ia, [Ar. saqieh.]

Sal, sal, n. a large gregarious timber tree of north India, with hard, dark-brown, coarse-grained, durable wood. [Hind. sāl.]

Sal, sal, n. salt, used in chemistry and pharmacy with various adjectives, as Sal′-alem′broth, a solution of equal parts of corrosive sublimate and ammonium chloride—also Salt of wisdom; Sal′-ammō′niac, chloride of ammonium, with a sharp, saline taste; Sal′-seignette′, Rochelle salt; Sal′-volat′ile, a solution of carbonate of ammonia in alcohol—a common remedy for faintness. [L.]

Salaam, Salam, sa-läm′, n. a word of salutation in the East, chiefly among Mohammedans: homage.—v.i. to perform the salaam. [Ar. salām, peace; Heb. shalām, to be safe.]

Salable, Salableness, Salably. Same as Saleable, &c. See Sale.

Salacious, sal-ā′shi-us, adj. lustful: lecherous.—adv. Salā′ciously, lustfully: lecherously.—ns. Salā′ciousness, Salac′ity, lust, lecherousness. [L. salax—salīre, to leap.]

Salad, sal′ad, n. a preparation of raw herbs (lettuce, endive, chicory, celery, mustard and cress, water-cress, onions, radishes, tomatoes, chervil, &c.) cut up and seasoned with salt, vinegar, &c.: a dish of some kind of meat, chopped, seasoned, and mixed with a salad.—ns. Salad-bur′net, the common burnet, used as a salad; Sal′ading, herbs for salads: the making of salads; Sal′ad-oil, olive-oil, used in dressing salads; Sal′ad-plate, a small plate for salad; Sal′ad-rock′et, the garden rocket; Sal′ad-spoon, a large and long-handled spoon for stirring and mixing salads, made of wood or other material not affected by vinegar.—Salad days, days of youthful inexperience. [Fr. salade—Old It. salata—salare, to salt—L. sal, salt.]

Salal-berry, sal′al-ber′i, n. a berry-like plant of California, about the size of a common grape.

Salamander, sal′a-man-dėr, n. a genus of tailed Amphibians, nearly related to the newts, harmless, but long dreaded as poisonous, once supposed able to live in fire: (her.) a four-legged creature with a long tail surrounded by flames: a poker used red-hot for kindling fires: a hot metal plate for browning meat, &c.—adjs. Salaman′driform; Salaman′drine, like a salamander: enduring fire; Salaman′droid—also n. [Fr. salamandre—L.,—Gr. salamandra; of Eastern origin.]

Salamba, sa-lam′ba, n. a contrivance for fishing used at Manila and elsewhere in the East.

Salangane, sal′ang-gān, n. a Chinese swift which constructs edible nests.

Salary, sal′a-ri, n. a recompense for services: wages.—v.t. to pay a salary.—adj. Sal′aried, receiving a salary. [O. Fr. salarie (Fr. salaire, It. salario)—L. salarium, salt-money, sal, salt]

Sale, sāl, n. act of selling: the exchange of anything for money: power or opportunity of selling: demand: public showing of goods to sell: auction.—adj. Sale′able, that may be sold: in good demand.—n. Sale′ableness.—adv. Sale′ably.—ns. Sale′room, an auction-room; Sales′man, a man who sells goods:—fem. Sales′woman.—adj. Sale′-tongued, mercenary.—n.pl. Sale′wares, merchandise.—n. Sale′work, work or things made for sale, or merely for sale: work carelessly done.—Forced sale, a sale compelled by a creditor; Terms of sale, the conditions imposed on a purchaser. [Scand., Ice. sala.]

Sale, sāl, n. (Spens.) a kind of basket-like net, made of sallows or willows. [A.S. sealh, willow.]

Salebrous, sal′ē-brus, adj. rough, rugged.—n. Salebros′ity. [Fr.,—L. salebrosus, rough.]

Salep, sal′ep, n. the dried tubers of Orchis mascula: the food prepared from it.—Also Sal′op. [Ar.]

Saleratus, sal-e-rā′tus, n. sodium bicarbonate, used in baking-powders.—Also Salærā′tus. [L. sal aeratus, aerated salt.]

Salian, sā′li-an, adj. pertaining to a tribe of Franks on the lower Rhine.—n. one of this tribe.—adj. Sal′ic, denoting a law among the Salian Franks limiting the succession of certain lands to males—extended in the 14th century to the succession to the crown of France. [Fr. salique—Low L. Lex salica.]

Salian, sā′li-an, adj. pertaining to the Salii or priests of Mars in ancient Rome.—Salian hymns, songs sung by these, with dances, &c.

Salicetum, sal-i-sē′tum, n. a thicket of willows:—pl. Salicē′tums, Salicē′ta.

Salicin, -e, sal′i-sin, n. a bitter crystalline glucoside, obtained from the bark of willows and poplars.—n. Sal′icylāte, a salt of salicylic acid.—adjs. Sal′icylāted, combined with salicylic acid; Salicy′lic, obtained from the willow.—Salicylate of sodium, a product occurring in small white crystals, used very largely in acute rheumatism. [L. salix, salicis, a willow.]

Salicornia, sal-i-kor′ni-a, n. a genus of apetalous plants—the glass-wort, marsh-samphire. [Fr.,—L. sal, salt, cornu, a horn.]

Salient, sā′li-ent, adj. leaping or springing: (fort.) projecting outwards, as an angle: prominent: striking: (geom.) denoting any angle less than two right angles: (her.) of a beast of prey nearly rampant.—n. Sā′lience, the quality or condition of being salient: projection: (Spens.) a leaping, assaulting, onslaught.—adv. Sā′liently. [Fr.,—L. saliens, -entis, pr.p. of salīre, to leap.]

Saliferous, sā-lif′ėr-us, adj. bearing salt.—Saliferous system, the Triassic, from its rich deposits. [L. sal, salis, salt, ferre, to bear.]

Salify, sal′i-fī, v.t. to combine with an acid in order to make a salt:—pa.t. and pa.p. sal′ified.—adj. Salifī′able.—n. Salificā′tion, the act of salifying.

Saline, sā′līn, or sā-līn′, adj. consisting of, or containing, salt: partaking of the qualities of salt.—n. an effervescent powder used as a gentle aperient: a salt-spring.—ns. Salī′na, salt-works; Salinā′tion, the act of washing in salt liquor; Sal′ine, Sal′in, a salt, reddish substance obtained from the ashes of potato-leaves; Saline′ness.—adjs. Salinif′erous; Salin′iform.—ns. Salin′ity; Salinom′eter, Salim′eter, a hydrometer for measuring the amount of salt in any given solution.—adj. Salī′no-terrene′, composed of salt and earth.—v.t. Sal′ite, to season with salt.—n. Sal′itral, a place where saltpetre occurs. [Fr.,—L. salinus—sal, salt.]

Saliva, sa-lī′va, n. the spittle, one of the digestive fluids, mainly the product of the salivary glands.—adjs. Salī′val, Sal′ivant, producing salivation.—n. Salī′va-pump, a device for carrying off the accumulating saliva.—adj. Sa′livary, pertaining to, secreting, or containing saliva.—n. that which produces salivation.—v.t. Sal′ivāte, to produce an unusual amount of saliva.—n. Salivā′tion, an unusual flow of saliva.—adj. Sal′ivous, like spittle. [Fr.,—L., allied to Gr. sialon, saliva.]

Salix, sā′liks, n. a genus of apetalous trees and shrubs, the willows. [L.]

Sallee-man, sal′ē-man, n. a Moorish pirate.—Also Sall′ee-rō′ver. [Sallee, on the coast of Morocco.]

Sallet, sal′et, n. a light kind of helmet of the 15th century, with projection behind, used by foot-soldiers. [O. Fr. salade, through It. celata, a helmet, from L. cælata, figured—cælāre, to engrave.]

Sallow, sal′ō, n. a tree or low shrub of the willow kind—(Scot.) Sauch.—adj. Sall′owy, abounding in sallows. [A.S. sealh; Ger. sahl.]

Sallow, sal′ō, adj. of a pale, yellowish colour.—v.t. to tinge with a sallow colour.—adj. Sall′owish, somewhat sallow.—ns. Sall′ow-kitt′en, a kind of puss-moth; Sall′ow-moth, a British moth of a pale-yellow colour; Sall′owness.—adj. Sall′owy. [A.S. salo, salu; cf. Dut. zaluw, and Old High Ger. salo.]

Sally, sal′i, n. a leaping or bursting out: a sudden rushing forth of troops to attack besiegers: excursion: outburst of fancy, wit, &c.: levity: a projection.—v.i. to rush out suddenly: to mount:—pa.t. and pa.p. sall′ied.—n. Sall′y-port, a passage by which a garrison may make a sally: a large port for the escape of a crew when a fire-ship is set on fire. [Fr. saillie—saillir (It. salire)—L. salire, to leap.]

Sally, sal′i, n. a kind of stone-fly: a wren.—n. Sall′ypick′er, one of several different warblers.

Sally-lunn, sal′i-lun, n. a sweet spongy tea-cake. [From the name of a girl who sold them in the streets of Bath about the close of the 18th century.]

Salmagundi, sal-ma-gun′di, n. a dish of minced meat with eggs, anchovies, vinegar, pepper, &c.: a medley, miscellany.—Also Salmagun′dy. [Fr. salmigondis—It. salami, pl. of salame, salt meat—L. sal, salt, conditi, pl. of condito, seasoned—L. condīre, -ītum, to pickle.]

Salmi, Salmis, sal′mi, n. a ragout of roasted woodcocks, &c., stewed with wine, morsels of bread, &c. [Fr. salmis—It. salame, salt meat.]

Salmon, sam′un, n. a large fish, brownish above, with silvery sides, the delicate flesh reddish-orange in colour—ascending rivers to spawn: the upper bricks in a kiln which receive the least heat.—ns. Sal′mō, the leading genus of Salmonidæ; Salm′on-col′our, an orange-pink; Salm′onet, a young salmon; Salm′on-fish′ery, a place where salmon-fishing is carried on; Salm′on-fly, any kind of artificial fly for taking salmon; Salm′on-fry, salmon under two years old; Salm′oning, the salmon industry, as canning; Salm′on-kill′er, a sort of stickleback; Salm′on-leap, -ladd′er, a series of steps to permit a salmon to pass up-stream.—adj. Salm′onoid.—ns. Salm′on-peal, -peel, a grilse under 2 lb.; Salm′on-spear, an instrument used in spearing salmon; Salm′on-spring, a smolt or young salmon of the first year; Salm′on-tack′le, the rod, line, and fly with which salmon are taken; Salm′on-trout, a trout like the salmon, but smaller and thicker in proportion; Salm′on-weir, a weir specially designed to take salmon.—Black salmon, the great lake trout; Burnett salmon, a fish with reddish flesh like a salmon; Calvered salmon, pickled salmon; Cornish salmon, the pollack; Kelp salmon, a serranoid fish; Kippered Salmon, salmon salted and smoke-dried; Quoddy salmon, the pollack; Sea salmon, the pollack; White salmon, a carangoid Californian fish. [O. Fr. saulmon—L. salmo, from salīre, to leap.]

Salon, sa-long′, n. a drawing-room: a fashionable reception, esp. a periodic gathering of notable persons, in the house of some social queen: the great annual exhibition of works by living artists at the Palais des Champs Elysées in Paris. [Fr.]

Saloon, sa-lōōn′, n. a spacious and elegant hall or apartment for the reception of company, for works of art, &c.: a main cabin: a drawing-room car on a railroad: a liquor-shop.—ns. Saloon′ist, Saloon′-keep′er, one who retails liquor. [Fr. salon—salle; Old High Ger. sal, a dwelling, Ger. saal.]

Saloop, sa-lōōp′, n. a drink composed of sassafras tea, with sugar and milk. [Salep.]

Salopian, sal-ō′pi-an, adj. pertaining to Shropshire (L. Salopia), as the ware, a name given to Roman pottery found in Shropshire.

Salpa, sal′pa, n. a remarkable genus of free-swimming Tunicates.—adjs. Sal′pian; Sal′piform.

Salpiglossis, sal-pi-glos′is, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, native to Chili, with showy flowers resembling petunias, [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet, glōssa, tongue.]

Salpinctes, sal-pingk′tes, n. the rock-wrens. [Gr. salpingktēs, a trumpeter.]

Salpingitis, sal-pin-jī′tis, n. inflammation of a Fallopian tube.—adjs. Salpingit′ic, Salpin′gian, pertaining to a Fallopian or to a Eustachian tube.—n. Sal′pinx, a Eustachian tube or syrinx. [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet.]

Salpornis, sal-por′nis, n. a genus of creepers inhabiting Asia and Africa. [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet, ornis, a bird.]

Salse, sals, n. a mud volcano: a conical hillock of mud. [Fr.,—L. salsus, salīre, to salt.]

Salsify, sal′si-fi, n. a biennial plant growing in meadows throughout Europe, whose long and tapering root has a flavour resembling asparagus—also Sal′safy—often called Oyster-plant.—Black salsify, the related scorzonera. [Fr.,—It. sassefrica, goat's-beard—L. saxum, a rock, fricāre, to rub.]

Salsilla, sal-sil′a, n. one of several species of Bomarea, with edible tubers. [Sp., dim. of salsa, sauce.]

Salsola, sal′sō-la, n. a genus of plants, including the salt-wort and prickly glass-wort.—adj. Salsolā′ceous. [L. salsus—salīre, to salt.]

Salt, sawlt, n. chloride of sodium, or common salt, a well-known substance used for seasoning, found either in the earth or obtained by evaporation from sea-water: anything like salt: seasoning: piquancy: abatement, modification, allowance: an experienced sailor: that which preserves from corruption: an antiseptic: (chem.) a body composed of an acid and a base united in definite proportions, or of bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine, with a metal or metalloid: (obs.) lust.—v.t. to sprinkle or season with salt: to fill with salt between the timbers for preservation.—adj. containing salt: tasting of salt: overflowed with, or growing in, salt-water: pungent: lecherous: (coll.) costly, expensive—ns. Salt′-block, a salt-evaporating apparatus; Salt′-bott′om, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efflorescences: Salt′-bush, an Australian plant of the goose-foot family; Salt′-cake, the crude sodium sulphate occurring as a by-product in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid; Salt′-cat, a mixture given as a digestive to pigeons; Salt′er, one who salts, or who makes, sells, or deals in salt, as in Drysalter: a trout leaving salt-water to ascend a stream; Sal′tern, salt-works; Salt′-foot, a large saltcellar marking the boundary between the superior and inferior guests; Salt′-gauge, an instrument for testing the strength of brine; Salt′-glaze, a glaze produced upon ceramic ware by putting common salt in the kilns after they have been fired.—adj. Salt′-green (Shak.), sea-green.—ns. Salt′-group, a series of rocks containing salt, as the Onondaga salt-group; Salt′-hold′er, a saltcellar; Salt′-horse, salted beef; Salt′ie, the salt-water fluke or dab; Salt′ing, the act of sprinkling with salt: the celebration of the Eton 'Montem.'—adj. Salt′ish, somewhat salt.—adv. Salt′ishly, so as to be moderately salt.—ns. Salt′ishness, a moderate degree of saltness; Salt′-junk, hard salt beef for use at sea.—adj. Salt′less, without salt: tasteless.—n. Salt′-lick, a place to which animals resort for salt.—adv. Salt′ly.—ns. Salt′-marsh, land liable to be overflowed by the sea or the waters of estuaries; Salt′-marsh cat′erpillar, the hairy larva of an arctiid moth; Salt′-marsh hen, a clapper-rail; Salt′-marsh terr′apin, the diamond-backed turtle; Salt′-mine, a mine where rock-salt is obtained; Salt′ness, impregnation with salt; Salt′-pan, a pan, basin, or pit where salt is obtained or made; Salt′-pit, a pit where salt is obtained; Salt′-rheum, a cutaneous eruption; Salts, Epsom salt or other salt used as a medicine.—adj. Salt′-sliv′ered, slivered and salted, as fish for bait.—ns. Salt′-spoon, a small spoon for serving salt at table; Salt′-spring, a brine-spring; Salt′-wa′ter, water impregnated with salt, sea-water; Salt′-works, a place where salt is made; Salt′-wort, a genus of plants of many species, mostly natives of salt-marshes and sea-shores, one only being found in Britain, the Prickly S., which was formerly burned for the soda it yielded.—adj. Salt′y (same as Saltish).—Salt a mine, to deposit ore in it cunningly so as to deceive persons who inspect it regarding its value; Salt of lemon, or sorrel, acid potassium oxalate, a solvent for ink-stains; Salt of soda, sodium carbonate; Salt of tartar, a commercial name for purified potassium carbonate; Salt of vitriol, sulphate of zinc; Salt of wormwood, carbonate of potash.—Above the salt, at the upper half of the table, among the guests of distinction; Attic salt, wit; Below the salt, at the lower half of the table; Be not worth one's salt, not to deserve even the salt that gives relish to one's food; Bronzing salt, used in burning gun-barrels; Epsom salts, magnesium sulphate, a cathartic; Essential salts, those produced from the juices of plants by crystallisation; Glauber's salt, or Horse salts, a well-known cathartic, used in woollen dyeing; Lay salt on the tail of, to catch; Neutral salt, a salt in which the acid and the base neutralise each other; Rochelle salt, sodium potassium tartrate, a laxative; Spirits of salt, the old name for muriatic or hydrochloric acid; Take with a grain of salt, to believe with some reserve. [A.S. sealt; cf. Ger. salz, also L. sal, Gr. hals.]

Saltant, sal′tant, adj. leaping: dancing: (her.) salient.—v.i. Sal′tāte, to dance.—n. Saltā′tion, a leaping or jumping: beating or palpitation: (biol.) an abrupt variation.—n.pl. Saltatō′ria, a division of orthopterous insects including grass-hoppers, locusts, and crickets.—adjs. Saltatō′rial, Saltatō′rious; Sal′tatory, leaping: dancing: having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing. [L. saltans, pr.p. of saltāre, -ātum, inten. of salīre, to leap.]

Saltarello, sal-ta-rel′ō, n. a lively Italian dance in triple time, diversified with skips, for a single couple—also the music for such: an old form of round dance. [It.,—L. saltāre, to dance.]

Saltcellar, sawlt′sel-ar, n. a small table vessel for holding salt. [For salt-sellar, the last part being O. Fr. saliere—L. salarium—sal, salt.]

Saltierra, sal-tyer′a, n. a saline deposit in the inland lakes of Mexico. [Sp.,—L. sal, salt, terra, land.]

Saltigrade, sal′ti-grād, adj. formed for leaping, as certain insects.—n. one of a certain tribe of spiders which leap to seize their prey. [L. saltus, a leap, gradi, to go.]

Saltire, Saltier, sal′tēr, n. (her.) an ordinary in the form of a St Andrew's Cross.—adj. Sal′tierwise. [O. Fr. saultoir, sautoir—Low L. saltatorium, a stirrup—L. saltāre, to leap.]

Saltpetre, sawlt-pē′tėr, n. the commercial name for nitre.—adj. Saltpē′trous. [O. Fr. salpestre—Low L. salpetra—L. sal, salt, petra, a rock.]

Saltus, sal′tus, n. a break of continuity in time: a leap from premises to conclusion. [L., a leap.]

Salubrious, sa-lū′bri-us, adj. healthful: wholesome.—adv. Salū′briously.—ns. Salū′briousness, Salū′brity, [L. salubris—salus, salutis, health.]

Salutary, sal′ū-tar-i, adj. belonging to health: promoting health or safety: wholesome: beneficial.—n. Salūdador′ (obs.), a quack who cures by incantations.—adv. Sal′ūtarily, in a salutary manner: favourably to health.—n. Sal′ūtariness.—adj. Salūtif′erous, health-bearing.—adv. Salūtif′erously. [L. salutaris—salus, health.]

Salute, sal-ūt′, v.t. to address with kind wishes: to greet with a kiss, a bow, &c.: to honour formally by a discharge of cannon, striking colours, &c.—n. act of saluting: the position of the hand, sword, &c. in saluting: greeting: a kiss: a complimentary discharge of cannon, dipping colours, presenting arms, &c., in honour of any one.—ns. Salūtā′tion, act of saluting: that which is said in saluting, any customary or ceremonious form of address at meeting or at parting, or of ceremonial on religious or state occasions, including both forms of speech and gestures: (obs.) quickening, excitement: the Angelic Salutation (see Ave); Salūtatō′rian, in American colleges, the member of a graduating class who pronounces the salutatory oration.—adv. Salū′tatorily.—adj. Salū′tatory, pertaining to salutation.—n. a sacristy in the early church in which the clergy received the greetings of the people: an oration in Latin delivered by the student who ranks second.—n. Salū′ter. [L. salutāre, -ātum—salus, salutis.]

Salvage, sal′vāj, n. compensation made by the owner of a ship or cargo in respect of services rendered by persons, other than the ship's company, in preserving the ship or cargo from shipwreck, fire, or capture: the goods and materials so saved.—n. Salvabil′ity, the possibility or condition of being saved.—adj. Sal′vable.—n. Sal′vableness.—adv. Sal′vably. [Fr.,—L. salvāre, -ātum, to save.]

Salvation, sal-vā′shun, n. act of saving: means of preservation from any serious evil: (theol.) the saving of man from the power and penalty of sin, the conferring of eternal happiness: (B.) deliverance from enemies.—v.t. to heal, to cure: to remedy: to redeem: to gloss over.—ns. Salvā′tionism; Salvā′tionist.—Salvation Army, an organisation for the revival of evangelical religion amongst the masses, founded by William Booth about 1865, reorganised on the model of a military force in 1878; Salvation Sally, a girl belonging to the Salvation Army.

Salve, säv, n. (B.) an ointment: anything to cure sores.—v.t. to heal, help.—ns. Salv′er, a quacksalver, a pretender; Salv′ing, healing, restoration. [A.S. sealf; Ger. salbe, Dut. zalf.]

Salve, sal′vē, v.t. (Spens.) to salute.—Salve Regina (R.C.), an antiphonal hymn to the Blessed Virgin said after Lauds and Compline, from Trinity to Advent—from its opening words. [L. salve, God save you, hail! imper. of salvēre, to be well.]

Salvelinus, sal-ve-lī′nus, n. a genus of Salmonidæ, the chars. [Prob. Latinised from Ger. salbling, a small salmon.]

Salver, sal′vėr, n. a plate on which anything is presented.—adj. Sal′ver-shaped, in the form of a salver or tray. [Sp. salva, a salver, salvar, to save—Low L. salvāre, to save.]

Salvia, sal′vi-a, n. a large genus of gamopetalous Labiate plants, including the sage.

Salvinia, sal-vin′i-a, n. a genus of heterosporous ferns—formerly called Rhizocarpeæ or Pepperworts.

Salvo, sal′vō, n. an exception: a reservation. [L., in phrase, salvo jure, one's right being safe.]

Salvo, sal′vō, n. a military or naval salute with guns: a simultaneous discharge of artillery: the combined cheers of a multitude:—pl. Salvos (sal′vōz). [It. salva, a salute—L. salve, hail!]

Salvor, sal′vor, n. one who saves a cargo from wreck, fire, &c. [See Salvage.]

Sam, sam, adv. (Spens.) together.—v.t. to collect, to curdle milk. [A.S. samnian—samen, together.]

Samara, sā-mar′a, or sam′-, n. a dry indehiscent, usually one-sided fruit, with a wing, as in the ash, elm, and maple—the last a double samara.—adjs. Sam′ariform; Sam′aroid. [L.]

Samaritan, sa-mar′i-tan, adj. pertaining to Samaria in Palestine.—n. an inhabitant of Samaria, esp. one of the despised mixed population planted therein after the deportation of the Israelites: the language of Samaria, an archaic Hebrew, or rather Hebrew Aramaic, dialect: a charitable person—from Luke, x. 30-37.—n. Samar′itanism, charity, benevolence.—Samaritan Pentateuch, a recension of the Hebrew Pentateuch, in use amongst the Samaritans, and accepted by them as alone canonical.

Sambo, sam′bō, n. a negro: properly the child of a mulatto and a negro. [Sp. zambo—L. scambus, bow-legged.]

Sambucus, sam-bū′kus, n. a genus of gamopetalous trees and shrubs of the honeysuckle family—the elders. [L.]

Sambuke, sam′būk, n. an ancient musical instrument, probably a harp.—Also Sambū′ca. [Gr. sambykē—Heb. sabeka.]

Sambur, sam′bur, n. the Indian elk.—Also Sam′boo. [Hind. sambre.]

Same, sām, adj. identical: of the like kind or degree: similar: mentioned before.—adj. Same′ly, unvaried.—n. Same′ness, the being the same: tedious monotony.—All the same, for all that; At the same time, still, nevertheless. [A.S. same; Goth. samana; L. similis, like, Gr. homos.]

Samia, sā′mi-a, n. a genus of bombycid moths, belonging to North America.

Samian, sā′mi-an, adj. pertaining to, or from, the island of Samos, in the Greek Archipelago.—n. (also Sā′miot, Sā′miote) a native of Samos.—Samian earth, an argillaceous astringent earth; Samian stone, a goldsmiths' polishing-stone; Samian ware, an ancient kind of pottery, brick-red or black, with lustrous glaze.

Samiel, sā′mi-el, n. the simoom. [Turk. samyeli—Ar. samm, poison, Turk. yel, wind.]

Samite, sam′it, n. a kind of heavy silk stuff. [O. Fr. samit—Low L. examitum—Gr. hexamiton, hex, six, mitos, thread.]

Samlet, sam′let, n. a parr: a salmon of the first year. [Prob. salmon-et.]

Sammy, sam′i, v.t. to moisten skins with water.—n. a machine for doing this.

Samnite, sam′nīt, adj. and n. pertaining to an ancient Sabine people of central Italy, crushed by the Romans after a long struggle: a Roman gladiator armed with shield, sleeve on right arm, helmet, shoulder-piece, and greave.

Samoan, sa-mō′an, adj. and n. pertaining to Samoa in the Pacific.—Samoan dove, the tooth-billed pigeon.

Samolus, sam′ō-lus, n. a genus of herbaceous plants of the primrose family. [L.]

Samosatenian, sam-ō-sa-tē′ni-an, n. a follower of Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, the Socinus of the 3d century.

Samothracian, sam-ō-thrā′si-an, adj. belonging to the island of Samothrace in the Ægean Sea.

Samovar, sam′ō-vär, n. a tea-urn used in Russia, commonly of copper, the water in it heated by charcoal in a tube extending from top to bottom. [Russ. samovarŭ, prob. Tartar.]

Samoyed, sa-mō′yed, n. one of a Ural-Altaic race between the Obi and the Yenisei.—adj. Samoyed′ic.

Samp, samp, n. Indian corn coarsely ground: a kind of hominy, also porridge made from it.

Sampan, sam′pan, n. a small boat used in China and Japan.—Also San′pan. [Chin. san, sam, three, pan, a board.]

Samphire, sam′fīr, or sam′fėr, n. an herb found chiefly on rocky cliffs near the sea, used in pickles and salads. [Corr. from Fr. Saint Pierre, Saint Peter.]

Sampi, sam′pī, n. a character,

representing a sibilant in early Greek use, later obsolete except as a numeral sign for 900.

Sample, sam′pl, n. a specimen: a part to show the quality of the whole: an example.—v.t. to make up samples of: to place side by side with: to match: to test by examination.—ns. Sam′pler, one who makes up samples (in compounds, as wool-sampler); Sam′ple-room, a room where samples are shown: (slang) a grog-shop; Sam′ple-scale, an accurately balanced lever-scale for weighing ten-thousandths of a pound. [Short for esample, from O. Fr. essample—L. exemplum, example.]

Sampler, sam′plėr, n. a pattern of work: a piece of ornamental embroidery, worsted-work, &c., containing names, figures, texts, &c.—n. Sam′plary (obs.), a pattern, an example. [Formed from L. exemplar.]

Samshoo, Samshu, sam′shōō, n. an ardent spirit distilled by the Chinese from rice: any kind of spirits. [Chin. san, sam, three, shao, to fire.]

Samson-post, sam′son-pōst, n. a strong upright stanchion or post for various uses on board ship.

Samurai, sam′ōō-rī, n. sing. (also pl.) a member of the military class in the old feudal system of Japan, including both daimios, or territorial nobles, and their military retainers: a military retainer, a two-sworded man. [Jap.]

Samyda, sam′i-da, n. a genus of shrubs, native to the West Indies. [Gr. sēmyda, the birch.]

Sanable, san′a-bl, adj. able to be made sane or sound: curable.—ns. Sanabil′ity, San′ableness, capability of being cured; Sanā′tion (obs.), a healing or curing.—adj. San′ative, tending, or able, to heal: healing.—ns. San′ativeness; Sanatō′rium (see Sanitary).—adj. San′atory, healing: conducive to health. [L. sanabilis—sanāre, -ātum, to heal.]

Sanbenito, san-be-nē′tō, n. a garment grotesquely decorated with flames, devils, &c., worn by the victims of the Inquisition—at an auto-de-fe—for public recantation or execution. [Sp., from its resemblance in shape to the garment of the order of St Benedict—Sp. San Benito.]

Sancho, sang′kō, n. a musical instrument like the guitar, used by negroes.

Sancho-pedro, sang′kō-pē′drō, n. a game of cards—the nine of trumps called Sancho, the five Pedro.

Sanctify, sangk′ti-fī, v.t. to make sacred or holy: to set apart to sacred use: to free from sin or evil: to consecrate: to invest with a sacred character: to make efficient as the means of holiness: to secure from violation:—pa.t. and pa.p. sanc′tifīed.—n. Sanctanim′ity, holiness of mind.—v.t. Sanctif′icāte.—n. Sanctificā′tion, act of sanctifying: state of being sanctified: that work or process of God's free grace whereby the new principle of spiritual life implanted in regeneration is developed until the whole man is renewed in the image of God: consecration.—adj. Sanc′tified, made holy: sanctimonious.—adv. Sanctifī′edly, sanctimoniously.—n. Sanc′tifier, one who sanctifies: the Holy Spirit.—adv. Sanc′tifyingly.—adj. Sanctimō′nious, having sanctity: holy, devout: affecting holiness.—adv. Sanctimō′niously.—ns. Sanctimō′niousness, Sanc′timony, affected devoutness, show of sanctity; Sanc′titude, holiness, goodness, saintliness: affected holiness; Sanc′tity, quality of being sacred or holy: purity: godliness: inviolability: a saint, any holy object.—v.t. Sanc′tuarise (Shak.), to shelter by sacred privileges, as in a sanctuary.—ns. Sanc′tūary, a sacred place: a place for the worship of God: the most sacred part of the Temple of Jerusalem: the Temple itself: the part of a church round the altar: an inviolable asylum, refuge, a consecrated place which gives protection to a criminal taking refuge there: the privilege of taking refuge in such a consecrated place; Sanc′tum, a sacred place: a private room; Sanc′tus, the ascription, 'Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Hosts,' from Isa. vi.: a musical setting of the same.—Sanctum sanctorum, the Holy of Holies: any specially reserved retreat or room.—Odour of sanctity, the aroma of goodness. [Fr.,—L. sanctificāre, -ātum—sanctus, sacred, facĕre, to make.]

Sanction, sangk′shun, n. act of ratifying, or giving authority to: confirmation: support: a decree, a law.—v.t. to give validity to: to authorise: to countenance.—adjs. Sanc′tionable; Sanc′tionary. [Fr.,—L. sanctīre.]

Sand, sand, n. fine particles of crushed or worn rocks, used in founding: force of character: (pl.) lands covered with sand: a sandy beach: moments of time, from the use of sand in the hour-glass.—v.t. to sprinkle with sand.—ns. Sand′-bag (fort.), a canvas bag filled with sand or earth, forming a ready means of giving cover against an enemy's fire, or of tamping the charge in a mine: an engraver's leather cushion, &c.; Sand′-bag′ger, a robber who uses a sand-bag to stun his victims; Sand′-ball, a ball of soap mixed with fine sand for the toilet; Sand′-band, a guard-ring to keep sand from working into the axle-box; Sand′-bank, a bank of sand formed by tides and currents; Sand′-bath, a vessel of hot sand for heating vessels without direct exposure to the fire: a bath in which the body is covered with warm sea-sand: saburration; Sand′-bear, the Indian badger; Sand′-bed, the bed into which the iron from the blast-furnace is run; Sand′-bird, a sandpiper: a shore bird; Sand′-blast, sand driven by a blast of air or steam for cutting and engraving figures on glass or metal.—adj. Sand′-blind, afflicted with partial blindness, in which particles of sand seem to float before the eyes.—ns. Sand′-blind′ness; Sand′-blow′er, a sand bellows; Sand′-box, a box with a perforated top for sprinkling sand on writing, a contrivance formerly used by way of blotting-paper: a box with sand to prevent the wheels of a rail from slipping; Sand′-brake, a device for stopping trains automatically; Sand′-bug, a burrowing crustacean: a digger-wasp; Sand′-bur, a weed found in the plains of the western United States; Sand′-canal′, the stone canal of an echinoderm; Sand′-cherr′y, the dwarf cherry; Sand′-cock, the redshank; Sand′-crab, the lady-crab; Sand′-crack, a crack in a horse's hoof: a crack in a moulded brick before burning; Sand′-crick′et, a name applied to certain large crickets in the western United States; Sand′-dab, a kind of plaice; Sand′-dart, a British noctuid moth; Sand′-dart′er, -div′er, a small etheostomine fish of the Ohio valley; Sand′-doll′ar, a flat sea-urchin; Sand′-drift, a mound of drifted sand; Sand′-dune, a ridge of loose sand drifted by the wind.—adj. Sand′ed (Shak.), marked with yellow spots: sprinkled with sand: short-sighted.—ns. Sand′-eel, a small eel-like fish, which buries itself in the sand when the tide retires; Sand′erling, a genus of birds of the snipe family, characterised by the absence of a hind-toe, common on the coast, eating marine worms, small crustaceans, and bivalve molluscs; Sand′-fence, a barrier in a stream of stakes and iron wire; Sand′-fish, a fish of the genus Trichodon; Sand′-flag, sandstone which splits up into flagstones; Sand′-flea, the chigoe or jigger; Sand′-flood, a moving mass of desert sand; Sand′-floun′der, a common North American flounder; Sand′-fly, a small New England biting midge; Sand′-glass, a glass instrument for measuring time by the running out of sand; Sand′-grass, grass that grows by the sea-shore; Sand′-grouse, a small order of birds, quite distinct from the true grouse, having two genera, Pterocles and Syrrhaptes, with beautiful plumage, heavy body, long and pointed wings, very short legs and toes; Sand′-heat, the heat of warm sand in chemical operations; Sand′-hill, a hill of sand; Sand′-hill crane, the brown crane of North America; Sand′-hill′er, one of the poor whites living in the sandy hills of Georgia; Sand′-hop′per, a small crustacean in the order Amphipoda, often seen on the sandy sea-shore, like swarms of dancing flies, leaping up by bending the body together, and throwing it out with a sudden jerk: a sand-flea; Sand′-horn′et, a sand-wasp; Sand′iness, sandy quality, esp. as regards colour; Sand′ing, the process of testing the surface of gilding, after it has been fired, with fine sand and water: the process of burying oysters in sand.—adj. Sand′ish (obs.).—ns. Sand′-jet (see Sand′-blast); Sand′-lark, a wading-bird that runs along the sand: a sandpiper; Sand′-liz′ard, a common lizard; Sand′-lob, the common British lug or lob worm; Sand′-mar′tin, the smallest of British swallows, which builds its nest in sandy river-banks and gravel-pits; Sand′-mā′son, a common British tube-worm; Sand′-mole, a South African rodent; Sand′-mouse, the dunlin: a sandpiper; Sand′-natt′er, a sand-snake; Sand′-pā′per, paper covered with a kind of sand for smoothing and polishing; Sand′-peep, the American stint: the peetweet; Sand′-perch, the grass-bass; Sand′piper, a wading-bird of the snipe family, which frequents sandy river-banks, distinguished by its clear piping note.—n.pl. Sand′-pipes, perpendicular cylindrical hollows, tapering to a point, occurring in chalk deposits, and so called from being usually filled with sand, gravel, or clay.—ns. Sand′-pit, a place from which sand is extracted; Sand′-plov′er, a ring-necked plover; Sand′-pride, a very small species of lamprey found in the rivers of Britain; Sand′-pump, a long cylinder with valved piston for use in drilling rocks—a Sand′-sludg′er: a sand-ejector, modified from the jet-pump, used in caissons for sinking the foundations of bridges; Sand′-rat, a geomyoid rodent, esp. the camass rat; Sand′-reed, a shore grass; Sand′-reel, a windlass used in working a sand-pump; Sand′-ridge, a sand-bank; Sand′-roll, a metal roll cast in sand; Sand′-run′ner, a sandpiper; Sand′-sau′cer, a round mass of agglutinated egg-capsules of a naticoid gasteropod, found on beaches; Sand′-scoop, a dredge for scooping up sand; Sand′-screen, a sand-sifter; Sand′-screw, an amphipod which burrows in the sand; Sand′-shark, a small voracious shark; Sand′-shot, small cast-iron balls cast in sand; Sand′-shrimp, a shrimp; Sand′-skink, a European skink found in sandy places; Sand′-skip′per, a beach flea; Sand′-snake, a short-tailed boa-like serpent; Sand′-snipe, the sandpiper; Sand′-spout, a moving pillar of sand; Sand′star, a starfish: a brittle star; Sand′-stone, a rock formed of compacted and more or less indurated sand (Old Red Sandstone, a name given to a series of strata—along with the parallel but nowhere coexisting Devonian—intermediate in age between the Silurian and Carboniferous systems); Sand′-storm, a storm of wind carrying along clouds of sand; Sand′-suck′er, the rough dab; Sand′-throw′er, a tool for throwing sand on newly sized or painted surfaces; Sand′-trap, a device for separating sand from running water; Sand′-vī′per, a hog-nosed snake; Sand′-washer, an apparatus for separating sand from earthy substances; Sand′-wasp, a digger-wasp.—v.t. Sand′-weld, to weld iron with sand.—ns. Sand′-worm, a worm that lives in the sand; Sand′-wort, any plant of the genus Arenaria.—adj. Sand′y, consisting of, or covered with, sand: loose: of the colour of sand.—n. a nick-name for a Scotsman (from Alexander).—ns. Sand′y-car′pet, a geometrid moth; Sand′y-lav′erock (Scot.), a sand-lark. [A.S. sand; Dut. zand, Ger. sand, Ice. sand-r.]

Sandal, san′dal, n. a kind of shoe consisting of a sole bound to the foot by straps: a loose slipper: a half-boot of white kid: a strap for fastening a slipper: an india-rubber shoe.—adj. San′dalled, wearing sandals: fastened with such. [Fr.,—L. sandalium—Gr. sandalon, prob. from Pers.]

Sandalwood, san′dal-wōōd, n. a compact and fine-grained tropical wood, remarkable for its fragrance. [Fr. sandal—Low L. santalum—Late Gr. santalon.]

Sandarac, san′da-rak, n. a friable, dry, almost transparent, tasteless, yellowish-white resin, imported from Mogador, Morocco: red sulphuret of arsenic—also San′darach.—n. San′darac-tree, a native of the mountains of Morocco. [Fr. sandaraque—L. sandaraca—Gr. sandarakē—Sans. sindūra, realgar.]

Sandemanian, san-de-mā′ni-an, n. a follower of Robert Sandeman (1718-71), a Glassite (q.v.).

Sandiver, san′di-vėr, n. the saline scum which forms on glass during its first fusion: glass-gall: product of glass-furnaces.—Also San′dever. [O. Fr. suin de verre, suint de verre—suin, grease, de, of, verre, glass—L. vitrum.]

Sandix, san′diks, n. red lead.—Also San′dyx. [L.,—Gr. sandix, vermilion.]

Sandwich, sand′wich, n. two slices of bread with ham, &c., between, said to be named from the fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-92), who had such brought to him at the gaming-table that he might play on without stopping.—v.t. to lay or place between two layers, to fit tight between two objects.—n. Sand′wich-man, a man who perambulates the streets between two advertising boards.

Sane, sān, adj. sound in mind or body: healthy: not disordered in intellect.—adv. Sane′ly.—n. Sane′-ness. [L. sanus; akin to Gr. saos, sōs, sound.]

Sang, sang, n. blood, in heraldic use.—adj. Sang′lant, bloody or dropping blood.—n. Sang-de-bœuf, a deep-red colour peculiar to Chinese porcelain.

Sangar, sang′gar, n. a stone breastwork: a low wall of loose stones, used as cover for soldiers. [Hindi sangar, war, entrenchment; from the Sanskrit.]

Sangaree, sang-ga-rē′, n. a West Indian beverage, of wine, sugar or syrup, water, and nutmeg, drunk cold.—v.t. and v.i. to make or drink such. [Sp. Sangría.]

Sang-froid, sang-frwo′, n. coolness, indifference, calmness. [Fr., sang, blood, froid, cold.]

Sanglier, sang′li-ėr, n. (her.) a wild boar used as a bearing. [Fr., orig. porc sanglier—Low L. singularis (porcus), the wild boar.]

Sangraal, san-grāl′, n. in medieval legends, the holy cup supposed to have been used at the Last Supper.—Also Sang′real. [Cf. Grail.]

Sangrado, san-grä′do, n. one who lets blood—from the leech in Gil Blas.

Sanguine, sang′gwin, adj. abounding with blood, bloody: bloodthirsty: ruddy, red: ardent, hopeful, confident: characterised by a fullness of habit.—n. the colour of red.—v.t. (obs.) to stain with blood.—n. Sang′sue, a leech—also Sang′uisuge.—adjs. Sanguic′olous, living in the blood, as a parasite; Sanguif′erous, receiving and conveying blood, circulatory.—ns. Sanguificā′tion; San′guifier.—adj. Sanguif′luous, flowing with blood.—v.i. San′guify, to make blood.—v.t. to convert into blood.—n. Sanguinā′ria, a genus of the poppy family, one species, the Blood-root or Puccoon of North America, much used by the Indians for staining.—adv. San′guinarily.—n. San′guinariness.—adj. San′guinary, bloody: attended with much blood-shed: bloodthirsty.—n. the yarrow: the blood-root.—adj. San′guineless, destitute of blood.—adv. San′guinely, hopefully, confidently.—n. San′guineness, sanguine character, ardour: ruddiness: plethora.—adj. Sanguin′eous, sanguine: resembling or constituting blood.—ns. Sanguin′ity, sanguineness; Sanguin′olence, Sanguin′olency.—adj. Sanguin′olent, tinged with blood: sanguine.—ns. Sanguisorbā′ceæ, Sanguisor′beæ, a sub-order of Rosaceæ, containing about 150 species; Sanguisū′ga, a genus of leeches.—adjs. Sanguisū′gent, Sanguisū′gous, blood-sucking; Sanguiv′olent, bloodthirsty; Sanguiv′orous, feeding on blood, as a vampire—also Sanguiniv′orous. [Fr.,—L. sanguineus—sanguis, sanguinis, blood.]

Sanhedrim, Sanhedrin, san′hē-drim, -drin, n. the supreme ecclesiastical and judicial tribunal of the Jews down to 425 A.D.: any similar assembly, a parliament. [Heb. sanhedrin—Gr. synedrion—syn, together, hedra, a seat.]

Sanhitâ, san′hi-ta, n. the name of that portion of the Vedas which contains the Mantras or hymns.

Sanicle, san′ik′l, n. a plant of the genus Sanicula, the common wood-sanicle long supposed to have healing power. [Fr.,—L. sanāre, to heal.]

Sanidine, san′i-din, n. a clear glassy variety of orthoclase. [Gr. sanis, sanidos, a board.]

Sanies, sā′ni-ēz, n. a thin discharge from wounds or sores.—adj. Sā′nious. [L.]

Sanify, san′i-fī, v.t. to make healthy. [L. sanus, sound, facĕre to make.]

Sanitary, san′i-tar-i, adj. pertaining to, tending, or designed to promote health.—n. Sanitā′rian, a promoter of sanitary reforms.—adv. San′itarily.—ns. San′itary-ware, coarse-glazed earthenware for sewer-pipes; Sanitā′tion, the science of sanitary conditions and of preserving health, synonymous with Hygiene—usually restricted, however, to the methods and apparatus for making and maintaining houses healthy; Sanitō′rium (incorrectly, Sanitā′rium), a health station, particularly for troops.—Sanitary science, such science as conduces to the preservation of health.

Sanity, san′i-ti, n. state of being sane: soundness of mind or body. [L. sanitas—sanus, sane.]

Sanjak, san′jak, n. an administrative subdivision of a Turkish vilayet or eyalet.—Also San′jakāte. [Turk.]

Sankhya, san′kyä, n. one of the six great systems of orthodox Hindu philosophy.

Sannup, san′up, n. the husband of a squaw: a brave.—Also Sann′op. [Amer. Ind.]

Sans, sanz, prep. (Shak.) without, wanting.—n. Sans′-appel′, a person from whose decision there is no appeal.—Sans nombre (her.), repeated often, and covering the field; Sans souci, without care: free and easy. [O. Fr. sans, senz—L. sine, without.]

Sansculotte, sanz-kōō-lot′, n. a name given in scorn, at the beginning of the French Revolution, by the court party to the democratic party in Paris.—n. Sansculot′terie.—adj. Sansculot′tic.—ns. Sansculot′tism; Sansculot′tist. [Fr. sansculotte, sans, without—L. sine, without, culotte, breeches, cul, breech—L. culus, the breech.]

Sansevieria, san-sev-i-ē′ri-a, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Hæmodoraceæ, native to southern Africa and the East Indies, yielding bowstring-hemp. [Named after the Neapolitan Prince of Sanseviero (1710-71).]

Sanskrit, sans′krit, n. the ancient literary language of India, the easternmost branch of the great Indo-Germanic (Indo-European, Aryan) stock of languages.—n. Sans′kritist, one skilled in Sanskrit. [Sans. samskrita, perfected, polished, from Sans. sam, together, krita, done, perfected, from kri, cog. with L. creāre, to create.]

Santa Claus, san′ta klawz, n. a famous nursery hero, a fat rosy old fellow who brings presents to good children on Christmas Eve.

Santalaceæ, san-ta-lā′sē-ē, n. an order of apetalous plants, the sandalwood family.—adjs. Santalā′ceous; Santal′ic, pertaining to sandalwood.—ns. San′talin, the colouring matter of red sandalwood; San′talum, the type genus of the sandalwood family.

Santir, san′tėr, n. a variety of dulcimer used in the East.—Also San′tur.

Santolina, san-tō-lī′na, n. a genus of composite plants, of the Mediterranean region, of tribe Anthemideæ, including the common lavender-cotton.

Santon, san′ton, n. an Eastern dervish or saint. [Sp. santon—santo, holy—L. sanctus, holy.]

Santonine, son′to-nin, n. a colourless crystalline poisonous compound contained in Santonica. [Gr. santonicon, a wormwood found in the country of the Santones in Gaul.]

Sap, sap, n. the vital juice of plants: (bot.) the part of the wood next to the bark: the blood: a simpleton: a plodding student.—v.i. to play the part of a ninny: to be studious.—ns. Sap′-bee′tle a beetle which feeds on sap; Sap′-col′our, a vegetable juice inspissated by slow evaporation, for the use of painters.—adj. Sap′ful, full of sap.—ns. Sap′-green, a green colouring matter from the juice of buckthorn berries; Sap′head, a silly fellow.—adj. Sap′less, wanting sap: not juicy.—ns. Sap′ling, a young tree, so called from being full of sap: a young greyhound during the year of his birth until the end of the coursing season which commences in that year; Sap′ling-cup, an open tankard for drinking new ale; Sap′piness.—adj. Sap′py, abounding with sap: juicy: silly.—ns. Sap′-tube, a vessel that conveys sap; Sap′-wood, the outer part of the trunk of a tree, next the bark, in which the sap flows most freely: albumen.—Crude sap, the ascending sap. [A.S. sæp; Low Ger. sapp, juice, Ger. saft.]

Sap, sap, v.t. to destroy by digging underneath: to undermine: to impair the constitution.—v.i. to proceed by undermining:—pr.p. sap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. sapped.—n. a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made from the foremost parallel towards the glacis or covert-way of a besieged place.—n. Sap′per, one who saps. [O. Fr. sappe—Low L. sapa, a pick, prob. from Gr. skapanē, a hoe.]

Sapajou, sap′a-zhōō, n. a name sometimes applied to all that division of American monkeys which have a prehensile tail, and sometimes limited to those of them which are of a slender form, as the genera Ateles or spider-monkey, Cebus, &c.—Also Sajou′.

Saperda, sā-pėr′da, n. a genus of long-horned beetles, mostly wood-borers. [Gr. saperdēs, a fish.]

Saphenous, sa-fē′nus, adj. prominent, as a vein of the leg.—n. Saphē′na, a prominent vein or nerve. [Gr. saphēnēs, plain.]

Sapid, sap′id, adj. well-tasted: savoury: that affects the taste.—n. Sapid′ity, savouriness.—adj. Sap′idless, insipid.—n. Sap′idness. [Fr.,—L. sapidus—sapĕre, to taste.]

Sapience, sā′pi-ens, n. discernment: wisdom: knowledge: reason.—adjs. Sā′pient, wise: discerning: sagacious, sometimes used ironically; Sāpien′tial.—adv. Sā′piently. [L. sapiens, sapientis, pr.p. of sapĕre, to be wise.]

Sapindus, sā-pin′dus, n. a genus of polypetalous trees, as Soapberry. [L. sapo Indicus, Indian soap.]

Sapium, sā′pi-um, n. a genus of apetalous plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceæ, including the Jamaica milkwood or gum-tree, &c.

Sapi-utan, sap′i-ōō′tan, n. the wild ox of Celebes.—Also Sap′i-ou′tan. [Malay, sapi, cow, ūtān, woods.]

Sapodilla, sap-ō-dil′a, n. a name given in the West Indies to the fruit of several species of Achras, the seeds aperient and diuretic, the pulp subacid and sweet. [Sp. sapotilla—sapota, the sapota-tree.]

Saponaceous, sap-o-nā′shus, adj. soapy: soap-like.—n. Sapōnā′ria, a genus of polypetalous plants, including the soapwort.—adj. Sapon′ifīable.—n. Saponificā′tion, the act or operation of converting into soap.—v.t. Sapon′ify, to convert into soap:—pr.p. sapon′ifying; pa.p. sapon′ified.—n. Sap′onin, a vegetable principle, the solution of which froths when shaken, obtained from soapwort, &c. [L. sapo, saponis, soap.]

Saporific, sap-o-rif′ik, adj. giving a taste.—ns. Sā′por; Saporos′ity.—adj. Sap′ōrous. [L. sapor, saporis, taste, facĕre, to make.]

Sapotaceæ, sap-o-tā′sē-ē, n. a natural order of trees and shrubs, often abounding in milky juice, including the gutta-percha tree—one species yields the star-apple, another the Mammee-Sapota or American marmalade. [Sapodilla.]

Sappan-wood, sa-pan′-wōōd, n. the wood of Cæsalpinia sappan, used in dyeing.

Sapper, sap′ėr, n. a soldier employed in the building of fortifications, &c.

Sapphic, saf′ik, adj. pertaining to Sappho, a passionate Greek lyric poetess of Lesbos (c. 600 B.C.): denoting a kind of verse said to have been invented by Sappho.—ns. Sapph′ic-stan′za, a metre of Horace, the stanzas of four verses each, three alike, made up of four trochees, with a dactyl in the third place; Sapph′ism, unnatural passion between women; Sapph′ō, a humming-bird.

Sapphire, saf′īr, or saf′ir, n. a highly transparent and brilliant precious stone, a variety of Corundum, generally of a beautiful blue colour—the finest found in Ceylon: (her.) a blue tincture.—adj. deep pure blue.—n. Sapph′ire-wing, a humming-bird.—adj. Sapph′irine, made of, or like, sapphire.—Green sapphire, the Oriental emerald; Red sapphire, the Oriental ruby; Violet sapphire, the Oriental amethyst. [Fr.,—L. sapphirus—Gr. sappheiros—Heb. sappīr, sapphire.]

Sapremia, sap-rē′mi-a, n. a condition of blood-poisoning.—adjs. Saprē′mic, Sapræ′mic. [Gr. sapros, rotten, haima, blood.]

Saprogenous, sap-roj′e-nus, adj. engendered in putridity.—Also Saprogen′ic. [Gr. sapros, rotten, -genēs, producing.]

Saproharpages, sap-rō-här′pa-jēz, n. a group of vultures. [Gr. sapros, rotten, harpax, a vulture.]

Saprolegnia, sap-rō-leg′ni-a, n. a genus of fungi, causing a destructive salmon-disease. [Gr. sapros, rotten, legnon, an edge.]

Sap-roller, sap′-rōl′ėr, n. a gabion employed by sappers in the trenches.

Sapromyza, sap-rō-mī′za, n. a large group of reddish-yellow flies. [Gr. sapros, rotten, myzein, to suck.]

Saprophagous, sap-rof′a-gus, adj. feeding on decaying matter.—n. Saproph′agan, one of the saprophagous beetles. [Gr. sapros, rotten, phagein, to eat.]

Saprophyte, sap′rō-fīt, n. a plant that feeds upon decaying vegetable matter.—adjs. Saprophyt′ic, Saproph′ilous.—adv. Saprophyt′ically.—n. Sap′rophytism. [Gr. sapros, rotten, phyton, a plant.]

Saprostomous, sap-ros′tō-mus, adj. having a foul breath. [Gr. sapros, rotten, stoma, mouth.]

Sap-sucker, sap′-suk′ėr, n. the name in the United States of all the small spotted woodpeckers.—adj. Sap′-suck′ing.

Sapucaia, sap-ōō-kī′a, n. a Brazilian tree, whose urn-shaped fruit contains a number of finely-flavoured oval seeds or nuts.

Saraband, sar′a-band, n. a slow Spanish dance, or the music to which it is danced; a short piece of music, of deliberate character, and with a peculiar rhythm, in ¾-time, the accent being placed on the second crotchet of each measure. [Sp. zarabanda; from Pers. sarband, a fillet for the hair.]

Saracen, sar′a-sen, n. a name variously employed by medieval writers to designate the Mohammedans of Syria and Palestine, the Arabs generally, or the Arab-Berber races of northern Africa, who conquered Spain and Sicily and invaded France.—adjs. Saracen′ic, -al.—n. Sar′acenism.—Saracenic architecture, a general name for Mohammedan architecture. [O. Fr. sarracin, sarrazin—Low L. Saracenus—Late Gr. Sarakēnos—Ar. sharkeyn, eastern people, as opposed to maghribe, 'western people'—i.e. the people of Morocco.]

Sarangousty, sar-an-gōōs′ti, n. a material used as a preservative of walls, &c., from damp.

Sarcasm, sär′kazm, n. a bitter sneer: a satirical remark in scorn or contempt: irony: a gibe.—adjs. Sarcas′tic, -al, containing sarcasm: bitterly satirical.—adv. Sarcas′tically. [Fr.,—L. sarcasmus—Gr. sarkasmos—sarkazein, to tear flesh like dogs, to speak bitterly—sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarcel, sär′sel, n. the pinion of a hawk's wing.—adjs. Sar′celled (her.), cut through the middle—also Sar′celé, Sar′cellée; Dem′i-sar′celed, -sar′celled, partly cut through. [O. Fr. cercel—L. circellus, dim. of circulus, a circle.]

Sarcenchyme, sar-seng′kīm, n. one of the soft tissues of sponges.—adj. Sarcenchym′atous. [Gr. sarx, flesh, enchyma, an infusion.]

Sarcina, sar-sī′na, n. a genus of schizomycetous fungi, in which the cocci divide in three planes forming cubical clumps:—pl. Sarcī′næ (-nē).—adjs. Sarcī′næform, Sarcin′ic.—n. Sarcin′ūla. [L. sarcina, a package.]

Sarcine, sär′sin, n. a nitrogenous substance obtained from the muscular tissue of the horse, ox, hare, &c.—same as Hypoxanthine. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarciophorus, sär-si-of′ō-rus, n. a genus of spur-winged plovers, including the crested wattled lapwings, &c. [Gr. sarkion, a piece of flesh, sarx, flesh, pherein, to bear.]

Sarcobasis, sär-kob′a-sis, n. a fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells. [Gr. sarx, flesh, basis, a base.]

Sarcobatus, sär-kob′a-tus, n. an anomalous genus of North American shrubs of the goose-foot family—the only species the greasewood of the western United States. [Gr. sarx, flesh, batis, samphire.]

Sarcoblast, sär′kō-blast, n. the germ of sarcode.—adj. Sarcoblas′tic. [Gr. sarx, flesh, blastos, a germ.]

Sarcocarp, sär′kō-karp, n. (bot.) the fleshy part of a drupaceous pericarp or a stone-fruit. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, karpos, fruit.]

Sarcocele, sär′kō-sēl, n. a fleshy tumour of the testicle. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kēlē, tumour.]

Sarcocephalus, sär-kō-sef′-a-lus, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the natural order Rubiaceæ, native to the tropics of Asia and Africa—including the country-fig, Guinea peach, African cinchona, &c. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kephalē, the head.]

Sarcocol, sär′kō-kol, n. a semi-transparent resin or gum imported from Arabia.—n. Sarcōcol′la, a genus of apetalous shrubs of the order Penæaceæ, native to South Africa. [Gr., a Persian gum.]

Sarcocystis, sär-kō-sis′tis, n. a genus of parasitic sporozoa or Gregarinida, common but apparently harmless in butcher-meat.—n. Sarcocystid′ia, the division of sporozoa including the foregoing.—adj. Sarcocystid′ian. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kystis, the bladder.]

Sarcode, sär′kōd, n. another term for protoplasm.—n. Sarcō′des, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Monotropeæ; including the Californian snow-plant.—adjs. Sarcod′ic, Sar′codous; Sar′coid, resembling flesh. [Gr. sarkodēs, from sarx, flesh, eidos, resemblance.]

Sarcolemma, sär-kō-lem′a, n. a membrane which invests striped muscular tissue.—adj. Sarcolemm′ic. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, lemma, a skin.]

Sarcolemur, sär′kō-lē-mur, n. a genus of extinct Eocene mammals found in North America. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, and lemur.]

Sarcolobe, sär′kō-lōb, n. a thick fleshy cotyledon, as of the bean. [Gr. sarx, flesh, lobos, a lobe.]

Sarcology, sär-kol′o-ji, n. the division of anatomy which treats of the soft parts of the body.—adjs. Sarcolog′ic, -al.—n. Sarcol′ogist. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, logos, discourse.]

Sarcoma, sär-kō′ma, n. a tumour or group of tumours, often malignant: any fleshy excrescence: (bot.) a fleshy disc:—pl. Sarcō′mata.—n. Sarcomatō′sis, sarcomatous degeneration.—adj. Sarcom′atous. [Gr. sarkōma—sarx, flesh.]

Sarcophaga, sär-kof′a-ga, n. a genus of dipterous insects, the flesh-flies: a former division of marsupials.—adjs. Sarcoph′agal, flesh-devouring; Sarcoph′agous, feeding on flesh.—n. Sarcoph′agy.

Sarcophagus, sär-kof′a-gus, n. a kind of limestone used by the Greeks for coffins, and so called because it was thought to consume the flesh of corpses: any stone receptacle for a corpse: an 18th-century form of wine-cooler:—pl. Sarcoph′agī, Sarcoph′aguses. [L.,—Gr. sarkophagos—sarx, flesh, phagein, eat.]

Sarcophilus, sär-kof′i-lus, n. a genus of carnivorous marsupials containing the Tasmanian devil.—n. Sar′cophile, any animal of this genus.—adj. Sarcoph′ilous, fond of flesh. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, philein, to love.]

Sarcophyte, sär-kof′i-tē, n. a monotypic genus of parasitic and apetalous plants native to South Africa. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, phyton, a plant.]

Sarcopsylla, sär-kop-sil′a, n. a genus of American insects, including the jigger or chigoe. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, psylla, a flea.]

Sarcoptes, sär-kop′tēz, n. the itch-mites.—adj. Sarcop′tic. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, koptein, to cut.]

Sarcoseptum, sär-kō-sep′tum, n. a soft septum. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, and septum.]

Sarcosis, sär-kō′sis, n. flesh formation: a fleshy tumour. [Gr. sarkōsis.]

Sarcostemma, sär-kō-stem′a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Asclepiadeæ, native to Africa, Asia, and Australia—including the flesh crown-flower. [Gr. sarx, flesh, stemma, wreath.]

Sarcostigma, sär-kō-stig′ma, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the order Olacineæ—including the odal-oil plant. [Gr. sarx, flesh, stigma, a point.]

Sarcostyle, sär′kō-stīl, n. the mass of sarcode in the sarcotheca of a cœlenterate. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, stylos, a pillar.]

Sarcotheca, sär-kō-thē′ka, n. the cup of a thread-cell: a cnida or nematophore. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, thēkē, a sheath.]

Sarcotic, sär-kot′ik, adj. causing flesh to grow.—adj. Sar′cous, fleshy. [Gr. sarkōtikos—sarkousthai, to produce flesh—sarx, flesh.]

Sard, särd, n. a variety of quartz, differing from cornelian only in its very deep-red colour, blood-red by transmitted light.—n. Sar′dachāte, a kind of agate containing layers of sard. [Gr. sardios (lithos), the Sardian (stone)—Sardeis, Sardis, in Lydia.]

Sarda, sär′da, n. a genus of scombroid fishes, the bonitos. [Gr. sardē, a fish.]

Sardel, Sardelle, sär′del, n. a slender herring-like fish. [O. Fr. sardelle—L. sarda.]

Sardine, sär-dēn′, n. a small fish of the herring family, abundant about the island of Sardinia, potted with olive-oil for export, the pilchard: a petty character. [Fr., (It. sardina)—L. sarda, sardina—Gr. sardēnē.]

Sardine, sär′din, n. the same as Sard.—Also Sar′dius. [O. Fr. sardine.]

Sardonic, sär-don′ik, adj. forced, heartless, or bitter, said of a forced unmirthful laugh—(obs.) Sardō′nian.—adv. Sardon′ically. [Fr. sardonique—L. sardonius, sardonicus—Gr. sardanios, referred to sardonion, a plant of Sardinia (Gr. Sardō), which was said to screw up the face of the eater, but more prob. from Gr. sairein, to grin.]

Sardonyx, sär′dō-niks, n. a variety of onyx consisting of layers of light-coloured chalcedony alternating with reddish layers of cornelian or sard: (her.) a tincture of sanguine colour when the blazoning is done by precious stones. [Gr. sardonyx—Sardios, Sardian, onyx, a nail.]

Sargasso, sär-gas′o, n. a genus of seaweeds, of which two species are found floating in immense quantities in some parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans—gulf-weed.—n. Sargass′um. [Sp.]

Sargus, sär′gus, n. a genus of sparoid fishes of the sub-family Sargi′na. [Gr. sargos, a mullet.]

Sari, sär′i, n. a Hindu woman's chief garment, consisting of a long piece of silk or cotton cloth wrapped round the middle: any long scarf. [Hind.]

Sark, särk, n. a shirt or chemise: the body garment. [A.S. syrce; Ice. serkr.]

Sarking, sär′king, n. (Scot.) thin boards for lining, the boarding on which slates are laid.

Sarkinite, sär′ki-nīt, n. a hydrous arseniate of manganese. [Gr. sarkinos, fleshy, sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarmatian, sär-mā′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the race who spoke the same language as the Scythians, and who are believed to have been of Median descent and so Iranian in stock, though some authorities think they belonged to the Ural-Altaic family: Polish, the term Sarmatia being sometimes rhetorically applied to Poland.

Sarment, sär′ment, n. (bot.) a prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of a strawberry.—adjs. Sarmen′tose, Sarmen′tous, having sarmenta or runners.—n. Sarmen′tum, a runner. [L. sarmentum, a twig—sarpĕre, to prune.]

Sarong, sa-rong′, n. a garment covering the lower half of the body. [Malay.]

Saros, sā′ros, n. a Babylonian numeral=3600: an astronomical cycle of 6585 days and 8 hours.

Sarothrum, sa-rō′thrum, n. a brush of stiff hairs on the leg of a bee:—pl. Sarō′thra. [Gr. sarōtron, a broom.]

Sarplar, sär′plär, n. (obs.) packing-cloth: a large bale of wool containing 2240 pounds.—Also Sar′pler, Sar′plier. [O. Fr. serpilliere—Low L. serapellinus—L. xerampelinæ (vestes), of the colour of dead vine-leaves, dark-red (clothes)—Gr. xērampelinos, xēros, dry, ampelinos—ampelos, a vine.]

Sarracenia, sär-a-sē′ni-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants—the side-saddle flower, pitcher-plant. [Named from Dr Sarrazin, who first sent them to Europe from Quebec.]

Sarrusophone, sa-rus′ō-fōn, n. a musical instrument of the oboe class. [From the inventor, a French bandmaster named Sarrus.]

Sarsaparilla, sär-sa-pa-ril′a, n. the dried root of several species of Smilax, native to tropical America, yielding a medicinal decoction.—Also Sar′sa. [Sp.,—zarza, bramble (prob. Basque, sartzia), parilla, a dim. of parra, a vine.]

Sarsen, sär′sen, n. a local name for the old inhabitants who worked the tin-mines in Cornwall and Devonshire—(the piles of old mining refuse are called attal-Sarsen and Jews' leavings).—Also Sars′den-stone, Sar′acen's-stone, a name given to the Greywethers of Cornwall.

Sarsenet, särs′net, n. a thin tissue of fine silk, plain or twilled, used for ladies' dresses and for linings, said to have been introduced from the East in the 13th century.—Also Sar′cenet, Sars′net. [O. Fr. sarcenet—Low L. Saracenatus, and Saracenicus (pannus), Saracen (cloth)—Saracenus, Saracen.]

Sarsia, sär′si-a, n. a genus of jelly-fishes. [Named from Professor Sars of Christiania.]

Sartage, sär′tāj, n. the clearing of woodland for agricultural purposes.—n. Sart, a strip of such.

Sartorius, sär-tō′ri-us, n. the muscle of the thigh by which the one leg is thrown across the other.—n. Sar′tor, a tailor.—adj. Sartō′rial, pertaining to a tailor or tailoring. [L. sartor, a tailor.]

Sash, sash, n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, worn as a badge or ornament, or a badge of distinction worn by officers—also v.t.—n. Sash′ery, sashes collectively. [Pers. shast, a turban.]

Sash, sash, n. a case or frame for panes of glass.—v.t. to furnish with sashes.—ns. Sash′-door, a door having panes of glass; Sash′-frame, the frame in which the sash of a window is suspended; Sash′-window, a glazed window in which the glass is set in a sash.—French sash, a casement swinging on hinges. [Fr. châsse—L. capsa, a case.]

Sasine, sā′sin, n. (Scots law) the act of giving legal possession of feudal property, infeftment: a form of seizin. [Fr. saisine—saisir, occupy.]

Sass, sas, n. (coll.) impudence: vegetables used in making sauces.—v.i. to be insolent in replies.

Sassafras, sas′a-fras, n. a tree of the laurel family, common in North America; also the bark of its root, a powerful stimulant.—Sassafras oil, a volatile aromatic oil distilled from the sassafras. [Fr. sassafras—Sp. sasafras—L. saxifraga—saxum, a stone, frangĕre, to break.]

Sassanid, sas′a-nid, n. one of the Sassanidæ, the dynasty which ruled Persia from 218 A.D. to 639.—adj. Sassā′nian.

Sassenach, sas′e-nah, n. a Saxon: an Englishman: a Lowlander. [Gael. Sasunnach.]

Sassolin, sas′ō-lin, n. native boracic acid—first found near Sasso in Florence.—Also Sass′olite.

Satan, sā′tan, n. the enemy of men: the devil: the chief of the fallen angels.—adjs. Sātan′ic, -al, pertaining to, or like, Satan: devilish.—adv. Sātan′ically, diabolically: with malice or wickedness suiting the devil.—ns. Sātan′icalness, the quality of being fiendishly malicious or wicked; Sā′tanism, the devilish disposition; Sātanoph′any, an appearance or incarnation of Satan; Sātanophō′bia, fear of the devil; Sāth′anas, Satan; Sātan′ity. [O. Fr. Sathan, Sathanas—Low L. Satan, Satanas—Heb. sātān, enemy—sātan, to be adverse.]

Satchel, sach′el, n. a small sack or bag, esp. for papers, books, &c. [Older form sachel—O. Fr. sachel—L. saccellus, dim. of saccus.]

Sate, sāt, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to glut.—adj. Sate′less, insatiable. [L. satiāre, -ātum—satis, enough.]

Sateen, sa-tēn′, n. a glossy worsted, cotton, or even woollen fabric.—Also Satteen′.

Satellite, sat′el-līt, n. an obsequious follower: one of the small members of the solar system, attendant on the larger planets, by which their motions are controlled.—ns. Sat′ellite-sphinx, a large hawk-moth; Sat′ellite-vein, a vein accompanying an artery; Satelli′tium, an escort. [Fr.,—L. satelles, satellitis, an attendant.]

Satiate, sā′shi-āt, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to gratify fully: to glut.—adj. glutted.—n. Sātiabil′ity.—adj. Sā′tiable, that may be satiated.—ns. Sātiā′tion; Sātī′ety, state of being satiated: surfeit. [L. satiāra, -ātum—satis, enough.]

Satin, sat′in, n. a closely woven silk with a lustrous and unbroken surface, sometimes figured.—adj. made of satin: resembling satin.—v.t. to make smooth and glossy like satin.—ns. Sat′in-bird, the satin bower-bird; Sat′in-car′pet, a particular kind of moth; Sat′in-dam′ask, a satin with an elaborate flower or arabesque pattern, sometimes raised in velvet pile; Sat′in-de-laine′, a thin glossy woollen fabric, a variety of cassimere; Sat′inet, a thin species of satin: a cloth with a cotton warp and woollen weft; Sat′inet-loom, a loom used for heavy goods, as twills, satinets, &c.; Sat′in-fin′ish, a finish resembling satin: a lustrous finish produced on silver by the scratch-brush, by the process called Satining; Sat′ining-machine′, a machine for giving a smooth surface to paper; Sat′in-leaf, the common alum-root; Sat′in-lisse, a cotton dress-fabric with satiny surface, usually printed with delicate patterns; Sat′in-pā′per, a fine, glossy writing-paper; Sat′in-sheet′ing, twilled cotton fabric with a satin surface; Sat′in-spar, a variety of calcite with a pearly lustre when polished; Sat′in-sparr′ow, an Australian fly-catcher; Sat′in-stitch, an embroidery stitch, flat or raised, repeated in parallel lines, giving a satiny appearance and making both sides alike; Sat′in-stone, a fibrous gypsum used by lapidaries; Sat′inwood, a beautiful ornamental wood from East and West Indies, having a smooth, satiny texture.—adj. Sat′iny, like, or composed of, satin. [Fr. satin (It. setino)—Low. L. setinus, adj.—L. seta, hair.]

Satire, sat′īr, or sat′ir, n. a literary composition, orig. in verse, essentially a criticism of man and his works, whom it holds up either to ridicule or scorn—its chief instruments, irony, sarcasm, invective, wit and humour: an invective poem: severity of remark, denunciation: ridicule.—adjs. Satir′ic, -al, pertaining to, or conveying, satire: sarcastic: abusive.—adv. Satir′ically.—n. Satir′icalness, the state or quality of being satirical.—v.t. Sat′irīse, to make the object of satire: to censure severely.—n. Sat′irist, a writer of satire. [Fr.,—L. satira, satura (lanx, a dish), a full dish, a medley.]

Satisfy, sat′is-fī, v.t. to give enough to: to supply fully: to please fully: to discharge: to free from doubt: to convince.—v.i. to give content: to supply fully: to make payment:—pa.t. and pa.p. sat′isfied.—n. Satisfac′tion, state of being satisfied: gratification: comfort: that which satisfies: amends: atonement: payment, quittance: conviction: repairing a wrong, as by a duel.—adj. Satisfac′tive (obs.).—adv. Satisfac′torily.—n. Satisfac′toriness.—adjs. Satisfac′tory, satisfying: giving contentment: making amends or payment: atoning: convincing; Satisfī′able, capable of being satisfied.—n. Sat′isfīer.—adj. Sat′isfying, satisfactory.—adv. Sat′isfyingly.—Satisfaction theory (of the Atonement), the ordinary theory of Catholic orthodoxy that Christ made satisfaction to Divine justice for the guilt of human sin by suffering as the human representative, and that thus Divine forgiveness was made possible. [Fr. satisfaire—L. satisfacĕre, satis, enough, facĕre, to make.]

Sative, sā′tiv, adj. sown as in a garden. [L. sativus—serĕre, to sow.]

Satrap, sā′trap, or sat′rap, n. a Persian viceroy or ruler of one of the greater provinces:—fem. Sā′trapess.—adjs. Sat′rapal, relating to a satrap or to a satrapy; Sā′trap-crowned, crested, like the golden-crested wren of North America.—n. Sat′rapy, the government of a satrap. [Gr. satrapēs, from Old Pers. khshatrapā or Zend shōithra-paiti—ruler of a region—shōithra, a region, paiti, a chief.]

Saturate, sat′ū-rāt, v.t. to fill: to unite with till no more can be received: to fill to excess: to soak: (opt.) to render pure, or of a colour free from white light.—adjs. Sat′ūrable, that may be saturated; Sat′ūrant, saturating; Sat′ūrate, saturated: (entom.) very intense, as 'saturate green.'—ns. Sat′ūrāter; Satūrā′tion, act of saturating: state of being saturated: the state of a body when quite filled with another. [L. saturāre, -ātum—satur, full, akin to satis, enough.]

Saturday, sat′ur-dā, n. the seventh or last day of the week, dedicated by the Romans to Saturn: the Jewish Sabbath. [A.S. Sæter-dæg, Sætern-dæg, day of Saturn—L. Saturnus.]

Satureia, sat-ū-rē′i-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Labiatæ—savory.

Saturn, sat′urn, or sā′-, n. the ancient Roman god of agriculture: one of the planets: (her.) a tincture, in colour black.—n.pl. Saturnā′lia, the annual festival in honour of Saturn, a time of unrestrained license and enjoyment.—adjs. Saturnā′lian, pertaining to the Saturnalia: riotously merry: dissolute; Satur′nian, pertaining to Saturn, whose fabulous reign was called 'the golden age:' happy: pure: simple: denoting the verse in which the oldest Latin poems were written; Sat′urnine, grave: gloomy: phlegmatic—those born under the planet Saturn being so disposed: pertaining to lead.—n. Sat′urnist (obs.), a gloomy person.—Saturn's ring, a ring round and near the planet; Saturn's tree, an arborescent deposit of lead from a solution of lead acetate. [Saturnus—serĕre, satum, to sow.]

Satyr, sat′ėr, or sā′tėr, n. a silvan deity, represented as part man and part goat, and extremely wanton: a very lecherous person: a species of butterfly.—ns. Sat′yral (her.), a monster with a human head and the limbs of different animals; Satyrī′asis, morbid lasciviousness in men, corresponding to nymphomania in women—also Satyromā′nia.—adjs. Satyr′ic, -al, pertaining to satyrs.—ns. Satyrī′næ, the argus butterflies; Satyr′ium, a genus of small flowered orchids; Sat′yrus, the genus of orangs—simia. [L. satyrus—Gr. satyros.]

Sauce, saws, n. a liquid seasoning for food, consisting of salt, &c.: fruit stewed with sugar: a relish: impudence.—v.t. to put sauce in to relish: to make poignant: to gratify the palate: to treat with bitter or pert language: to make suffer.—ns. Sauce′-alone′, a cruciferous plant with a strong garlic smell, Jack-by-the-hedge; Sauce′-boat, a vessel with a spout for holding sauce; Sauce′-box, an impudent person; Sauce′-cray′on, a soft, black pastel used for backgrounds; Sauce′pan, a pan in which sauce or any small thing is boiled; Sauce′pan-fish, the king-crab.—Poor man's sauce, hunger; Serve one with the same sauce, to requite one injury with another, to make to suffer. [Fr. sauce—L. salsa, neut. pl. of salsus, pa.p. of salīre, salsum, to salt—sal, salt.]

Saucer, saw′sėr, n. the shallow platter for a tea or coffee cup: anything resembling a saucer, as a socket of iron for the pivot of a capstan: (orig.) a small vessel to hold sauce.—adj. Sau′cer-eyed, having large round eyes. [O. Fr. saussiere—Low L. salsarium—L. salsa, sauce.]

Saucisse, sō-sēs′, n. a bag filled with powder for use in mines.—Also Saucisson′. [Fr.]

Saucy, saw′si, adj. (comp. Sau′cier, superl. Sau′ciest) sharp: pungent: insolent: overbearing: wanton: impudent, pert.—adv. Sau′cily.—n. Sau′ciness. [Sauce.]

Sauer-kraut, sour′-krout, n. a German dish consisting of cabbage sliced fine and suffered to ferment in a cask with salt, juniper-berries, cumin-seed, caraway-seeds, &c. [Ger.]

Saunter, sawn′tėr, v.i. to wander about idly: to loiter: to lounge: to stroll: to dawdle.—n. a sauntering: a place for sauntering: a leisurely ramble.—ns. Saun′terer; Saun′tering.—adv. Saun′teringly. [M. E. saunteren—Anglo-Fr. sauntrer, to adventure out. Cf. Adventure. Sometimes erroneously explained as from Fr. sainte terre, holy land, from pilgrimages.]

Saurian, saw′ri-an, n. a reptile or animal covered with scales, as the lizard.—adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a saurian.—n.pl. Sau′ria, a division of reptiles formerly including lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurians, pterodactyls, &c.: a scaly reptile with legs, a lacertilian: one of the sauropsida.—n. Sauran′odon, a genus of toothless reptiles, whose fossil remains are found in the Rocky Mountains.—adj. Sauran′odont.—ns. Saurich′nite, the fossil track of a saurian; Saur′ōdon, a genus of fossil fishes of the Cretaceous age.—adj. Saur′oid, resembling the lizard: reptilian.—n. Saurom′alus, a genus of plump lizards, including the alderman-lizard.—n.pl. Saurop′oda, an order of lizards containing gigantic dinosaurs.—adj. Saurop′odous.—n.pl. Saurop′sida, the monocondyla, including birds and reptiles.—adj. Saurop′sidan.—n.pl. Sauropteryg′ia, an order of fossil saurians, usually called Plesiosauria.—adj. Sauropteryg′ian. [Gr. saura, sauros, the lizard.]

Saurognathæ, saw-rog′nā-thē, n.pl. a family of birds containing the woodpeckers and their allies.—n. Saurog′nāthism, the peculiar arrangement of the bones of their palates.—adj. Saurog′nāthous. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, gnathos, the jaw.]

Saurophagous, saw-rof′a-gus, adj. feeding on reptiles. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, phagein, to eat.]

Saurotherinæ, saw-rō-thē-rī′nē, n.pl. the ground-cuckoos, a sub-family of Cuculidæ, the typical genus Saurothē′ra. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, thēr, a beast.]

Saururæ, saw-rōō′rē, n.pl. a sub-class or order of Aves, of Jurassic age, based upon the genus Archæopteryx—also called Sauror′nithes.—adj. Sauru′rous, lizard-tailed, as the foregoing birds.

Saururus, saw-rōō′rus, n. a genus of apetalous plants of the order Piperaceæ.—n.pl. Sauru′rēæ, a family of these. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, oura, a tail.]

Saury, saw′ri, n. the skipper, a species of the family Scomberesocidæ, with elongated body and head, the jaws produced into a sharp beak.

Sausage, saw′sāj, n. a gut stuffed with chopped meat salted and seasoned.—n. Sau′sage-poi′soning, poisoning by spoiled sausages. [Fr. saucisse—Low L. salcitia—L. salsus, salted.]

Saussurea, saw-sū′rē-a, n. a genus of composite plants of the order Cynaroideæ. [Named after the Swiss botanists, H. B. de Saussure (1740-99), and his son, Nic. Théodore de Saussure (1767-1845).]

Saussurite, saw-sū′rīt, n. a fine-grained compact mineral, of grayish colour.—adj. Saussurit′ic.

Sauterne, sō-tėrn′, n. an esteemed white wine produced at Sauterne, in the Gironde, France.

Sautoire, Sautoir, sō-twor′, n. (her.) a ribbon worn diagonally. [Saltier.]

Sauvagesia, saw-vā-jē′si-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the violet family. [Named from the French botanist P. A. Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages (1710-95).]

Savage, sav′āj, adj. wild: uncivilised: fierce: cruel: brutal: (her.) nude: naked.—n. a human being in a wild state: a brutal, fierce, or cruel person: a barbarian.—v.t. and v.i. to make savage, to play the savage.—n. Sav′agedom, a savage state: savages collectively.—adv. Sav′agely.—ns. Sav′ageness; Sav′agery, fierceness: ferocity: wild growth of plants; Sav′agism. [O. Fr. salvage—L. silvaticus, pertaining to the woods—silva, a wood.]

Savanna, Savannah, sa-van′a, n. a tract of level land, covered with low vegetation: a treeless plain.—ns. Savann′a-flow′er, a genus of the milk-weed family, West Indies; Savann′a-sparr′ow, the sparrow common through North America; Savann′a-watt′le, a name of certain West Indian trees, also called Fiddlewood. [Sp. savana, sabana, a sheet, a meadow—Low L. sabanum—Gr. sabanon, a linen cloth.]

Save, sāv, v.t. to bring safe out of evil: to rescue: to reserve: to spare: to deliver from the power of sin and from its consequences: to husband: to hoard: to be in time for: to obviate, to prevent something worse.—v.i. to be economical.—prep. except.—adjs. Sav′able, Save′able.—ns. Sav′ableness; Save′-all, a contrivance intended to save anything from being wasted.—v.t. Save′guard (Spens.), to protect.—ns. Sā′ver, one who saves; Save′-rev′erence, or Sir-reverence, an apologetic phrase in conversation to cover anything offensive.—adj. Sā′ving, disposed to save or be economical: incurring no loss: preserving from wrong: frugal: implying a condition, as a saving clause: exceptional: (theol.) securing salvation.—prep. excepting.—n. that which is saved: (pl.) earnings.—adv. Sā′vingly, so as to secure salvation.—ns. Sā′vingness; Sā′vings-bank, a bank for the receipt of small deposits by poor persons, and their accumulation at compound interest.—Save appearances, to keep up an appearance of wealth, comfort, or propriety. [Fr. sauver—L. salvāre—salvus, safe.]

Saveloy, sav′e-loi, n. a kind of sausage made of meat chopped and seasoned, orig. of brains. [Fr. cervelat, cervelas, a saveloy—It. cervelata—cervello, brain—L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum, the brain.]

Savin, Savine, sav′in, n. a low much-branched and widely-spreading shrub (Juniperus Sabina), with very small imbricated evergreen leaves, its fresh tops yielding an irritant volatile oil, anthelmintic and abortifacient: the American red cedar. [O. Fr. sabine—L. sabina (herba), Sabine herb.]

Saviour, sā′vyur, n. one who saves from evil: a deliverer, a title applied to Jesus Christ, who saves men from the power and penalty of sin.

Savoir-faire, sav-wor-fār′, n. the faculty of knowing just what to do and how to do it: tact. [Fr.]

Savoir-vivre, sav-wor-vē′vr, n. good breeding: knowledge of polite usages. [Fr.]

Savonette, sav-ō-net′, n. a kind of toilet soap: a West Indian tree whose bark serves as soap.

Savory, sā′vor-i, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Labiatæ, nearly allied to thyme. The Common Savory gives an aromatic pungent flavour to viands. [Savour.]

Savour, Savor, sā′vur, n. taste: odour: scent: (B.) reputation: characteristic property: pleasure.—v.i. to have a particular taste or smell: to be like: to smack.—v.t. to smell: to relish: to season.—adv. Sā′vourily.—n. Sā′vouriness.—adjs. Sā′vourless, wanting savour; Sā′vourly, well seasoned: of good taste; Sā′voury, having savour or relish: pleasant: with gusto: morally pleasant. [Fr. saveur—L. sapor—sapĕre, to taste.]

Savoy, sa-voi′, n. a cultivated winter variety of cabbage, forming a large close head like the true cabbage, but having wrinkled leaves—originally from Savoy.—ns. Savoy′ard, a native of Savoy, since 1860 part of France; Savoy′-med′lar, a tree related to the June-berry or shad-bush.

Savvy, Savvey, sav′i, v.t. to know: to understand.—v.i. to possess knowledge.—n. general ability. [Sp. sabe—saber, to know—L. sapĕre, to be wise.]

Saw, saw, n. an instrument for cutting, formed of a blade, band, or disc of thin steel, with a toothed edge.—v.t. to cut with a saw.—v.i. to use a saw: to be cut with a saw:—pa.t. sawed; pa.p. sawed or sawn.—ns. Saw′-back, the larva of an American bombycid moth; Saw′-bones, a slang name for a surgeon; Saw′dust, dust or small pieces of wood, &c., made in sawing; Saw′er; Saw′-file, a three-cornered file used for sharpening the teeth of saws; Saw′-fish, a genus of cartilaginous fishes distinguished by the prolongation of the snout into a formidable weapon bordered on each side by sharp teeth; Saw′-fly, the common name of a number of hymenopterous insects, injurious to plants; Saw′-frame, the frame in which a saw is set; Saw′-grass, a marsh plant of the southern states of the American Union, with long slender leaves; Saw′-horn, any insect with serrate antennæ; Saw′mill, a mill for sawing timber; Saw′pit, a pit where wood is sawed; Saw′-set, an instrument for turning the teeth of saws alternately right and left; Saw′-sharp′ener, the greater titmouse; Saw′-tā′ble, the platform of a sawing-machine; Saw′-tem′pering, the process by which the requisite hardness and elasticity are given to a saw.—adj. Saw′-toothed, having teeth like those of a saw: (bot.) having tooth-like notches, as a leaf.—ns. Saw′-whet, the Acadian owl; Saw′-whet′ter, the marsh titmouse; Saw′yer, one who saws timber: a stranded tree in a river in America: any wood-boring larva: the bowfin fish. [A.S. saga; Ger. säge.]

Saw, saw, n. a saying: a proverb: a degree: a joke. [A.S. sagu—secgan, to say.]

Sawney, Sawny, saw′ni, n. a Scotchman. [For Sandy from Alexander.]

Sax, saks, n. a knife, a dagger: a slate-cutter's hammer. [A.S. seax, a knife.]

Saxatile, sak′sa-til, adj. rock inhabiting. [L. saxatilis—saxum, a rock.]

Saxhorn, saks′horn, n. a brass wind-instrument having a long winding tube with bell opening, invented by Antoine or Adolphe Sax, of Paris, about 1840.

Saxicava, sak-sik′a-va, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs.—adj. Saxic′avous. [L. saxum, a rock, cavus, hollow.]

Saxicola, sak-sik′ō-la, n. the stone-chats: the wheat-ear.—adjs. Saxic′ōline, Saxic′ōlous, living among rocks. [L. saxum, a rock, colĕre, inhabit.]

Saxifrage, sak′si-frāj, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Saxifrageæ or Saxifragaceæ, its species chiefly mountain and rock plants.—adjs. Saxifragā′ceous, Saxif′rāgal, Saxif′rāgant, Saxif′rāgous.—n. Saxif′rāgine, a gunpowder in which barium nitrate takes the place of sulphur.—adj. Saxig′enous, growing on rocks.—Burnet saxifrage, the Pimpinella Saxifraga, whose leaves are eaten as a salad; Golden saxifrage, a low half-succulent herb with yellow flowers. [Fr.,—L. saxum, a stone, frangĕre, to break.]

Saxon, saks′un, n. one of the people of North Germany who conquered England in the 5th and 6th centuries: the language of the Saxons: one of the English race: a native or inhabitant of Saxony in its later German sense: a Lowlander of Scotland: modern English.—adj. pertaining to the Saxons, their language, country, or architecture.—n. Sax′ondom, the Anglo-Saxon world.—adj. Saxon′ic.—v.t. Sax′onise, to impregnate with Saxon ideas.—ns. Sax′onism, a Saxon idiom; Sax′onist, a Saxon scholar.—Saxon architecture, a style of building in England before the Norman Conquest, marked by the peculiar 'long and short' work of the quoins, the projecting fillets running up the face of the walls and interlacing like woodwork, and the baluster-like shafts between the openings of the upper windows resembling the turned woodwork of the period; Saxon blue, a deep liquid blue used in dyeing; Saxon green, a green colour; Saxon shore (Litus Saxonicum), in Roman times, the coast districts of Britain from Brighton northwards to the Wash, peculiarly exposed to the attacks of the Saxons from across the North Sea, and therefore placed under the authority of a special officer, the 'Count of the Saxon Shore.' [A.S. Seaxe—seax, Old High Ger. sahs, a knife, a short sword.]

Saxophone, sak′sō-fōn, n. a brass wind-instrument, with about twenty finger-keys, like the clarinet. [Sax, the inventor—Gr. phōnē, the voice.]

Say, sā, v.t. to utter in words: to speak: to declare: to state: to answer: to rehearse: to recite: to take for granted.—v.i. to speak: to relate: to state:—pa.t. and pa.p. said (sed).—n. something said: a remark: a speech: a saw.—ns. Say′er, one who says: a speaker: one who assays; Say′ing, something said: an expression: a maxim; Say′-so, an authoritative declaration: a rumour, a mere report.—Say to, to think of.—It is said, or They say, it is commonly reputed; It says, equivalent to 'it is said;' That is to say, in other words. [A.S. secgan (sægde, gesægd); Ice. segja, Ger. sagen.]

Say, sā, n. (Spens.) assay, proof, temper (of a sword): (Shak.) taste, relish: a sample: trial by sample.—v.t. to assay, to try.—n. Say′master, one who makes proof. [A contr. of assay.]

Say, sā, n. a thin kind of silk: a kind of woollen stuff.—adj. (Shak.) silken. [O. Fr. saie—Low L. seta, silk—L. seta, a bristle.]

Sayette, sā-et′, n. a kind of serge: a woollen yarn. [Fr. sayette, dim. of saye, serge.]

Sayon, sā′on, n. a medieval peasant's sleeveless jacket. [O. Fr.,—saye, serge.]

Sayornis, sā-or′nis, n. the pewit fly-catchers. [Thomas Say, an American ornithologist.]

Sbirro, sbir′rō, n. an Italian police-officer:—pl. Sbirri (sbir′rē). [It.]

Scab, skab, n. a crust formed over a sore: a disease of sheep resembling the mange: a disease of potatoes, or a fungous disease of apples, &c.: a mean fellow: a workman who refuses to join a trades-union or to take part in a strike, or who takes the place of a man out on strike.—v.i. to heal over, to cicatrise: to form a new surface by encrustation.—n. (print.) a scale-board.—adj. Scab′bed, affected or covered with scabs: diseased with the scab: vile, worthless.—ns. Scab′bedness; Scab′biness.—adj. Scab′by, scabbed: injured by the attachment of barnacles to the carapace of a shell: (print.) of matter that is blotched or uneven.—n. Scab′-mite, the itch-mite. [A.S scæb (Dan. scab, Ger. schabe)—L. scabies—scabĕre, to scratch.]

Scabbard, skab′ard, n. the case in which the blade of a sword is kept: a sheath.—v.t. to provide with a sheath.—n. Scabb′ard-fish, a fish of the family Lepidopodidæ. [M. E. scauberk, prob. an assumed O. Fr. escauberc—Old High Ger. scala, a scale, bergan, to protect.]

Scabble, skab′l, v.t. to hew a stone to a level surface without making it smooth.—Also Scapp′le. [Prob. A.S. scafan, to shave.]

Scabellum, skā-bel′um, n. an ancient musical appliance, consisting of plates of metal, &c., fastened to the feet to be struck together. [L., also scabillum, dim. of scamnum, a bench.]

Scaberulous, skā-ber′ū-lus, adj. (bot.) slightly roughened. [Scabrous.]

Scabiosa, skā-bi-ō′sa, n. a genus of herbaceous plants of the teasel family, as the Devil's-bit scabious, the Sweet scabious, &c.—the former long thought efficacious in scaly eruptions.

Scabious, skā′bi-us, adj. scabby: scurfy: itchy.—n. Scabred′ity, roughness: ruggedness.—adj. Scā′brid, rough.—n. Scabrit′ies, a morbid roughness of the inner surface of the eyelid.—adj. Scā′brous, rough to the touch, like a file: rugged: covered with little points: harsh: unmusical.—n. Scā′brousness. [L. scabiosus—scabies, the itch.]

Scad, skad, n. a carangoid fish, also called Horse-mackerel: (Scot.) the ray. [Prob. shad.]

Scaddle, skad′l, adj. (prov.) mischievous, hurtful.—n. hurt.—Also Scath′el, Skadd′le. [Scathe.]

Scæan, sē′an, adj. western, from the Scæan gate in Troy. [Gr. skaios, left.]

Scaffold, skaf′old, n. a temporary platform for exhibiting or for supporting something, and esp. for the execution of a criminal: a framework.—v.t. to furnish with a scaffold: to sustain.—ns. Scaff′oldage (Shak.), a scaffold, a stage, the gallery of a theatre; Scaff′older, a spectator in the gallery: one of the 'gods;' Scaff′olding, a scaffold of wood for supporting workmen while building: materials for scaffolds: (fig.) a frame, framework: disposing of the bodies of the dead on a scaffold or raised platform, as by the Sioux Indians, &c. [O. Fr. escafaut (Fr. échafaud, It. catafalco); from a Romance word, found in Sp. catar, to view—L. captāre, to try to seize, falco (It. palco), a scaffold—Ger. balke, a beam. Doublet catafalque.]

Scaglia, skal′ya, n. an Italian calcareous rock, corresponding to the chalk of England.

Scagliola, skal-yō′la, n. a composition made to imitate the more costly kinds of marble and other ornamental stones.—Also Scal′iola. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia, a scale, a chip of marble or stone.]

Scaith, skāth, n. (Scot.) damage.—adj. Scaith′less. [Scathe.]

Scala, skā′la, n. (surg.) an instrument for reducing dislocation: a term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea:—pl. Scā′læ.—adj. Scā′lable, that may be scaled or climbed.—ns. Scālade′, an assault, as an escalade—also Scalä′do; Scā′lar (math.), in the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude but not direction.—adj. of the nature of a scalar.—n.pl. Scalā′ria, the ladder-shells or wentle-traps.—adjs. Scālar′iform, shaped like a ladder; Scā′lary, formed with steps. [L., a ladder.]

Scalawag, Scallawag, skal′a-wag, n. an undersized animal of little value: a scamp: a native Southern Republican, as opposed to a carpet-bagger, during the period of reconstruction after the American Civil War. [From Scalloway in the Shetland Islands, in allusion to its small cattle.]

Scald, skawld, v.t. to burn with hot liquid: to cook slightly, as fruit, in hot water or steam: to cleanse thoroughly by rinsing with very hot water.—n. a burn caused by hot liquid.—ns. Scald′er, one who scalds vessels: a pot for scalding; Scald′-fish, a marine flat fish; Scald′ing, things scalded; Scald′-rag, a nickname for a dyer.—Scalding hot, so hot as to scald. [O. Fr. escalder (Fr. échauder)—Low L. excaldāre, to bathe in warm water—ex, from, calidus, warm, hot.]

Scald, Skald, skald, n. one of the ancient Scandinavian poets.—adj. Scald′ic, relating to, or composed by, the Scalds. [Ice. skáld.]

Scald, skawld, n. scurf on the head.—adj. scurfy, paltry, poor.—ns. Scald′berry, the blackberry; Scald′-crow, the hooded crow; Scald′-head, a fungous parasitic disease of the scalp, favus. [Scall.]

Scaldino, skal-dē′nō, n. an Italian earthenware brazier:—pl. Scaldi′ni. [It.]

Scale, skāl, n. a ladder: series of steps: a graduated measure: (mus.) a series of all the tones ascending or descending from the keynote to its octave, called the gamut: the order of a numeral system: gradation: proportion: series.—v.t. to mount, as by a ladder: to ascend: to draw in true proportion: to measure logs: to decrease proportionally, as every part.—v.i. to lead up by steps: (Scot.) to disperse, to spill, to spread as manure.—ns. Scale′-board (print.), a thin slip of wood for extending a page to its true length, making types register, securing uniformity of margin, &c.; Scale′-pipette′, a tubular pipette with a graduated scale for taking up definite quantities of liquid; Scal′ing-ladd′er, a ladder used for the escalade of an enemy's fortress: a fireman's ladder: (her.) a bearing representing a ladder, with two hooks and two ferrules. [L. scala, a ladder—scandĕre, to mount.]

Scale, skāl, n. one of the small, thin plates on a fish or reptile: a thin layer: a husk: the covering of the leaf-buds of deciduous trees: a piece of cuticle that is squamous or horny: a flake: an encrustation on the side of a vessel in which water is heated.—v.t. to clear of scales: to peel off in thin layers.—v.i. to come off in thin layers.—ns. Scale′-arm′our, armour consisting of scales of metal overlapping each other: plate-mail; Scale′-back, a marine worm covered with scales.—adjs. Scale′-bear′ing, having scales, as the sea-mice; Scaled, having scales: covered with scales.—ns. Scale′-dove, an American dove having the plumage marked as with scales; Scale′-fish, a dry cured fish, as the haddock; Scale′-foot, the scabbard-fish; Scale′-in′sect, any insect of the homopterous family Coccidæ.—adj. Scale′less, without scales, as the scaleless amphibians.—n. Scale′-moss, certain plants which resemble moss.—adj. Scale′-patt′ern, having a pattern resembling scales.—ns. Scale′-quail, an American quail having scale-like markings of the plumage; Scā′ler, one who makes a business of scaling fish: an instrument used by dentists in removing tartar.—adjs. Scale′-tailed, having scales on the under side of the tail; Scale′-winged, having the wings covered with minute scales, as a butterfly.—ns. Scale′-work, scales lapping over each other; Scale′-worm, a scale-back: Scal′iness, the state of being scaly: roughness; Scal′ing, the process of removing scales from a fish, or encrustations from the interior of a boiler; Scal′ing-fur′nace, a furnace in which plates of iron are heated for the purpose of scaling them, as in tinning.—adj. Scal′y, covered with scales: like scales: shabby: (bot.) formed of scales. [A.S. sceale, scale, the scale of a fish; Ger. schale, shell.]

Scale, skāl, n. the dish of a balance: a balance, as to turn the scale—chiefly in pl.: (pl.) Libra, one of the signs of the zodiac.—v.t. to weigh, as in scales: to estimate.—ns. Scale′-beam, the beam or lever of a balance; Scale′-microm′eter, in a telescope, a graduated scale for measuring distances; Scāl′ing, the process of adjusting sights to a ship's guns.—Beam and scales, a balance; Gunter's scale, a scale for solving mechanically problems in navigation and surveying. [A.S. scále, a balance; Dut. schaal, Ger. schale; allied to preceding word.]

Scalene, skā-lēn′, adj. (geom.) having three unequal sides; (anat.) obliquely situated and unequal-sided.—n. a scalene triangle: one of several triangular muscles.—ns. Scālenohē′dron, a pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, enclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle; Scālē′num, a scalene triangle; Scālē′nus, a scalene muscle. [Fr.,—L. scalenus—Gr. skalēnos, uneven.]

Scall, skawl, n. (B.) a scab: scabbiness: in mining, loose ground.—adj. mean.—adjs. Scalled, Scald, scabby: mean. [Ice. skalli, bald head.]

Scallion, skal′yun, n. the shallot: the leek: the onion. [L. Ascalonia (cæpia), Ascalon (onion).]

Scallop, skol′up, n. a bivalve having a sub-circular shell with sinuous radiating ridges: one of a series of curves in the edge of anything: a shallow dish in which oysters, &c., are cooked, baked, and browned.—v.t. to cut the edge or border into scallops or curves: to cook in a scallop with crumbs of bread, &c.—p.adj. Scall′oped, having the edge or border cut into scallops or curves.—ns. Scall′op moth, a name applied to several geometrid moths; Scall′op-shell, a scallop, or the shell of one, the badge of a pilgrim. [O. Fr. escalope—Old Dut. schelpe, a shell; cf. Ger. schelfe, a husk.]

Scalma, skal′ma, n. a disease of horses. [Old High Ger. scalmo, pestilence; cf. Schelm.]

Scalops, skā′lops, n. a genus of American shrew-moles. [Gr. skalops, a mole—skallein, to dig.]

Scalp, skalp, n. the outer covering of the skull or brain-case, including the skin, the expanded tendon of the occipito-frontalis muscle, with intermediate cellular tissue and blood-vessels: the skin on which the hair grows: the skin of the top of the head, together with the hair, torn off as a token of victory by the North American Indians: the skin of the head of a noxious wild animal: (her.) the skin of the head of a stag with the horns attached: a bed of oysters or mussels (Scot. Scaup).—v.t. to cut the scalp from: to flay: to lay bare: to deprive of grass: to sell at less than recognised rates: to destroy the political influence of.—ns. Scal′per, one who scalps; a machine for removing the ends of grain, as wheat or rye, or for separating the different grades of broken wheat, semolina, &c.: one who buys and sells railroad tickets, &c., at less than the official rates, a ticket-broker: an instrument used by surgeons for scraping carious bones (also Scal′ping-ī′ron); Scal′ping-knife, a knife, formerly a sharp stone, used by the Indians of North America for scalping their enemies; Scal′ping-tuft, a scalp-lock.—adj. Scalp′less, having no scalp, bald.—n. Scalp′-lock, a long tuft of hair left by the North American Indians as a challenge. [Old Dut. schelpe, a shell; cf. Ger. schelfe, a husk; a doublet of scallop.]

Scalpel, skalp′el, n. a small surgical knife for dissecting and operating.—n. Scalpel′lum, one of the four filamentous organs in the proboscis of hemipterous insects:—pl. Scalpel′la.—adj. Scal′priform, chisel-shaped, specifically said of the incisor teeth of rodents. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum, a knife—scalpĕre, to cut.]

Scamble, skam′bl, v.i. (obs.) to scramble: to sprawl.—v.t. to mangle: to squander.—ns. Scam′bler, a meal-time visitor; Scam′bling, a hasty meal.—n.pl. Scam′bling-days, days in which meat is scarce.—adv. Scam′blingly, strugglingly. [Ety. dub.; prob. related to shamble.]

Scamillus, skā-mil′us, n. a second plinth under a column:—pl. Scamill′i (ī). [L.]

Scammony, skam′o-ni, n. a cathartic gum-resin obtained from a species of convolvulus in Asia Minor.—adj. Scammō′niate, made with scammony. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. skammōnia; prob. Persian.]

Scamp, skamp, n. a vagabond: a mean fellow.—v.i. Scam′per, to run with speed and trepidation.—n. a rapid run.—adj. Scam′pish, rascally. [O. Fr. escamper, to flee—It. scampare, to escape—L. ex, out, campus, a battlefield.]

Scamp, skamp, v.t. to do work in a dishonest manner without thoroughness—also Skimp.—n. Scam′per. [Prob. Ice. skamta, to dole out, to stint.]

Scan, skan, v.t. to count the feet in a verse: to examine carefully: to scrutinise.—v.i. to agree with the rules of metre:—pr.p. scan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. scanned.—ns. Scan′ning; Scan′sion, act of counting the measures in a verse. [Fr. scander, to scan—L. scandĕre, scansum, to climb.]

Scandal, skan′dal, n. something said which is false and injurious to reputation: disgrace: opprobrious censure.—v.t. to defame, to aspire.—ns. Scan′dal-bear′er, a propagator of malicious gossip; Scandalisā′tion, defamation.—v.t. Scan′dalise, to give scandal or offence to: to shock: to reproach: to disgrace: to libel.—n. Scan′dal-mong′er, one who deals in defamatory reports.—adj. Scan′dalous, giving scandal or offence: calling forth condemnation: openly vile: defamatory.—adv. Scan′dalously.—ns. Scan′dalousness; Scan′dalum-magnā′tum, speaking slanderously of high personages, abbrev. Scan. Mag. [Fr. scandale—L. scandalum—Gr. skandalon, a stumbling-block.]

Scandalise, skan′da-līz, v.t. to trice up the tack of the spanker in a square-rigged vessel, or the mainsail in a fore-and-aft rigged one. [Scantle.]

Scandinavian, skan-di-nā′vi-an, adj. of Scandinavia, the peninsula divided into Norway and Sweden, but, in a historical sense, applying also to Denmark and Iceland.—n. a native of Scandinavia. [L. Scandinavia, Scandia.]

Scandium, skan′di-um, n. an element discovered in 1879 in the Scandinavian mineral euxenite.

Scandix, skan′diks, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, including shepherd's purse, Venus's comb, &c. [L.,—Gr., chervil.]

Scansores, skan-sō′rēz, n.pl. an old order of birds generally characterised by having two toes before opposed by two behind, by which they are enabled to climb.—adj. Scansō′rial, habitually climbing, as a bird: formed for climbing.—n. Scansō′rius, a muscle passing from the ilium to the femur in some vertebrata. [Low L., pl. of scansor, scansoris, a climber—L. scandĕre, scansum, to climb.]

Scant, skant, adj. not full or plentiful; scarcely sufficient: deficient.—n. scarcity: lack.—adv. scarcely: scantily.—v.t. and v.i. to limit: to stint: to begrudge.—adv. Scan′tily.—ns. Scan′tiness; Scan′-tity (obs.).—adv. Scant′ly, not fully or sufficiently, scarcely: narrowly: penuriously: scantily.—ns. Scant′ness, the condition or quality of being scant: smallness: insufficiency; Scant′-of-grace, a good-for-nothing fellow: a scapegrace.—adj. Scant′y, scant, not copious or full: hardly sufficient: wanting extent: narrow: small. [Ice. skamt, short, narrow, neut. of skammr, short.]

Scantle, skan′tl, v.t. to divide into pieces: to partition.—ns. Scant′let, a small pattern; Scant′ling, a little piece: a piece or quantity cut for a particular purpose: a certain proportion.—Scantling number, a number computed from the known dimensions of a ship. [O. Fr. eschantillon, a small cantle, escanteler, to break into cantles—es—L. ex, out, cantel, chantel, a cantle.]

Scantle, skan′tl, v.i. to fail: to be deficient.—n. a gauge by which slates are measured. [Prob. scant.]

Scapanus, skap′a-nus, n. a genus of North American shrew-moles. [Gr. skapanē, a mattock.]

Scape, skāp, n. an escape: a freak or fault.—v.t. to escape from: to miss: to shun.—ns. Scape′gallows, one who deserves hanging: a villain; Scape′grace, a graceless hare-brained fellow. [A contr. of escape.]

Scape, skāp, n. (bot.) a long, naked, radical peduncle: (entom.) the basal joint of antennæ: (ornith.) the stem of a feather: (archit.) the shaft of a column.—adjs. Scape′less (bot.), wanting a scape; Scap′iform, scape-like; Scapig′erous, scape-bearing. [L., scapus, Gr. skapos, a shaft; cf. skēptron, a staff.]

Scape, skāp, n. the cry of the snipe when flushed: the snipe itself. [Prob. imit.]

Scapegoat, skāp′gōt, n. a goat on which, once a year, the Jewish high-priest laid symbolically the sins of the people, and which was then allowed to escape into the wilderness (Levit. xvi.): one who is made to bear the misdeeds of another. [Escape and goat.]

Scapement, skāp′ment, n. the same as Escapement.—n. Scape′-wheel, the wheel which drives the pendulum of a clock. [Escapement.]

Scapha, skā′fa, n. the scaphoid fossa of the helix of the ear. [L., a skiff.]

Scaphander, skā-fan′dėr, n. a diver's water-tight suit; a genus of gasteropods. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, anēr, andros, a man.]

Scapharca, skā-far′ka, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs. [L. scapha, a skiff.]

Scaphidium, skā-fid′i-um, n. a genus of clavicorn beetles. [Gr. skaphidion, dim. of skaphē, a skiff.]

Scaphiopod, skaf′i-ō-pod, adj. spade-footed.—n. a spade-footed toad. [Gr. skaphion, a spade, pous, podos, a foot.]

Scaphirhynchus, skaf-i-ring′kus, n. a genus of tyrant-flycatchers: the shovel-heads or shovel-nosed sturgeons. [Gr. skaphē, a skiff, rhyngchos, snout.]

Scaphism, skaf′izm, n. a Persian punishment by which the victim was fastened in a hollow tree, and smeared over with honey to attract wasps, &c. [Gr. skaphē, anything hollowed out.]

Scaphites, skā-fī′tez, n. a genus of fossil cephalopods of the ammonite family. [Gr. skaphē, a boat.]

Scaphium, skā′fi-um, n. the keel of papilionaceous flowers: a genus of coleopterous insects. [L.,—Gr. skaphion, a basin.]

Scaphocephalic, skaf-ō-se-fal′ik, adj. boat-shaped, a term applied to a certain kind of deformed skull. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, kephalē, a head.]

Scaphoid, skaf′oid, adj. boat-like in form, noting two bones, one in the wrist and the other in the foot. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, eidos, form.]

Scaphopod, skaf′ō-pod, adj. having the foot fitted for burrowing, as a mollusc. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, pous, podos, a foot.]

Scapinade, skap-i-nād′, n. a process of trickery—from the name of the tricky valet in Molière's comedy, Les Fourberies de Scapin.

Scap-net, skap′-net, n. a net for catching minnows, &c. [Same as scoop-net.]

Scapolite, skap′ō-līt, n. a silicate of alumina and lime, occurring in long rod-like crystals. [Gr. skapos, a rod, lithos, a stone.]

Scapple, skap′l, v.t. to work without finishing, as stone before leaving the quarry. [Scabble.]

Scapula, skap′ū-la, n. the shoulder-blade.—adj. Scap′ūlar, pertaining to the shoulder.—n. a bandage for the shoulder-blade: (ornith.) the shoulder feathers: a long strip of cloth worn by some orders: two little pieces of cloth tied together by strings passing over the shoulders, worn by lay persons in token of devotion: a short cloak with a hood, a monastic working dress.—adj. Scap′ūlary, in form like a scapular.—n. a scapular.—adj. Scap′ūlated, having the scapular feathers notable in size or colour, as the scapulated crow.—n. Scap′ūlimancy. divination by means of shoulder-blades.—adj. Scapuliman′tic. [L. scapulæ, the shoulder-blades, prob. cog. with scapus, a shaft.]

Scapus, skā′pus, n. (archit.) the shaft of a column: (ornith.) the scape of a feather: a genus of Cœlenterates:—pl. Scā′pi (ī). [L., a shaft.]

Scar, skär, n. the mark left by a wound or sore: any mark or blemish: a cicatrice: (fig.) any mark resulting from injury, material or moral: (bot.) a mark on a stem after the fall of a leaf: in shells, an impression left by the insertion of a muscle: in founding, an imperfect place in a casting: a disfigurement.—v.t. to mark with a scar.—v.i. to become scarred:—pr.p. scar′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. scarred.—adjs. Scar′less, without scars: unwounded; Scarred. [O. Fr. escare—L. eschara—Gr. eschara, a scar produced by burning.]

Scar, skär, n. a precipitous bank or rock: a bare rocky place on the side of a hill.—n. Scar′-lime′stone, a mass of calcareous rock crowded with marine fossils. [Scand., Ice. sker—skera, to cut.]

Scarab, skar′ab, n. an insect with wing-sheaths, a beetle: a gem, usually emerald, cut in the form of a beetle—also Scarabæ′us, Scar′abee.—n. Scar′aboid, an imitation scarab.—adj. like a scarab. [L. scarabæus; Gr. karabos.]

Scaramouch, skar′a-mowch, n. a buffoon: a bragging, cowardly fellow. [Fr.,—It. Scaramuccia, a famous Italian zany of the 17th century.]

Scarbroite, skär′brō-īt, n. a hydrous silicate of aluminium—from Scarborough.

Scarce, skārs, adj. not plentiful: not equal to the demand: rare: not common: parsimonious: deficient: short: scanty.—adj. Scarce′-beard′ed (Shak.), having a scanty beard.—adv. Scarce′ly, Scarce (B.), hardly, barely.—ns. Scarce′ment (archit.), a plain set-off or projection in a wall; Scarce′ness; Scarc′ity, state of being scarce: deficiency: rareness: niggardliness: want: famine.—Make one's self scarce, to decamp. [O. Fr. escars (Fr. échars), niggardly—Low L. scarpsus=ex-carpsus, for L. excerptus, pa.p. of excerpēre—ex, out of, carpēre, to pick.]

Scardafella, skär-da-fel′a, n. an American genus containing the ground-doves.

Scare, skār, v.t. to drive away by frightening: to strike with sudden terror: to startle, to affright.—n. an imaginary alarm: a sudden panic.—adj. lean, scanty.—ns. Scare′-babe, a bugbear; Scare′-bug; Scare′crow, anything set up to scare away crows or other birds: a vain cause of terror: a person meanly clad: the black tern; Scare′-fire, a fire-alarm: a conflagration. [M. E. skerren—skerre, frightened—Ice. skjarr, timid.]

Scarf, skärf, n. a light decorative piece of dress worn loosely on the shoulders or as a band about the neck: a light handkerchief for the neck: a cravat:—pl. Scarfs, Scarves (obs.).—v.t. to cover, as if with a scarf.—adj. Scarfed, decorated with pendants.—ns. Scarf′-pin, an ornamental pin worn in a scarf; Scarf′-ring, an ornamental ring through which the ends or a scarf are drawn. [A.S. scearfe, a piece; Dut. scherf, a shred.]

Scarf, skärf, v.t. to join two pieces of timber endwise, so that they may appear to be used as one: to flay the skin from a whale.—n. in carpentry, a joint whose ends are united so as to form a continuous piece.—ns. Scar′fing; Scarf′ing-machine′, a machine for shaving the ends of leather belting to a feather edge; Scarf′-joint, a joint made by overlapping two pieces of timber that will fit each other; Scarf′-loom, a figure loom for weaving fabrics. [Scand., Sw. skarf, Norw. skarv, a joint; cf. Ger. scherben, to cut small; conn. with shear, v.]

Scarf, skärf, n. the cormorant—(Scot.) Scart, Skart. [Ice. skarfr.]

Scaridæ, skar′i-dē, n.pl. a family of fishes including the parrot-fish.—Also Scā′rus. [Gr. skaros.]

Scarify, skar′i-fī, v.t. to scratch or slightly cut the skin, to make small cuts with a lancet, so as to draw blood: to loosen and stir together the soil: to harrow the feelings:—pa.t. and pa.p. scar′ifīed.—ns. Scarificā′tion, act of scarifying; Scarificā′tor, an instrument with several lancets for scarifying or making slight incisions in the operation of cupping; Scar′ifier, one who scarifies: an instrument used for scarifying the soil, esp. a grubber with prongs. [Fr. scarifier—L. scarificāre, -ātum—Gr. skariphasthai—skariphos, an etching tool.]

Scarious, skā′ri-us, adj. (bot.) thin, dry, membranaceous: (zool.) scaly, scurfy.

Scaritid, skär′i-tid, adj. pertaining to carabid beetles of Scarites or related genera.

Scarlatina, skär-la-tē′na, n. a dangerous and highly-contagious fever, so named from the scarlet rash or eruption which accompanies it—also Scar′let-fēver.—adjs. Scarlati′nal, Scarlati′nous.

Scarlet, skär′let, n. a bright-red colour: scarlet cloth.—adj. of the colour called scarlet: dressed in scarlet.—v.t. to redden.—ns. Scar′let-ad′miral, the red-admiral, a butterfly; Scar′let-bean, the scarlet-runner; Scar′let-fē′ver, a contagious febrile disease (see Scarlatina); Scar′let-hat, a cardinal's hat; Scar′let-light′ning, the scarlet lychnis: the red valerian; Scar′let-run′ner, a bean with scarlet flowers which runs up any support; Scar′let-snake, a bright-red harmless snake of the southern states of the American Union; Scar′let-tī′ger, a British moth; Scar′let-wom′an, the woman referred to in Rev. xvii. 4, 5—Pagan Rome, Papal Rome, or a personification of the World in its anti-Christian sense. [O. Fr. escarlate (Fr. écarlate), through Low L. scarlatum—Pers. saqalāt, scarlet cloth.]

Scarmage, skär′māj, n. (Spens.) same as Skirmish.—Also Scar′moge.

Scarp, skärp, n. (her.) a diminutive of the bend sinister, half its width: (obs.) a shoulder-belt. [O. Fr. escarpe, escharpe: cf. Scarf (1).]

Scarp, skärp, n. (fort.) any steep slope (same as Escarp).—v.t. to cut down a slope so as to render it impassable.—adj. Scarped. [O. Fr. escarpe—It. scarpa—Old High Ger. scharf; cf. Sharp.]

Scarpines, skär′pinz, n.pl. an instrument of torture resembling the boot. [Fr. escarpins, shoes.]

Scarred, skärd, adj. marked by scars.—n. Scar′ring, a scar: a mark.—adj. Scar′ry, bearing or pertaining to scars: having scars.

Scart, skärt, v.t. (Scot.) to scratch: to scrape.—n. a slight wound: a dash or stroke: a niggard: a poor-looking creature.—adj. Scart′-free.

Scarus, skā′rus, n. a genus of fishes including the parrot-wrasses. [Scaridæ.]

Scat, Scatt, skat, n. a tax in the Shetland Islands.—ns. Scat′hold, open ground for pasture; Scat′land, land which paid duty for rights of pasture and peat. [A.S. sceat, a coin; Dut. schat, Ger. schatz.]

Scat, skat, n. (prov.) a brisk shower of rain.—adj. Scat′ty, showery. [Prob. conn. with scud.]

Scatches, skach′ez, n.pl. stilts used for walking in dirty places. [O. Fr. eschace—Old Flem. schætse, a high shoe; Dut. schaats, pl. schaatsen, skates.]

Scath, Scathe, skāth, n. damage, injury: waste.—v.t. to injure.—adj. Scathe′ful, destructive.—n. Scathe′fulness, disadvantage: destructiveness.—adj. Scā′thing, damaging; blasting: scorching.—adv. Scā′thingly.—adjs. Scāth′less, without injury; Scā′thy (Scot.), mischievous: dangerous. [A.S. sceathu; Ger. schade, injury.]

Scatology, skā-tol′ō-ji, n. the knowledge of fossil excrement or coprolites: knowledge of the usages of primitive peoples about excrements, human and other.—adj. Scatolog′ical.—ns. Scat′omancy, Scatos′copy, divination of disease by inspection of excrement; Scatoph′aga, the dung-flies.—n.pl. Scatophag′idæ, a family of acanthopterygian fishes.—adj. Scatoph′agous, feeding on excrement. [Gr. skōr, skatos, dung, logia—legein, to speak; manteia, divination; skopein, to view; phagein, to eat.]

Scatter, skat′ėr, v.t. to disperse in all directions: to throw loosely about: to strew: to sprinkle: to dispel: to put to flight: to drop: to throw shot too loosely.—v.i. to be dispersed or dissipated.—n. Scatt′erbrain, a thoughtless, giddy person.—adjs. Scatt′er-brained, giddy; Scatt′ered, widely separated: wandering: distracted: irregular.—ns. Scatt′erer, one who or that which scatters; Scatt′er-good, a spendthrift; Scatt′er-gun, a shot-gun; Scatt′ering, something scattered: dispersion: that which has been scattered: the irregular reflection of light from a surface not perfectly smooth.—adj. dispersing: rare, sporadic: diversified.—adv. Scatt′eringly, in a dispersed manner: here and there.—ns. Scatt′erling (Spens.), one who has no fixed abode: a vagabond; Scatt′ermouch, any Latin or Levantine, in Pacific slang.—adj. Scatt′ery, dispersed: sparse: few and far between. [A.S. scateran, scaterian; cf. Shatter.]

Scaturient, skā-tū′ri-ent, adj. gushing like water from a fountain. [L. scaturīre, to gush out.]

Scaup, skawp, n. a sea-duck of genus Aythya, of northern regions, related to the pochard. [Ice. skálp—in skálp-hæna.]

Scauper, skaw′pėr, n. a tool with semicircular face, used by engravers. [Prob. scalper.]

Scavage, skav′āj, n. a duty or toll anciently exacted by mayors, &c., on goods exposed for sale.

Scavenger, skav′en-jėr, n. one who cleans the streets: an animal which feeds on carrion: a child employed to pick up loose cotton from the floor in a cotton-mill.—ns. Scav′agery, street-cleansing; Scav′aging.—v.t. Scav′enge, to cleanse.—ns. Scav′enger-bee′tle, a beetle which acts as a scavenger; Scav′enger-crab, any crab which feeds on decaying animal matter; Scav′engering; Scav′engerism; Scav′engery.—Scavenger's daughter, an instrument of torture by pressure with an iron hoop, invented by Sir W. Skevington, Lieutenant of the Tower under Henry VIII. [Orig. scavager, an inspector of goods for sale, and also of the streets; from scavage, duty on goods for sale—A.S. sceawian, to inspect; cf. Show.]

Scavilones, skav′i-lōnz, n.pl. men's drawers worn in the sixteenth century under the hose.

Scazon, skā′zon, n. in ancient prosody, a metre, the rhythm of which is imperfect toward the close of the line or period. [Gr. skazōn, limping.]

Scelerate, sel′e-rāt, adj. (obs.) wicked, villainous.—n. a villain—also Scel′erat.—adjs. Scel′erous, Sceles′tic. [O. Fr.—L. sceleratus—scelus, crime.]

Scelides, sel′i-dēz, n.pl. the posterior limbs of a mammal.—n. Scel′idosaur, a dinosaur of the genus Scelidosaurus.—adjs. Scelidosau′rian; Scelidosau′roid.—n.pl. Scelidosau′ridæ, a family of mailed dinosaurs.—ns. Scelidosau′rus, the typical genus of Scelidosauridæ; Scelio (sē′li-ō), a genus of hymenopterous insects parasitic in the eggs of grasshoppers and locusts; Scelop′orus (U.S.), the common brown fence-lizard. [Gr. skelis, skelidos, a leg.]

Scelp, skelp, n. long strips of iron used in forming a gun-barrel.—Also Skelp.

Scena, sē′na, n. the stage of an ancient theatre (pl. Scenæ, sē′nē): an elaborate dramatic solo (It., pron. shā′nä; pl. Sce′ne).—n. Scenario (she-nä′ri-ō), a skeleton libretto of a dramatic work. [L.]

Scend, send, n. the upward angular displacement of a vessel—opposed to Pitch, the correlative downward movement.—v.i. to heave upward. [A corr. of send, influenced by ascend.]

Scene, sēn, n. a picture of the place of an action: a large painted view: place of action, occurrence, or exhibition: the part of a play acted without change of place: (orig.) the stage of a theatre on which the actors perform: a series of landscape events connected and exhibited: a number of objects presented to the view at once: spectacle: view: any unseemly or ill-timed display of strong feeling between persons.—v.t. to exhibit: to display.—ns. Scene′-dock, the space in a theatre adjoining the stage, where scenery is stored when not in use; Scene′-man, one who manages the scenery in a theatre; Scene′-paint′er, one whose employment it is to paint scenery for theatres; Scē′nery, the painted representation on a stage: the appearance of anything presented to the eye: general aspect of a landscape; Scene′-shift′er (same as Scene-man).—adjs. Scē′nic, -al, pertaining to scenery: dramatic: theatrical.—adv. Scē′nically.—adjs. Scēnograph′ic, -al, drawn in perspective.—adv. Scēnograph′ically.—n. Scēnog′raphy, the art of perspective: representation in perspective.—Behind the scenes, at the back of the visible stage; Make a scene, to make a noisy or otherwise unwelcome exhibition of feeling. [L. scena—Gr. skēnē, a covered place, a stage.]

Scent, sent, v.t. to discern by the sense of smell: to perfume: to have some suspicion of.—v.i. to become odoriferous: to smell.—n. a perfume: odour: sense of smell: chase followed by the scent: course of pursuit: scraps of paper strewed on the ground by the pursued in the boys' game of hare and hounds.—ns. Scent′-bag, the pouch of an animal which secretes an odoriferous substance; Scent′-bott′le, a small bottle for holding perfume; Scent′-box.—adjs. Scent′ed, perfumed; Scent′ful, highly odoriferous: quick of scent: having a good nose, as a dog.—n. Scent′-gland, a glandular organ which secretes such substances as musk or castoreum.—adv. Scent′ingly, allusively: not directly.—adj. Scent′less, having no scent or smell: destructive of scent.—ns. Scent′-or′gan, a scent-gland; Scent′-vase, a vessel with a pierced cover designed to contain perfumes. [Fr. sentir—L. sentīre, to feel.]

Sceptic, -al, Skeptic, -al, skep′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the philosophical school in ancient Greece of Pyrrho and his successors: doubting: hesitating to admit the certainty of doctrines or principles: (theol.) doubting or denying the truth of revelation.—ns. Scep′sis, Skep′sis, philosophic doubt; Scep′tic, one who is sceptical: (theol.) one who doubts or denies the existence of God or the truths of revelation.—adv. Scep′tically.—n. Scep′ticalness.—v.i. Scep′ticise, to act the sceptic.—n. Scep′ticism, that condition in which the mind is before it has arrived at conclusive opinions: doubt: the doctrine that no facts can be certainly known: agnosticism: (theol.) doubt of the existence of God or the truth of revelation. [L. scepticus—Gr. skeptikos, thoughtful, skeptesthai, to consider.]

Sceptre, sep′tėr, n. the staff or baton borne by kings as an emblem of authority: royal power.—v.t. to invest with royal power.—adjs. Scep′tral, regal; Scep′tred, bearing a sceptre: regal.—n. Scep′tredom, reign.—adjs. Scep′treless, powerless, as a sceptreless king; Scep′try, bearing a sceptre, royal. [L. sceptrum—Gr. skēptron—skēptein, to lean.]

Sceuophylacium, skū-ō-fi-lā′shi-um, n. (Gr. Church) the repository of the sacred vessels.—n. Sceuoph′ylax, a sacristan, church treasurer. [Gr. skeuos, a vessel, phylax, a watcher.]

Schæfferia, shef-fē′ri-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, the yellow-wood. [Named from Schaeffer, an 18th-cent. German botanist.]

Schalenblende, shä′len-blend, n. a variety of native zinc-sulphide. [Ger., schale, shell, blende, blende.]

Schediasm, skē′di-azm, n. cursory writing on a loose sheet. [Gr. schediasma—schedon, near.]

Schedule, shed′ūl, n. a piece of paper containing some writing: a list, inventory, or table.—v.t. to place in a schedule or list. [O. Fr. schedule (Fr. cédule)—L. schedula, dim. of scheda, a strip of papyrus—L. scindĕre, to cleave; or from Gr. schedē, a leaf.]

Scheelite, shē′līt, n. native calcium tungstate. [From the Swedish chemist, K. W. Scheele (1742-86).]

Schelm, skelm, n. (Scot.) a rascal.—Also Schel′lum, Shelm, Skel′lum. [O. Fr. schelme—Old High Ger. scalmo, plague; cf. Ger. schelm, a rogue.]

Schema, skē′ma, n. the image of the thing with which the imagination aids the understanding in its procedure: scheme, plan, outline generally: a diagrammatic outline or synopsis of anything: (Gr. Church) the monastic habit.—adj. Schemat′ic.—v.t. Schē′matise, to arrange in outline.—v.i. to make a plan in outline.—ns. Schē′matism, form or outline of a thing: (astrol.) the combination of the heavenly bodies; Schē′matist, a projector.

Scheme, skēm, n. plan: something contrived to be done: purpose: plot: a combination of things by design: a specific organisation for some end: an illustrative diagram: a system: a statement in tabular form: a representation of the aspect of the heavenly bodies at a given time.—v.t. to plan: to contrive.—v.i. to form a plan.—n. Scheme′-arch, an arch less than a semicircle.—adj. Scheme′ful.—n. Schē′mer.—adj. Schē′ming, given to forming schemes: intriguing.—adv. Schē′mingly, by scheming.—n. Schē′mist, a schemer: an astrologer.—adj. Schē′my, cunning: intriguing. [L. schema—Gr. schēma, form—echein, schēsein, to hold.]

Scheroma, ske-rō′ma, n. inflammation of the eye without discharge. [Gr. xēros, dry.]

Scherzo, sker′tsō, n. (mus.) a passage or movement of a lively character, forming part of a musical composition of some length, as a symphony, quartette, or sonata.—adj. Scherzan′do, playful. [It. scherzo, a jest, scherzare, to play—Teut.; Mid. High Ger. scherz (Ger. scherz, Dut. scherts), jest.]

Schesis, skē′sis, n. habitude.—adj. Schet′ic, constitutional: habitual. [Gr.,—echein, to have.]

Schiavone, ski-a-vō′ne, n. a backed, hilted broadsword of the 17th century. [It., the Doge's bodyguard, the Schiavoni or Slavs being armed with it.]

Schiedam, skē-dam′, n. Hollands gin, named from the town near Rotterdam where it is chiefly made.

Schiller, shil′ėr, n. the peculiar bronze-like lustre observed in certain minerals, as hypersthene, &c., due to internal reflection.—ns. Schillerisā′tion, the process by which microscopic crystals have been developed in other minerals so as to give a submetallic sheen by internal reflection; Schill′erite, or Schill′er-spar rock, enstatite schillerised. [Ger.]

Schindylesis, skin-di-lē′sis, n. an articulation formed by the fitting of one bone into a groove in another, as in the sphenoid bone and vomer.—adj. Schindylet′ic. [Gr.,—schindylein; to cleave, schizein, to cleave.]

Schinus, skī′nus, n. a genus of South American trees, of order Anacardiaceæ, the leaves yielding abundantly a fragrant, resinous, or turpentine-like fluid. [Gr. schinos, the mastic-tree.]

Schipperke, ship′pėr-ke, n. a breed of dogs of the same group as the Eskimo and Pomeranian dog, but with almost no tail, favourites of the Belgian bargees. [Flem., 'little skipper.']

Schisiophone, skiz′i-ō-fōn, n. an induction balance for detecting flaws in iron rails. [Gr. schisis, a cleaving, phōnē, sound.]

Schism, sizm, n. a separation in a church, from diversity of opinion or discipline, breach of unity without justifiable cause, also the tendency towards such.—ns. Schis′ma (mus.), the difference between a pure and an equally tempered fifth; Schismat′ic, one who separates from a church on account of difference of opinion.—adjs. Schismat′ic, -al, tending to, or of the nature of, schism.—adv. Schismat′ically.—n. Schismat′icalness.—v.i. Schis′matise, to practise schism: to make a breach in the communion of the church:—pr.p. schis′matīsing; pa.p. schis′matīsed.—Great, or Greek, schism, the separation of the Greek Church from the Latin, finally completed in 1054; Western schism, the division in the Western Church on the appointment by the Romans of Urban VI. to the papal chair in 1378, while the French cardinals elected Clement VII.—healed on the election of Martin V. by the Council of Constance in 1417. [L. schisma—Gr. schizein, to split.]

Schist, shist, n. a term properly applied to crystalline rocks with a foliated structure, as mica-schist, hornblende-schist, &c.—indurated clay-rocks with a fissile structure are sometimes erroneously described as schists.—adjs. Schistā′ceous, slate-gray; Schist′ic, Schist′ous, Schist′ose, like schist: slaty.—n. Schistos′ity, quality of being schistose. [Fr. schiste—Gr. schistos—schizein, to split.]

Schizæa, skī-zē′a, n. a genus of ferns, with sporangia ovate, sessile, and arranged in spikes or panicles. [Gr. schizein, to split.]

Schizocarp, skiz′ō-kärp, n. a dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one-seeded portions.—adj. Schizocar′pous. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, karpos, fruit.]

Schizocephaly, skiz-ō-sef′a-li, n. the practice of preserving the heads of warriors among Maoris, &c. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, kephalē, the head.]

Schizocœle, skiz′ō-sēl, n. a term applied to the perivisceral cavity of the Invertebrata, when formed by a splitting of the mesoblast.—adj. Schizocœ′lous. [Gr, schizein, to cleave, koilia, a hollow.]

Schizodon, skiz′ō-don, n. a genus of South American octodont rodents. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Schizogenesis, skiz-ō-jen′e-sis n. reproduction by fission.—adjs. Schizogen′ic, Schizogenet′ic.—n. Schizog′ony. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, genesis, production.]

Schizognathous, skī-zog′nā-thus, adj. having the maxillo-palatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, as in the gulls, plovers, &c.—n.pl. Schizog′nāthæ, a subdivision of the carinate birds.—n. Schizog′nāthism. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, gnathos, the jaw.]

Schizomycetes, skiz-ō-mī-sē′tēz, n. a botanical term for Bacteria, in reference to their commonest mode of reproduction—by transverse division. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, mykēs (pl. mykētes), a mushroom.]

Schizonemertea, skiz-ō-nē-mer′tē-a, n.pl. the sea-worms which have the head fissured.—adjs. Schizonemer′tean, Schizonemer′tine.

Schizoneura, skiz-ō-nū′ra, n. a genus of plant lice. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, neuron, a nerve.]

Scizophora, skī-zof′ō-ra, n.pl. a division of dipterous insects. [Gr. schizein, cleave, pherein, bear.]

Schizopoda, skī-zop′ō-da, n.pl. a group of crustaceans, having the feet cleft or double, including the opossum-shrimps and their allies.—adj. and n. Schiz′opod. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, pous, podos, the foot.]

Schizorhinal, skiz-ō-rī′nal, adj. having the nasal bones separate: having the anterior nostrils prolonged in the form of a slit. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, rhis, rhinos, the nose.]

Schizothecal, skiz-ō-thē′kal, adj. having the tarsal envelope divided, as by scutella—opp. to Holothecal. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, thēkē, a case.]

Schizotrochous, skī-zot′rō-kus, adj. with a divided disc, as a rotifer.—n.pl. Schizot′rocha. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, trochos, a wheel.]

Schläger, shlā′gėr, n. the modern duelling-sword of German university students. [Ger.,—schlagen, to beat.]

Schegalia, shle-gā′li-a, n. a genus of birds of Paradise. [Named from the Dutch ornithologist Hermann Schlegel (1805-84).]

Schlich, shlik, n. the finer portions of crushed ore, separated by water. [Ger.]

Schmelze, schmel′tse, n. glass used in decorative work. [Ger. schmelz, enamel.]

Schnapps, Schnaps, shnaps, n. Holland gin, Hollands. [Ger. schnapps, a dram.]

Schneiderian, shnī-dē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the mucous membrane of the nose—first described by the German anatomist C. V. Schneider (1614-80).

Schœnus, skē′nus, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the sedge family. [Gr. schoinos, a rush.]

Scholar, skol′ar, n. a pupil: a disciple: a student: one who has received a learned education: a man of learning: a savant: in the English universities, an undergraduate partly supported from the revenues of a college.—ns. Schol′arch, the head of a school of philosophy; Schol′arism, the affectation of scholarship.—adjs. Schol′ar-like, Schol′arly, like or becoming a scholar.—n. Schol′arship, the character of a scholar: learning: maintenance for a scholar, a benefaction, the annual proceeds of a bequest permanently invested for this purpose.—adj. Scholas′tic, pertaining to a scholar or to schools: scholar-like: pertaining to the schoolmen: excessively subtle: pedantic.—n. one who adheres to the method or subtleties of the schools of the middle ages.—adv. Scholas′tically, in a scholastic manner: according to the methods of the schools of philosophy.—n. Scholas′ticism, the aims, methods, and products of thought which constituted the main endeavour of the intellectual life of the middle ages: the method or subtleties of the schools of philosophy: the collected body of doctrines of the schoolmen. [Low L. scholaris—L. schola.]

Scholiast, skō′li-ast, n. one of a class of ancient grammarians, mostly anonymous, who wrote short notes on the margins of the MSS. of ancient Greek and Roman classics, a writer of scholia: an annotator: a commentator.—adj. Scholias′tic, pertaining to a scholiast or to scholia.—ns. Schō′lion, Schō′lium, one of the marginal notes of the old critics on the ancient classics: (math.) an explanation tion added to a problem:—pl. Schō′lia, Schō′liums. [Gr. scholiastēs—scholion, a scholium.]

School, skōōl, n. a place for instruction: an institution of learning, esp. for children: the pupils of a school: exercises for instruction: the disciples of a particular teacher, or those who hold a common doctrine: a large number of fish migrating together, a shoal: a system of training: any means of knowledge, esp. (mus.) a treatise teaching some particular branch of the art: a large hall in English universities, where the examinations for degrees, &c., are held—hence, one of these examinations (gen. pl.) also the group of studies taken by a man competing for honours in these: a single department of a university: (pl.) the body of masters and students in a college.—v.t. to educate in a school: to instruct: to admonish, to discipline.—adj. School′able, of school age.—ns. School′-board, a board of managers, elected by the ratepayers, whose duty it is to see that adequate means of education are provided for the children of a town or district; School′-boy, a boy attending a school: one learning the rudiments of a subject; School′-clerk, one versed in the learning of schools; School′-craft, learning; School′-dame, a schoolmistress.—n.pl. School′-days, the time of life during which one goes to school.—ns. School′-divine′; School′-divin′ity, scholastic or seminary theology; School′-doc′tor, a schoolman; School′ery (Spens.), something taught, precepts; School′-fell′ow, one taught at the same school: an associate at school; School′girl a girl attending school.—n.pl. School′-hours, time spent at school in acquiring instruction.—ns. School′-house, a house of discipline and instruction: a house used as a school: a schoolmaster's house; School′ing, instruction in school: tuition: the price paid for instruction: reproof, reprimand; School′-inspec′tor, an official appointed to examine schools; School′-ma'am, a schoolmistress; School′-maid, a school-girl; School′man, one of the philosophers and theologians of the second half of the middle ages; School′master, the master or teacher of a school, a pedagogue:—fem. School′mistress, a woman who teaches or who merely governs a school; School′-mate, one who attends the same school; School′-name, an abstract term, an abstraction; School′-pence, a small sum paid for school-teaching; School′-point, a point for scholastic disputation; School′-room, a room for teaching in: school accommodation; School′-ship, a vessel used for teaching practical navigation.—adj. School′-taught, taught at school or in the schools.—ns. School′-teach′er, one who teaches in a school; School′-teach′ing; School′-time, the time at which a school opens; School′-whale, one of a school of whales; Board′-school, a school under the control of a school-board.—Grammar school, High school, a school of secondary instruction, standing between the primary school and the university; National schools, those schools in Ireland which are under the commissioners of national education; Oxford school, a name given to that party which adopted the principles contained in the Tracts for the Times (cf. Tractarianism); Parochial schools, in Scotland, schools in every parish for general education; Primary school, a school for elementary instruction; Public school, an elementary or primary school: a school under the control of a school-board: an endowed classical school for providing a liberal education for such as can pay high for it—Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester, Westminster, Shrewsbury, Charterhouse, St Paul's, and Merchant Taylors′, &c.; Ragged school, a free school for destitute children's education and often maintenance, supported by voluntary efforts; Sunday school, a school held on Sunday for religious instruction; Tübingen school, a rationalistic school of theologians founded by F. C. Baur (1792-1860), which explained the origin of the Catholic Church as due to the gradual fusion of an antagonistic Judaistic and Gentile party, the various stages of fusion being capable of being traced in the extant documents.—The schoolmaster is abroad, a phrase of Brougham's implying that education and intelligence are now widely spread. [L. schola—Gr. scholē, leisure, a school.]

Schooner, skōōn′ėr, n. a sharp-built, swift-sailing vessel, generally two-masted, rigged either with fore-and-aft sails on both masts, or with square top and topgallant sails on the foremast: an old form of covered emigrant-wagon: a large drinking-glass.—n. Schoon′er-smack, a sharp-bowed schooner. [Coined in New England from the prov. Eng. scoon (Scot. scon), to make a flat stone skip along the surface of water; A.S. scúnian.]

Schorl, shorl, n. black tourmaline—also Shorl.—adjs. Schorlā′ceous, Schor′lous, Schor′ly. [Ger. schörl, prob. from Sw. skör, brittle.]

Schottische, sho-tēsh′, n. a dance resembling a polka, danced by a couple: music adapted for the dance.—Also Schottish′. [Ger., 'Scottish.']

Schout, skout, n. a municipal officer in the North American Dutch colonies. [Dut.]

Schrankia, shrang′ki-a, n. a genus of leguminous plants, whose six species are all American—including the sensitive-briar. [Named from the German naturalist F. von Paula Schrank (1747-1835).]

Schweinitzia, shwī-nit′zi-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the Indian-pipe family, including the sweet pine-sap or Carolina beech-drops. [The Amer. botanist L. D. von Schweinitz (1780-1834).]

Schwenkfelder, shwengk′fel-dėr, n. a member of a religious sect, founded by Caspar von Schwenkfeld (1490-1561), still found in Pennsylvania.—Also Schwenk′feldian.

Sciadiaceæ, sī-ad-i-ā′sē-ē, n. a family of fresh-water algæ, its typical genus Sciadium.

Sciagraphy, sī-ag′ra-fi, n. the art of casting and delineating shadows as they fall in nature: (archit.) the vertical section of a building to show its interior structure: the art of dialling.—ns. Scī′agraph; Scīag′rapher.—adjs. Scīagraph′ic, -al.—adv. Scīagraph′ically. [Gr. skiagraphia—skia, a shadow, graphein, to write.]

Sciametry, sī-am′e-tri, n. the doctrine of eclipses. [Gr. skia, shadow, metrein, to measure.]

Sciara, sī′a-ra, n. a genus of gnats or midges. [Gr. skiaros, shady—skia, a shadow.]

Sciath, sī′ath, n. an oblong shield of wicker-work formerly used in Ireland. [Ir. sciath.]

Sciatheric, -al, sī-a-ther′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to a sundial. [Gr. skiathēron—skia, shadow, theran, catch.]

Sciatica, sī-at′i-ka, n. a neuralgic affection of the great sciatic nerve.—adjs. Sciat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or affecting, the hip, ischiac.—adv. Sciat′ically. [Low L. sciatica—Gr. ischion.]

Science, sī′ens, n. knowledge systematised: truth ascertained: pursuit of knowledge or truth for its own sake: knowledge arranged under general truths and principles: that which refers to abstract principles, as distinguished from 'art:' pre-eminent skill: trade: a department of knowledge.—n. Scib′ile, something capable of being known.—adjs. Scī′enced, versed, learned; Scī′ent, knowing; Scien′tial (Milt.), producing science: skilful; Scientif′ic, -al (obs.), producing or containing science: according to, or versed in, science: used in science: systematic: accurate.—adv. Scientif′ically.—ns. Scī′entism, the view of scientists; Scī′entist, one who studies science, esp. natural science.—adjs. Scientis′tic.—adv. Scī′ently, knowingly.—n. Scient′olism, false science, superficial knowledge.—Scientific frontier, a term used by Lord Beaconsfield in 1878 in speaking of the rectification of the boundaries between India and Afghanistan, meaning a frontier capable of being occupied and defended according to the requirements of the science of strategy, in opposition to 'a hap-hazard frontier.'—Absolute science, knowledge of things in themselves; Applied science, when its laws are exemplified in dealing with concrete phenomena; Dismal science, political economy; Gay science, a medieval name for belles-lettres and poetry generally, esp. amatory poetry; Inductive science (see Induct); Liberal science, a science cultivated from love of knowledge, without view to profit; Mental science, mental philosophy, psychology; Moral science, ethics, the science of right and wrong, moral responsibility; Occult science, a name applied to the physical sciences of the middle ages, also to magic, sorcery, witchcraft, &c.; Sanitary science (see Sanitary); The exact sciences, the mathematical sciences; The science, the art of boxing; The seven liberal sciences, grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy—these were the seven Terrestrial sciences, as opposed to the seven Celestial sciences, civil law, Christian law, practical theology, devotional theology, dogmatic theology, mystic theology, and polemical theology. [Fr.,—L. scientia—sciens, -entis, pr.p. of scīre, to know.]

Scilla, sil′a, n. a genus of liliaceous plants, as the squill. [L.,—Gr. skilla, a sea-onion.]

Scillocephalus, sil-ō-sef′a-lus, n. a person with a conical cranium.—adjs. Scilloceph′alous. [Gr. skilla, a squill, kephalē, a head.]

Scimitar, sim′i-tar, n. a short, single-edged curved sword, broadest at the point end, used by the Turks and Persians.—n. Scim′itar-pod, a strong, shrubby climber of the tropics. [O. Fr. cimeterre—Old It. cimitara—Turk.,—Pers. shimshīr (perh. 'lion's claw,' sham, a claw, shīr, sher, a lion); or perh. through Sp. cimitarra, from Basque cimeterra, something 'with a fine edge.']

Scincoid, sing′koid, n. one of a family of saurian reptiles, the typical genus of which is the Scin′cus or skink.—adjs. like a skink. [L. scincus—Gr. skingkos, a kind of lizard, eidos, form.]

Scintilla, sin-til′a, n. a spark: a glimmer: the least particle: a trace: a genus of bivalve molluscs: a genus of lepidopterous insects.—adjs. Scin′tillant; Scin′tillante (mus.), brilliant.—v.i. Scin′tillate, to throw out sparks: to sparkle.—n. Scintillā′tion, act of throwing out sparks: shining with a twinkling light.—adj. Scintilles′cent, scintillating feebly.—n. Scintillom′eter, an instrument for measuring the intensity of scintillation of the stars. [L., a spark.]

Sciolism, sī′ō-lizm, n. superficial knowledge.—n. Scī′olist, one who knows anything superficially: a pretender to science.—adjs. Scīolis′tic, pertaining to, or partaking of, sciolism: pertaining to, or resembling, a sciolist; Scī′olous. [L. sciolus, dim. of scius, knowing—scīre, to know.]

Sciomachy, sī-om′a-ki, n. a battle or fighting with shadows: imaginary or futile combat.—Also Sciam′achy. [Gr. skiamachia, skiomachia—skia, shadow, machē, battle.]

Sciomancy, sī′ō-man-si, n. divination by means of the shades of the dead.

Scion, sī′on, n. a cutting or twig for grafting: a young member of a family: a descendant. [O. Fr. sion, cion—L. section-em, a cutting—secāre, to cut.]

Scioptic, sī-op′tik, adj. noting a certain optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened room, consisting of a globe with a lens fitted to a camera, and made to turn like the eye—also Sciop′tric.—ns. Sciop′ticon; Sciop′tics. [Gr. skia, shadow, optikos, pertaining to sight.]

Scire facias, sī′re fā′shi-as, n. (law) a writ to enforce the execution of judgments, or to quash them.

Scirpus, sir′pus, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants, including the bulrushes. [L., a rush.]

Scirrhus, skir′us, or sir′us, n. (med.) a hardened gland forming a tumour: a hardening, esp. that preceding cancer.—adjs. Scirr′hoid, resembling scirrhus; Scirr′hous, hardened, proceeding from scirrhus. [L.,—Gr. skirros, skiros, a tumour.]

Scirtopod, sir′tō-pod, adj. having limbs fitted for leaping.—n.pl. Scirtop′oda, an order of saltatorial rotifers. [Gr. skirtan, leap, pous, foot.]

Sciscitation, sis-i-tā′shun, n. (obs.) the act of inquiry: demand. [L.,—sciscitāri, to inquire—sciscĕre, to seek to know—scīre, to know.]

Scissel, sis′el, n. the clippings of various metals: scrap—also Sciss′il. [O. Fr. cisaille—ciseler—cisel, a chisel (q.v.). The spelling has been adapted in the interests of a fancied connection with L. scindĕre, scissum, to divide.]

Scissors, siz′orz, n.pl. a cutting instrument consisting of two blades fastened at the middle: shears.—v.i. Scise, sīz (obs.), to cut: to penetrate.—adjs. Sciss′ible, Sciss′ile, capable of being cut.—ns. Scis′sion, the act of cutting: division: splitting; Scissipar′ity, reproduction by fission.—v.t. Sciss′or, to cut with scissors.—ns. Sciss′or-bill, a skimmer; Sciss′or-tail, an American bird, the scissor-tailed fly-catcher; Sciss′or-tooth, the sectorial tooth of a carnivore which cuts against its fellow; Scissū′ra (anat.), a fissure, a cleft; Scis′sure, a cleft: a fissure: a rupture: a division; Scissurel′la, a genus of gasteropods with a shell deeply cut. [Formerly written cisors—O. Fr. cisoires, conn. with Fr. ciseaux, scissors, from Late L. cisorium, a cutting instrument—L. cædĕre, cæsum, to cut.]

Sciuridæ, sī-ū′ri-dē, n. a family of rodent mammals containing the squirrels and their allies.—adjs. Scī′ūrine, Scī′ūroid.—ns. Sciūrop′terus, one of two genera of flying squirrels; Sciū′rus, a genus of Sciuridæ, the arboreal squirrels. [Gr. skiouros.]

Sclera, sklē′ra, n. the sclerotic coat of the eye-ball.—n. Sclē′ragogy, severe discipline.—adj. Sclē′ral.—ns. Sclēran′thus, a genus of apetalous plants, including the knawel or German knot-grass; Sclere, in sponges, a skeletal element; Sclērench′yma, the hard parts of corals or plants.—adj. Sclerenchym′atous.—ns. Sclē′ria, a genus of monocotyledonous plants, of the sedge family; Sclerī′asis, sclerodermia; Sclē′rite, any hard part of the integument of arthropods.—adj. Sclerit′ic.—n. Sclē′robase, a dense corneous mass, as in red coral.—adj. Sclerobā′sic.—ns. Sclērobrā′chia, an order of brachiopods; Sclē′roderm, hardened integument or exo-skeleton, esp. of a coral: a madrepore.—n.pl. Scleroder′mata, the scaly reptiles: the madrepores.—n. Sclēroder′mia, a chronic non-inflammatory affection of the skin, which becomes thick and rigid.—adjs. Scleroder′mic, Scleroder′mous, Sclerodermit′ic.—ns. Scleroder′mite; Sclē′rogen, the thickening matter of woody cells, as in walnut-shells, &c.—adjs. Sclerog′enous, producing sclerous tissue: mail-cheeked, as a fish; Sclē′roid, hard, scleritic.—ns. Sclērō′ma, sclerosis; Sclēromē′ninx, the dura mater; Sclērom′eter, an instrument for measuring the hardness of a mineral.—adjs. Sclērō′sal, Sclē′rosed.—ns. Sclērō′sis, a hardening: (bot.) the induration of a tissue; Sclēros′toma, a genus of nematode worms; Sclērō′tal, a bone of the eye-ball.—adj. relating to such.—adj. Sclērot′ic, hard, firm, applied esp. to the outer membrane of the eye-ball: pertaining to sclerosis: relating to ergot.—n. the outermost membrane of the eye-ball.—ns. Sclērotī′tis, inflammation of the sclerotic; Sclērō′tium, a hard, multicellular tuber-like body formed towards the end of the vegetative season by the close union of the ordinary mycelial filaments of Fungi.—adjs. Sclē′rous, hard or indurated: ossified or bony; Sclērur′ine, having stiff, hard tail-feathers, as a bird of the genus Sclerurus. [Gr. sklēros, hard.]

Scoat, skōt, v.t. to prop, to block, to scotch, as a wheel.—Also Scote. [O. Fr. ascouter—ascot, a branch—Teut., Old High Ger. scuz, a shoot; Ger. schuss.]

Scobs, skobz, n. sawdust: shavings: dross of metals.—adj. Scob′iform, resembling sawdust or raspings.—n. Scobī′na, the pedicle of the spikelets of grasses. [L. scobis—scabĕre, to scrape.]

Scoff, skof, v.t. to mock: to treat with scorn.—v.i. to show contempt or scorn: to deride, taunt, gibe.—n. an expression of scorn or contempt: an object of scoffing.—n. Scoff′er.—adv. Scoff′ingly, in a scoffing manner: with mockery or contempt. [Old Fris. schof; Ice. skaup, cf. Old Dut. schoppen, to scoff.]

Scoganism, skō′gan-izm, n. a scurrilous jesting. [From Scogan, the name of a famous jester.]

Scold, skōld, v.i. to rail in a loud and violent manner: to find fault.—v.t. to chide rudely: to rebuke in words.—n. a rude, clamorous woman: a termagant.—ns. Scold′er; Scold′ing, railing: a rating; Scold′ing-stool, a cucking-stool. [Old Dut. scheldan; Ger. schelten, to brawl, to scold.]

Scolecida, skō-les′i-da, n. a class of worms consisting of the wheel-animalcules, turbellarians, trematode worms, &c.—adj. Scolec′iform.—ns. Scolecī′na, a group of annelids typified by the earth-worm—also Scoleī′na; Scol′ecīte, a hydrous silicate of aluminium and calcium.—adjs. Scolē′coid, like a scolex; Scolēcoph′agous, worm-eating, as a bird.—n. Scolecoph′agus, a genus of birds including the maggot-eaters or rusty grackles.—n.pl. Scolecophid′ia, a division of angiostomous serpents.—adj. Scolecophid′ian, worm-like, as a snake.—n. Scō′lex, the embryo of an entozoic worm. [Gr. skōlēx, a worm.]

Scolia, skō-li-a, n. a genus of fossorial hymenopterous insects. [Gr. skōlos, a prickle.]

Scoliodon, skō-lī′ō-don, n. the genus containing the oblique-toothed sharks. [Gr. skolios, oblique, odous, odontis, a tooth.]

Scolisois, skol-i-ō′sis, n. lateral curvature of the spinal column.—adj. Scoliot′ic. [Gr.,—skolios, oblique.]

Scolite, skō′līt, n. a fossil worm or its trace. [Gr. skolios, oblique.]

Scolopaceous, skol-ō-pā′shi-us, adj. resembling a snipe.—n.pl. Scolopac′idæ, a family of wading-birds containing snipes, &c.—adjs. Scol′opacine, Scol′opacoid.—n. Scol′opax. [L. scolopax, a snipe.]

Scolopendra, skol-ō-pen′dra, n. a genus of Myriapoda, having a long, slender, depressed body, protected by coriaceous plates, and having at least twenty-one pairs of legs: (Spens.) an imaginary fish or sea-monster.—adj. Scolopen′driform, Scolopen′drine.—n. Scolopen′drium, a genus of asplenioid ferns, generally called Hart's-tongue. [L.,—Gr. skolopendra, a milliped.]

Scolytus, skol′i-tus, n. typical genus of Scolyt′idæ, a family of bark beetles.—adj. Scol′ytoid. [Gr. skolyptein, to strip.]

Scomber, skom′bėr, n. a genus of acanthopterygian fishes typical of the family Scombridæ, to which belong mackerel, tunnies, bonitos, &c.—ns. Scomber′esox, the mackerel pikes, saury pikes, or sauries; Scomberom′orus, the Spanish mackerel and related species.—adjs. Scom′briform, Scom′brid, -al, Scom′broid. [L.,—Gr. skombros, a mackerel.]

Scomfish, skom′fish, v.t. (Scot.) to suffocate by bad air: to nauseate: to discomfit.—v.i. to be suffocated. [A corr. of obs. scomfit=discomfit.]

Scomm, skom, n. (obs.) a flout: a buffoon. [L. scomma—Gr. skōmma, a jest.]

Sconce, skons, n. a bulwark: a small fort: a protective headpiece, hence the head, the skull, brains, wits: a covered stall: a fine: a seat in an old-fashioned open chimney-place, a chimney-seat: a fragment of an icefloe.—v.t. to fortify: to tax, to fine lightly, at Oxford and Cambridge, for some irregularity. [O. Fr. esconcer, to conceal—L. abscondĕre, absconsum.]

Sconce, skons, n. the part of a candlestick for the candle: a hanging candlestick with a mirror to reflect the light: a lantern. [O. Fr. esconse—Low L. absconsa, a dark-lantern—abscondĕre, to hide.]

Scone, skōn, n. (Scot.) a soft cake fired on a griddle. [Perh. Gael. sgonn, a shapeless mass.]

Scoon, skōōn, v.t. to skim along like a vessel: (Scot.) to skip flat stones on the surface of water. [Scun.]

Scoop, skōōp, v.t. to lift up, as water, with something hollow: to empty with a ladle: to make hollow: to dig out: to dredge for grain: to get before a rival newspaper in publishing some important piece of news.—n. anything hollow for scooping: a large hollow shovel or ladle: a banker's shovel: a coal-scuttle: a haul of money made in speculation: a place hollowed out: a sweeping stroke: (Scot.) the peak of a cap: the act of beating another newspaper in publishing some news.—ns. Scoop′er, an engraver's tool; Scoop′ing, the action of the right whale in feeding; Scoop′-net, a hand-net; Scoop′-wheel, a wheel having buckets attached to its circumference, used for raising water. [Prob. Scand., Sw. skopa, a scoop; or Old Dut. schœpe, a shovel, Ger. schüppe, a shovel.]

Scoot, skōōt, v.i. to make off with celerity.—v.t. (Scot.) to squirt.—n. a sudden flow of water: a squirt. [A variant of shoot.]

Scopa, skō′pa, n. (entom.) a mass of stiff hairs like a brush.—n. Scopā′ria, a genus of pyralid moths: a genus of gamopetalous plants—the West Indian sweet bromweed.—adjs. Scopā′rious, scopiform; Scō′pate, covered with stiff hairs; Scōpif′erous, brushy; Scō′piform, broom-shaped.—ns. Scop′ula (entom.), a small brush-like organ; Scopulā′ria, in a sponge, the besom-shaped spicule.—adjs. Scop′ūlate, broom-shaped; Scop′ūliform, scopiform; Scop′ūliped, Scō′piped, having brushy feet, as solitary bees. [L. scopa, twigs.]

Scope, skōp, n. that which one sees, space as far as one can see: room or opportunity for free outlook: space for action: the end before the mind: intention: length of cable at which a vessel rides at liberty: a target.—adjs. Scope′ful, with a wide prospect; Scope′less, purposeless, useless. [It. scopo—Gr. skopos—skopein, to view.]

Scopelidæ, skō-pel′i-dē, n.pl. a family of deep-water teleostean fishes, the typical genus Scop′elus. [Gr. skopelos, a rock.]

Scopidæ, skop′i-dē, n.pl. an African family of wading-birds, as the shadow-birds, the typical genus Scō′pus.

Scopperil, skop′e-ril, n. a top: teetotum: the bone-foundation of a button. [Ice. skoppa, to spin.]

Scopulous, skop′ū-lus, adj. full of rocks. [L. scopulus—Gr. skopelos, a high rock.]

Scorbutic, -al, skor-bū′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to, resembling, or diseased with scurvy. [Low L. scorbutus, scurvy, prob. from Old Low Ger. schorbock, scurvy, Old Dut. scheurbuyck, scurvy. Prob. orig. meaning 'rupture of the belly,' for Old Dut. scheuren, to tear, buyck (mod. Dut. buik), the belly.]

Scorch, skorch, v.t. to burn slightly: to roast highly: to affect painfully with heat: to singe: to attack with virulence.—v.i. to be burned on the surface: to be dried up: (slang) to ride a bicycle furiously on a public highway.—ns. Scorched′-car′pet, -wing, British geometrid moths; Scorch′er, anything that scorches, a very caustic rebuke, criticism, &c.: one who rides a bicycle furiously on a road; Scorch′ing.—p.adj. burning superficially: bitterly sarcastic, scathing.—adv. Scorch′ingly.—n. Scorch′ingness. [O. Fr. escorcher, from Low L. excorticare—L. ex, off, cortex, corticis, bark; or prob. Scand., Norw. skrekka, to shrink.]

Scordato, skōr-dä′tō, adj. (mus.) put out of tune.—n. Scordatū′ra, in stringed musical instruments, an intentional departure from the normal tuning. [It.]

Score, skōr, n. a mark or notch for keeping count: a line drawn: the number twenty, once represented by a larger notch: a reckoning: a debt: the register of the various points of play in a game: account: reason: the original draught of a musical composition with all the parts, or its transcript.—v.t. to mark with notches or lines: to furrow: to set down: to charge: to engrave: to braid: to note: to enter: to make points, &c., in certain games.—v.i. to keep, or to run up, a score: to succeed in making points, &c., in a game.—ns. Scōr′er, one who keeps the marks in a game; Scōr′ing, the act of one who, or that which, scores: a deep groove made by glacial action: the act of repeatedly bringing a racer and his rider to the starting-point, so as to get a fair start.—Go off at score, to make a spirited start; Pay off old scores, to repay old grudges; Run up a score, to run up a debt. [A.S. scor—sceran (pa.p. scoren), to shear.]

Scoria, skō′ri-a, n. dross or slag left from metal or ores after being under fire: a genus of geometrid moths:—pl. Scō′riæ, volcanic ashes.—adjs. Scō′riac, Scoriā′ceous.—ns. Scorificā′tion, the act or operation of reducing a body to scoria: a method of assaying by fusing the ore with metallic lead and borax in a scorifier; Scor′ifīer, a flat dish used in such a form of assaying.—adj. Scō′riform, like scoria.—v.t. Scō′rify, to reduce to slag.—adj. Scō′rious. [L.,—Gr. skōria.]

Scorn, skorn, n. disdain caused by a mean opinion of anything: extreme contempt: object of contempt.—v.t. to hold in extreme contempt: to disdain: to make a mock of.—v.i. to scoff: to jeer.—n. Scor′ner, one who scorns: (B.) one who scoffs at religion: a scoffer.—adj. Scorn′ful, full of scorn: contemptuous: disdainful.—adv. Scorn′fully.—ns. Scorn′fulness; Scor′ning.—Laugh to scorn (B.), to deride; Think scorn, to disdain or despise. [O. Fr. escarn, mockery—Old High Ger. skern, mockery.]

Scorodite, skor′ō-dīt, n. a hydrous arseniate of iron.—Also Skor′odite. [Gr. skorodon, skordon, garlic.]

Scorpæna, skor-pē′na, n. a genus of fishes, the typical genus of Scorpæ′nidæ, a family including the rose-fish, the Californian rock-fish, and their allies. [L.,—Gr. skorpaina, a fish.]

Scorpion, skor′pi-un, n. a name applicable to any member of the family Scorpionidæ, included along with spiders, mites, &c. in the heterogeneous class Arachnida—they have an elongated body, claws like the lobster, and a poisonous sting in the tail: one of the signs of the zodiac: (B.) a whip with points like a scorpion's tail: an old military engine: any person of virulent hatred or animosity.—n. Scor′pio, a scorpion: (astron.) a constellation and the eighth sign of the zodiac.—adj. Scor′pioid, curled like the tail of a scorpion.—n. Scor′pion-bug, a large predacious water-beetle.—n.pl. Scorpiō′nes, true scorpions, a sub-order of Arachnida.—ns. Scor′pion-fish, a sea-scorpion; Scor′pion-fly, an insect having its abdomen curled like a scorpion; Scor′pion-grass, the forget-me-not: the mouse-ear; Scorpion′ida, an order of Arachnida, containing the Scorpiones or true scorpions; Scor′pion-lob′ster, a long-tailed crustacean; Scor′pion-plant, a Javan orchid with large creamy flower supposed to resemble a spider; Scor′pion-shell, a gasteropod distinguished by long, channelled spines; Scor′pion-spī′der, a whip-scorpion; Scor′pion-wort, a leguminous plant native of southern Europe; Scorpiū′rus, a genus of leguminous plants named scorpion's tail. [Fr.,—L. scorpio—Gr. skorpios.]

Scortatory, skor′ta-tō-ri, adj. pertaining to lewdness. [L. scortator, a fornicator—scortum, a whore.]

Scorzonera, skor-zō-nē′ra, n. a genus of Old World herbs of the Aster family—Viper's Grass. [It., scorza, bark, nera, black, fem. of nero—L. niger, black.]

Scot, skot, n. a payment, esp. a customary tax—also Shot.—adj. Scot′-free, free from scot or payment: untaxed: unhurt, safe.—Scot and lot, an old legal phrase embracing all parochial assessments for the poor, the church, lighting, cleansing, and watching. [A.S. scot, sceot—scéotan, to shoot.]

Scot, skot, n. a native of Scotland: one of the Scoti or Scots, a Celtic race who migrated from Ireland—the original Scotia—before the end of the 5th century.—n. Scō′tia, Scotland.—Scots Greys, a famous regiment of dragoons, established in 1683; Scots Guards, the Scottish force which served the kings of France from 1418 down to the battle of Minden (1759), nominally retained, however, down to 1830: a well-known regiment of Guards in the British army, formerly Scots Fusiliers.—Pound Scots, 1s. 8d. [A.S. Scottas, the Scots. Further ety. quite uncertain, whether Gael. sguit, a wanderer, Gr. Skythēs, a Scythian, &c.]

Scotch, skoch, adj. pertaining to Scotland, its people, language, customs, products, &c.—also Scot′tish, Scots.—n. the dialect of English spoken in Lowland Scotland: (coll.) Scotch whisky.—ns. Scotch′-hop, a child's game: hop-scotch; Scotch′man, Scots′man, a native of Scotland.—Scotch amulet, a British geometrid moth; Scotch and English, the boys' game of prisoner's base; Scotch barley, pot or hulled barley; Scotch bluebell, the harebell; Scotch bonnets, the fairy-ring mushroom; Scotch broth, broth made with pot-barley and plenty of various vegetables chopped small; Scotch cap, the wild black raspberry; Scotch catch, or snap, the peculiarity in Scotch music of the first of two tones played to the same beat being the shorter; Scotch curlies, a variety of kale; Scotch fir, or pine, the only species of pine indigenous to Britain, valuable for its timber, turpentine, tar, &c.; Scotch kale, a variety of kale; Scotch mist, a mist like fine rain; Scotch pebbles, varieties of agate and jasper; Scotch thistle, the national emblem of Scotland.

Scotch, skoch, v.t. to cut or wound slightly: to notch.—n. a notch, scratch.—n. Scotch′ing, a method of dressing stone with a pick.—Scotched-collops, or (erroneously) Scotch-collops, beef-steaks fried with onions. [Related to scutch, scratch.]

Scotch, skoch, n. a strut or drag for a wheel.—v.t. to prop or block with such.—n. Scote, a prop.—v.t. to stop or block.

Scoter, skō′tėr, n. a genus of northern sea-ducks, with bill gibbous at the base. [Prob. Ice. skoti—skjóta, to shoot.]

Scotia, skō′ti-a, n. a concave moulding, as the base of a pillar. [Gr. skotia,—skotos, darkness.]

Scotice, skot′i-sē, adv. in the Scotch language or manner.—n. Scot′icism=Scotticism.

Scotism, skō′tizm, n. the metaphysical system of Johannes Duns Scotus, a native of Dunstane in Northumberland, Dun or Down in the north of Ireland, or Dunse in Berwickshire (1265 or 1274-1308), the great assailant of the method of Aquinas in seeking in speculation instead of in practice the foundation of Christian theology—his theological descendants were the Franciscans, in opposition to the Dominicans, who followed Aquinas.—n. Scō′tist, a follower of Duns Scotus.—adj. Scotis′tic.

Scotograph, skot′ō-graf, n. an instrument for writing in the dark, or for the use of the blind.—ns. Scotō′ma, a defect in the vision (obs. Scot′omy); Scot′ophis, a genus of carinated serpents of North America; Scotor′nis, a genus of African birds with very long tails; Scot′oscope, a night-glass. [Gr. skotos, darkness, graphein, to write.]

Scotticism, skot′i-sizm, n. a Scotch idiom.—v.t. Scott′icise.—n. Scottificā′tion.—v.t. Scott′ify (coll.), to give Scotch character to.

Scoundrel, skown′drel, n. a low worthless fellow: a rascal: a man without principle.—ns. Scoun′dreldom, scoundrels collectively; Scoun′drelism, baseness, rascality.—adv. Scoun′drelly. [For scunner-el, one who scunners, or who causes scunnering—A.S. scunian, to shun.]

Scour, skowr, v.t. to clean by rubbing with something rough: to cleanse from grease or dirt: to remove by rubbing: to cleanse by a current: to search thoroughly by scrubbing: to cleanse by brushing: to purge drastically.—n. the action of a strong current in a narrow channel: violent purging.—ns. Scour′age, refuse water after scouring; Scour′er, drastic cathartic; Scour′ing, in angling, the freshening of angle-worms for bait by putting them in clean sand; Scour′ing-ball, a ball composed of soap, &c., for removing stains of grease.—n.pl. Scour′ing-drops, a mixture of oil of turpentine and oil of lemon used for removing stains.—ns. Scour′ing-rush, one of the horse-tails; Scour′ing-stock, in woollen manufacture, an apparatus in which cloths are treated to remove the oil and to cleanse them in the process of manufacture. [O. Fr. escurer—L. excurāre, to take great care of.]

Scour, skowr, v.i. to run with swiftness: to scurry along.—v.t. to run quickly over.—n. Scour′er, a footpad. [O. Fr. escourre—L. excurrĕre, to run forth.]

Scourge, skurj, n. a whip made of leather thongs: an instrument of punishment: a punishment: means of punishment.—v.t. to whip severely: to punish in order to correct.—n. Scour′ger, a flagellant. [O. Fr. escorgie (Fr. écourgée)—L. (scutia) excoriata, (a whip) made of leather—corium, leather.]

Scourse, skōrs, v.i. (Spens.) to run: to hurry. [O. Fr. escourser—L. excurrĕre, excursum, to run out.]

Scourse, skōrs, v.t. to barter, exchange.—v.i. to make an exchange.—n. (Spens.) discourse.—Also Scorse, Scoss. [Prob. discourse.]

Scout, skowt, n. one sent out to bring in tidings, observe the enemy, &c.: a spy: a sneak: in cricket, a fielder: the act of watching: a bird of the auk family: a college servant at Oxford, the same as gyp in Cambridge and skip in Dublin.—v.t. to watch closely.—n. Scout′-mas′ter, an officer who has the direction of army scouts. [O. Fr. escoute—escouter (It. ascoltare)—L. auscultāre, to listen—auris, the ear.]

Scout, skowt, v.t. to sneer at: to reject with disdain.—adv. Scout′ingly, sneeringly. [Scand.,—Ice. skúta, skúti, a taunt—skjóta, to shoot.]

Scout, skowt, v.i. (Scot.) to pour forth a liquid forcibly, esp. excrement.—n. the guillemot.

Scouter, skowt′ėr, n. a workman who uses jump-drills, wedges, &c. to scale off large flakes of stone.

Scouther, skow′thėr, v.t. (Scot.) to scorch: to fire hastily, as on a gridiron.

Scove, skōv, v.t. to cover with clay so as to prevent the escape of heat in burning.

Scowl, skowl, v.i. to wrinkle the brows in displeasure: to look sour or angry: to look gloomy.—n. the wrinkling of the brows when displeased.—p.adj. Scow′ling.—adv. Scow′lingly. [Scand., Dan. skule, to scowl; Low Ger. schulen, to look slyly.]

Scrabble, skrab′l, v.i. to scrape or make unmeaning marks, to scrawl: to scramble or crawl along with difficulty.—v.t. to gather hastily.—n. a scramble.—v.t. Scrab, to scratch, to scrape.—Scrabbed eggs, a dish of hard-boiled eggs chopped up and seasoned. [A form of scrapple, freq. of scrape.]

Scraffle, skraf′l, v.i. to scramble: to wrangle: to be industrious: to shuffle. [A form of scrabble or scramble.]

Scrag, skrag, n. anything thin or lean and rough: the bony part of the neck.—v.t. to put to death by hanging.—adjs. Scrag′ged, Scrag′gy, lean and rough: uneven, rugged.—ns. Scrag′gedness, Scrag′giness.—adv. Scrag′gily.—adjs. Scrag′gly, rough-looking; Scrag′-necked, having a long, thin neck.—n. Scrag′-whale, a finner whale, having the back scragged. [Scand., Sw. prov. shraka, a tall tree or man, shrokk, anything shrivelled—Norw. skrekka, to shrink.]

Scraich, Scraigh, skrāh, v.i. (Scot.) to scream hoarsely: to screech, to shriek.—n. Scraich. [Gael. sgreach.]

Scramb, skramb, v.t. (prov.) to scrape together with the hands. [A variant of scramp.]

Scramble, skram′bl, v.i. to struggle to seize something before others: to catch at or strive for rudely: to wriggle along on all-fours.—v.t. to throw down to be scrambled for: to advance or push.—n. act of scrambling: a struggle for office.—n. Scram′bler.—adj. Scram′bling, confused and irregular.—adv. Scram′blingly, in a scrambling manner: irregularly: unceremoniously. [Prov. Eng. scramb, to rake together with the hands, or scramp, to snatch at; nearly allied to scrabble and scrape.]

Scran, skran, n. broken victuals: refuse—also Skran.—n. Scran′ning, the act of begging for food.—Bad scran to you! bad fare to you! an Irish imprecation. [Prob. Ice. skran, rubbish.]

Scranch, skransh, v.t. to grind with the teeth: to crunch.—Also Scraunch, Scrunch. [Prob. Dut. schransen, to eat heartily.]

Scrannel, skran′l, adj. (Milt.) producing a weak, screeching noise: thin: squeaking.

Scrap, skrap, n. a small piece: a remnant: a picture suited for preservation in a scrap-book: wrought-iron clippings: an unconnected extract.—v.t. to consign to the scrap-heap.—ns. Scrap′-book, a blank book for scraps or extracts, prints, &c.; Scrap′-heap, a place where old iron is collected; Scrap′-ī′ron, old iron accumulated for reworking; Scrap′-met′al, scraps or fragments of any kind of metal, which are only of use for remelting.—adv. Scrap′pily, in fragments, desultorily.—n. Scrap′piness, fragmentariness, disconnectedness.—adj. Scrap′py.—Go to the scrap-heap, to go to ruin. [Scand., Ice. skrap, scraps—skrapa, to scrape.]

Scrape, skrāp, v.t. to make a harsh or grating noise on: to rub with something sharp: to remove by drawing a sharp edge over: to collect by laborious effort: to save penuriously: to erase.—v.i. to grub in the ground: to rub lightly: to draw back the foot in making obeisance: to play on a stringed instrument.—n. a perplexing situation: difficulty: a shave.—adj. Scrape′-good, miserly, stingy.—ns. Scrape′-penn′y, a miser; Scrap′er, an instrument used for scraping, esp. the soles of shoes outside the door of a house: a hoe: a tool used by engravers and others: a fiddler; Scrap′ing, that which is scraped off, as the scrapings of the street: shavings, hoardings; Scrap′ing-plane, a plane used by workers in metal and wood.—Scrape acquaintance with, to get on terms of acquaintance. [Scand., Ice. skrapa, to scrape; Dut. schrapen; A.S. scearpian.]

Scrapple, skrap′l, v.i. to grub about.—n. a mixture of meat-scraps, herbs, &c. stewed, pressed in cakes, sliced and fried. [Dim. of scrap.]

Scrat, skrat, n. a devil.—Also Old Scratch, the devil. [Cf. Ger. schratt, Ice. skratti, a goblin.]

Scratch, skrach, v.t. to mark the surface with something pointed, as the nails: to tear or to dig with the claws: to write hurriedly: to erase.—v.i. to use the claws in tearing or digging: to delete a name on a voting-paper.—n. a mark or tear made by scratching: a slight wound: the line in a prize-ring up to which boxers are led—hence test, trial, as in 'to come up to the scratch:' (pl.) a disease in horses: the time of starting of a player: in billiards, a chance stroke which is successful: a kind of wig, a scratch-wig: a scrawl.—adj. taken at random, as a 'scratch crew:' without handicap, or allowance of time or distance.—ns. Scratch′-back, a kind of toy, which, when drawn over a person's back, makes a sound as if his coat was torn; Scratch′-brush, a name given to various forms of brushes; Scratch′-coat, the first coat of plaster; Scratch′er, a bird which scratches for food.—adv. Scratch′ingly.—n.pl. Scratch′ings, refuse matter strained out of fat when melted.—ns. Scratch′-weed, the goose-grass; Scratch′-wig, a wig that covers only part of the head; Scratch′-work, a kind of wall decoration.—adj. Scratch′y, ragged: scratching: of little depth.—Scratch out, to erase. [Explained by Skeat as due to the confusion of M. E. skratten, to scratch, with M. E. cracchen, to scratch: skratten standing for skarten, an extended form from Ice. sker-a, to shear; cracchen, again, stands for kratsen—Sw. kratsa, to scrape.]

Scrawl, skrawl, v.t. and v.i. to scrape, mark, or write irregularly or hastily.—n. irregular or hasty writing: bad writing: a broken branch of a tree: the young of the dog-crab.—n. Scrawl′er.—adj. Scrawl′y, ill-formed. [A contr. of scrabble.]

Scrawm, skrawm, v.t. (prov.) to tear, to scratch. [Prob. Dut. schrammen, schram, a rent.]

Scrawny, skraw′ni, adj. wasted: raw-boned.—n. Scraw′niness. [Scranny.]

Scream, skrēm, v.i. to cry out with a shrill cry, as in fear or pain: to shriek.—n. a shrill, sudden cry, as in fear or pain: a shriek.—n. Scream′er, one who screams: a genus of South American birds about the size of the turkey, with loud, harsh cry: (U.S. slang) a bouncer.—Screaming farce, one highly ludicrous. [Scand., Ice. skræma, Sw. skrämma, to fear; cf. Screech, Shriek.]

Scree, skrē, n. débris at the base of a cliff.—Also Screes. [Ice. skritha, a landslip—skrítha, creep.]

Screech, skrēch, v.i. to utter a harsh, shrill, and sudden cry.—n. a harsh, shrill, and sudden cry.—ns. Screech′er, the swift; Screech′-hawk, the night-jar; Screech′-mar′tin, the swift; Screech′-owl, a kind of screeching owl: the missel-thrush: the barn-owl; Screech′-thrush, the missel-thrush.—adj. Screech′y, shrill and harsh, like a screech: loud-mouthed. [M. E. scriken—Scand., Ice. shrækja, to shriek; cf. Gael. sgreach, to shriek.]

Screed, skrēd, n. a piece torn off: a shred: a long tirade: (Scot.) a strip of mortar: a rent, a tear.—v.t. to repeat glibly. [A.S. screáde, a shred.]

Screen, skrēn, n. that which shelters from danger or observation, that which protects from heat, cold, or the sun: (Scot.) a large scarf: an enclosure or partition of wood, stone, or metal work, common in churches, shutting off chapels from the nave, separating the nave from the choir, &c.: a coarse riddle for sifting coal, &c.—v.t. to shelter or conceal: to pass through a coarse riddle.—n. Screen′ing-machine′, an apparatus for sifting coal.—n.pl. Screen′ings, the refuse matter after sifting. [O. Fr. escren (Fr. écran), from Old High Ger. scranna, a court; Ger. schranne, a bench.]

Screever, skrēv′ėr, n. one who writes begging letters.—v.t. Screeve, to write such.—n. Screev′ing, the writing of begging letters: drawing with coloured chalks on the pavement for coppers.

Screw, skrōō, n. a cylinder with a spiral groove or ridge on either its outer or inner surface, used as a fastening and as a mechanical power: a screw-propeller: a turn or twist to one side: a penny packet of tobacco put up in a paper twisted at both ends: a stingy fellow, an extortioner, a skinflint: a broken-winded horse: pressure: (U.S. slang) a professor who requires students to work hard: salary,

wages.—v.t. to apply a screw to: to press with a screw: to twist: to oppress by extortion: to force: to squeeze.—ns. Screw′-bolt, a bolt threaded at one end for a nut; Screw′-cut′ter, a hand-tool for cutting screws; Screw′-driv′er, an instrument for driving or turning screw-nails.—adj. Screwed (slang), tipsy, tight.—ns. Screw′-el′evator, a dentist's instrument: a surgeon's instrument for forcing open the jaws; Screw′er.—adj. Screw′ing, exacting: close.—ns. Screw′-jack (same as Jackscrew); Screw′-key, a lever for turning the nut of a screw; Screw′-machine′, a machine for making screws; Screw′-nail, a nail made in the form of a screw; Screw′-pile, a pile forced into the ground, and held there by a peculiar kind of screw at the lower extremity; Screw′-pine, a plant of the tropical genus Pandanus, or of the screw-pine family—from the screw-like arrangement of the clustered leaves; Screw′-plate, a plate of steel in which are a

graduated series of holes, with internal screws used in forming external screws; Screw′-pod, the screw-bean Screw′-press, a press in which the force is applied by means of a screw; Screw′-propel′ler, a screw or spiral-bladed wheel at the stern of steam-vessels for propelling them: a steamer so propelled; Screw′-rudd′er, an application of the screw for the purpose of steering; Screw′-stair, a spiral staircase: a hanging stair; Screw′-steam′er, a steamer propelled by a screw; Screw′stone, a wheelstone: a fossil screw; Screw′-thread, the spiral ridge on the cylinder of a male screw, or on the inner surface of a female screw; Screw′-valve, a stop-cock opened and shut by means of a screw instead of a spigot; Screw′-ven′tilator, a ventilating

apparatus; Screw′-worm, the larva of a blow-fly; Screw′-wrench, a tool for grasping the flat sides of the heads of large screws.—adj. Screw′y, exacting: close: worthless.—A screw loose, something defective. [Earlier scrue. O. Fr. escrou, prob. L. scrobem, accus. of scrobs, a hole; or Low Ger. schruve, Dut. schroef, Ice. skrufa, Ger. schraube.]

Scribble, skrib′l, v.t. to scratch or write carelessly: to fill with worthless writing.—v.i. to write carelessly: to scrawl.—n. careless writing: a scrawl.—ns. Scribb′ler, a petty author; Scribb′ling, the act of writing hastily or carelessly.—adv. Scribb′lingly.—n.pl. Scribb′lings. [A freq. of scribe.]

Scribble, skrib′l, v.t. to card roughly, as wool.—ns. Scribb′ler, a machine for doing this, or a person who tends such; Scribb′ling, the first carding of wool or cotton; Scribb′ling-machine′, a coarse form of carding-machine. [Scand., Sw. skrubbla, to card.]

Scribble-scrabble, skrib′l-skrab′l, n. an ungainly fellow. [Reduplicated from scrabble.]

Scribe, skrīb, n. a writer: a public or official writer: a clerk, amanuensis, secretary: (B.) an expounder and teacher of the Mosaic and traditional law: a pointed instrument to mark lines on wood, &c.—v.t. to write: to record: to mark.—adjs. Scrī′bable, capable of being written upon; Scribā′cious, given to writing.—n. Scribā′ciousness.—adj. Scrī′bal, pertaining to a scribe.—ns. Scrī′bing; Scrī′bing-com′pass, an instrument used in saddlery and cooper-work; Scrī′bism. [Fr.,—L. scriba—scribĕre, to write.]

Scrieve, skrēv, v.i. (Scot.) to glide swiftly along. [Scand., Ice. skrefa—skref, a stride.]

Scriggle, skrig′l, v.i. to writhe: to wriggle.—n. a wriggling. [Prob. Ice. shrika, to slip; Ger. schrecken, Dut. schrikken, to terrify.]

Scrime, skrīm, v.i. to fence.—n. Scrī′mer (Shak.), a fencer. [Fr. escrimer, to fence; cf. Skirmish.]

Scrimmage, skrim′āj, n. a skirmish: a general fight: a tussle. [Prob. a corr. of skirmish.]

Scrimp, skrimp, v.t. to make too small or short: to limit or shorten: to straiten.—adj. short, scanty.—adj. Scrimp′ed, pinched.—adv. Scrimp′ly, hardly: scarcely.—n. Scrimp′ness.—adj. Scrimp′y, scanty. [A.S. scrimpan; allied to scrimman, to shrink, and scrincan, to shrivel up.]

Scrimshaw, skrim′shaw, v.t. to engrave fanciful designs on shells, whales' teeth, &c.—n. any shell or the like fancifully engraved.

Scrine, skrīn, n. (Spens.) a cabinet for papers, a shrine. [O. Fr. escrin—L. scrinium, a shrine.]

Scrip, skrip, n. that which is written: a piece of paper containing writing: a certificate of stock or shares in any joint-stock company subscribed or allotted.—ns. Scrip′-com′pany, a company having shares which pass by delivery; Scrip′-hold′er, one whose title to stock is a written certificate. [A variant of script—L. scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Scrip, skrip, n. a small bag: a satchel: a pilgrim's pouch: (her.) a bearing representing a pouch.—n. Scrip′page (Shak.), contents of a scrip. [Ice. skreppa, a bag; Ger. scherbe, a shred.]

Script, skript, n. (print.) type like written letters: a writing: (law) an original document: handwriting.—n. Scrip′tion, a handwriting. [O. Fr. escript—L. scriptum—scribĕre, to write.]

Scriptorium, skrip-tō′ri-um, n. a writing-room, esp. that in a monastery.—adj. Scrip′tory, written.

Scripture, skrip′tūr, n. sacred writing: the Bible: a writing: a deed: any sacred writing.—adj. Scrip′tural, contained in Scripture: according to Scripture: biblical: written.—ns. Scrip′turalism, literal adherence to the Scriptures; Scrip′turalist, a literalist in his obedience to the letter of Scripture, a student of Scripture.—adv. Scrip′turally.—ns. Scrip′turalness; Scrip′ture-read′er, an evangelist who reads the Bible in cottages, barracks, &c.; Scrip′turist, one versed in Scripture.—The Scriptures, the Bible. [L. scriptura—scribĕre, to write.]

Scritch, skrich, n. a screech or shrill cry: a thrush. [A variant of screech.]

Scrive, skrīv, v.t. to describe: to draw a line with a pointed tool. [Scribe.]

Scrivener, skriv′en-ėr, n. a scribe: a copyist: one who draws up contracts, &c.: one who receives the money of others to lay it out at interest.—n. Scriv′enership. [O. Fr. escrivain (Fr. écrivain)—Low L. scribanus—L. scriba, a scribe.]

Scrobe, skrōb, n. a groove in the rostrum of weevils or curculios, or on the outer side of the mandible.—adjs. Scrobic′ulate, -d, having numerous shallow depressions.—n. Scrobic′ulus (anat.), a pit or depression. [L. scrobis, a ditch.]

Scrod, skrod, v.t. to shred.—n. a young codfish.—n. Scrod′gill, an instrument for taking fish. [Shred.]

Scroddle, skrod′l, v.t. to variegate, as pottery in different colours.—Scroddled ware, mottled pottery.

Scrofula, skrof′ū-la, n. a disease with chronic swellings of the glands in various parts of the body, esp. the neck, tending to suppurate: the king's evil.—adjs. Scrofulit′ic, Scrof′ulous, pertaining to, resembling, or affected with scrofula.—adv. Scrof′ulously.—n. Scrof′ulousness. [L. scrofulæ—scrofula, a little pig, dim. of scrofa, a sow.]

Scrog, skrog, n. (Scot.) a stunted bush: a thicket: brushwood: (her.) a branch.—adjs. Scrog′gie, Scrog′gy, covered with underwood. [Scrag.]

Scroll, skrōl, n. a roll of paper or parchment: a writing in the form of a roll: a rough draft of anything: a schedule: a flourish added to a person's signature as a substitute for a seal: in hydraulics, a spiral water-way placed round a turbine to regulate the flow of water: (anat.) a turbinate bone: (archit.) a spiral ornament, the volute of the Ionic and Corinthian capitals.—v.t. to draft: to write in rough outline.—adj. Scrolled, formed into a scroll: ornamented with scrolls.—ns. Scroll′-head, an ornamental piece at the bow of a vessel; Scroll′-wheel, a cog-wheel in the form of a scroll; Scroll′-work, ornamental work of scroll-like character. [O. Fr. escroue, acc. to Skeat from Old Dut. schroode, a shred.]

Scroop, skrōōp, v.i. to emit a harsh sound: to creak.—n. any crisp sound like that made when a bundle of yarn is tightly twisted. [Imit.]

Scrophularia, skrof-ū-lā′ri-a, n. the figwort genus of herbs, type of the Scrophulariaceæ or Scrophularineæ, a natural order containing almost 2000 known species, chiefly herbaceous and half-shrubby plants—Digitalis or Fox-glove, Calceolaria, Mimulus, Antirrhinum or Snap-dragon, Veronica or Speedwell, and Euphrasia or Eye-bright, &c.

Scrotum, skrō′tum, n. the bag which contains the testicles.—adjs. Scrō′tal, relating to the scrotum; Scrō′tiform, formed like a double bag.—ns. Scrotī′tis, inflammation of the scrotum; Scrō′tocele, a scrotal hernia. [L.]

Scrouge, skrowj, v.t.. to squeeze: to crowd—also Scrooge, Scrudge.—n. Scrou′ger, a whopper: something large. [Variant forms of shrug.]

Scrow, skrow, n. a roll: a scroll: a writing: clippings from hides. [Scroll.]

Scroyle, skroil, n. (Shak.) a scabby fellow: a mean fellow. [O. Fr. escrouelles, scrofula—L. scrofulæ.]

Scrub, skrub, v.t.. to rub hard, esp. with something rough.—v.i. to be laborious and penurious:—pr.p. scrub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. scrubbed.—n. one who works hard and lives meanly: anything small or mean: a worn-out brush: low underwood: a bush: a stunted shrub: a worthless horse.—p.adj. Scrubbed (Shak.)=Scrubby.—ns. Scrub′ber, in Australia, an animal which breaks away from the herd: a machine for washing leather after the tanpit; Scrub′bing; Scrub′bing-board, a wash-board; Scrub′bing-brush, a brush with short, stiff bristles; Scrub′-bird, an Australian bird.—adj. Scrub′by, laborious and penurious: mean: small: stunted in growth: covered with scrub.—ns. Scrub′-grass, the scouring-rush; Scrub′-oak, a name of three low American oaks; Scrub′-rid′er, one who rides in search of cattle that stray from the herd into the scrub; Scrub′-rob′in, a bird inhabiting the Australian scrub; Scrub′stone, a species of calciferous sandstone; Scrub′-tur′key, a mound-bird; Scrub′-wood, a small tree. [A.S. scrob, a shrub.]

Scruff, skruf, n. the nape of the neck.—Also Skruff. [A variant of scuff, scuft.]

Scrunch, skrunsh, v.t.. to crunch: to crush.—n. a harsh, crunching sound. [A variant of crunch.]

Scruple, skrōō′pl, n. a small weight—in apothecaries' weight, 20 troy grains, ⅓ drachm, 1⁄24 ounce, and 1⁄288 of a troy pound: a very small quantity: reluctance to decide or act, as from motives of conscience: difficulty.—v.i. to hesitate in deciding or acting.—n. Scru′pler.—adj. Scru′pulous, having scruples, doubts, or objections: conscientious: cautious: exact: captious.—adv. Scru′pulously.—ns. Scru′pulousness, Scrupulos′ity, state of being scrupulous: doubt: niceness: precision. [Fr. scrupule—L. scrupulus, dim. of scrupus, a sharp stone, anxiety.]

Scrutiny, skrōō′ti-ni, n. careful or minute inquiry: critical examination: an examination of the votes given at an election for the purpose of correcting the poll: in the early Church, the examination in Lent of the Catechumens: (R.C.) one of the methods of electing a pope, the others being acclamation and accession.—adj. Scru′table.—ns. Scrutā′tion, scrutiny; Scrutā′tor, a close examiner.—v.t.. Scru′tinate, to examine: to investigate.—n. Scrutineer′, one who makes a scrutiny, or minute search or inquiry.—v.t.. Scru′tinise, to search minutely or closely: to examine carefully or critically: to investigate.—n. Scru′tiniser.—adj. Scru′tinous.—adv. Scru′tinously.—Scrutin-de-liste, a method of voting for the French Chamber of Deputies, in which the voter casts his ballot for the whole number of deputies allotted to his department, choosing the candidates in any combination he pleases—opp. to Scrutin d'arrondissement, in which method the voter votes only for his local candidate or candidates, the arrondissement being the basis of representation. [O. Fr. scrutine—L. scrutinium—scrutāri, to search even to the rags—scruta, rags, trash.]

Scry, skrī, v.t. (Spens.) to descry:—pa.t. scryde. [Formed by aphæresis from descry.]

Scry, skrī, v.t. (Scot.) to proclaim.—n. a cry: a flock of wild-fowl.

Scud, skud, v.i. to run quickly: (naut.) to run before the wind in a gale: (Scot.) to throw flat stones so as to skip along the water.—v.t. to skelp: (Scot.) to slap:—pr.p. scud′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. scud′ded.—n. act of moving quickly: loose, vapoury clouds driven swiftly along: a swift runner: a beach flea: a form of garden hoe: a slap, a sharp stroke.—n. Scud′der, one who, or that which, scuds. [Scand., Dan. skyde, to shoot; cf. A.S. scéōtan, to shoot.]

Scuddick, skud′ik, n. (slang) anything of small value: a shilling.—Also Scutt′ock.

Scuddle, skud′l, v.i. (Scot.) to drudge.—v.t. to cleanse: to wash.—n. Scud′ler, a scullion.

Scudo, skōō′dō, n. an Italian silver coin of different values, usually worth about 4s.: the space within the outer rim of the bezel of a ring:—pl. Scu′di. [It.,—L. scutum, a shield.]

Scuff, skuf, v.i. to shuffle along the ground.—v.t. (Scot.) to graze slightly. [Sw. skuffa, to shove.]

Scuffle, skuf′l, v.i. to struggle closely: to fight confusedly.—n. a struggle in which the combatants grapple closely: any confused contest.—n. Scuff′ler, one who, or that which, scuffles. [A freq. of Sw. skuffa, to shove, skuff, a blow.]

Scuffy, skuf′i, adj. having lost the original freshness: shabby, out of elbows, seedy.

Scuft, skuft, n. (prov.) the nape of the neck.—Also Scuff, Scruff. [Ice. skopt, skoft, the hair.]

Sculduddery, skul-dud′e-ri, n. (Scot.) grossness, obscenity, bawdry.—adj. bawdy.

Scull, skul, n. a short, light, spoon-bladed oar: a small boat: a cock-boat.—v.t. to propel a boat with a pair of sculls or light oars by one man—in fresh water: to drive a boat onward with one oar, worked like a screw over the stern.—ns. Scull′er, one who sculls: a small boat rowed by two sculls pulled by one man; Scull′ing. [Scand.; Ice. scál, a hollow, Sw. skålig, concave.]

Scullery, skul′ėr-i, n. the place for dishes and other kitchen utensils. [Skeat explains as sculler-y, sculler being a remarkable variant of swiller, due to Scand. influence. Others refer to O. Fr. escuelier—Low L. scutellarius—L. scutella, a tray.]

Scullion, skul′yun, n. a servant in the scullery: a servant for drudgery-work: a mean fellow.—adj. Scull′ionly (Milt.), like a scullion: low, base. [Not allied to scullery. O. Fr. escouillon, a dish-clout—L. scopa, a broom.]

Sculp, skulp, v.t. to carve: to engrave: to flay.—Sculp′sit, he engraved or carved it—often abbreviated to Sc.

Sculpin, skul′pin, n. (slang) a mischief-making fellow: a name given to the Dragonet, and also in the United States to various marine species of Cottus or Bull-head.—Also Skul′pin.

Sculpture, skulp′tūr, n. the act of carving figures in wood, stone, &c.: carved-work: an engraving.—v.t. to carve: to form, as a piece of sculpture.—n. Sculp′tor, one who carves figures:—fem. Sculp′tress.—adj. Sculp′tūral, belonging to sculpture.—adv. Sculp′tūrally.—adjs. Sculp′tūred, carved, engraved: (bot., zool.) having elevated marks on the surface; Sculptūresque′, chiselled: clean cut: statue-like. [Fr.,—L. sculptura—sculpĕre, sculptum, to carve.]

Scum, skum, n. foam or froth: the extraneous matter rising to the surface of liquids, esp. when boiled or fermented: refuse: offscourings, dregs.—v.t. to take the scum from: to skim:—pr.p. scum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. scummed.—n. Scum′mer, an implement used in skimming.—n.pl. Scum′mings, skimmings.—adj. Scum′my, covered with scum. [Scand., Dan. skum, froth; Ger. schaum, foam.]

Scumber, skum′bėr, v.i. to defecate, a hunting term applied to foxes.—n. fox-dung.—Also Scom′ber. [Prob. O. Fr. escumbrier, to disencumber.]

Scumble, skum′bl, v.t. to apply opaque or semi-opaque colours very thinly over other colours, to modify the effect.—n. Scum′bling, a mode of obtaining a softened effect in painting by overlaying too bright colours with a very thin coating of a neutral tint. [Freq. of scum.]

Scun, skun, v.i. to skim, as a stone thrown aslant on the water.—v.t. to cause to skip.—Also Scon, Scoon. [Scand., prob. skunna; Dan. skynde, to hasten.]

Scunner, skun′ėr, v.i. (Scot.) to become nauseated: to feel loathing.—n. a loathing, any fantastic prejudice. [A.S. scunian, to shun.]

Scup, skup, n. (Amer.) a swing.—v.i. to swing. [Dut. schop, a swing; Ger. schupf, a push.]

Scupper, skup′ėr, n. a hole in the side of a ship to carry off water from the deck (often pl.).—ns. Scupp′er-hole, a scupper; Scupp′er-hose, a pipe of leather, &c., attached to the mouth of a scupper on the outside, to let the water run out and keep water from entering; Scupp′er-plug, a plug to stop a scupper. [O. Fr. escopir, to spit out—L. exspuĕre—ex-, out, spuĕre, to spit; or prob. from Dut. schoppen, to scoop away.]

Scuppernong, skup′ėr-nong, n. a cultivated variety of the muscadine, bullace, or southern fox-grape of the United States. [Amer. Ind.]

Scur, skur, v.t. to graze, to jerk: to scour over.—v.i. to flit hurriedly.—Also Skirr. [A variant of scour.]

Scurf, skurf, n. the crust or flaky matter formed on the skin: anything adhering to the surface: scum: a gray bull trout.—n. Scurf′iness.—adj. Scurf′y, having scurf: like scurf. [A.S. scurf—sceorfan, to scrape; cf. Ger. schorf.]

Scurrilous, skur′ril-us, adj. using scurrility or language befitting a vulgar buffoon: indecent: vile: vulgar: opprobrious: grossly abusive.—adjs. Scur′ril, Scur′rile, buffoon-like: jesting: foul-mouthed: low.—n. Scurril′ity, buffoonery: low or obscene jesting: indecency of language: vulgar abuse.—adv. Scur′rilously.—n. Scur′rilousness. [L. scurrilis—scurra, a buffoon.]

Scurry, skur′i, v.i. to hurry along: to scamper.—n. a flurry—also Skurr′y.—n. Hurr′y-scurr′y, heedless haste. [An extended form of scour.]

Scurvy, skur′vi, adj. scurfy: affected with scurvy: scorbutic: shabby: vile, vulgar, contemptible.—n. a disease marked by livid spots on the skin and general debility, due to an improper dietary, and particularly an insufficient supply of fresh vegetable food.—adv. Scur′vily, in a scurvy manner: meanly, basely.—ns. Scur′viness, state of being scurvy: meanness; Scur′vy-grass, a genus of cruciferous plants, efficacious in curing scurvy. [Scurf.]

Scutage, skū′tāj, n. a tax, instead of personal service, which a vassal or tenant owed to his lord, sometimes levied by the crown in feudal times.—Also Es′cuage. [O. Fr. escuage—L. scutum, shield.]

Scutate, skūt′āt, adj. (bot.) shaped like a round shield: (zool.) having the surface protected by large scales. [L. scutātus—scutum, shield.]

Scutch, skuch, v.t. to beat: to separate from the core, as flax.—n. a coarse tow that separates from flax in scutching.—ns. Scutch′er, one who dresses hedges: an implement used in scutching, esp. a beater in a flax-scutching machine, &c.; Scutch′ing-sword, a beating instrument in scutching flax by hand. [Prob. O. Fr. escousser, to shake off—Low L. excussāre—L. excutĕre, to shake off.]

Scutcheon, Scutchin, skuch′un, -in, n. (Spens.) escutcheon, shield, device on a shield. [Escutcheon.]

Scute, skūt, n. a shield: (zool.) a large scale, a plate, as the dermal scutes of a ganoid fish, a turtle, &c. [O. Fr. escut—L. scutum, a shield.]

Scutella, skū-tel′a, n. a genus of flat sea-urchins.—adj. Scū′tellar.—n. Scutellā′ria, a genus of gamopetalous plants, known as skullcaps.—adjs. Scū′tellate, -d, noting the foot of a bird when it is provided with the plates called scutella.—ns. Scutellā′tion; Scutell′era, a group-name for the true bugs (Scutelleridæ).—adjs. Scutell′iform, scutellate; Scutellig′erous, provided with a scutellum; Scutelliplan′tar, having the back of the tarsus scutellate.—n. Scutell′um (bot., entom.), a little shield:—pl. Scutell′a.—n.pl. Scutibranchiā′ta, an order of gasteropod mollusca.—n. Scū′tifer, a shield-bearer.—adjs. Scutif′erous, bearing a shield: (zool.) scutigerous; Scū′tiform, having the form of a shield.—n. Scutig′era, a common North American species of centipede.—adjs. Scutig′erous, provided with a scute or scuta; Scū′tiped, having the shanks scaly, of birds. [L., dim. of scutra, a platter.]

Scutter, skut′ėr, v.i. to run hastily: to scurry.—n. a hasty run. [A variant of Scuttle (3).]

Scuttle, skut′l, n. a shallow basket: a vessel for holding coal. [A.S. scutel—L. scutella, a salver, dim. of scutra, a dish.]

Scuttle, skut′l, n. the openings or hatchways of a ship: a hole through the hatches or in the side or bottom of a ship.—v.t. to cut holes through any part of a ship: to sink a ship by cutting holes in it.—ns. Scutt′le-butt, -cask, a cask with a hole cut in it for the cup or dipper, for holding drinking-water in a ship; Scutt′le-fish, a cuttle-fish. [O. Fr. escoutille, a hatchway (Sp. escotilla), from Dut. schoot, the lap; Ger. schoss, bosom, a lap.]

Scuttle, skut′l, v.i. to scud or run with haste: to hurry.—n. a quick run: a mincing gait.—Also Scudd′le, Skutt′le. [Scud.]

Scutulum, skū′tū-lum, n. one of the shield-shaped crusts of favus. [L., dim. of scutum, a shield.]

Scutum, skū′tum, n. a shield belonging to the heavy-armed Roman legionaries: a penthouse: (anat.) the knee-pan: (zool.) a large scale. [L.]

Scye, sī, n. the armhole of a garment. [Prob. sey—O. Fr. sier, to cut—L. secāre, to cut.]

Scylla, sil′a, n. a six-headed monster who sat over a dangerous rock on the Italian side of the Straits of Messina, over against the whirlpool of Charyb′dis on the Sicilian side.—n. Scyllæa (sil-ē′a), a genus of nudibranchiate gasteropods.—n.pl. Scyllar′idæ (-dē), a family of long-tailed, ten-footed marine crustaceans.

Scyllidæ, sil′i-dē, n.pl. a family of selachians, the typical genus Scyllium, including the dog-fish. [Gr. skylion, a dog-fish.]

Scymnidæ, sim′ni-dē, n.pl. the sleeper-sharks.—n. Scym′nus, a genus of lady-birds: a genus of sharks. [Gr. skymnos, a whelp.]

Scyphidium, sif-id′i-um, n. a genus of ciliate infusorians. [Gr. skyphos, a cup.]

Scyphomedusæ, sif-o-med′ū-sē, n.pl. a prime division of hydrozoans or a sub-class of Hydrozoa.

Scyphus, sīf′us, n. in Greek antiquities, a large drinking-cup: (bot.) a cup-shaped appendage to a flower.—adj. Scyph′iform.

Scytale, sit′a-lē, n. in Greek antiquities, a strip of parchment used for secret messages: the name of a coral snake.—n. Scytalī′na, a remarkable genus of eel-like fishes. [Gr. skytalē, a staff.]

Scythe, sīth, n. a kind of sickle: an instrument with a large curved blade for mowing grass, &c.—v.t. to cut with a scythe, to mow.—adj. Scythed, armed with scythes.—ns. Scythe′man, one who uses a scythe; Scythe′-stone, a whet for scythes. [A.S. síthe; Ice. sigdhr. Low Ger. seged.]

Scythian, sith′i-an, adj. pertaining to an ancient nomadic race in the northern parts of Asia.—n. one belonging to this race.—adj. Scyth′ic.

Scythrops, sī′throps, n. a genus of Australian horn-billed cuckoos. [Gr. skythros, angry, ōps, face.]

Scytodepsic, skī-tō-dep′sik, adj. pertaining to tanning. [Gr. skytos, skin, depsein, to soften.]

Scytodermatous, skī-tō-der′ma-tus, adj. having a tough, leathery integument. [Gr. skytos, hide, derma, skin.]

Scytodes, skī-tō′dez, n. a genus of spiders.—adj. Scytō′doid. [Gr. skytos, skin, eidos, form.]

Scytonema, sī-tō-nē′ma, n. a genus of fresh-water algæ.—adj. Scytonem′atoid. [Gr. skytos, skin, nēma, a thread.]

Scytosiphon, sī-tō-sīf′n, n. a genus of marine algæ. [Gr. skytos, skin, siphōn, a tube.]

Sdain, Sdeign, sdān, n. and v.t. (Spens.) same as Disdain.—adj. Sdeign′ful=Disdainful.

Sea, sē, n. the great mass of salt water covering the greater part of the earth's surface: any great expanse of water less than an ocean: the ocean: the swell of the sea in a tempest: a wave: any widely extended mass or quantity, a flood: any rough or agitated place or element.—ns. Sea′-ā′corn, a barnacle; Sea′-add′er, the fifteen-spined stickle-back; Sea′-an′chor, a floating anchor used at sea in a gale; Sea′-anem′one, a kind of polyp, like an anemone, found on rocks on the seacoast; Sea′-ape, the sea-otter; Sea′-ā′pron, a kind of kelp; Sea′-arr′ow, a flying squid: an arrow-worm; Sea′-aspar′agus, a soft-shelled crab; Sea′-bank, the seashore; an embankment to keep out the sea; Sea′-bar, the sea-swallow or tern; Sea′-barr′ow, the egg-case of a ray or skate; Sea′-bass, a name applied to some perch-like marine fishes, many common food-fishes in America—black sea-bass, bluefish, &c.; Sea′-bat, a genus of Teleostean fishes allied to the Pilot-fish, and included among the Carangidæ or horse-mackerels—the name refers to the very long dorsal, anal, and ventral fins; Sea′-beach, the seashore; Sea′-bean, the seed of a leguminous climbing plant: a small univalve shell: the lid of the aperture of any shell of the family Turbinidæ, commonly worn as amulets; Sea′-bear, the polar bear: the North Pacific fur-seal; Sea′-beast (Milt.), a monster of the sea.—adjs. Sea′-beat, -en, lashed by the waves.—n. Sea′-beav′er, the sea-otter.—n.pl. Sea′-bells, a species of bindweed.—ns. Sea′-belt, the sweet fucus plant; Sea′-bird, any marine bird; Sea′-bis′cuit, ship-biscuit; Sea′-blubb′er, a jelly-fish; Sea′-board, the border or shore of the sea; Sea′-boat, a vessel considered with reference to her behaviour in bad weather.—adjs. Sea′-born, produced by the sea; Sea′-borne, carried on the sea.—ns. Sea′-bott′le, a seaweed; Sea′-boy (Shak.), a boy employed on shipboard: a sailor-boy; Sea′-brant, the brent goose; Sea′-breach, the breaking of an embankment by the sea; Sea′-bream, one of several sparoid fishes: a fish related to the mackerel; Sea′-breeze, a breeze of wind blowing from the sea toward the land, esp. that from about 10 a.m. till sunset; Sea′-buckthorn, or Sallow-thorn, a genus of large shrubs or trees with gray silky foliage and entire leaves; Sea′-bum′blebee, the little auk; Sea′-bun, a heart-urchin; Sea′-bur′dock, clotbur; Sea′-cabb′age, sea-kale; Sea′-calf, the common seal, so called from the supposed resemblance of its voice to that of a calf; Sea′-canā′ry, the white whale; Sea′-cap (Shak.), a cap worn on shipboard: a basket-shaped sponge; Sea′-cap′tain, the captain of a ship, as distinguished from a captain in the army; Sea′-card, the card of the mariners' compass: a map of the ocean; Sea′-carnā′tion, a sea-pink; Sea′-cat, a name of various animals, as the wolf-fish, the chimæra, any sea-cat-fish; Sea′-cat′erpillar, a scale-back; Sea′-cat′-fish, a marine siluroid fish; Sea′-cat′gut, a common seaweed—sea-lace; Sea′-caul′iflower, a polyp; Sea′-cen′tiped, one of several large marine annelids; Sea′-change (Shak.), a change effected by the sea; Sea′-chart, a chart or map of the sea, its islands, coasts, &c.; Sea′-chest′nut, a sea-urchin; Sea′-chick′weed, a seaside species of sandwort; Sea′-clam, the surf clam used for food: a clamp for deep-sea sounding-lines; Sea′-coal, coal brought by sea, as distinguished from charcoal; Sea′coast, the coast or shore of the sea: the land adjacent to the sea; Sea′-cob, a sea-gull; Sea′-cock, a gurnard: the sea-plover: a valve communicating with the sea through a vessel's hull: a sea-rover or viking; Sea′-col′ander, a large olive seaweed; Sea′-cole′wort, sea-kale; Sea′-com′pass, the mariners' compass; Sea′-cook, a cook on shipboard; Sea′-coot, a black sea-duck; Sea′-cor′morant, a sea-crow; Sea′-corn, the string of egg-capsules of the whelk or similar gasteropod—also Sea′-ruff′le, Sea′-hon′eycomb, Sea′-neck′lace, &c.; Sea′-cow, the walrus: the rhytina: the dugong or manatee: the hippopotamus; Sea′-crab, a marine crab; Sea′-craft, skill in navigation; Sea′-craw′fish, a prawn or shrimp; Sea′-crow, a name of various birds, as the common skua, the chough, the coot, &c.; Sea′-cū′cumber, trepang or bêche-de-mer; Sea′-dace, a sea-perch: the common English bass; Sea′-daff′odil, a plant producing showy, fragrant flowers; Sea′-dai′sy, the lady's cushion; Sea′-dev′il, a name of various fishes, as the ox-ray, the angel-fish, &c.; Sea′-dog, the harbour-seal: the dog-fish: an old sailor: a pirate: (her.) a bearing representing a beast nearly like a talbot; Sea′-dott′erel, the turnstone; Sea′-dove, the little auk; Sea′-drag′on, a flying sea-horse; Sea′-drake, a sea-crow; Sea′-duck a duck often found on salt waters, having the hind-toe lobate: the eider-duck; Sea′-ea′gle, the white-tailed eagle: the bald eagle: the osprey: the eagle-ray; Sea′-ear, a mollusc, an ormer or abalone; Sea′-eel, a conger-eel; Sea′-egg, a sea-urchin: a sea-hedgehog: a whore's egg; Sea′-el′ephant, the largest of the seal family, the male about 20 feet long, an inhabitant of the southern seas; Sea′-fan, an alcyonarian polyp with a beautiful much-branched fan-like skeleton; Sea′fārer, a traveller by sea, a sailor.—adj. Sea′fāring, faring or going to sea: belonging to a seaman.—ns. Sea′-feath′er, a polyp, a sea-pen; Sea′-fenn′el, samphire; Sea′-fight, a battle between ships at sea; Sea′-fir, a sertularian polyp; Sea′-fire, phosphorescence at sea; Sea′-fish, any salt-water or marine fish; Sea′-foam, the froth of the sea: meerschaum; Sea′-fog, a fog, occurring near the coast.—n.pl. Sea′-folk, seafaring people.—ns. Sea′-fowl, a sea-bird; Sea′-fox, or Fox-shark, the thresher, the commonest of the larger sharks occasionally seen off British coasts, over 12 feet long, following shoals of herrings, pilchards, &c.; Sea′front, the side of the land, or of a building, which looks toward the sea; Sea′-froth, the foam of the sea, seaweeds; Sea′-gage, -gauge, the depth a vessel sinks in the water: an instrument for determining the depth of the sea.—n.pl. Sea′-gates, a pair of gates in a tidal basin as a safeguard against a heavy sea.—ns. Sea′-gher′kin, a sea-cucumber; Sea′-gill′iflower, the common thrift; Sea′-gin′ger, millipore coral.—adj. Sea′-girt, girt or surrounded by the sea.—ns. Sea′-god, one of the divinities ruling over or inhabiting the sea:—fem. Sea′-god′dess.—adj. Sea′-gō′ing, sailing on the deep sea, as opposed to coasting or river vessels.—ns. Sea′-goose, a dolphin: a phalarope; Sea′-gown (Shak.), a short-sleeved garment worn at sea; Sea′-grape, a genus of shrubby plants of the natural order Gnetaceæ, closely allied to the Conifers, and sometimes called Joint-firs: a glasswort: the clustered egg-cases of sepia and some other cuttle-fish; Sea′-grass, the thrift: grasswrack: a variety of cirrus cloud.—adj. Sea′-green, green like the sea.—ns. Sea′-grove, a grove in the bottom of the sea; Sea′-gull (same as Gull); Sea′-haar (Scot.), a chilling, piercing mist arising from the sea; Sea′-hall, a hall in the bottom of the sea; Sea′-hare, a name given to the genus Aplysia of nudibranch gasteropods; Sea′-hawk, a rapacious, gull-like bird: a skua; Sea-hedge′hog, a sea-urchin: a globe-fish: a sea-egg: a porcupine-fish; Sea′-hen (Scot.), the common guillemot: the great skua: the piper gurnard; Sea′-hog, a porpoise; Sea′-holl′y, the eryngo; Sea′-holm, a small uninhabited island: sea-holly; Sea′horse, the walrus: the hippopotamus or river-horse: the hippocampus; Sea′-hound, the dog-fish; Sea′-island cott′on, a fine long-stapled variety grown on the islands off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia; Sea′-jell′y, a sea-blubber; Sea′kale, a perennial plant with large, roundish, sinuated sea-green leaves, found on British seashores, the blanched sprouts forming a favourite esculent; Sea′-kid′ney, a polyp of the genus Renilla, so called from its shape; Sea′-king, a name sometimes given to the leaders of the early Scandinavian piratical expeditions; Sea′-kitt′ie, a kittiwake; Sea′-lace, a species of algæ—sea-catgut; Sea′-lam′prey, a marine lamprey; Sea′-lark, a sandpiper, as the dunlin: a ring-plover, as the ring-dotterel: the sea-titling; Sea′-lav′ender, a salt-marsh plant: marsh rosemary; Sea′-law′yer, a captious sailor, an idle litigious ′long-shorer, more given to question orders than to obey them: the mangrove snapper: a tiger-shark; Sea′-leech, a marine suctorial annelid.—n.pl. Sea′-legs, ability to walk on a ship's deck when it is pitching or rolling.—ns. Sea′-lem′on, a doridoid; Sea′-len′til, the gulf-weed; Sea′-leop′ard, a seal of the southern seas, with spotted fur; Sea′-lett′er, -brief, a document of description that used to be given to a ship at the port where she was fitted out; Sea′-lev′el, the level or surface of the sea, generally the mean level between high and low water.—adj. Sea′-like, like or resembling the sea.—ns. Sea′-lil′y, a lily-star: a living crinoid; Sea′-line, the line where sky and sea seem to meet: lines used for fishing in deep water; Sea′-lin′tie (Scot.), the sea-titling: a sea-lark: the rock-lintie; Sea′-lī′on, a species of otary—from its barking-roar and the mane of the male: (her.) a monster consisting of the upper part of a lion combined with the tail of a fish; Sea′-liq′uor, brine; Sea′-liz′ard, a nudibranchiate gasteropod: a fossil reptile; Sea′-loach, a gadoid fish, a Motella; Sea′-long′worm, a nemertean worm; Sea′-louse, a parasitic isopod crustacean: the horse-shoe crab; Sea′-luce, the hake; Sea′-lungs, a comb-jelly; Sea′-mag′pie, a sea-pie: the oyster-catcher; Sea′maid (Shak.), a mermaid: a sea-nymph; Sea′-mall a sea-gull; Sea′man, a man below the rank of officer, employed in the navigation of a ship at sea: a sailor: a merman.—adjs. Sea′man-like, showing good seamanship; Sea′manly, characteristic of a seaman.—ns. Sea′manship, the art of navigating ships at sea; Sea′-man′tis, a squill; Sea′-marge, the marge or shore of the sea; Sea′mark, any mark or object on land serving as a guide to those at sea: a beacon; Sea′-mat, a very common genus of polyzoa; in the wrack of the seashore—also Hornwrack; Sea′-mel′on, a pedate holothurian; Sea′-mew, the common gull, any gull—also Sea′-maw (Scot.); Sea′-mile, a geographical mile, 6080 feet in length; Sea′-mink, a kind of American whiting; Sea′-monk, the monk-seal; Sea′-mon′ster, any huge marine animal; Sea′-moss, a kind of compound polyzoan: Irish moss, or carrageen; Sea′-mouse, a genus of Chætopod worms, covered with iridescent silky hairs; Sea′-mud, a rich saline deposit from salt-marshes; Sea′-muss′el, a marine bivalve; Sea′-need′le, the garfish; Sea′-nett′le, any of the stinging species of acalephæ; Sea′-nurse, a shark; Sea′-nymph, a goddess of the sea, esp. one of the Oceanids; Sea′-on′ion, the officinal squill; Sea′-ooze, sea-mud; Sea′-or′ange, a large, globose, orange-coloured holothurian; Sea′-orb, a globe-fish; Sea′-ott′er, a marine otter; Sea′-owl, the lump-fish or lump-sucker; Sea′-ox, the walrus; Sea′-ox′eye, a fleshy seashore plant; Sea′-pad, a star-fish; Sea′-pan′ther, a South African fish, brown with black spots; Sea′-parr′ot, a puffin: an auk; Sea′-pars′nip, an umbelliferous plant; Sea′-par′tridge, the English conner, a labroid fish; Sea′-pass, a passport, or document carried by neutral merchant-vessels to secure them against molestation; Sea′-pea, the beach-pea; Sea′-peach, a sea-squirt or ascidian; Sea′-pear, a sea-squirt; Sea′-pen, one of the radiate zoophytes somewhat resembling a quill; Sea′-perch, a sea-dace: a bass: the red-fish or rose-fish; Sea′-pert, the opah; Sea′-pheas′ant, the pintail or sprigtail duck; Sea′-pie, a sailor's dish made of salt-meat, vegetables, and dumplings baked: the oyster-catcher or sea-magpie: (her.) a bearing representing such a bird; Sea′-piece, a picture representing a scene at sea; Sea′-pig, a porpoise: the dugong; Sea′-pi′geon, the black guillemot; Sea′-pike, an edible American fish found on the Florida and Texas coasts, allied to the perches: the garfish or belone: the hake; Sea′-pin′cushion, the mermaid's purse: a star-fish; Sea′-pink, a sea-carnation; Sea′-plant, an alga; Sea′-poach′er, the armed bull-head; Sea′-por′cupine, any fish of the genus Diodon, whose body is covered with spines; Sea′-pork, an American compound ascidian; Sea′port, a port or harbour on the seashore: a town near such a harbour; Sea′-pudd′ing, a sea-cucumber; Sea′-pump′kin, a sea-melon; Sea′-purse, a sea-barrow: a skate-barrow; Sea′-quail, the turnstone; Sea′-rat, the chimera: a pirate; Sea′-rā′ven, the cormorant: the North American bull-head; Sea′-reed, the mat grass; Sea′-reeve, an officer in maritime towns; Sea′-risk, hazard of injury by sea; Sea′-rob′ber, a pirate; Sea′-rob′in, a common American name for fishes of the genus Prionotus, which represents in America the European gurnards: the red-breasted merganser; Sea′-rock′et, a cruciferous plant of genus Cakile; Sea′-rod, a kind of sea-pen, a polyp; Sea′-roll, a holothurian; Sea′-room, room or space at sea for a ship to be navigated without running ashore; Sea′-rose, a sea-anemone; Sea′-rose′mary, sea-lavender; Sea′-rō′ver, a pirate: a vessel employed in cruising for plunder; Sea′-rō′ving, piracy; Sea′-ruff, a sea-bream; Sea′-salt, common salt obtained from sea-water by evaporation; Sea′scape, a sea-piece; Sea′-scor′pion, a scorpion-fish: a cottoid-fish; Sea′-ser′pent, an enormous marine animal of serpent-like form, frequently seen and described by credulous sailors, imaginative landsmen, and common liars: a name applied to various marine venomous serpents; Sea′-serv′ice, service on board ship; Sea′-shark, the man-eater shark; Sea′-shell, a marine shell; Sea′shore, the land adjacent to the sea: (law) the ground between high-water mark and low-water mark; Sea′-shrub, a sea-fan.—adj. Sea′sick, affected with sickness through the rolling of a vessel at sea.—ns. Sea′sickness; Sea′side, the land beside the sea; Sea′-skim′mer, the skimmer bird; Sea′-slāt′er, the rock-slater; Sea′-sleeve, a cuttle-fish; Sea′-slug, a nudibranch, as a doridoid: a marine gasteropod with the shell absent or rudimentary; Sea′-snail, a fish of the genus Liparis, the sucker, the periwinkle; Sea′-snake, a sea-serpent; Sea′-snipe, a sandpiper: the snipe-fish; Sea′-sol′dier, a marine; Sea′-spī′der, a spider-crab; Sea′-spleen′wort, a fern—Asplenium marinum; Sea′-squid, a cuttle-fish; Sea′-squirt, any tunicate or ascidian—also Sea′-perch, Sea′-pear, Sea′-pork; Sea′-stick, a herring cured at sea at once; Sea′-stock, fresh provisions for use at sea; Sea′-straw′berry, a kind of polyp; Sea′-sun′flower, a sea-anemone; Sea′-sur′geon, one of a family of spiny-rayed Teleostean fishes living in tropical seas, esp. near coral-reefs—the name refers esp. to the members of the genus Acanthurus, characterised by a lancet-like spine ensheathed on each side of the tail; Sea′-swall′ow, a tern: the stormy petrel; Sea′-swine, a porpoise: the sea-hog: the ballan-wrasse; Sea′-tang, sea-tangle; Sea′-tan′gle, one of several species of seaweeds, esp. of genus Laminaria; Sea′-tench, the black sea-bream; Sea′-term, a word used by sailors or peculiar to ships or sailing; Sea′-thong, a cord-like seaweed; Sea′-tit′ling, the shore-pipit or sea-lark; Sea′-toad, the sea-frog: the sculpin: the great spider-crab; Sea′-tor′toise, a sea-turtle.—adj. Sea′-tost (Shak.), tossed upon or by the sea.—ns. Sea′-trout, a popular name for various species of the genus Salmo, but esp. for the common Salmo trutta; Sea′-trum′pet, a medieval musical instrument similar to the monochord: (bot.) a large seaweed; Sea′-turn, a gale from the sea; Sea′-tur′tle, the sea-pigeon: a tortoise; Sea′-umbrell′a, a pennatulaceous polyp; Sea′-ū′nicorn, the narwhal; Sea′-ur′chin, one of a class of Echinoderms, some with the body symmetrical and nearly globular (Echinus), others heart-shaped (Spatangus), others shield-shaped and flattened (Clypeaster)—in all cases the body walled in by continuous plates of lime; Sea′-vam′pire, a devil-fish or manta; Sea′view, a picture of a scene at sea; Sea′-wall, a wall to keep out the sea.—adj. Sea′-walled, surrounded by the sea.—n. Sea′-wane, wampum.—adj. Sea′ward, towards the sea.—adv. towards or in the direction of the sea.—adjs. Sea′ward-bound, outward-bound, as a vessel leaving harbour; Sea′ward-gaz′ing, gazing or looking towards the sea.—n. Sea′-ware, that which is thrown up by the sea on the shore, as seaweed, &c.—n.pl. Sea′-wash′balls, the egg-cases of the common whelk.—ns. Sea′-wa′ter, water from the sea; Sea′-way, progress made by a vessel through the waves; Sea′weed, a general and popular name applied to a vast collection of lower plant-forms growing on the seacoast from high-water mark (or a little above that limit) to a depth of from 50 to 100 fathoms (rarely deeper), and all belonging to the sub-class of the Thallophyta, to which the name Algæ has been given; Sea′-whip, any alcyonarian like black coral; Sea′-whip′cord, a common form of seaweed, sea-thong; Sea′-whis′tle, the seaweed whose bladders are used by children as whistles; Sea′-wife, a kind of wrasse; Sea′-will′ow, a polyp with slender branches like the osier; Sea′-wing, a wing-shell: a sail; Sea′-with′-wind, a species of bindweed; Sea′-wold, an imaginary tract like a wold under the sea; Sea′-wolf, the wolf-fish: the sea-elephant: a viking, a pirate; Sea′-wood′cock, the bar-tailed godwit; Sea′-wood′louse, a sea-slater: a chiton; Sea′-worm, a marine annelid; Sea′-worm′wood, a saline plant found on European shores.—adj. Sea′worthy, fit for sea, able to endure stormy weather.—ns. Sea′worthiness; Sea′-wrack, coarse seaweeds of any kind.—At full sea, at full tide; At sea, away from land: on the ocean: astray; Go to sea, to become a sailor; Half-seas over, half-drunk; Heavy sea, a sea in which the waves run high; High seas, the open ocean; In a sea-way, in the position of a vessel when a heavy sea is running; Main sea, the ocean; Molten sea, the great brazen laver of 1 Kings, vii. 23-26; Ship a sea, to have a large wave washing in; Short sea, a sea in which the waves are choppy, irregular, and interrupted; The four seas, those bounding Great Britain. [A.S. sǽ; Dut. zee, Ger. see, Ice. sær, Dan. sö.]

Seah, sē′a, n. a Jewish dry-measure containing nearly fourteen pints. [Heb.]

Seal, sēl, n. an engraved stamp for impressing the wax which closes a letter, &c.: the wax or other substance so impressed: that which makes fast or secure: that which authenticates or ratifies: assurance: the water left standing in the trap of a drain or sewer, preventing the upward flow of gas: the sigil or signature of a plant, &c., in medieval medicine: the sign of the cross, baptism, confirmation, the ineffaceable character supposed to be left on the soul by some sacraments.—v.t. to fasten with a seal: to set a seal to: to mark with a stamp: to make fast: to confirm: to keep secure: to close the chinks of: to secure against an escape of air or gas by means of a dip-pipe: to accept: to sign with the cross, to baptise or confirm.—adj. Sealed, certified by a seal: inaccessible.—ns. Seal′-engrav′ing, the art of engraving seals; Seal′er, one who seals: an inspector of stamps; Seal′ing, confirmation by a seal; Seal′ing-day (Shak.), a day for sealing anything; Seal′ing-wax, wax for sealing letters, &c.—also Seal′-wax; Seal′-pipe, a dip-pipe; Seal′-press, a stamp bearing dies for embossing any device upon paper or lead; Seal′-ring (Shak.), a signet-ring; Seal′-wort, Solomon's seal.—Seal of the fisherman, the papal privy seal impressed on wax, representing St Peter fishing.—Great seal, the state seal of the United Kingdom; Leaden seal, a disc of lead pierced with two holes through which are passed the ends of a twisted wire; Privy Seal, the seal appended to grants, and in Scotland authenticating royal grants of personal rights; Set one's seal to, to give one's authority or assent to; Under seal, authenticated. [O. Fr. seel—L. sigillum, dim. of signum, a mark.]

Seal, sēl, n. the name commonly applied to all the Pinnipedia except the morse or walrus—carnivorous mammals adapted to a marine existence; the two great families are Phocidæ (without external ears) and Otariidæ (having distinct though small external ears): (her.) a bearing representing a creature something like a walrus.—v.t. to hunt seals.—ns. Seal′-bird, the slender-billed shear-water; Seal′er, a man or a ship engaged in the seal-fishery; Seal′ery, a seal-fishing station: seal-fishery; Seal′-flow′er, the bleeding heart; Seal′ing, Seal′-fish′ing, the act of catching seals; Seal′-rock′ery, a place where many seals breed; Seal′skin, the prepared fur of the fur-seal used for women's jackets, a garment made of this.—Sealskin cloth, a cloth made of mohair with a nap, and dyed to resemble the fur of the seal. [A.S. seolh; Ice. selr, Sw. själ.]

Seam, sēm, n. (Shak.) grease, hog's lard.—v.t. to grease. [O. Fr. sain—L. sagina, grease.]

Seam, sēm, n. that which is sewed: a piece of plain sewing: the line formed by the sewing together of two pieces: a line of union: a vein or stratum of metal, ore, coal, &c.: a suture: (geol.) a thin layer between thicker strata.—v.t. to unite by a seam: to sew: to make a seam in.—ns. Seam′er, one who seams; Seam′ing-lace, a galloon, braiding, gold lace, &c. to sew upon seams in upholstery; Seam′ing-machine′, a power-tool for bending sheet-metal as required: a machine used to join fabrics lengthwise preparatory to printing, &c.—adj. Seam′less, without a seam: woven throughout.—ns. Seam′-press′er, an implement used to press down the newly-ploughed furrow: a goose or iron used by tailors to flatten the seams of cloth; Seam′-rent, a rent along a seam; Seam′-roll′er, in leather-working, a rubber for flattening down the edges of seams; Seam′-rubb′er; Seam′-set, a grooved punch used by tinmen; Seam′ster, one who sews:—fem. Seam′stress; Seam′stressy (Sterne), sewing.—adj. Seam′y, having a seam or seams.—n. Seam′y-side, the worst side or view of anything.—White seam (Scot.), underclothing in the process of making. [A.S. séam—síwian, to sew; Dut. zoom, Ger. saum.]

Seam, sēm, n. a load for a pack-horse, eight bushels of grain. [A.S. séam, a burden—L. sagma—Gr. sagma, a pack-saddle.]

Seamed, sēmd, adj. in falconry, not in good condition. [Prob. related to Seam (1).]

Séance, sā′ängs, n. a sitting, as of some public body: a sitting for consideration or inquiry, esp. a meeting of spiritualists for the consultation of spirits. [Fr.,—L. sedēre, to sit.]

Seannachie, sen′a-hē, n. a bard among the Scottish Highlanders who recited the traditions of a clan.—Also Seann′achy, Senn′achie. [Gael. seanachaidh.]

Sear, sēr, n. the catch in a gun-lock by which it is held at cock or half-cock: a part of a gun-lock.—n. Sear′-spring, a spring in a gun-lock. [O. Fr. serre—L. sera, a bar.]

Sear, sēr, v.t. to dry up: to burn to dryness on the surface: to scorch: to cauterise: to render callous or insensible.—adj. dry, withered.—adj. Seared, dried up: burned: hardened.—ns. Seared′ness, hardness, insensibility; Sear′ness, dryness; Sear′wood, wood dry enough to burn. [A.S. seár, dry, seárian, to dry up; Low Ger. soor, Dut. zoor.]

Search, sėrch, v.t. to look round to find: to seek; to examine: to inspect: to explore: to put to the test: to probe.—v.i. to seek for: to make inquiry.—n. the act of seeking or looking for: examination: inquiry: investigation: pursuit.—adj. Search′able, capable of being searched.—ns. Search′ableness, the state or quality of being searchable; Search′er, a seeker: an inquirer or examiner: a custom-house officer: an officer who formerly apprehended idlers on the street during church hours in Scotland: a sieve or strainer.—adj. Search′ing, looking over closely: penetrating: trying: severe.—adv. Search′ingly.—n. Search′ingness, the quality of being searching, penetrating, or severe.—adj. Search′less, unsearchable.—ns. Search′-light, an electric arc-light used on board ship and in military operations; Search′-warr′ant, a legal warrant authorising a search for stolen goods, &c.—Right of search, the right claimed by one nation to authorise the commanders of their cruisers to search private merchant-vessels for articles contraband of war. [O. Fr. cercher (Fr. chercher)—L. circāre, to go about—circus, a circle.]

Season, sē′zn, n. one of the four periods of the year: the usual or proper time for anything: any particular time: any period of time, esp. of some continuance, but not long: seasoning, relish.—v.t. to mature: to prepare for use: to accustom or fit for use by any process: to fit for the taste: to give relish to: to mingle: to moderate, temper, or qualify by admixture: to inure, imbue, tinge, or taint: to preserve from decay.—v.i. to become seasoned or matured: to grow fit for use: to become inured.—adj. Sea′sonable, happening in due season: occurring in good, suitable, or proper time: timely, opportune.—n. Sea′sonableness.—adv. Sea′sonably.—adj. Sea′sonal.—adv. Sea′sonally.—n. Sea′soner, one who, or that which, seasons: a sailor, &c., who hires for the season: a loafer, a beach-comber.—Season ticket (see Ticket).—Close season, close time; In season, ripe, fit and ready for use: allowed to be killed, fit to be eaten, edible; In season and out of season, at all times; Out of season, inopportune; The four seasons, the ember or fast days of the Church on days set apart in each of the four seasons. [O. Fr. seson (Fr. saison)—L. satio, -onis, seedtime.]

Seasoning, sē′zn-ing, n. that which is added to food to give it greater relish: anything added to increase enjoyment: in diamond-cutting, the charging of the laps or wheels with diamond dust and oil.—n. Sea′soning-tub, a trough in which dough is set to rise.—adj. Sea′sonless, without relish: insipid.

Seat, sēt, n. that on which one sits: a chair, bench, &c.: the place or room where one sits, as in church, at a theatre, &c.: site: a place where anything is settled or established: post of authority: station: abode: a mansion: that part of the body or of a garment on which one sits: posture or situation on horseback: a right to sit: membership: sitting-room: a sitting: a sitting of eggs.—v.t. to place on a seat: to cause to sit down: to place in any situation, site, &c.: to establish: to fix: to assign a seat to: to furnish with seats: to fit accurately: to repair by making a seat new.—v.i. to lie down.—ns. Seat′-back, a loose ornamental covering for the back of a sofa or chair; Seat′-earth, in coal-mining, the bed of clay by which many coal-seams are underlain.—p.adj. Seat′ed, fixed, confirmed, located.—ns. Seat′-fas′tener, in a wagon, the screw-clamp for securing the seat to the body; Seat′ing, the act of furnishing with seats: haircloth: in shipbuilding, that part of the floor which rests on the keel; Seat′-lock, the lock of a reversible seat in railroad cars; Seat′-rail, a cross-piece between the legs, below the seat, of a chair, &c.; Seat′-worm, a pin-worm.—Seat of the soul, the sensorium.—Take a seat, to sit down. [A.S. sǽt, an ambush—sittan, to seat; or more prob. Ice. sæti, a seat—sat, pa.t. of sitja, to sit.]

Seave, sēv, n. a wick made of rush.—adj. Seav′y, overgrown with rushes.

Seax, sē′aks, n. a curved, one-edged sword, used by Germanic and Celtic peoples: (her.) a bearing representing a weapon like the seax. [A.S. seax.]

Sebaceous, sē-bā′shus, adj. pertaining to or secreting fat or fatty matter: (bot.) like tallow or wax, as the secretions of certain plants.—adj. Sēbac′ic, pertaining to or obtained from fat.—n. Sē′bāte, a salt formed by the combination of sebacic acid with a base.—adj. Sēbif′erous, sebaceous.—n. Sēborrhē′a, a disease of the sebaceous glands with excessive secretion—also Sēborrhœ′a.—adj. Sēborrhē′ic.—n. Sē′bum, the secretion of the sebaceous glands. [Low L. sebaceus—sebum, tallow.]

Sebastomania, sē-bas-tō-mā′ni-a, n. religious insanity. [Gr. sebastos, reverenced, mania, madness.]

Sebat, sē-bat′, n. the fifth month of the Jewish civil year, and the eleventh of the ecclesiastical year, falling in part of January and February.

Sebesten, sē-bes′ten, n. a tree with plum-like fruit.—Also Sebes′tan. [Fr.,—Ar.]

Sebilla, sē-bil′a, n. in stone-cutting, a wooden bowl for holding the water used in sawing, &c. [Fr.]

Sebundy, sē-bun′di, n. a native soldier or local militiaman in India.—Also Sebun′dee. [Hind.]

Sec., sek, n. an abbreviation of secretary, secant, second; also of secundum, according to.

Secability, sek-a-bil′i-ti, n. capability of being divided. [L. secāre, to cut.]

Secant, sē′kant, adj. cutting: dividing.—n. a line that cuts another: a straight line from the centre of a circle to one extremity of an arc, produced till it meets the tangent to the other extremity.—n. Sē′cancy. [L. secans, secantis, pr.p. of secāre, to cut.]

Secede, sē-sēd′, v.i. to go away: to separate one's self: to withdraw from fellowship or association.—ns. Secē′der, one who secedes: one of a body of Presbyterians who seceded from the Church of Scotland about 1733; Seces′sion, the act of seceding: withdrawal: departure; Seces′sionism, the doctrine of secession; Seces′sionist, one who maintains the principle of secession.—War of Secession, in United States history, the civil war (1860-65) which resulted from the attempted withdrawal of eleven Southern States from the United States. [L. secedĕre, secessum—se-, away, cedĕre, to go.]

Secern, sē-sern′, v.i. and v.t. to separate: to distinguish: to secrete.—adj. Secer′nent.—n. Secern′ment. [L. secernĕre, secretum, to separate.]

Secesh, sē-sesh′, n. and adj. (U.S. slang) secessionist.—n. Secesh′er.

Sechium, sē′ki-um, n. a genus of gourds. [Prob. Gr. sēkos, an enclosure.]

Seclude, sē-klōōd′, v.i. to shut apart: to keep apart.—adj. Sēclud′ed, retired: withdrawn from observation.—adv. Sēclud′edly.—ns. Sēclu′sion, the act of secluding: a shutting out: the state of being secluded or apart: separation: retirement: privacy: solitude; Sēclu′sionist.—adj. Sēclu′sive. [L. secludĕre, seclusum—se-, apart, claudĕre, to shut.]

Secohm, sek′ōm, n. the practical unit of electrical self-induction—now more commonly Henry.—n. Sec′ohmmēter, an instrument for measuring the coefficient, of electrical self-induction. [Sec (ond) and ohm, the unit of resistance.]

Second, sek′und, adj. immediately following the first: the ordinal of two: next in position: inferior: other: another: favourable.—n. one who, or that which, follows or is second: one who attends another in a duel or a prize-fight: a supporter: the 60th part of a minute of time, or of a degree.—v.t. to follow: to act as second: to assist: to encourage: to support the mover of a question or resolution: (mus.) to sing second to: to put into temporary retirement in the army, as an officer when holding civil office (usually sēcond′).—n. Sec′ond-ad′ventist, one who lives in expectation of a second coming of Christ to establish a personal kingdom on earth, a premillenarian.—adv. Sec′ondarily, in a secondary manner or degree: (B.) secondly.—n. Sec′ondariness.—adj. Sec′ondary, following or coming after the first: second in position: inferior: subordinate: deputed.—n. a subordinate: a delegate or deputy.—adjs. Sec′ond-best, next to the best: best except one—(Come off second-best, to get the worst of a contest); Sec′ond-class, inferior to the first, as a second-class carriage.—ns. Sec′onder, one who seconds or supports; Sec′ond-flour, flour of a coarser quality, seconds.—adj. Sec′ond-hand, received as it were from the hand of a second person: not new: that has been used by another.—n. a hand for marking seconds on a clock or watch.—adv. Sec′ondly, in the second place.—ns. Sec′ond-mark, the character ″ as the mark in mathematics for a second of arc, in architecture for inches, and as a sign for a second of time; Secon′do, the lower part in a duet.—adj. Sec′ond-rate, being second in power, size, rank, quality, or value.—ns. Sec′ond-sight (see Sight); Sec′onds-pen′dulum, a pendulum which makes one oscillation per second of mean time.—Secondary education, that which is higher than primary or elementary; Secondary formation, rocks, strata, the Mesozoic strata; Secondary planet, a moon or satellite; Secondary school, a school for higher education; Second childhood, a condition of mental weakness often accompanying old age; Second coming, the second coming of Christ, or Second Advent; Second cousin, the child of a cousin; Second estate, the House of Lords; Second guard, an additional guard to a sword; Second story, in America, the second range of rooms from the first level, called in England the first floor; Second thoughts, reconsideration. [Fr.,—L. secundus—sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Secret, sē′kret, adj. concealed from notice: removed from sight: unrevealed: hidden: secluded: retired: private: keeping secrets: reserved.—n. that which is concealed: anything unrevealed or unknown: privacy: the key or principle by which something is made clear: a form of steel skull-cap: one of the prayers in the Mass, immediately following the 'Orate, fratres,' said inaudibly by the celebrant: (pl.) any prayers said secretly and not aloud: the parts of the body which are concealed.—ns. Sē′crecy, the state of being secret: separation: concealment: retirement: privacy: fidelity to a secret: the keeping of secrets; Sē′cretage, a process in dressing furs.—adj. Sē′cret-false (Shak.), secretly false, while apparently sincere.—adv. Sē′cretly, in a secret manner: privately: unknown to others: inwardly.—n. Sē′cretness, the state of being secret.—Secret service, a department of government service.—Open secret, a secret which all may inquire into. [Fr.,—L. secretus—secernĕre, secretum—se-, apart, cernĕre, to separate.]

Secretary, sek′rē-tā-ri, n. one employed to write for another: a public officer entrusted with the affairs of a department of government, or of a company, &c.: a piece of furniture for writing, with drawers, pigeon-holes, &c. (also Secretaire′).—adj. Secretā′rial, pertaining to a secretary or his duties.—ns. Secretā′riate, the official position of secretary; Sec′retary-bird a raptorial serpent-eating bird resembling the crane, found in South Africa and the East—from the tufts of feathers at the back of its head like pens stuck behind the ear; Sec′retaryship.

Secrete, sē-krēt′, v.t. to make secret: to hide: to conceal: to produce from the circulating fluids, as the blood in animals, the sap in vegetables.—adj. separate, distinct.—n.pl. Sēcrē′ta, the products of secretion.—n. Sēcrē′tion, the act of secreting or separating from a circulating fluid: that which is so secreted.—adj. Sēcrē′tional.—n. Sē′cretist, a dealer in secrets.—adjs. Sēcreti′tious, produced by secretion; Sēcrē′tive, tending to, or causing, secretion: given to secrecy or to keeping secrets.—adv. Sēcrē′tively.—ns. Sēcrē′tiveness, a phrenological organ supposed to indicate a turn for secrecy and concealment; Sēcrē′tor, a secreting organ.—adj. Sēcrē′tory, performing the office of secretion.—Secreting glands, true glands; Secreting organs, certain specialised organs of plants. [L. secernĕre, secretum.]

Sect, sekt, n. a body of men who unite in holding some particular views, esp. in religion and philosophy: those who dissent from an established church: a denomination: a school of philosophy: a party: faction: apparel: a part cut off.—adj. Sectā′rian, pertaining to, or peculiar to, a sect: bigotedly devoted to the interests of a sect, narrow, exclusive (also Sectā′rial).—n. one of a sect: one strongly imbued with the characteristics of a sect.—v.t. Sectā′rianise.—ns. Sectā′rianism, quality or character of a sectarian: excessive devotion to a sect; Sec′tarist; Sec′tary, one of a sect: a dissenter; Sectā′tor (obs.), an adherent of a school or party; Sec′tist; Sect′-mas′ter, the leader of a sect.—Sectarial marks, emblems marked on the foreheads of the different sects in India. [Fr. secte—L. secta, a school of philosophy—secāre, sectum, to cut off.]

Sectant, sek′tant, n. a portion of space cut off from the rest by three planes, but extending to infinity.

Section, sek′shun, n. act of cutting: a division: a portion: a distinct part of a book: the plan of any object cut through, as it were, to show its interior: the line formed by the intersection of two surfaces: the surface formed when a solid is cut by a plane: one of the squares, each containing 640 acres, into which the public lands of the United States are divided: (zool.) a group: the sign §, as a mark of reference.—v.t. to divide into sections, as a ship; to reduce to the degree of thinness required for study with the microscope.—adjs. Sec′tile, Sec′tive, capable of being cut.—n. Sectil′ity.—adj. Sec′tional, pertaining to a section or distinct part: local.—n. Sec′tionalism, the spirit of a class, commercial or political.—adv. Sec′tionally.—ns. Sec′tion-beam, in warping, a roller which receives the yarn from the spools; Sec′tion-cut′ter, an instrument used for making sections for microscopic work.—v.t. Sec′tionise, to render sectional in scope or spirit.—ns. Sec′tion-lin′er, a draftsman's instrument for ruling parallel lines; Sec′tion-plane, a cut surface; Sec′tioplanog′raphy, a method of laying down the sections of engineering work in railways; Sec′tiuncle, a petty sect.

Sector, sek′tur, n. that which cuts: that which is cut off: a portion of the circle between two radii and the intercepted arc: a mathematical instrument for finding a fourth proportional: an astronomical instrument: (mech.) a toothed gear, the face of which is the arc of a circle.—adjs. Sec′toral; Sectō′rial, adapted or intended for cutting.—n. a scissor-tooth. [L. sector—secāre, to cut.]

Secular, sek′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to an age or generation: coming or observed only once in a century: permanent: lay or civil, as opposed to clerical: (geol.) gradually becoming appreciable in the course of ages: pertaining to the present world, or to things not spiritual: not bound by monastic rules.—n. a layman: an ecclesiastic, as a parish priest, not bound by monastic rules.—n. Secularisa′tion, the state of being secularised.—v.t. Sec′ularise, to make secular: to convert from spiritual to common use.—ns. Sec′ularism; Sec′ularist, one who, discarding religious belief and worship, applies himself exclusively to the things of this life: one who holds that education should be apart from religion; Secular′ity, state of being secular or worldly: worldliness.—adv. Sec′ularly.—n. Sec′ularness. [L. secularis—seculum, an age, a generation.]

Secundate, sē-kun′dāt, v.t. to make prosperous.—n. Secundā′tion.

Secundine, sek′un-din, n. the afterbirth: (bot.) inner coat of an ovule, within the primine.

Secundogeniture, sē-kun′do-jen′i-tūr, n. the right of inheritance pertaining to a second son.

Seoundum, sē-kun′dum, prep. according to.—Secundum artem, artificially: skilfully: professionally; Secundum naturam, naturally; Secundum quid, in some respects only; Secundum veritatem, universally valid.

Secure, sē-kūr′, adj. without care or anxiety, careless (B.): free from fear or danger: safe: confident: incautious: in safe keeping: of such strength as to ensure safety.—v.t. to make safe: to guard from danger: to seize and confine: to get hold of: to make one's self master of: (obs.) to plight or pledge: to render certain: to guarantee: to fasten.—adj. Secūr′able, that may be secured.—n. Secur′ance, assurance, confirmation.—adv. Secūre′ly.—ns. Secūre′ment; Secūre′ness; Secūr′er, one who, or that which, secures or protects; Secūr′itan, one who dwells in fancied security; Secūr′ity, state of being secure: freedom from fear: carelessness: protection: certainty: a pledge: (pl.) bonds or certificates in evidence of debt or property.—Secure arms, to guard the firearms from becoming wet. [L. securus—se- (for sine), without, cura, care.]

Securicula, sek-ū′-rik′ū-la, n. a little ax, a votive offering in this form.

Securifer, sē-kū′ri-fėr, n. a sawfly.—adjs. Secūrif′erous; Secū′riform, axe-shaped.

Securigera, sek-ū-rij′e-ra, n. a genus of leguminous plants—the hatchet-vetch, axe-fitch.

Securite, sek′ūr-īt, n. a modern high explosive in the form of a yellowish powder.

Sedan, sē-dan′, n. a covered chair for one, carried on two poles, generally by two bearers: a hand-barrow for fish. [Invented at Sedan, in France.]

Sedate, sē-dāt′, adj. quiet: serene: serious.—adv. Sedāte′ly.—n. Sedāte′ness, composure: tranquillity.—adj. Sed′ative, tending to make sedate: moderating: allaying irritation or pain.—n. a medicine that allays irritation or pain. [L. sedāre, -ātum, to seat, akin to sedēre, to sit.]

Se defendendo, sē dē-fen-den′dō, n. the plea of a person charged with slaying another, that it was in his own defence.

Sedentaria, sed-en-tā′ri-a, n.pl. the tubicolous worms: the sedentary spiders.

Sedentary, sed′en-tā-ri, adj. sitting much: passed chiefly in sitting: requiring much sitting: inactive: (zool.) not migratory: not errant: lying in wait, as a spider: not free-swimming: motionless, as a protozoan.—adj. Sē′dent, at rest.—adv. Sed′entarily.—n. Sed′entariness. [L. sedentarius—sedēre, to sit.]

Sederunt, sē-dē′runt, n. in Scotland, the sitting of a court.—Acts of sederunt, ordinances of the Scottish Court of Session. [L., 'they sat'—sedēre, to sit.]

Sedes impedita, sē′dez im-pē-dī′ta, a term for a papal or episcopal see when there is a partial cessation by the incumbent of his episcopal duties.—Sedes vacans (sē-dez vā′kanz), a term of canon law to designate a papal or episcopal see when vacant.

Sedge, sej, n. a kind of flag or coarse grass growing in swamps and rivers.—adj. Sedged, composed of sedge or flags.—ns. Sedge′-hen, a marsh-hen; Sedge′-war′bler, a reed-warbler, the sedge-wren.—adj. Sedg′y, overgrown with sedge. [Older form seg—A.S. secg; cf. Low Ger. segge.]

Sedge, sej, n. a flock of herons, bitterns, or cranes. [A variant of siege.]

Sedilium, sē-dil′i-um, n. one of a row of seats in a Roman amphitheatre: a seat in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergyman—sometimes Sēdī′le:—pl. Sēdil′ia. [L.]

Sediment, sed′i-ment, n. what settles at the bottom of a liquid: dregs.—adj. Sedimen′tary, pertaining to, consisting of, or formed by sediment.—n. Sedimentā′tion. [L. sedimentum—sedēre, to sit.]

Sedition, sē-dish′un, n. insurrection: any offence against the State next to treason.—n. Sēdi′tionary, an inciter to sedition.—adj. Sedi′tious, pertaining to, or exciting, sedition: turbulent.—adv. Sēdi′tiously.—n. Sedi′tiousness. [Fr.,—L. seditio—se-, away, īre, ītum, to go.]

Seduce, sē-dūs′, v.t. to draw aside from rectitude: to entice: to corrupt: to cause a woman to surrender her chastity through persuasion, entreaty, under promise of marriage, &c.—ns. Sēdūce′ment, act of seducing or drawing aside: allurement; Sēdū′cer.—adj. Sēdū′cible.—adv. Sēdū′cingly.—n. Sēduc′tion, act of seducing or enticing from virtue, any enticement to evil: the act of fraudulently depriving an unmarried woman of her chastity.—adj. Sēduc′tive, tending to seduce or draw aside: assiduous.—adv. Sēduc′tively.—ns. Sēduc′tiveness; Sēduc′tor, one who leads astray. [L. seducĕre—se-, aside, ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Sedulous, sed′ū-lus, adj. diligent: constant.—ns. Sēdū′lity, Sed′ulousness.—adv. Sed′ulously. [L. sedulus—sedēre, to sit.]

Sedum, sē′dum, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, as stone-crop. [L., a house-leek.]

See, sē, n. the seat or jurisdiction of a bishop or archbishop: a throne.—Holy See, the papal court. [O. Fr. se, siet—L. sedes—sedēre, to sit.]

See, sē, v.t. to perceive by the eye: to observe: to discover: to remark: to bring about as a result: to wait upon, escort: to receive: to consult for any particular purpose: to suffer, experience: to meet and accept by staking a similar sum: to visit: to discern: to understand.—v.i. to look or inquire: to be attentive: to apprehend: to consider:—pa.t. saw; pa.p. seen.—interj. look! behold!—adj. See′able, capable of being seen.—n. Sē′er, one who sees or who foresees, a prophet.—See about a thing, to consider it; See one through, to aid in accomplishing or doing, esp. something difficult or dangerous; See out, to see to the end: to outdo; See through one, to understand one thoroughly; See to, to look after: (B.) to behold; See to it, look well to it.—Have soon one's best days, to be now on the decline; Let me see, a phrase employed to express consideration. [A.S. séon; Ger. sehen, Dut. zien.]

Seed, sēd, n. the thing sown: the male fecundating fluid, semen, sperm, milt, spat, the substance produced by plants and animals from which new plants and animals are generated: first principle: original: descendants: children: race: red-seed: a small bubble formed in imperfectly fused glass.—v.i. to produce seed: to grow to maturity.—v.t. to sow: to plant: to graft.—ns. Seed′-bag, a bag for seeds; Seed′-bed, a piece of ground for receiving seed; Seed′-bird, the water-wagtail; Seed′-bud, the bud or germ of the seed; Seed′-cake, a sweet cake containing aromatic seeds; Seed′-coat, the exterior coat of a seed; Seed′-cod, a basket for holding seed; Seed′-cor′al, coral in small and irregular pieces; Seed′-corn, corn to be used for sowing; Seed′-crush′er, an instrument for crushing seeds to express the oil; Seed′-down, the down on cotton, &c.; Seed′-drill, a machine for sowing seed in rows; Seed′-eat′er, a granivorous bird.—adj. Seed′ed, bearing seed, full-grown: sown: (her.) having the stamens indicated.—ns. Seed′-embroi′dery, embroidery in which seeds form parts of the design; Seed′er, a seed-drill: an apparatus for removing seeds from fruit: a seed-fish; Seed′-field, a field in which seed is raised; Seed′-finch, a South American finch; Seed′-fish, roe or spawn; Seed′-fowl, a bird that feeds on grain.—adj. Seed′ful, rich in promise.—ns. Seed′-gall, a small gall; Seed′-grain, corn for seed.—adv. Seed′ily.—ns. Seed′iness, the state of being seedy: shabbiness: exhaustion; Seed′ing; Seed′ing-machine′, an agricultural machine for sowing; Seed′ing-plough, a plough fitted with a hopper from which seed is automatically deposited; Seed′-lac (see Lac, 2); Seed′-leaf, a cotyledon; Seed′-leap, a seed-basket.—adj. Seed′less, having no seeds.—ns. Seed′ling a plant reared from the seed—also adj.; Seed′-lobe, a cotyledon or seed-leaf; Seed′ness (Shak.), seedtime; Seed′-oil, oil expressed from seeds.—ns.pl. Seed′-oy′sters, very young oysters; Seed′-pearls, very small or imperfect pearls strung together on horse-hair and attached to mother-of-pearl, &c., for ornament—used also in the composition of electuaries, &c.—ns. Seed′-plant′er, a seeder for planting seed on hills; Seed′-plot, a piece of nursery-ground, a hot-bed; Seed′-sheet, the sheet containing the seed of the sower; Seeds′man, one who deals in seeds: a sower:—pl. Seeds′men; Seed′-sow′er, a broadcast seeding-machine; Seed′-stalk, the funiculus; Seed′-tick, a young tick; Seed′time, the time or season for sowing seed; Seed′-vess′el, the pericarp which contains the seeds; Seed′-weev′il, a small weevil which infests seeds; Seed′-wool, cotton-wool from which the seeds have not been removed.—adj. Seed′y, abounding with seed: run to seed: having the flavour of seeds: worn out: out of sorts, looking or feeling unwell: shabby.—n. Seed′y-toe, a diseased condition of a horse's foot. [A.S. sǽd—sáwan, to sow; Ice. sádh, Ger. saat.]

Seeing, sē′ing, n. sight: vision.—conj. since: because: taking into account.—n. See′ing-stone (obs.), a looking-glass, a divining crystal.

Seek, sēk, v.t. to go in search of: to look for: to try to find or gain: to ask for: to solicit: to pursue: to consult.—v.i. to make search or inquiry: to try: to use solicitation: (B.) to resort to:—pa.t. and pa.p. sought.—ns. Seek′er, an inquirer: one of a sect in the time of Cromwell: (anat.) tracer; Seek′-no-far′ther, a reddish winter apple; Seek′-sorr′ow (obs.), a self-tormentor.—Sought after, in demand, desired; To seek, to be sought: at a loss, without knowledge or resources, helpless. [A.S. sécan; cf. Dut. zoeken, Ger. suchen.]

Seel, sēl, v.t. to close the eyes of by sewing the eyelids together, as a hawk: to blind, hoodwink. [O. Fr. siller, ciller—cil—L. cilium, eyelash.]

Seel, sēl, n. (prov.) good fortune, happiness: opportunity, season.—n. Seel′iness.—adj. Seel′y (Spens.), silly, innocent: fortunate, happy, good: simple: trifling.—n. good fortune: bliss: (Scot.) opportunity. [A.S. sǽl, time—sǽl, propitious.]

Seel, sēl, v.i. to lean to one side, to pitch or roll.—n. a roll of a ship. [Prob. related to sail.]

Seem, sēm, v.i. to appear: to have a show: to look: to pretend, to assume an air: to appear to one's self.—v.t. (B.) to befit: to become.—n. Seem′er.—adj. Seem′ing, apparent: specious: ostensible.—n. appearance: semblance: a false appearance: way of thinking.—adv. Seem′ingly.—n. Seem′ingness.—adj. Seem′less (Spens.), unseemly: indecorous.—n. Seem′liness.—adj. Seem′ly (comp. Seem′lier, superl. Seem′liest), becoming: suitable: decent: handsome.—adv. in a decent or suitable manner.—n. Seem′lyhed (Spens.), decent comely appearance.—It seems, it appears: it seems to me. [A.S. séman, to satisfy, to suit; or prob. direct from Scand., Ice. sæma, to honour, conform to.]

Seep, sēp, v.i. to ooze gently: to trickle: to drain off.—n. Seep′age.—adj. Seep′y. [Sipe.]

Seer, sēr, n. one who foresees events: a prophet: a soothsayer.—n. Seer′ship.

Seer-fish, sēr′-fish, n. a longish scombroid fish, valuable for food.—Also Seir′-fish.

Seesaw, sē′saw, n. motion to and fro, as in the act of sawing: a play among children, in which two seated at opposite ends of a board supported in the centre move alternately up and down.—adj. moving up and down, or to and fro: reciprocal.—v.i. to move backwards and forwards. [Prob. a redup. of saw.]

Seethe, sēth, v.t. to boil: to cook in hot liquid: to soak.—v.i. to be boiling: to be hot:—pa.t. seethed or sod; pa.p. seethed or sodd′en.—n. Seeth′er. [A.S. seóthan; Ice. sjótha, Ger. sieden.]

Seetulputty, sē′tul-put-i, n. a Bengalese grass mat for sleeping on. [Hind.]

Seg, seg, n. sedge: the yellow flower-de-luce.—n. Seg′gan (Scot.).

Seggar, seg′ar, n. a case of clay in which fine pottery is enclosed while baking in the kiln. [Saggar.]

Seghol, se-gōl′, n. a vowel-point in Hebrew with sound of e in pen, placed under a consonant, thus

.—n. Segh′ōlāte, a dissyllabic noun form with tone-long vowel in the first and a short seghol in the second syllable.

Segment, seg′ment, n. a part cut off: a portion: (geom.) the part of a circle cut off by a straight line: the part of a sphere cut off by a plane: a section: one of the parts into which a body naturally divides itself: (her.) a bearing representing one part only of a rounded object.—v.t. and v.i. to divide or become divided.—adj. Segmen′tal, being a segment: in embryology, noting the rudimental venal organs.—adv. Segmen′tally.—adjs. Seg′mentary, Seg′mentate.—n. Segmentā′tion, the act of cutting into segments.—adj. Segmen′ted.—ns. Seg′ment-gear, a gear extending over an arc only of a circle, providing a reciprocating motion; Seg′ment-rack, a rack having a cogged surface; Seg′ment-saw, a circular saw used for cutting veneers; Seg′ment-shell, a modern form of projectile for artillery. [L. segmentum—secāre, to cut.]

Segnitude, seg′ni-tūd, n. sluggishness, inactivity, [L. segnitia, slowness, segnis, slow.]

Segno, sā′nyō, n. (mus.) a sign to mark the beginning or end of repetitions—abbreviated

. [It.,—L. signum, a mark.]

Segreant, seg′rē-ant, adj. an epithet of the griffin: (her.) equivalent to rampant and salient.

Segregate, seg′rē-gāt, v.t. to separate from others.—adj. separate from others of the same kind: (geol.) separate from a mass and collected together along lines of fraction.—n. Segregā′tion. [L. segregāre, -ātum—se-, apart, grex, gregis, a flock.]

Seguidilla, seg-i-dēl′yä, n. a lively Spanish dance for two: music for such a dance.

Seiche, sāsh, n. a remarkable fluctuation of the level observed on the Lake of Geneva and other Swiss lakes, probably due to local variations in the barometric pressure. [Fr.]

Seidlitz, sēd′litz, adj. saline water of or from Seidlitz in northern Bohemia, also a saline aperient powder.

Seignior, Seigneur, sē′nyor, n. a title of honour and address in Europe to elders or superiors: the lord of a manor.—ns. Seign′iorage, Seign′orage, a royalty: a share of profit: a percentage on minted bullion; Seignioral′ty, the authority or the territory of a seignior or lord.—adjs. Seigniorial (sē-nyō′ri-al), Seigneu′rial, Signō′rial, manorial.—v.t. Seign′iorise, to lord it over.—ns. Seign′iory, Seign′ory, the power or authority of a seignior or lord: a domain, a lordship without a manor, or that of manor whose lands were held by free tenants: the elders forming the municipal council in a medieval Italian republic.—Grand Seignior, the Sultan of Turkey. [Fr. seigneur—L. senior—senex, old. In Late. L. senior is sometimes equivalent to dominus, lord.]

Seine, sān, or sēn, n. a large net for catching fish.—v.t. to catch with such.—ns. Seine′-boat; Seine′-en′gine, a steam-engine used in hauling seines; Seine′-gang, a body of men engaged in seining, with their boats and other gear; Sein′er, one who seines: a vessel engaged in purse-seining for mackerel; Sein′ing, the art of using the seine. [Fr.,—L. sagena—Gr. sagēnē, a fishing-net.]

Seirospore, sī′rō-spōr, n. one of the non-sexual spores arranged in a chain in certain florideous algæ.—adj. Seirospor′ic.

Seised, sēzd, adj. (Spens.) taken possession of.—n. Seis′in (Spens.), possession.

Seismograph, sīs′mō-graf, n. an instrument for registering the shocks and concussions of earthquakes, a seismometer.—adjs. Seis′mal; Seis′mic, belonging to an earthquake.—ns. Seis′mogram, the record made by a seismometer; Seismog′rapher.—adjs. Seismograph′ic, -al, connected with the seismograph.—n. Seismog′raphy, the study of earthquake phenomena.—adjs. Seismolog′ic, -al.—ns. Seismol′ogist, a student of earthquake phenomena; Seis′mologue, a catalogue of earthquake observations; Seismol′ogy, the science of earthquakes and volcanoes; Seismom′eter, an instrument for measuring shakings, tremors, and tiltings of the earth.—adjs. Seismom′etric, -al.—ns. Seismom′etry, the measuring the phenomena of earthquakes; Seis′moscope, a name of the simpler form of seismometer.—adj. Seismoscop′ic. [Gr. seismos, an earthquake, graphein, to write.]

Seiurus, sī-ū′rus, n. the genus of birds including the American wagtails.

Seize, sēz,—v.t. to take possession of forcibly: to take hold of: to grasp: to apprehend by legal authority: to come upon suddenly: to lash or make fast.—v.i. to lay hold of with the claws: in metallurgy, to cohere.—adj. Seiz′able.—ns. Seiz′er; Seiz′ing, the act of taking hold: (naut.) the operation of lashing with several turns of a cord. [O. Fr. saisir (Prov. sazir, to take possession of)—Old High Ger. sazzan, to set, Ger. setzen, Eng. set.]

Seizin, Seisin, sē′zin, n. the taking possession of an estate as of freehold: the thing possessed—the same as Sasine (q.v.).—n. Seiz′or, one who takes legal possession.

Seizure, sē′zhūr, n. act of seizing: capture: grasp: the thing seized: a sudden attack.

Sejant, Sejeant, sē′jant, adj. (her.) sitting. [Fr. séant, pr.p. of seoir—L. sedēre, to sit.]

Sejoin, sē-join′, v.t. (obs.) to separate.—n. Sejunc′tion, separation.

Sejugous, sē′jōō-gus, adj. (bot.) having six pairs of leaflets. [L. sejugis—sex, six, jugum, a yoke.]

Sekos, sē′kos, n. in Greek antiquities, any sacred enclosure, a sanctuary, cella of the temple.

Selache, sel′a-kē, n. a genus of sharks.—adjs. Selā′chian, Sel′achioid. [Gr. selachos, a sea-fish.]

Selaginella, sē-laj-i-nel′a, n. a genus of heterosporous cryptogams, allied to club-moss.

Selah, sē′lä, n. in the Psalms, a transliterated Hebrew word (connected by Gesenius with sālāh, rest), supposed to be a direction in the musical rendering of a passage, probably meaning 'pause.'

Selcouth, sel′kōōth, adj. (Spens.) rarely known, uncommon.—adv. Sel′couthly. [A.S. selcúth for seldcúth—seld, seldom, cúth—known, cunnan, to know.]

Seld, seld, adj. (Spens.) rare, uncommon.—adv. seldom, rarely.—adjs. Seld′seen, rarely seen; Seld′-shown (Shak.), rarely shown. [Seldom.]

Seldom, sel′dum, adv. rarely: not often.—n. Sel′domness.—adv. Sel′dom-times. [A.S. seldum, seldan—seld (adj.), rare; Ger. selten.]

Select, sē-lekt′, v.t. to pick out from a number by preference: to choose: to cull.—adj. picked out: nicely chosen: choice: exclusive.—adj. Selec′ted.—adv. Selec′tedly.—ns. Selec′tedness; Selec′tion, act of selecting: things selected: a book containing select pieces.—adj. Selec′tive.—adv. Selec′tively, by selection.—ns. Select′man, in New England towns, one of a board of officers chosen annually to manage various local concerns; Select′ness; Select′or.—Select meeting, in the Society of Friends, a meeting of ministers and elders.—Natural selection, the preservation of some forms of animal and vegetable life and the destruction of others by the ordinary operation of natural causes. [L. seligĕre, selectum—se-, aside, legĕre, to choose.]

Selene, sē-lē′nē, n. (Gr. myth.) the goddess of the moon, the Latin Luna—also Phœbe: a genus of carangoid fishes, the moon-fishes.—n. Selē′niscope, an instrument for observing the moon.—adj. Selēnocen′tric, having relation to the centre of the moon.—ns. Selē′nograph, a delineation of the moon; Selēnog′rapher, a student of selenography.—adjs. Selēnograph′ic, -al.—ns. Selēnog′raphist, a selenographer; Selēnog′raphy, description of the moon.—adj. Selēnolog′ical, pertaining to the physiography of the moon.—ns. Selēnol′ogist, a selenographer; Selēnol′ogy, selenography.—adj. Selēnōtrop′ic, turning to the moon.—ns. Selēnot′ropism, Selēnot′ropy. [Gr. selēnē.]

Selenite, sel′en-īt, n. a transparent and beautiful variety of gypsum: a salt of selenium: a supposed inhabitant of the moon.—adjs. Selenit′ic; Selenitif′erous. [Gr. selēnitēs (lithos, stone), moon-like—selēnē, the moon.]

Selenium, sē-lē′ni-um, n. an element discovered by Berzelius in the refuse of a sulphuric-acid factory in 1817.—n. Sel′ēnate, a compound of selenic acid with a base.—adjs. Selen′ic, Selē′nious.—n. Sel′enide, a compound of selenium with one other element or radical—also Selē′niuret.—adjs. Selenif′erous; Selē′niuretted, containing selenium. [Gr. sēlēne, the moon.]

Selenodont, sē-lē′nō-dont, adj. having crescentic ridges on the crown, as molar teeth.

Seleucidæ, se-lū′si-dē, n.pl. the descendants of Seleucus I., surnamed Nicator, who governed Syria from 312 B.C. to 65 B.C.

Seleucides, se-lū′si-dēz, n. a genus containing the twelve-wired bird of Paradise.

Self, self, n. one's own person: one's personal interest: one's own personal interest, selfishness: a flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated:—pl. Selves (selvz).—adj. very: particular: one's own: simple, plain, unmixed with any other.—ns. Self′-aban′donment, disregard of self; Self′-abase′ment, abasement through consciousness of unworthiness.—adj. Self′-absorbed′, absorbed in one's own thoughts.—ns. Self′-abuse′, the abuse of one's own person or powers: self-pollution; Self′-accusā′tion, the act of accusing one's self.—adjs. Self′-accus′atory; Self′-act′ing, acting of, or by, itself, specially denoting a machine or mechanism which does of itself something that is ordinarily done by manual labour.—n. Self′-activ′ity, an inherent power of acting.—adj. Self′-adjust′ing, requiring no external adjustment.—n. Self′-admis′sion (Shak.), admission of one's self.—n.pl. Self′-affairs′ (Shak.), one's own affairs.—adjs. Self′-affect′ed (Shak.), affected well towards one's self; Self′-affright′ed (Shak.), frightened at one's self.—n. Self′-applause′, applause of one's self.—adjs. Self′-appoint′ed, nominated by one's self; Self′-approv′ing, implying approval of one's own conduct; Self′-assert′ing, given to asserting one's opinion: putting one's self forward.—n. Self′-asser′tion.—adj. Self′-assumed′, assumed by one's own act.—n. Self′-assump′tion, conceit.—adj. Self′-begot′ten, generated or originated by one's own powers.—n. Self′-bind′er, the automatic binding apparatus attached to some reaping-machines.—adj. Self′-blind′ed, led astray by one's self.—n. Self′-blood′ (obs.), direct progeny: suicide.—adj. Self′-born′, born or produced by one's self.—n. Self′-boun′ty (Shak.), native goodness.—adj. Self′-cen′tred, centred in self.—n. Self′-char′ity (Shak.), love of one's self.—adjs. Self′-clō′sing, shutting automatically; Self′-collect′ed, self-possessed: self-contained; Self′-col′oured, of the natural colour: dyed in the wool: coloured with a single tint: (hort.) uniform in colour.—ns. Self′-command′, self-control; Self′-complā′cency, satisfaction with one's self, or with one's own performances.—adj. Self′-complā′cent, pleased with one's self: self-satisfied.—n. Self′-conceit′, an over-high opinion of one's self, one's own abilities, &c.: vanity.—adj. Self′-conceit′ed, having a high opinion of one's self, of one's own merits, abilities, &c.: vain.—ns. Self′-conceit′edness; Self′-condemnā′tion, condemnation by one's own conscience: a self-condemning.—adjs. Self′-condemned′; Self′-condemn′ing.—n. Self′-con′fidence, confidence in, or reliance on, one's own powers: self-reliance.—adj. Self′-con′fident, confident of one's own powers: in the habit of relying on one's own powers.—adv. Self′-con′fidently.—adj. Self′-confī′ding, relying on one's own powers.—n. Self′-congratulā′tion, the act of felicitating one's self.—adjs. Self′-con′jugate, conjugate to itself; Self′-con′scious, conscious of one's acts or states as originating in one's self: conscious of being observed by others.—n. Self′-con′sciousness, the act or state of being self-conscious: consciousness of being observed by others.—adj. Self′-consid′ering, considering in one's own mind, deliberating.—n. Self′-consist′ency, consistency with one's self, or principles.—adjs. Self′-consist′ent; Self′-con′stituted, constituted by one's self; Self′-consū′ming, consuming one's self, or itself: Self′-contained′, wrapped up in one's self, reserved: of a house, not approached by an entrance common to others: complete in itself.—ns. Self′-contempt′, contempt for one's self; Self′-content′, self-complacency; Self′-contradic′tion, the act or fact of contradicting one's self: a statement of which the terms are mutually contradictory.—adj. Self′-contradict′ory.—n. Self′-control′, control or restraint exercised over one's self: self-command.—adj. Self′-convict′ed, convicted by one's own inner consciousness, or avowal.—n. Self′-convic′tion.—adjs. Self′-correspond′ing, corresponding to itself; Self′-cov′ered, clothed in one's native semblance.—ns. Self′-creā′tion, the act of coming into existence by the vitality of one's own nature; Self′-crit′icism, criticism of one's self; Self′-cult′ure, culture or education of one's self without the aid of teachers; Self′-dān′ger (Shak.), danger from one's self; Self′-deceit′, deception respecting one's self; Self′-deceiv′er, one who deceives himself; Self′-decep′tion, the act of deceiving one's own self; Self′-defence′, the act of defending one's own person, property, &c. (Art of self-defence, boxing, pugilism); Self′-delā′tion, accusation of one's self; Self′-delū′sion, delusion respecting one's self; Self′-denī′al, the denial of one's self: the non-gratifying of one's own appetites or desires.—adj. Self′-deny′ing.—adv. Self′-deny′ingly.—n. Self′-depend′ence, reliance on one's self.—adj. Self′-depend′ent.—n. Self′-depreciā′tion, depreciation of one's self.—adj. Self′-deprē′ciātive.—ns. Self′-despair′, a despairing view of one's prospects, &c.; Self′-destruc′tion, the destruction of one's self: suicide.—adj. Self′-destruc′tive.—n. Self′-determinā′tion, determination by one's self without extraneus impulse.—adjs. Self′-deter′mined; Self′-deter′mining.—n. Self′-devel′opment, spontaneous development.—adj. Self′-devō′ted.—n. Self′-devō′tion, self-sacrifice.—adj. Self′-devour′ing, devouring one's self.—ns. Self′-dispar′agement, disparagement of one's self; Self′-dispraise′, censure of one's self; Self′-distrust′, want of confidence in one's own powers.—adjs. Self′-ed′ucated, educated by one's own efforts alone; Self′-elect′ive, having the right to elect one's self.—n. Self-end′ (obs.), an end for one's self alone.—adj. Self′-endeared′, self-loving.—ns. Self′-enjoy′ment, internal satisfaction; Self′-esteem′, the esteem or good opinion of one's self; Self′-estimā′tion; Self′-ev′idence.—adj. Self′-ev′ident, evident of itself or without proof: that commands assent.—adv. Self′-ev′idently.—ns. Self′-evolū′tion, development by inherent power; Self′-exaltā′tion, the exaltation of self; Self′-exam′inant, one who examines himself; Self′-examinā′tion, a scrutiny into one's own state, conduct, &c., esp. with regard to one's religious feelings and duties; Self′-exam′ple, one's own example.—adj. Self′-ex′ecuting, needing no legislation to enforce it.—n. Self′-exist′ence.—adjs. Self′-exist′ent, existing of or by himself or itself, independent of any other cause; Self′-explan′atory, obvious, bearing its meaning in its own face.—n. Self′-explicā′tion, the power of explaining one's self.—adjs. Self-faced′, undressed or unhewn; Self-fed′, fed by one's self.—n. Self′-feed′er, a self-feeding apparatus.—adj. Self′-feed′ing, feeding automatically.—ns. Self′-fertilisā′tion; Self′-fertil′ity, ability to fertilise itself.—adjs. Self′-fig′ured, figured or described by one's self; Self′-flatt′ering, judging one's self too favourably.—n. Self′-flatt′ery, indulgence in reflections too favourable to one's self.—adjs. Self′-foc′using, focusing without artificial adjustment; Self′-forget′ful, devoted to others, and forgetful of one's own interests.—adv. Self′-forget′fully.—adjs. Self′-gath′ered, wrapped up in one's self; Self-glazed′, covered with glass of a single tint; Self′-glō′rious, springing from vainglory or vanity: boastful; Self′-gov′erning.—ns. Self′-gov′ernment, self-control: government by the joint action of the mass of the people: democracy; Self′-gratulā′tion, congratulation of one's self.—adj. Self′-harm′ing, injuring one's self.—n. Self-heal′, prunella: the burnet saxifrage.—adj. Self′-heal′ing, having the power of healing itself.—ns. Self-help′, working for one's self; Self′hood, existence as a separate person: conscious personality.—adj. Self′-ī′dolised, regarded with extreme complacency by one's self.—n. Self′-import′ance, a high estimate of one's own importance: egotism: pomposity.—adjs. Self′-import′ant; Self′-imposed′, taken voluntarily on one's self; Self′-im′potent (bot.), unable to fertilise itself.—n. Self′-indul′gence, undue gratification of one's appetites or desires.—adj. Self′-indul′gent.—n. Self′-infec′tion, infection of the entire organism from a local lesion.—adj. Self′-inflict′ed, inflicted by one's self.—n. Self′-in′terest, private interest: regard to one's self.—adj. Self′-in′terested.—n. Self′-involū′tion, mental abstraction.—adjs. Self′-involved′, wrapped up in one's self; Self′ish, chiefly or wholly regarding one's own self: void of regard to others (Selfish theory of morals, the theory that man acts from the consideration of what will give him the most pleasure).—adv. Self′ishly.—ns. Self′ishness; Self′ism; Self′ist; Self′-justificā′tion, justification of one's self.—adjs. Self′-kin′dled, kindled of itself; Self′-know′ing, knowing of one's own self: possessed of self-consciousness.—n. Self′-knowl′edge, the knowledge of one's own character, abilities, worth, &c.—adjs. Self-left′, left to one's self; Self′less, having no regard to self, unselfish.—ns. Self′lessness, freedom from selfishness; Self-life′, a life only for one's own gratification.—adjs. Self′-like, exactly similar; Self′-lim′ited (path.), tending to spontaneous recovery after a certain course.—n. Self-love′, the love of one's self: tendency to seek one's own welfare or advantage: desire of happiness.—adjs. Self′-lov′ing, full of self-love; Self′-lum′inous, possessing the property of emitting light; Self-made′, made by one's self; denoting a man who has risen to a high position from poverty or obscurity by his own exertions.—ns. Self′-mas′tery, self-command: self-control; Self′-met′tle (Shak.), mettle or spirit which is natural to one, and not artificially inspired; Self′-mō′tion, spontaneous motion.—adj. Self-moved′, moved spontaneously from within.—ns. Self′-mur′der, the killing of one's self: suicide; Self′-mur′derer; Self′-neglect′ing (Shak.), the neglecting of one's self; Self′ness, egotism: personality; Self′-offence′, one's own offence; Self′-opin′ion, the tendency to form one's own opinion irrespective of that of others.—adjs. Self′-opin′ionated, obstinately adhering to one's own opinion; Self′-orig′inating, springing from one's self.—ns. Self′-partial′ity, overestimate of one's own worth; Self′-percep′tion, the faculty of immediate perception of the soul by itself.—adjs. Self′-perplexed′, perplexed by one's own thoughts; Self′-pī′ous, hypocritical.—n. Self′-pit′y, pity for one's self.—adjs. Self-pleached′ (Tenn.), interwoven by natural growth; Self′-pleas′ing, gratifying one's own wishes; Self-poised′, kept well balanced by self-respect.—n. Self′-pollū′tion, self-abuse, masturbation.—adj. Self′-possessed′, calm or collected in mind or manner: undisturbed.—ns. Self′-posses′sion, the possession of one's self or faculties in danger: calmness; Self-praise′, the praise of one's self; Self′-preservā′tion, the preservation of one's self from injury, &c.—adjs. Self′-preser′vative, Self-preser′ving.—ns. Self-pride′, self-esteem; Self′-prof′it, self-interest.—adj. Self′-prop′agating, propagating one's self or itself.—ns. Self′-protec′tion, self-defence; Self′-realisā′tion, the attainment of such development as one's mental and moral nature is capable of.—adjs. Self′-recip′rocal, self-conjugate; Self′-record′ing, making, as an instrument, a record of its own state.—n. Self′-regard′, regard for one's own self.—adjs. Self′-regard′ing; Self′-reg′istering, registering itself: denoting an instrument or machine having a contrivance for recording its own operations; Self′-reg′ulated, regulated by one's self or itself; Self′-reg′ulating, regulating itself; Self′-reg′ulative.—n. Self′-relī′ance, reliance on one's own abilities.—adj. Self′-relī′ant.—n. Self′-renunciā′tion, self-abnegation.—adj. Self′-repel′ling, repelling by its own inherent power.—ns. Self′-repres′sion, the keeping of one's self in the background; Self′-reproach′, the act of reproaching or condemning one's self.—adj. Self′-reproach′ing, reproaching one's self.—adv. Self′-reproach′ingly.—n. Self′-reproof′, the reproof of one's own conscience.—adjs. Self′-reprov′ing, reproving one's self, from conscious guilt; Self′-repug′nant, self-contradictory: inconsistent.—n. Self′-respect′, respect for one's self or one's character.—adjs. Self′-respect′ful; Self′-respect′ing; Self′-restrained′, restrained by one's own will.—ns. Self′-restraint′, a restraint over one's appetites or desires: self-control; Self′-rev′erence, great self-respect.—adjs. Self′-rev′erent; Self′-right′eous, righteous in one's own estimation: pharisaical.—n. Self′-right′eousness, reliance on one's supposed righteousness: sense of one's own merit or goodness, esp. if overestimated.—adjs. Self′-right′ing, that rights itself when capsized; Self′-rolled′, coiled on itself.—n. Self′-sac′rifice, the act of yielding up one's life, interests, &c. for others.—adjs. Self′-sac′rificing, yielding, or disposed to yield, up one's life, interests, &c.; Self′-same, the very same.—ns. Self′-same′ness, sameness as regards self or identity; Self′-satisfac′tion, satisfaction with one's self.—adjs. Self′-sat′isfied, satisfied with the abilities, performances, &c. of one's self; Self′-sat′isfying, giving satisfaction to one's self.—ns. Self-scorn′, a mood in which one entertains scorn for a former mood of self; Self′-seek′er, one who looks only to his own interests.—adj. Self′-seek′ing, seeking unduly one's own interest or happiness.—n. the act of doing so.—adj. Self′-shin′ing, self-luminous.—n. Self′-slaugh′ter (Shak.), the slaughter of one's self: suicide.—adjs. Self′-slaugh′tered, killed by one's self; Self′-ster′ile (bot.), unable to fertilise itself; Self-styled′, called by one's self: pretended; Self′-subdued′ (Shak.), subdued by one's own power; Self′-substan′tial (Shak.), composed of one's own substance.—n. Self′-suffi′ciency.—adjs. Self′-suffi′cient, confident in one's own sufficiency: haughty: overbearing; Self′-suffic′ing.—ns. Self′-sugges′tion, determination by causes inherent in the organism; Self′-support′, the maintenance of one's self.—adjs. Self′-support′ed; Self′-support′ing.—n. Self′-surren′der, the yielding up of one's self to another.—adj. Self′-sustained′, sustained by one's own power.—ns. Self′-sus′tenance, self-support; Self-sustentā′tion.—adjs. Self′-taught, taught by one's self; Self′-think′ing, forming one's own opinions: of independent judgment; Self′-tor′turable (Shak.), capable of being tortured by one's self.—ns. Self′-tor′ture; Self-trust′, self-reliance; Self-view′, regard for one's own interest; Self′-vī′olence, violence inflicted upon one's self; Self-will′, obstinacy.—adj. Self-willed′, governed by one's own will.—ns. Self′-willed′ness; Self′-wor′ship, the idolising of one's self; Self′-wor′shipper; Self-wrong′ (Shak.), wrong done by a person to himself.—Be beside one's self (see Beside); Be one's self, to be in full possession of one's powers; By one's self, or itself, apart, alone: without aid of another person or thing. [A.S. self, seolf, sylf; Dut. zelf, Ger. selbe, Goth. silba.]

Selictar, sē-lik′tär, n. the sword-bearer of a Turkish chief. [Turk. silihdār—Pers. silahdār—Ar. silāh, arms, pl. of silh, a weapon.]

Selinum, sē-lī′num, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants—milk-parsley. [Gr. selinon, parsley.]

Selion, sel′yon, n. a ridge of land rising between two furrows. [O. Fr. seillon, Fr. sillon, a furrow.]

Seljuk, sel-jōōk′, n. a member of a Turkish family which, under Togrul Beg, grandson of a chief named Seljuk, overthrew the Abbaside califs of Bagdad about 1050, and gave way before the Osmanli or Ottoman princes.—adj. Selju′kian.

Sell, sel, n. a seat, a throne: (Spens.) a saddle: a saddler.—adj. Sell′iform, saddle-shaped. [O. Fr. selle—L. sella, for sedula, dim. of sedes, a seat.]

Sell, sel, v.t. to deliver in exchange for something paid as equivalent: to betray for money: to impose upon, cheat.—v.i. to have commerce: to be sold, to be in demand for sale:—pa.t. and pa.p. sōld.—n. a deception.—adj. Sell′able, that can be sold.—n. Sell′er, a furnisher: a vender: a small vessel for holding salt.—Sell one's life dearly, to do great injury to the enemy before one is killed; Sell one up, to sell a debtor's goods; Sell out, to dispose entirely of: to sell one's commission. [A.S. sellan, to hand over; cf. Ice. selja, Goth. saljan.]

Sellanders, sel′an-dėrs, n. an eruption in the tarsus of the horse. [Fr. solandre.]

Seltzer, selt′zėr, n. an effervescing alkaline mineral water brought from Nieder-Selters in Prussia.—n. Selt′zogene, a gazogene (q.v.).

Selvage, sel′vāj, n. that part of cloth which forms an edge of itself without hemming: a border: in mining, that part of a lode adjacent to the walls on either side: the edge-plate of a lock—also Sel′vedge.—adjs. Sel′vaged, Sel′vedged.—n. Selvagēē′, an untwisted skein of rope-yarn marled together. [Old Dut. selfegge, self, self, egge, edge.]

Semantron, sē-man′tron, n. in the Greek Church, a long bar of wood struck with a mallet to summon worshippers. [Gr.,—sēmainein, to give a signal.]

Semaphore, sem′a-fōr, n. a contrivance for conveying signals, consisting of a mast with arms turned on pivots by means of cords or levers.—adjs. Semaphor′ic, -al, telegraphic—adv. Semaphor′ically. [Gr. sēma, a sign, pherein, to bear.]

Semasiology, sē-mā-si-ol′ō-ji, n. the science of the development of the meanings of words. [Gr. sēmasia—sēmainein, to signify, legein, to speak.]

Semasphere, sem′a-sfēr, n. an aerostatic signalling apparatus. [Gr. sēma, a sign, sphaira, a ball.]

Sematic, sē-mat′ik, adj. significant: indicative, as of danger: ominous.—n. Sematol′ogy, the science of verbal signs in the operations of thinking and reasoning. [Gr. sēma, a sign.]

Sematrope, sem′a-trōp, n. an adaptation of the heliotrope for transmitting military signals. [Gr. sēma, a sign, trepein, to turn.]

Semblable, sem′bla-bl, adj. (Shak.) resembling, similar, like.—n. likeness, resemblance.—adv. Sem′blably (Shak.) in like manner.—n. Sem′blance, likeness: appearance: figure.—adj. Sem′blant, resembling, like.—n. (Spens.) resemblance, figure.—adj. Sem′blative (Shak.), resembling, fit, suitable.—v.i. Sem′ble (obs.), to appear: to dissemble: to practise the art of imitation.—adj. like. [Fr.,—sembler, to seem, to resemble—L. similis, like.]

Semé, se-mā′, adj. (her.) strewn or scattered over with small bearings, powdered. [Fr., sown, semer—L. semināre, to sow.]

Semeiology, Semiology, sē-mī-ol′ō-ji, n. the sum of knowledge of the signs and symptoms of morbid conditions, symptomatology: the science of gesture or sign-language.—n. Semeiog′raphy, the description of the signs or symptoms of disease.—adjs. Semeiolog′ic, -al, pertaining to semeiology; Semeiot′ic, relating to signs, symptomatic.—n. Semeiot′ics, the science of signs: semeiology or symptomatology. [Gr. sēmeion, a mark, legein, to say.]

Semeion, sē-mī′on, n. in ancient prosody, the unit of time: one of the two divisions of a foot: a mark in paleography indicating metrical or other divisions:—pl. Semei′a. [Gr. sēmeion, a mark.]

Semele, sem′e-lē, n. a genus of bivalves. [Gr. Semelē, the mother of Bacchus.]

Semen, sē′men, n. the impregnating fluid of male animals, usually whitish, viscid, containing innumerable spermatozoa. [L.]

Semese, se-mēs′, adj. half-eaten. [L. semesus, half-eaten, semi-, half, esus—edĕre, to eat.]

Semester, sē-mes′tėr, n. one of the half-year courses in German universities.—adj. Semes′tral. [L. semestris—sex, six, mensis, a month.]

Semi-, sem′i, a prefix of Latin origin, meaning 'half,' and also less accurately 'partly,' 'incompletely.'—n. and adj. Semiac′id, half-acid, sub-acid.—n. Sem′iangle, the half of a given angle.—adj. Semi-an′nual, half-yearly.—adv. Sem′i-an′nually, once every six months.—adj. Semian′nular, semicircular.—ns. Sem′i-an′thracite, coal intermediate between anthracite and semi-bituminous coal; Sem′i-ape, a lemur.—adjs. Sem′i-aquat′ic (zool., bot.), entering the water, but not necessarily existing by it; Sem′i-Ā′rian, relating to the Christology of the so-called Semi-Arians (Eusebius of Cæsarea, &c.) who held a middle ground between the Arian hetero-ousia and the orthodox homo-ousia or co-equality of the Son with the Father, asserting the homoi-ousia, or similarity of essence.—n. Sem′i-Ā′rianism.—adjs. Sem′i-artic′ulate, loose-jointed; Sem′i-attached′, partially bound by affection or interest; Semibarbā′rian, half-barbarian or savage: partially civilised.—n.

Semibar′barism.—adj. Sem′i-bitū′minous, partly bituminous, as coal.—ns. Sem′ibrēve, a musical note, half the length of a breve = 2 minims or 4 crotchets; Sem′ibull, a bull issued by a pope between the time of his election and that of his coronation.—adjs. Sem′icalcā′reous, partly chalky; Sem′i-cal′cined, half-calcined; Semicartilag′inous, gristly; Semicentenn′ial, occurring at the completion of fifty years.—n. a celebration at the end of fifty years.—adj. Semichō′ric.—ns. Semichō′rus, a small number of selected singers; Sem′icircle, half a circle: the figure bounded by the diameter of a circle and half the circumference.—adjs. Sem′icircled; Semicir′cular.—adv. Semicir′cularly.—ns. Semicircum′ference, half of the circumference of a circle; Sem′icirque, a semicircular hollow; Semiclō′sure, half-closure; Sem′icolon, the point (;) marking a division greater than the comma; Semicō′lon-butt′erfly, a butterfly with a silver mark on the under side; Sem′i-col′umn, a half-column.—adjs. Sem′i-colum′nar, flat on one side and rounded on the other; Sem′i-complete′ (entom.), incomplete; Sem′i-con′fluent (path.), half-confluent; Sem′i-con′jugate, conjugate and halved; Sem′i-con′scious, half or imperfectly conscious; Sem′i-conver′gent, convergent as a series, while the series of moduli is not convergent.—n. Sem′icope, an outer garment worn by some of the monastic clergy in the Middle Ages.—adjs. Sem′icor′neous, partly horny; Semicor′onate.—n. Sem′icor′onet (entom.), a line of spines half surrounding a part.—adjs. Sem′i-costif′erous, half-bearing a rib; Semicrit′ical, related to a differential equation and its criticoids.—n. Sem′icrome (mus.), a sixteenth note.—adjs. Sem′icrustā′ceous, half-hard; Semicrys′talline, imperfectly crystallised.—n. Semicū′bium, a half-bath.—adjs. Semicylin′drical, resembling a cylinder divided longitudinally; Semidef′inite, half-definite: Sem′i-depend′ent, half-dependent; Sem′ides′ert, half-desert; Sem′idetached′, partly separated: noting one of two houses joined by a party-wall, but detached from other buildings.—ns. Sem′i-diam′eter, half the diameter of a circle: a radius; Sem′i-diapā′son, a diminished octave; Sem′i-diaphanē′ity, half-transparency.—adj. Semi′-diaph′anous, half-transparent.—n. Semidiur′na, a group of lepidopterous insects including the hawk-moth.—adj. Semidiur′nal, accomplished in half a day: (entom.) flying in twilight.—n. Sem′i-dome′, half a dome, esp. as formed by a vertical section.—adj. Sem′idoub′le, having the outermost stamens converted into petals.—n. a festival on which half the antiphon is repeated before and the whole antiphon after the psalm.—n. Sem′i-ef′figy, a representation of a figure seen at half-length only.—adj. Sem′i-ellip′tical, having the form of an ellipse which is cut transversely.—ns. Sem′i-fā′ble, a mixture of truth and fable; Sem′i-faience′, pottery having a transparent glaze instead of the opaque enamel of true faience; Sem′i-fig′ure, a partial human figure in ornamental design.—v.t. Sem′i-flex, to half-bend.—n. Sem′i-flex′ion.—adj. Sem′i-flos′cular.—n. Sem′i-flos′cule, a floret with a strap-shaped corolla.—adjs. Sem′i-flos′culōse, Sem′i-flos′culous, having the corolla split, flattened out, and turned to one side, as in the ligular flowers of composites; Semiflu′id, half or imperfectly fluid; Sem′i-formed, half-formed.—n. Sem′i-frā′ter, a secular benefactor of a religious house, having a share in its intercessory prayers and masses.—adjs. Sem′i-fused′, half-melted; Semiglō′bōse, Semiglob′ular, having the shape of half a sphere.—adv. Semiglob′ularly.—ns. Sem′i-god, a demi-god; Sem′i-independ′ence.—adjs. Sem′i-independ′ent, not fully independent; Sem′i-in′finite, limited at one end and extending to infinity; Sem′i-lig′neous, partially woody: (bot.) having a stem woody at the base and herbaceous at the top; Semi-liq′uid, half-liquid.—n. Semi-liquid′ity.—adjs. Sem′i-log′ical, half-logical, partly logical; Sem′i-lū′cent, half-transparent; Semi-lū′nar, half-moon shaped, as the semi-lunar bone of the wrist; Sem′i-lū′nate, having the form of a half-moon; Sem′i-malig′nant, not very malignant, said of tumours; Sem′i-matūre′, half-ripe.—n. Semimembranō′sus, a long muscle of the back of the thigh.—adjs. Semimem′branous (anat.), partly membranous; Sem′i-men′strual, half-monthly, esp. of an inequality of the tide.—n. Sem′i-met′al, in old chemistry, a metal that is not malleable, as zinc.—adjs. Sem′i-metal′lic; Sem′i-month′ly, occurring twice a month.—n. Semi-mūte′, one who, having lost the faculty of hearing, has also lost the faculty of speech—also adj.—adj. Sem′i-nūde′, half-naked.—n. Sem′inymph, the pupa of an insect which undergoes only semi-metamorphosis.—adjs. Sem′i-obscure′, noting the wings of insects when deeply tinged with brownish-gray, but semi-transparent; Sem′i-offic′ial, partly official.—adv. Sem′i-offic′ially.—n. Sem′i-ō′pal, a variety of opal not possessing opalescence.—adj. Sem′i-opaque′, partly opaque.—n. Sem′i-op′tera, a genus of birds—the standard-wings.—adj. Sem′i-orbic′ular, having the shape of half a sphere.—n. Sem′i-or′dinate, half a chord bisected by the transverse diameter of a conic.—adjs. Sem′i-oss′eous, partly bony; Semiō′val, having the form of an oval; Semiovip′arous, imperfectly viviparous; Semipal′mate, half-webbed, as the toes of a bird.—ns. Semipalmā′tion; Semiparab′ola, one branch of a parabola being terminated at the principal vortex of the curve; Sem′iped, in prose, a half-foot.—adjs. Sem′ipedal; Sem′i-Pelā′gian, relating to the theology of the Semi-Pelagians (John Cassianus, &c.), who tried to find a middle course between the Augustinian doctrine of predestination and the Pelagian doctrine of the free-will of man.—n. Sem′i-Pelā′gianism.—adjs. Sem′i-pellū′cid, imperfectly transparent; Sem′ipen′niform, half-penniform; Sem′i-per′fect, nearly perfect; Sem′i-pis′cine, half-fish; Sem′i-plant′igrade, incompletely plantigrade: partly digitigrade; Sem′i-plas′tic, imperfectly plastic.—ns. Semiplotī′na, a group or sub-family of cyprinoid fishes; Sem′iplume, a feather of partly downy structure;

Semiquad′rate, an aspect of two planets when distant from each other 45 degrees; Sem′iquāver, a musical note, half the length of a quaver: something of short duration.—adjs. Sem′i-recon′dite, half-hidden; Sem′i-rē′flex, involuntarily performed, but not entirely independent of the will; Sem′i-reg′ular, pertaining to a quadrilateral having four equal sides, but only pairs of equal angles; Sem′i-retrac′tile, retractile to some extent.—n. Sem′i-ring, a bronchial half-ring.—adjs. Sem′i-sag′ittate (entom.), shaped like the barbed end of a fish-hook; Sem′i-sav′age, semi-barbarian; Sem′i-Sax′on, early Middle English (c. 1150-1250); Sem′i-sep′tate, half-partitioned.—ns. Sem′i-sex′tile, the position of planets when they are distant from each other the twelfth part of a circle, or 30°; Sem′i-smile, a faint smile.—adjs. Sem′i-solid, partially solid; Semispher′ical, having the figure of a half-sphere.—ns. Sem′i-spinā′lis, a deep muscular layer of the back; Sem′i-square, an aspect of two planets when 45 degrees from each other; Sem′i-steel, puddled steel.—adjs. Sem′i-supernat′ural, half-divine and half-human; Sem′i-sū′pinated, placed between supination and pronation.—ns. Sem′i-tan′gent, the tangent of half an arc; Sem′i-tendinō′sus, a fusiform muscle on the back of the thigh.—adjs. Semiten′dinous, tendinous for half its length; Semitērē′te, half-round; Semiter′tian, partly tertian and partly quotidian.—n. Sem′itone, half a tone: one of the lesser intervals of the musical scale, as from B to C.—adj. Semiton′ic.—n. Sem′i-transpā′rency.—adjs. Sem′i-transpārent, half or imperfectly transparent; Sem′i-trop′ical, subtropical; Sem′i-tū′bular, like the half of a tube divided longitudinally; Sem′i-tychon′ic, approximating to Tycho Brahe's astronomical system; Sem′i-un′cial, intermediate between uncial and minuscule.—n. a method of writing Latin and Greek in use in the sixth and seventh centuries.—adjs. Semivit′reous, partially vitreous; Semivit′rified, half-vitrified; Sem′ivive (obs.) half-alive; Sem′i-vō′cal, pertaining to a semivowel: imperfectly sounding.—n. Semivow′el, a half-vowel, a letter possessing the character of both a vowel and a consonant, usually only w and y, but sometimes including also the liquids l and r and the nasals m and n.—adj. Sem′i-week′ly, issued twice a week.—Semicylindrical leaf, a leaf elongated, flat on one side, round on the other.

Seminal, sem′in-al, adj. pertaining to seed: radical: rudimentary.—n. (obs.) a seed.—n. Seminal′ity, the germinating principle.—v.t. Sem′ināte, to sow: to propagate: to disseminate.—n. Seminā′tion, act of sowing: natural dispersion of seed: propagation.—adjs. Seminif′erous, seed-bearing: producing seed; Seminif′ic, producing seed.—ns. Seminificā′tion; Sem′inist, one who holds that the admixture of the male and female seed originates the new individual. [L. semen, seminis, seed—serĕre, to sow.]

Seminary, sem′in-ar-i, n. the original place whence anything is derived, a nursery: a place of education, esp. in branches of knowledge to be afterwards applied in practice, as theology, &c.: a group of advanced students working in some specific subject of study under a teacher—also and more commonly Seminär′ (the German name): a seminary priest.—n. Sem′inarist, a student at a seminary: a R.C. priest educated in a foreign seminary.

Seminole; sem′i-nōl, n. one of a tribe of American Indians, originally a vagrant branch of the Creeks, now mostly confined to the Indian Territory.

Semiography, Semiology, Semiotics. See Semeiography, Semeiology, Semeiotics.

Semiotellus, sē-mi-ō-tel′us, n. a widely distributed genus of hymenopterous parasites.

Semis, sē′mis, n. a bronze coin of the ancient Roman republic, half the value of an as.

Semispata, sem-i-spā′ta, n. a Frankish dagger. [L. semi-, half, spatha, a sword.]

Semita, sem′i-ta, n. a fasciole of the spatangoid sea-urchins.—adj. Sem′ital. [L., a path.]

Semitaur, sem′i-tawr, n. a fabulous animal, half-bull, half-man. [L. semi-, half, taurus, a bull.]

Semitic, sem-it′ik, adj. pertaining to the Semites, or supposed descendants of Shem, or their language, customs, &c.—also Shemit′ic.—ns. Sem′ite; Semitisā′tion.—v.t. Sem′itise, to render Semitic in language or religion.—ns. Sem′itism, a Semitic idiom; Sem′itist, a Hebrew scholar.—Semitic languages, Assyrian, Aramean, Hebrew, Phœnician, together with Arabic and Ethiopic. [Applied by J. G. Eichhorn in 1817 to the closely allied peoples represented in Gen. x. as descended from Shem.]

Semnopithecinæ, sem-nō-pith-ē-sī′nē, n. a sub-family of catarrhine monkeys.—adjs. Semnopith′ecine, Semnopith′ecoid.—n. Semnopithē′cus, the typical genus of the foregoing sub-family, the sacred monkeys of Asia. [Gr. semnos, honoured, pithēkos, an ape.]

Semolina, sem-ō-lē′na, n. the particles of fine, hard wheat which do not pass into flour in milling: an article of food consisting of granules of the floury part of wheat.—Also Sem′ōla, Semōli′nō. [It. semola—L. simila, the finest wheat flour.]

Semostomæ, sē-mos′tō-mē, n.pl. a sub-order of Discomedusæ, containing jelly-fishes.—adj. Sēmos′tomous, having long oral processes. [Gr. sēma, a mark, stoma, mouth.]

Semotilus, sē-mot′i-lus, n. an American genus of leuciscine fishes, including the chub and dace. [Gr. sēma, a mark, ptilon, a feather.]

Sempervirent, sem-pėr-vī′rent, adj. evergreen. [L. semper, always, virens—virēre, to be green.]

Semper vivum, sem′pėr vī′vum, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, including the house-leek. [L.]

Sempiternal, sem-pi-tėr′nal, adj. everlasting: endless—also Semp′itern.—v.t. Sempiter′nise, to perpetuate.—n. Sempiter′nity.—adj. Sempiter′nous.—n. Sempiter′num, a durable twilled woollen material. [L. sempiternus—semper, ever, æternus, eternal.]

Semple, sem′pl, adj. a Scotch form of simple, esp. meaning of low birth, the opposite of Gentle.

Semplice, sem′plē-che, adj. (mus.) simple, without embellishments. [It.]

Sempre, sem′pre, adv. (mus.) in the same style throughout. [It.,—L. semper, always.]

Sempster, sem′stėr, Sempstress, sem′stres, n. a woman who sews. [Seamstress.]

Semuncia, sē-mun′shi-a, n. a Roman coin of four drachmas weight, the twenty-fourth part of the Roman pound.—adj. Semun′cial.

Senary, sen′ar-i, adj. containing six: of or belonging to six.—n. Senā′rius, in Latin prosody, a verse of six feet. [L. senarius—seni, six each—sex, six.]

Senate, sen′āt, n. a legislative or deliberative body, esp. the upper house of a national legislature, as of France, the United States, &c.: a body of venerable or distinguished persons: the governing body of the University of Cambridge.—ns. Sen′ate-house, a house in which a senate meets; Sen′ator, a member of a senate: in Scotland, the lords of session are called Senators of the College of Justice.—adj. Senatō′rial, pertaining to, or becoming, a senate or a senator.—adv. Senatō′rially, with senatorial dignity.—ns. Sen′atorship; Senā′tus, a governing body in certain universities.—Senātus academicus, the governing body of a Scotch university, consisting of the principal and professors; Senātus consult, a decree of the senate of ancient Rome. [L. senatus—senex, senis, an old man.]

Send, send, v.t. to cause to go: to cause to be conveyed: to despatch: to forward: to compel: to throw: to hurl: to authorise: to grant: to drive: to dismiss: to commission: to diffuse: to bestow.—v.i. to despatch a message or messenger: (naut.) to pitch into the trough of the sea:—pa.t. and pa.p. sent.—n. (Scot.) a messenger, esp. one sent for the bride: a present: the impulse of a wave on a ship.—ns. Sen′der, one who sends: (teleg.) the instrument by which a message is transmitted; Sen′ding, despatching: pitching bodily into the trough of the sea; Send′-off, a start as on a journey.—Send for, to require by message to come or be brought; Send forth, or out, to give, put, or bring forth; Send to Coventry, to cut: to exclude from society. [A.S. sendan; Ice. senda, Goth. sandjan, Ger. senden.]

Sendal, sen′dal, n. a thin silk or linen. [O. Fr.,—Low L. cendalum—L. sindon—Gr. sindōn.]

Seneca-oil, sen′ē-kä-oil, n. crude petroleum.—Seneca's microscope, a glass globe filled with water.

Senecio, sē-nē′si-o, n. a genus of composite plants—ragwort, &c.—adj. Senē′cioid.

Senega, sen′ē-ga, n. the seneca snakeroot, the dried root of Polygala Senega, good for snake-bites.

Senescence, sē-nes′ens, n. the state of growing old or decaying: decay by time.—n. Senec′titude.—adj. Senes′cent, growing old: decaying with the lapse of time. [L. senescens, -entis, pr.p. of senescĕre, to grow old—senex, old.]

Seneschal, sen′e-shal, n. a steward: a major-domo.—n. Sen′eschalship. [O. Fr., (Fr. sénéchal)—sin-s, old, skalks, a servant.]

Sengreen, sen′grēn, n. the house-leek: (her.) a figure resembling it. [A.S. singrene; Ger. singrün.]

Senhor, se-nyōr′, n. the Portuguese form corresponding to the Spanish señor and Italian signor.

Senile, sē′nil, adj. pertaining to old age or attendant on it: aged.—n. Senil′ity, old age: the imbecility of old age. [L. senilis—senex, senis, old.]

Senior, sēn′yor, adj. elder: older in office.—n. one older than another, the elder of two persons in one family bearing the same name: one older in office: an aged person: one of the older fellows of a college, a student in the fourth year of the curriculum.—v.i. Sē′niorise, to lord it over.—n. Sēnior′ity, priority of birth, or of service: a body of seniors—also Sē′niory (Shak.). [L., comp. of senex.]

Senna, sen′a, n. the purgative dried leaflets of several species of cassia. [Fr.,—Ar. sena.]

Sennet, sen′et, n. (Shak.) a particular set of notes on the trumpet or cornet.

Senonian, sē-nō′ni-an, n. (geol.) a division of the upper Cretaceous in France and Belgium.

Señor, se-nyōr′, n. a gentleman: in address, sir: as a title, Mr:—fem. Señora (se-nyō′ra), a lady: in address, madam: as a title, Mrs.—n. Señorita (sen-yō-rē′ta), a young lady: in address, miss: as a title, Miss. [Sp.]

Sensation, sen-sā′shun, n. perception by the senses: the change in consciousness which results from the transmission of nervous impulses to the brain, feeling excited by external objects, by the state of the body, or by immaterial objects: a state of excited feeling.—adjs. Sen′sāte, -d, perceived by the senses; Sensā′tional, pertaining to sensation: having sensation: intended as a literary work to excite violent emotions: adhering to a philosophical sensationalism.—ns. Sensā′tionalism, the doctrine that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and that there are no innate ideas: sensualism: sensational writing; Sensā′tionalist, a believer in sensationalism: a sensational writer.—adj. Sensātionalist′ic.—adv. Sensā′tionally.—adjs. Sen′sative; Sensatō′rial, pertaining to sensation.—Sensation novels, novels that deal in violent effects, strained emotion, and usually improbable situations.

Sense, sens, n. a faculty by which objects are perceived: perception: discernment: understanding: power or soundness of judgment: reason: opinion: conviction: import: immediate consciousness.—ns. Sense′-bod′y, a sense-organ in acalephs supposed to have a visual or an auditory function; Sense′-cap′sule, a receptive chamber for sensory perception, connected with the ear, eye, and nose; Sense′-cen′tre, a centre of sensation.—adj. Sensed, chosen as to sense or meaning.—ns. Sense′-el′ement, an external sensation, as an element of perception; Sense′-fil′ament, a filament having the function of an organ of sense.—adjs. Sense′ful (Spens.), full of sense or meaning, reasonable, judicious, perceptive; Sense′less, without sense: incapable of feeling: wanting sympathy: foolish: unreasonable.—adv. Sense′lessly.—ns. Sense′lessness; Sense′-or′gan, any organ of sense, as the eye, ear, or nose; Sense′-percep′tion, perception by means of the senses; Sense′-rhythm, Hebrew parallelism; Sense′-skel′eton, the framework of a sense-organ; Sensibil′ity, state or quality of being sensible: actual feeling: capacity of feeling: susceptibility: acuteness of feeling: delicacy: mental receptivity.—adj. Sen′sible, capable of being perceived by the senses or by the mind: capable of being affected: easily affected: delicate: intelligent, marked by sense, judicious: cognisant: aware: appreciable: sensitive: amenable to.—n. Sen′sibleness.—adv. Sen′sibly.—adjs Sensifā′cient, producing sensation; Sensif′erous, Sensif′ic, Sensificā′tory; Sensig′enous, giving rise to sensation; Sen′sile, capable of affecting the senses.—ns Sen′sion, the becoming aware of being affected from without in sensation; Sen′sism, sensualism in philosophy; Sen′sist, a sensationalist.—n. Sensitisā′tion.—v.t. Sen′sitise, to render sensitive, to render capable of being acted on by actinic rays of light.—n. Sen′sitiser.—adj. Sen′sitive, having sense or feeling: susceptible to sensations: easily affected: pertaining to, or depending on, sensation.—adv. Sen′sitively.—ns Sen′sitiveness, Sen′sitivity, the state of being sensitive: keen sensibility: the state of being delicately adjusted, as a balance: (chem.) the state of being readily affected by the action of appropriate agents; Sensitom′eter, an apparatus for testing the degrees of sensitiveness of photographic films.—adjs Sensō′rial, pertaining to the sensorium, sensory; Sensoridigest′ive, partaking of digestive functions and those of touch, as the tongue of a vertebrate animal.—ns Sensō′rium, Sen′sory, the organ which receives the impressions made on the senses: the nervous centre to which impressions must be conveyed before they are received: the whole sensory apparatus of the body, the nervous system, &c.—adj. Sen′sual, pertaining to, affecting, or derived from the senses, as distinct from the mind: not intellectual or spiritual: given to the pleasures of sense: voluptuous: lewd: carnal: worldly.—n. Sensualisā′tion.—v.t. Sen′sualise, to make sensual: to debase by carnal gratification.—ns Sen′sualism, sensual indulgence: the doctrine that all our knowledge is derived originally from sensation: the regarding of the gratification of the senses as the highest end; Sen′sualist, one given to sensualism or sensual indulgence: a debauchee: a believer in the doctrine of sensualism.—adj. Sensualist′ic, sensual: teaching the doctrines of sensualism.—n. Sensual′ity, indulgence in sensual pleasures: lewdness.—adv. Sen′sually, in a sensual manner.—ns Sen′sualness; Sen′suism; Sen′suist.—adj. Sen′suous, pertaining to sense: connected with sensible objects: easily affected by the medium of the senses.—adv. Sen′suously.—n. Sen′suousness.—Sensitive flames, flames easily affected by sounds; Sensitive plant, one of certain species of Mimosa—from the peculiar phenomena of irritability which their leaves exhibit when touched or shaken; Sensuous cognition, cognition through the senses.—A sensitive person, one sensitive to mesmeric influence; The senses, or Five senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. [Fr.,—L. sensus—sentīre, to feel.]

Sentence, sen′tens, n. opinion: a judgment pronounced on a criminal by a court or judge: a maxim: (gram.) a number of words containing a complete thought: sense: meaning: matter.—v.t. to pronounce judgment on: to condemn.—n. Sen′tencer, one who sentences.—adj. Senten′tial, pertaining to a sentence: comprising sentences.—adv. Senten′tially.—adj. Senten′tious, abounding with sentences or maxims: short and pithy in expression: bombastic, or affected in speech.—adv. Senten′tiously.—n. Senten′tiousness, brevity with strength.—Master of the Sentences, the great 12th-century schoolman, Peter Lombard (died 1160), from his work Sententiarum Libri IV., an arranged collection of sentences from Augustine, &c. [Fr.,—L. sententia—sentīre, to feel.]

Sentient, sen′shi-ent, adj. discerning by the senses: having the faculty of perception and sensation: (phys.) noting those parts which on stimulation give rise to sensation.—n. the mind as capable of feeling.—ns Sen′tience, Sen′tiency.—adv. Sen′tiently, in a sentient or perceptive manner.

Sentiment, sen′ti-ment, n. a thought occasioned by feeling: opinion: judgment: sensibility: feeling: a thought expressed in words: a maxim: a toast: emotion: an exhibition of feeling, as in literature or art: (pl., phren.) the second division of the moral faculties.—adj. Sentimen′tal, having or abounding in sentiments or reflections: having an excess of sentiment or feeling: affectedly tender.—v.t. Sentimen′talise, to talk sentiment.—ns Sentimen′talism, Sentimental′ity, quality of being sentimental: affectation of fine feeling; Sentimen′talist, one who affects sentiment or fine feeling: one guided by mere sentiment: one who regards sentiment as more important than reason.—adv. Sentimen′tally. [Fr.,—Late L.,—L. sentīre, to feel.]

Sentinel, sen′ti-nel, n. a soldier or soldier-marine at a point with the duty of watching for the approach of an enemy, or guarding the gun-park, camp, magazine, or other locality: a sentry.—adj. acting as a sentinel.—v.t. to watch over, as a sentinel.—adj. Sen′tinelled, furnished with a sentinel.—Sentinel crab, a crab of the Indian Ocean with long eye-stalks. [Fr. sentinelle—It. sentinella, a watch, prob. the L. sentinator, one who pumps bilge-water out of a ship—sentina, the hold of a ship. Others explain Fr. sentinelle as a dim. of sentier, a path—Low L. semitarius—L. semita, a footpath.]

Sentisection, sen-ti-sek′shun, n. painful vivisection—opp. to Callisection.

Sentry, sen′tri, n. a sentinel: a soldier on guard to observe the approach of danger: a watch-tower.—ns Sen′try-box, a box to shelter a sentry; Sen′try-go, any active military duty. [Prob. a corr. of sentinel—Low L. semitarius—L. semita, a path.]

Senvy, sen′vi, n. (obs.) mustard-seed. [O. Fr. seneve—L. sinapi—Gr. sinapi, mustard.]

Sepal, sep′al, or sē′pal, n. a leaf or division of the calyx of a flower.—adjs. Sep′aline, Sep′aloid, Sep′alous.—n. Sepal′ody, change of petals into sepals. [Fr. sépale—L. separ, separate.]

Separate, sep′a-rāt, v.t. to divide: to part: to withdraw: to set apart for a certain purpose: to sever.—v.i. to part: to withdraw from each other: to become disunited.—adj. separated: divided: apart from another: distinct.—n. Separabil′ity.—adj. Sep′arable, that may be separated or disjointed.—n. Sep′arableness.—advs. Sep′arably; Sep′arately.—ns Sep′arateness; Sep′arating-disc, an emery-wheel for cutting a space between teeth; Separā′tion, act of separating or disjoining: state of being separate: disunion: chemical analysis: divorce without a formal dissolution of the marriage-tie; Separā′tionist; Sep′aratism, act of separating or withdrawing, esp. from an established church; Sep′aratist, one who separates or withdraws, esp. from an established church, a dissenter: a name applied by the Unionists to those Liberals in favour of granting Home Rule to Ireland.—adj. Sep′arātive, tending to separate.—ns. Sep′arātor, one who, or that which, separates: a divider; Sep′arātory, a chemical vessel for separating liquids of different specific gravities; Sep′arātrix, the line separating light from shade on any partly illuminated surface; Separā′tum, a separate copy of a paper which has been published in the proceedings of a scientific society.—Separate estate, property of a married woman over which her husband has no right of control; Separate maintenance, a provision made by a husband for the sustenance of his wife where they decide to live apart. [L. separāre, -ātum—se-, aside, parāre, to put.]

Sephardim, se-fär′dēm, n.pl. the Spanish-Portuguese Jews, descended from those expelled from Spain in 1492—as distinguished from Ashkenazim, or German-Polish Jews.—adj. Sephar′dic.

Sephiroth, sef′i-roth, n. in the cabbala, the first ten numerals identified with Scripture names of God.

Sepia, sē′pi-a, n. a fine, brown pigment used as a water-colour—from the ink-bag of a few species of cuttle-fish: Indian or China ink: a genus of cuttle-fishes.—n.pl. Sēpiā′cea, a group of cephalopods, same as Sēpiidæ.—n. Sēpiadā′rium, a genus of cuttles.—adjs. Sēpiā′rian, Sē′piāry, Sēpidā′ceous, Sē′pioid; Sē′pic, done in sepia, as a drawing.—ns. Sē′piost, Sepiostaire′, Sē′pium, cuttle-bone. [L.,—Gr. sēpia, the cuttle-fish.]

Sepose, sē-pōz′, v.t. (obs.) to set apart.—v.i. to go apart.—n. Sēposi′tion.

Sepoy, sē′poi, n. a native soldier, whether Hindu or Mohammedan, in the British army in India. [Hind. sipāhī, a soldier—Pers. sipāhī, a horseman.]

Sepsis, sep′sis, n. putridity, rot: a genus of dipterous insects. [Gr. sēpsis, putrefaction.]

Sept, sept, n. in Ireland, a subdivision of a tribe: an enclosure, a railing.—adj. Sep′tal, belonging to a sept: partitional. [Probably a corr. of sect.]

Septangle, sep′tang-gl, n. a figure with seven angles and seven sides.—adj. Septang′ūlar, having seven angles. [L. septem, seven, angulus, angle.]

Septarium, sep-tā′ri-um, n. an ovate flattened nodule of argillaceous limestone or ironstone—turtle-stone:—pl. Septā′ria.—adj. Septā′rian.

September, sep-tem′bėr, n. the ninth month of the year.—adj. Septem′bral.—n. Septem′brist, one of the perpetrators of the atrocious massacres in the prisons of Paris, Sept. 2-7, 1792.—September thorn, a British geometrid moth. [L. septem, seven.]

Septemvir, sep-tem′vir, n. one of a board of seven men associated for certain duties.—n. Septem′virate, the office of septemvir.

Septenarius, sep-te-nā′ri-us, n. in Latin prosody, a verse consisting of seven feet.

Septenary, sep′te-nā-ri, adj. consisting of seven: lasting seven years: occurring once in seven years.—n.pl. Sep′tenaries, the number seven, the heptad. [L. septenarius—septem, seven.]

Septennial, sep-ten′i-al, adj. lasting seven years: happening every seven years.—n. Septenn′ate, a period of seven years.—adv. Septenn′ially.—n. Septenn′ium.—Septennial Act, a statute of 1716 fixing the existence of a parliament at seven years. [L. septennis—septem, seven, annus, a year.]

Septentrion, sep-ten′tri-on, n. (Shak.) the north.—adjs. Septen′trion, -al, northern.—adv. Septen′trionally.—n.pl. Septentriō′nes, the constellation of the Great Bear, or the seven stars near the north pole-star, called Charles's Wain.

Septet, Septette, sep-tet′, n. a work for seven voices or instruments: a company of seven musicians.

Sept-foil, sept′-foil, n. a plant, the roots of which are used in medicine, tanning, &c.: a figure of seven equal segments of a circle used in the R.C. Church as a symbol of her seven sacraments, the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, &c. [Fr. sept—L. septem, seven, foil—L. folium, a leaf.]

Septicemia, sep-ti-sē′mi-a, n. sepsis, blood-poisoning—also Septicæ′mia.—n. Sep′tic, a substance that promotes the putrefaction of bodies.—adjs. Sep′tic, -al, promoting putrefaction.—adv. Sep′tically.—adj. Septicē′mic.—n. Septic′ity, tendency to promote putrefaction.—adj. Septif′erous, conveying putrid poison. [Formed from Gr. sēptikos, putrefying, haima, blood.]

Septicidal, sep-ti-sī′dal, adj. dividing the partitions, as when fruit splits asunder—also Sep′ticide.—adv. Sep′ticidally. [L. sæptum, a fence, cædĕre, to cut.]

Septiform, sep′ti-form, adj. sevenfold, having seven parts: like a septum, septal.

Septifragal, sep-tif′rā-gal, adj. (bot.) breaking away from the partitions, said of the valves of a pod. [L. septum, a partition, frangĕre, fractum, to break.]

Septilateral, sep-ti-lat′ėr-al, adj. having seven sides. [L. septem, seven, latus, lateris, a side.]

Septillion, sep-til′yun, n. the product of a million raised to the seventh power, or a unit with forty-two ciphers affixed: in the United States, France, &c., the eighth power of a thousand.

Septimanarian, sep-ti-mā-nā′ri-an, n. a monk on duty for a week. [L. septimanus—septem, seven.]

Septime, sep′tēm, n. the seventh position assumed by a fencer after drawing his weapon from the scabbard. [L. septimus, seventh—septem, seven.]

Septimole, sep′ti-mōl, n. a group of seven notes to be played in the time of four or six: sign

.—Also Sep′tōle.

Septinsular, sept-in′sū-lar, adj. consisting of seven islands. [L. septem, seven, insula, island.]

Septomaxillary, sep-tō-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. combining characters of a nasal septum and a maxillary bone.—n. a bone in some birds uniting the maxillopalatines of opposite sides.

Septonasal, sep-tō-nā′zal, adj. forming a nasal septum.—n. a bone of this kind.

Septuagenarian, sep-tū-aj-e-nā′ri-an, n. a person seventy years old.—adj. Septūag′enary, consisting of seventy.—n. one seventy years old. [L. septuagenarius—septuageni, seventy each—septem, seven.]

Septuagesima, sep-tū-a-jes′i-ma, n. the third Sunday before Lent—the seventieth day before Easter (the common but dubious explanation).—adj. Septuages′imal, consisting of seventy: counted by seventies. [L. septuagesimus—septem, seven. The name, like Quinquagesima and Sexagesima, was most probably adopted on a false analogy with Quadragesima, the Latin name of Lent.]

Septuagint, sep′tū-a-jint, n. the version in Hellenistic Greek of the Old Testament, said to have been made by 72 translators at Alexandria by command of Ptolemy Philadelphus (284-247 B.C.)—usually expressed by LXX.—adj. Septuagin′tal. [L. septuaginta—septem, seven.]

Septum, sep′tum, n. (bot., anat.) a partition separating two cavities: one of the radial plates of a coral:—pl. Sep′ta.—adj. Sep′tulate, having imperfect or spurious septa.—n. Sep′tulum, a little septum or small partition. [L.,—sæpīre, sepīre, to enclose.]

Septuple, sep′tū-pl, adj. sevenfold.—v.t. to make sevenfold: to multiply by seven.—n. Sep′tūplet, a septimole. [Low L. septuplus—septem, seven; on the analogy of quadruple.]

Sepulchre, sep′ul-kėr, n. a place of burial: tomb: a burial vault: a recess in some early churches in which the reserved sacrament, &c., were laid from Good Friday till Easter.—v.t. (Milt.) to place in a sepulchre: to bury or entomb.—adj. Sepul′chral, pertaining to a sepulchre, or to monuments erected for the dead: (fig.) deep, hollow in tone.—n. Sep′ulture, act of burying the dead: interment: burial.—v.t. to entomb. [Fr.,—L. sepulchrum—sepelīre, sepultum, to bury.]

Sepurture, sep′ur-tūr, adj. (her.) raised above the back and opened, of a bird's wings.

Sequacious, sē-kwā′shus, adj. inclined to follow a leader: attendant: manageable: pliant: observing logical sequence or consistence.—ns. Sequā′ciousness, Sequac′ity, disposition to follow. [L. sequax, sequacis—sequi, to follow.]

Sequel, sē′kwel, n. that which follows, the succeeding part: result, consequence: (obs.) descendants: (Scots law) thirlage. [Fr.,—L. sequela—sequi; Gr. hepesthai, to follow.]

Sequela, sē-kwē′la, n. that which follows: an inference, a corollary:—pl. Sē′quelæ.

Sequence, sē′kwens, n. state of being sequent or following: order of succession: a series of things following in a certain order, as a set of three or more cards in order of value: that which follows: consequence: (mus.) a regular succession of similar chords: in liturgics, a hymn in rhythmical prose, sung after the gradual and before the gospel.—adjs. Sē′quent, following, succeeding; Sēquen′tial.—n. Sēquential′ity.—adv. Sēquen′tially. [Fr.,—L. sequens, pr.p. of sequi, to follow.]

Sequester, sē-kwes′tėr, v.t. to separate: to withdraw from society: to seclude: to set apart: (law) to place anything contested into the hands of a third person till the dispute is settled: to hold the property of another till the profits pay the demands: to take possession of the estate of a bankrupt in order to distribute it among the creditors: to confiscate.—v.i. to renounce any interest in the estate of a husband.—n. (Shak.) the act of sequestering: an umpire.—adjs. Sēques′tered, retired, secluded; Seques′trable.—v.t. Sēques′trate (law), to sequester.—ns. Sēquestrā′tion, the Scotch legal term for bankruptcy: the act of sequestering, esp. the seizure of any one's property for the use of the state during dispute, or for the benefit of creditors: state of being separated: seclusion from society; Sēquestrā′tor, one who sequesters another's property: one to whom property is committed during dispute. [O. Fr. sequestrer—Low L. sequestrāre, -ātum—L. sequester, a depositary—sequi, to follow.]

Sequestrum, sē-kwes′trum, n. a necrosed section of bone.—n. Sequestrot′omy, the operation of removing such.

Sequin, sē′kwin, n. a gold Venetian coin of the 13th century=9s. 4d. [Fr.,—It. zecchino—zecca, the mint; of Ar. origin.]

Sequoia, sē-kwoi′a, n. a small genus of gigantic evergreen coniferous trees belonging to California—Wellingtonia. [A Latinised form of the name of the Cherokee chief Sequoiah.]

Sérac, sā-rak′, n. a name for the cuboidal masses into which the névé breaks when passing down a steep incline. [Swiss Fr.]

Seraglio, se-ral′yō, n. the ancient residence of the Sultan at Constantinople, enclosing within its walls a variety of mosques, gardens, and large edifices, the chief of which is the Harem: a place where women are kept, a place of licentious pleasure: an enclosure. [It. serraglio—Low L. serāre, to lock up, from L. sera, a door-bar. The word was confused with Pers. serai, a palace.]

Serai, se-rä′i, n. a khan, a caravansary: a seraglio for women. [Pers. serai, a palace.]

Serang, se-rang′, n. the skipper of a small East Indian vessel, the boatswain of a lascar crew. [Pers. sarhang, a commander.]

Serapeum, Serapeium, ser-a-pē′um, n. a temple of Serapis, esp. that near Memphis.

Seraph, ser′af, n. an angel of the highest rank in the traditional angelology of the church, due to Dionysius the Areopagite, who places the seraphim at the head of the nine choirs of angels, the first rank being formed by the seraphim, cherubim, and throni:—pl. Seraphs (ser′afs), Seraphim (ser′af-im), celestial beings on either side of the throne of Jehovah, seen in prophetic vision by Isaiah, and by him alone (vi. 2-6): a geometrid moth.—adjs. Seraph′ic, -al, pertaining to, or becoming, a seraph: angelic: pure: sublime: refined.—adv. Seraph′ically. [Heb. Serāphīm—sāraph, to burn.]

Seraphine, ser′a-fēn, n. a coarse-toned musical reed-instrument, played with a key-board—the precursor of the harmonium.

Serapis, ser-ā′pis, n. Apis honoured by the Romans under the attributes of Osiris: a genus of gasteropods: a genus of hymenopterous insects.

Seraskier, ser-as′kēr, n. a Turkish general, esp. the commander-in-chief or the minister of war.—n. Seras′kierate, the office of a seraskier. [Turk.,—Pers. sar, ser, head, Ar. ‛asker, army.]

Serbonian, ser-bō′ni-an, adj. relating to a dangerous bog in Egypt, hence to any difficult situation.

Serdab, ser′dab, n. a secret chamber within the masonry of an ancient Egyptian tomb in which images of the deceased were stored. [Ar. serdāb.]

Serenade, ser-e-nād′, n. evening music in the open air, esp. given by a lover to his mistress under her window at night: a piece of music suitable for such an occasion.—v.t. to entertain with a serenade.—ns. Serenā′der, one who serenades; Serenä′ta, an instrumental work for performance in the open air; Ser′enāte (Milt.), a serenade. [Fr.,—It. serenata, sereno, serene—L. serenus.]

Serene, sē-rēn′, adj. calm: unclouded: unruffled: an adjunct to the titles of certain German princes—a translation of Durchlaucht.—v.t. to tranquillise.—n. the chilly damp of evening: blight.—adv. Serēne′ly, calmly, coolly.—ns. Serēne′ness; Seren′itude; Seren′ity, state or quality of being serene, calmness, peace.—v.t. Serenise′, to make bright: to glorify. [L. serenus, clear.]

Serf, sėrf, n. a slave attached to the soil and sold with it: a labourer rendering forced service in Russia: a menial.—ns. Serf′age, Serf′dom, condition of a serf. [Fr.,—L. servus, a slave.]

Serge, sėrj, n. a strong twilled fabric, once of silk, now usually of worsted.—n. Sergette′, a thin serge. [Fr.,—L. serica, silk—Seres, the Chinese.]

Sergeant, Serjeant, sär′jent, n. a non-commissioned officer of the army and marines next above a corporal, overlooking the soldiers in barracks, and assisting the officers in all ways in the field: a bailiff: a constable: a servant in monastic offices: a police-officer of superior rank.—ns. Ser′geancy, Ser′geantcy, Ser′geantship, office of a sergeant; Ser′geant-at-arms, an officer of a legislative body for keeping order, &c.; Ser′geant-fish, the cobra, so called from the lateral stripes; Ser′geant-mā′jor, the highest non-commissioned officer, employed to assist the adjutant: the cow-pilot, a fish; Ser′geantry, Ser′geanty, a kind of feudal tenure on condition of service due to the king only; Ser′jeant-at-arms, an officer who attends upon the Lord Chancellor with the mace, and who executes various writs of process in the course of a Chancery suit: a similar officer who attends on each House of Parliament, and arrests any person ordered by the House to be arrested; Ser′jeant-at-law, formerly in England the highest degree of barrister, once with exclusive audience in the Court of Common Pleas, their proper dress a violet-coloured robe with a scarlet hood, and a black coif, represented in modern times by a patch of silk at the top of the wig.—Grand sergeanty, a tenure of lands by special honorary service to the king; Petit sergeanty, a tenure of lands by a rent or tender. [Fr. sergent—L. serviens, -entis, pr.p. of servīre, to serve.]

Serial, sē′ri-al, adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, a series: appearing periodically.—n. a tale or other composition appearing in successive parts, as in a periodical: a publication issued in successive numbers, a periodical.—n. Sērial′ity.—advs. Sē′rially, Sē′riately, in a series or regular order.—adj. Sē′riāte, arranged in a series.—adv. Sē′riātim, one after another.—n. Sēriā′tion.

Serian, sē′ri-an, adj. Chinese—also Ser′ic.—ns. Ser′ica, a genus of melolonthine beetles; Sericā′ria, a genus of bombycid moths, containing the mulberry silkworm.—adjs. Ser′icate, -d, silky, covered with silky down; Sericeous (sērish′i-us), pertaining to, or consisting of, silk: (bot.) covered with soft silky hairs, as a leaf.—n.pl. Seric′ides, a section of melolonthine beetles.—ns. Ser′icin, the gelatinous substance of silk; Ser′icite, a variety of potash mica.—adj. Sericit′ic.—ns. Sericocar′pus, a genus of composite plants of the United States; Sericos′tōma, the typical genus of caddis-flies; Serictē′rium, a spinning gland; Ser′iculture, the breeding of silkworms—also Ser′iciculture; Sericul′turist. [Gr. Sēres, the Seres, an Asiatic people who supplied the Greeks and Romans with their silk.]

Sericon, ser′i-kon, n. in the jargon of alchemy, a red tincture—opp. to Bufo, a black.

Seriema, ser-i-ē′ma, n. a long-legged, crested Brazilian bird.—Also Caria′ma.

Series, sē′ri-ēz, n.sing. and pl. a succession of things connected by some likeness: sequence: order: (math.) a progression of numbers or quantities according to a certain law.—Arithmetical series, a series whose terms progress by the addition or subtraction of a constant difference; Geometrical series, a series whose successive terms progress by a constant multiplier or divisor—the common ratio; Reciprocal series, a series each of whose terms is the reciprocal of the corresponding term of another series. [L.,—serĕre, sertum, to join.]

Serif, ser′if, n. the short cross-line at the ends of unconnected Roman types, as in H, l, d, y, &c.—Also Cer′iph and Ser′iph.

Seriform, sē′ri-form, adj. noting a section of the Altaic family of languages, comprising Chinese, &c.

Serilophus, sē-ril′ō-fus, n. an Indian genus of broadbills. [Gr. sērikos, silky, lophos, a crest.]

Serin, ser′in, n. a small fringilline bird like the canary.—n. Serinette′, a bird-organ. [Fr.,—L. citrinus, citrine, yellow.]

Seringa, se-ring′gä, n. a name of several Brazilian trees yielding india-rubber. [Port.]

Seringhi, ser-ing-gē′, n. a musical instrument of the viol class used in India.

Serinus, sē-rī′nus, n. a genus of birds of the fringilline family, including canaries. [Fr. serin.]

Serious, sē′ri-us, adj. solemn: in earnest: important: attended with danger: weighty: professedly religious.—adjs. Sē′rio-com′ic, -al, partly serious and partly comical.—adv. Sē′riously, gravely, deeply: without levity.—n. Sē′riousness. [Fr. serieux—L. serius, akin to severus, severe.]

Sermocination, ser-mos-i-nā′shun, n. (obs.) speech-making: (rhet.) a form of prosopopœia in which one answers a question he has himself asked.

Sermon, sėr′mon, n. a discourse on a text of Scripture delivered during divine service: any serious address, any serious counsel, admonition, or reproof.—v.t. to tutor, to lecture.—ns. Sermol′ogus, a volume containing sermons by the Church fathers; Sermoneer′, a sermoniser; Ser′moner, a preacher; Ser′monet, a little sermon.—adjs. Sermon′ic, -al, having the character of a sermon.—n. Ser′moning, the act of preaching: a homily.—v.i. Ser′monise, to compose or preach sermons: to lecture: to lay down the law.—v.t. to preach a sermon to.—ns. Sermonī′ser, one who preaches or writes sermons; Sermō′nium, a historical play, formerly acted by the inferior orders of the Roman Catholic clergy; Sermun′cle, a little sermon. [L. sermo, sermonis—serĕre, to join.]

Seroon, se-rōōn′, n. a crate or hamper in which Spanish and Levantine figs, raisins, &c. are usually packed.—n. Ser′on, a bale of about 200 lb. of Paraguay tea wrapped in hide. [Sp. seron.]

Seropurulent, sē-rō-pū′rōō-lent, adj. composed of serum mixed with pus.—adj. Serosanguin′olent, pertaining to bloody serum.

Serotine, ser′ō-tin, n. a small reddish vespertilionine bat. [L. serotinus—sero, late.]

Serotinous, sē-rot′i-nus, adj. (bot.) appearing late the season. [L. serotinus—sero, late.]

Serous, sē′rus, adj. resembling serum, thin, watery: secreting serum.—n. Seros′ity. [Serum.]

Serpent, sėr′pent, n. any member of the genus Ophidia, more popularly known as snakes—any reptile without feet which moves by means of its ribs and scales: a snake: a person treacherous or malicious: one of the constellations in the northern hemisphere: (mus.) a bass musical wind-instrument, entirely obsolete except in a few Continental churches, a tapered leather-covered wooden tube 8 feet long, twisted about like a serpent.—v.i. to wind along: to meander.—v.t. to girdle, as with the coils of a serpent.—ns. Serpentā′ria, the Virginia snakeroot; Serpentā′rius, the secretary-birds: the constellation Ophiuchus; Ser′pent-charm′er, one who charms or has power over serpents; Ser′pent-charm′ing, the art of charming or governing serpents; Ser′pent-cū′cumber, a long-fruited variety of the musk-melon; Ser′pent-dē′ity, the god of the Ophites, Abraxas; Ser′pent-eat′er, the secretary-bird: a wild goat in India and Cashmere; Ser′penteau, an iron circle with spikes to which squibs are attached, used in a breach.—n.pl. Serpent′es, the second order of the third class of limbless reptiles.—ns. Ser′pent-fish, the snake-fish; Ser′pent-grass, the alpine bistort.—adjs. Serpent′iform, ophidian in structure: snake-like; Ser′pentine, resembling a serpent: winding, tortuous: spiral: crooked.—n. a kind of firework: a 16th-cent. form of cannon: a mineral composed of silica and manganese, generally occurring massive, colour some shade of green, also red and brownish-yellow.—v.i. to wind or wriggle like a serpent.—adv. Ser′pentinely.—adjs. Serpentin′ic, Ser′pentinous.—adv. Serpentī′ningly, with a serpentine motion.—v.t. Ser′pentinise, to convert into serpentine.—v.i. Ser′pentise, to wind: meander.—adj. Ser′pent-like, like a serpent.—ns. Ser′pent-liz′ard, a lizard of the genus Seps; Ser′pent-moss, a greenhouse plant from the West Indies; Ser′pentry, serpentine motion: a place infested by serpents: serpents collectively; Ser′pent-star, a brittle star; Ser′pent-stone, snake-stone, adder-stone; Ser′pent's-tongue, the adder's-tongue fern; Ser′pent-tur′tle, an enaliosaur; Ser′pent-withe, a twining plant of tropical America; Ser′pent-wood, an East Indian shrub; Ser′pent-wor′ship, one of the most ancient and widespread forms of primitive religion, and still existing amongst many savage peoples; Sea′-ser′pent (see Sea).—Serpentine verse, a verse which begins and ends with the same word.—The old serpent, Satan. [L. serpens, -entis, pr.p. of serpĕre, to creep; akin to Gr. herpein.]

Serpigo, sėr-pī′go, n. (Shak.) a skin eruption, herpes.—adj. Serpig′inous (-pij′-). [L. serpĕre, to creep.]

Serpula, ser′pū-la, n. a genus of sedentary Chætopod worms, living in twisted calcareous tubes fastened to shells and rocks in the sea, or even to other animals, such as crabs.—adj. Serpū′lian.—n. Ser′pulite, a fossil of the family Serpulidæ.—adjs. Serpulit′ic, Ser′puloid. [L. serpĕre, to creep.]

Serranus, ser-rā′nus, n. the genus containing sea-perches or sea-bass.—n.pl. Serran′idæ, the family of fishes containing among its genera Sea-bass, Rockfish, &c. [L. serra, a saw.]

Serrasalmo, ser-a-sal′mo, n. a genus of characinoid fishes, with compressed belly fringed with projecting scales. [L. serra, a saw, salmo, a salmon.]

Serrate, -d, ser′rāt, -ed, adj. notched or cut like a saw: (bot.) having small sharp teeth along the margin.—n. Serrā′tion, state of being serrated.—adj. Serratiros′tral, saw-billed, as a bird.—ns. Ser′rāture, a notching like that between the teeth of a saw; Serrā′tus, one of several muscles of the thorax.—adj. Ser′ricorn, having separate antennæ.—n.pl. Serrif′era, a group of insects, including the sawflies and horntails.—adjs. Serrif′erous, having a serra or serrate organ; Ser′riform, toothed like a saw; Ser′riped, having the feet serrate; Serriros′trate, having the bill serrated with tooth-like processes.—n. Ser′ro-mō′tor, a steam reversing-gear, in marine engines.—adj. Ser′rous, like the teeth of a saw: rough.—n. Ser′rula, one of the serrated appendages of the throat of the mudfish:—pl. Ser′rulæ.—adjs. Ser′rulate, -d, finely serrate.—ns. Serrulā′tion, the state of being serrulate; Serrurerie′, ornamental wrought-metal work. [L. serratus—serra, a saw.]

Serried, ser′rid, adj. crowded: pressed together.—v.t. Ser′ry, to crowd. [Fr. serrer, to crowd—L. sera, a door-bar.]

Sertularia, ser-tū-lā′ri-a, n. a common genus of Hydroids in which the branched horny investment of the plant-like colony forms a sessile cup around each polyp.—adj. Sertulā′rian. [L. serĕre, sertum, to plait.]

Serum, sē′rum, n. the watery part of curdled milk, whey: the thin fluid which separates from the blood when it coagulates. [L.]

Serval, sėr′val, n. a South African animal of the cat tribe, yellowish with black spots, valued for its fur—the Bush-cat, Tiger-cat. [Ger.]

Servant, sėr′vant, n. one who is in the service of another: a labourer: a domestic: one dedicated to God: (B.) a slave: one of low condition or spirit: a professed lover: a word of mere civility, as in 'your humble' or 'obedient servant' in letters, petitions, &c.—v.t. to subject.—ns. Ser′vant-girl, Ser′vant-maid, a female domestic servant; Ser′vant-man, a male servant; Ser′vantry, servants collectively; Ser′vantship, position or relation of a servant.—Servant out of livery, a servant of a higher grade, as a major-domo or butler; Servants' call, a whistle to call attendants; Servants' hall, the room in a house where the servants eat together. [Fr., pr.p. of servir, to serve—L. servīre, to serve.]

Serve, sėrv, v.t. to be a servant to, to work for and obey: to attend or wait upon: to work for: to obey: to be subservient or subordinate to: to wait upon at table, &c.: to do duty for: to treat, behave towards: to render worship to: to aid by good offices: to minister to a priest at mass: to comply with: to requite: to handle, manipulate: to furnish: (naut.) to bind with small cord: (law) to deliver or present formally: to furnish: to cover, of stallions, &c.: to deliver the ball in tennis.—v.i. to be employed as a servant, to discharge any regular duty: to be in subjection: to suffice, to avail, to be suitable or favourable.—n. in tennis, the act of the first player in striking the ball, or the style in which this is done.—ns. Ser′vage (obs.), servitude: the service of a lover; Ser′ver, one who serves: an attendant on the priest at the celebration of the Eucharist: the player who strikes the tennis-ball first: a salver, any utensil for distributing or helping at table.—Serve an office, to discharge the duties of an office; Serve a process or writ, to formally communicate a process or writ to the person to whom it is addressed; Serve an attachment, to levy such a writ on the person or goods by seizure; Serve an execution, to levy an execution on the person or goods by seizure; Serve a sentence, to undergo the punishment prescribed by a judicial sentence; Serve one a trick, to play a trick on one; Serve one out, to take revenge on some one; Serve one right, to treat one as he deserves; Serve one's time, to complete one's apprenticeship; Serve out, to deal or distribute; Serve the purpose of, to answer adequately an end for which something else is designed; Serve the turn, to suffice for one's immediate purpose or need; Serve time, to undergo a period of imprisonment, &c.; Serve up, to bring to table. [Fr. servir—L. servīre, to serve.]

Servian, ser′vi-an, n. a native of Servia: the language of Servia, belonging to the southern division of the Slav tongues, its nearest congeners Bulgarian, Slovenian, and Russian.

Service, sėr′vis, n. condition or occupation of a servant: a working for another: duty required in any office: military or naval duty: any liturgical form or office, public religious worship, religious ceremonial: a musical composition for devotional purposes: labour, assistance, or kindness to another: benefit: profession of respect: order of dishes at table, or a set of them: official function, use, employment: that which is furnished: a tree of rarely more than 30 feet high, with leaves and flowers like the Rowan-tree, but the former downy beneath—also Sorb.—ns. Serviceabil′ity, Ser′viceableness.—adj. Ser′viceable, able or willing to serve: advantageous: useful: capable of rendering long service, durable.—adv. Ser′viceably.—ns. Ser′vice-berr′y, a berry of the service-tree: (Scot.) the fruit of the white beam: a North American shrub, the shadbush; Ser′vice-book, a book of forms of religious service: a prayer-book; Ser′vice-box, a form of expansion joint, used in street-mains of steam-heating systems; Ser′vice-clean′er, a portable air-compressing pump and receiver for service-pipes; Ser′vice-line, one of two lines drawn across the court twenty-one feet from the net, in lawn-tennis; Ser′vice-mag′azine, a magazine for storing ammunition for immediate use; Ser′vice-pipe, a smaller pipe from a main-pipe to a dwelling; Ser′vice-tree, a tree of the pear family, with close-grained wood and an edible fruit; Ser′ving-mall′et, a piece of wood having a groove on one side to fit the convexity of a rope; Din′ner-ser′vice, a full set of dishes for dinner; Tā′ble-ser′vice, a set of utensils for the table; Wild′-ser′vice, a small species of service-tree, cultivated in England for its fruit and wood.—Service of an heir (Scots law), a proceeding before a jury to determine the heir of a person deceased.—Active service, service of a soldier, &c., in the field, against an enemy; At your service, a phrase of civility; Have seen service, to have been in active military service: to have been put to hard use; Plain service, in Anglican usage, an office which is simply read. [Fr.,—L. servitium.]

Servile, sėr′vīl, adj. pertaining to a slave or servant: slavish: meanly submissive: cringing: obedient: (gram.) secondary or subordinate.—n. a slave, a menial.—adv. Ser′vilely.—ns. Ser′vilism, the spirit of a servile class; Servil′ity (obs. Ser′vileness), state or quality of being servile: slavery: obsequiousness; Ser′ving-maid, a female domestic servant; Ser′ving-man, a male servant: a professed lover.—adj. Ser′vious, obsequious.—ns. Ser′vīte, one of a mendicant order of monks and nuns founded in Italy in the 13th century; Servit′ium (law), service; Ser′vitor, one who serves: a servant: a follower or adherent: a male servant, a menial: soldier: formerly in Oxford, an undergraduate partly supported by the college, his duty to wait on the fellows and gentlemen commoners at table; Ser′vitorship, the office or condition of a servitor; Ser′vitūde, state of being a slave: slavery: state of slavish dependence: menial service: compulsory servitude: (law) a burden affecting land or other heritable subjects, by which the proprietor is either restrained from the full use of his property or is obliged to suffer another to do certain acts upon it: service rendered in the army or navy: (obs.) servants collectively; Ser′vitūre (Milt.), servants collectively.—v.i. Ser′vulate.

Sesame, ses′a-mē, n. an annual herbaceous plant of Southern Asia, whose seed yields the valuable gingili-oil.—adjs. Ses′amoid, -al, denoting certain small bones found in the substance of the tendons at the articulations of the great toes, and in other parts of the body.—n. Ses′amum, the genus to which sesame belongs.—Open sesame, the charm by which the door of the robbers' cave flew open in the tale of 'Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves' in the Arabian Nights. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr.]

Sesban, ses′ban, n. a shrub of the bean family, with yellow flowers, native to Egypt.—Also Jyntee. [Fr.,—Ar. seisebān.]

Seseli, ses′el-i, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, usually perennial, with erect branching stems—including the mountain meadow-saxifrage. [Gr.]

Sesha, sā′sha, n. the king of the serpents in Hindu mythology, having a thousand heads, the buttresses of the world.

Sesia, sē′shi-a, n. a genus of clear-winged moths. [Gr. sēs, seos, a moth.]

Sesquialteral, ses-kwi-al′te-ral, adj. one and a half more—also Sesquial′terate, Sesquial′terous.—n. Sesquial′tera (mus.), the interval of a perfect fifth, having the ratio of 2 to 3: a rhythm in which three minims are made equal to a preceding two. [L. sesquialter.]

Sesquiduple, ses-kwi-dū′pl, adj. of two and a half times.—adj. Sesquidū′plicate, being in the ratio of 2½ to 1, or 5 to 2.

Sesquipedalian, ses-kwi-pē-dā′li-an, adj. containing a foot and a half: often humorously said of a very long word—also Ses′quipedal.—ns. Sesquipedā′lianism, Sesquipedal′ity. [L. sesquipedalis—sesqui, one-half more, pes, ped-is, a foot.]

Sesquiplicate, ses-kwip′li-kāt, adj. noting the ratio of a cube to a square.

Sesquitertia, ses-kwi-ter′shi-a, n. (mus.) a perfect fourth, an interval having the ratio of 1 to 1⅓, or 3 to 4.—adjs. Sesquiter′tial, Sesquiter′tian, -al.

Sesquitone, ses′kwi-tōn, n. (mus.) a minor third, an interval equal to a tone and a half.

Sessa, ses′a, interj. (Shak.) prob. a cry to urge to swiftness in running.

Sessile, ses′il, adj. (bot.) growing directly from the stem, without a foot-stalk, as some leaves. [L. sessilis, low—sedēre, sessum, to sit.]

Session, sesh′un, n. the sitting of a court or public body: the time it sits: the period of time between the meeting and prorogation of Parliament: the act of sitting, esp. the enthronement of Christ at the right hand of God the Father: (Scot.) the lowest Presbyterian church court, the kirk-session.—adj. Ses′sional, pertaining or belonging to a session or sessions.—n. Ses′sion-clerk, the official who officially records the transactions of a kirk-session.—Court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland. [Fr.,—L. sessio, sessionis—sedēre, sessum, to sit.]

Sestertius, ses-tėr′shi-us, n. a Roman silver coin, a quarter denarius, worth 2½ asses: a brass coin under the Empire, worth 4 asses—also Ses′terce:—pl. Sester′tii.—n. Sester′tium, a money of account equal to 1000 sestertii. [L., 'two-and-a-half'—semis, half, tertius, third.]

Sestet, Sestette, ses′tet, n. the last six lines of a sonnet forming two stanzas of three lines each: (mus.) same as Sextet. [It. sestetto—sesto—L. sextus, sixth.]

Sestina, ses-tē′na, n. an old French form of verse, originally consisting of six stanzas of six unrhymed lines, with a final triplet, the same terminal words being used in each stanza, but arranged differently. Modern sestinas are written on two or three rhymes.—Also Ses′tine. [It.,—L. sextus, sixth.]

Sestole, ses′tōl, n. (mus.) same as Sextuplet (q.v.).—Also Ses′tolet.

Set, set, v.t. to make to sit: to place: to fix: to put in a condition for use, to make ready, to arrange, prepare, furnish, draw up: to render motionless: to determine beforehand: to obstruct: to plant, place so as to promote growth: to place a brooding fowl on a nest containing eggs: to fix in metal: to put and fix in its proper place, as a broken limb, &c.: to assign, as a price: to sharpen: to spread, as sails: to pitch, as a tune: to adapt music to: to frame, mount, or adorn with something fixed: to stud: to point, as a dog: to accompany part or the whole of the way: (Scot.) to let to a tenant: to compose, put into type: (prov.) to become, as a dress, &c.—v.i. to sink below the horizon: to decline: to become fixed: to congeal: to begin the growth of fruit: to have a certain direction in motion: to acquire a set or bend: to point out game: to apply (one's self):—pr.p. set′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. set.—n. Set′-back, a check to progress: an overflow.—adj. Set-by′ (Scot.), proud, reserved.—ns. Set′-down, a rebuke, snubbing; Set′-off, a claim set up against another: a counterbalance: an ornament; Set′-out, preparations: a display of dishes, dress, &c.: a company, clique; Set′-to, a conflict in boxing, argument, &c.; Set′-up, bearing of a person.—adj. hilarious, tipsy.—Set about, to begin; Set abroach, to tap and leave running: to give publicity to; Set against, to oppose; Set agoing, to make begin to move; Set apart, to separate from the rest, to reserve: (B.) to promote; Set aside, to put away, to omit or reject; Set at ease, to quiet, content; Set at naught (see Naught); Set at work, to put to a task; Set before, to put in front of one; Set by, to put aside: (B.) to value or esteem; Set by the compass, to note the bearing by the compass; Set down, to lay on the ground: to put down in writing: to fix in one's mind: to attribute, charge: to lay down authoritatively: to give a severe rebuke to; Set eyes on, to see, fix one's eyes on; Set forth, to exhibit, display: to praise, recommend: to publish: (B.) to set off to advantage: to set out on a journey; Set forward (B.), to further, promote; Set free, to release, put at liberty; Set in, to put in the way: to begin; Set in order, to adjust or arrange; Set little, much, &c., by, to regard, esteem little, much, &c.; Set off, to adorn: to place against as an equivalent; Set on (B.), to attack; Set on, or upon, to instigate: to employ: to fix upon: (B.) to attack; Set one's face, to turn one's self resolutely towards; Set one's hand to, to sign; Set one's self, to bend one's energies toward anything; Set one's self against, to discountenance, oppose; Set one's teeth, to set one's teeth together, as in a strong resolution; Set on fire, to apply fire; Set on foot, to set agoing, to start; Set out, to mark off, to assign: (Bacon) to publish, to adorn: to equip, to furnish: to recommend: to prove: to start; Set over, to appoint as ruler over; Set sail (see Sail); Set the fashion, to lead or establish the fashion; Set the teeth on edge (see Edge); Set to, to affix: to apply one's self; Set up, to erect, to exalt: to begin: to enable to begin: to place in view: (print.) to put in type: to begin a new course: to make pretensions. [A.S. settan; cog. with Ger. setzen, Ice. setja, Goth. satjan; settan is the weak causative of sittan, to sit.]

Set, set, adj. fixed: firm: determined: regular: established: having reached the full growth: (B.) seated.—n. a number of things similar or suited to each other, set or used together: a group of games played together: the full number of eggs set under a hen: the couples that take part in a square dance, also the movements in a country-dance or quadrille: a number of persons associated: direction, drift, tendency: act of setting: a young plant ready for setting out, a cutting, slip: the appearance of young oysters in a district in any season: a mine or set of mines on lease, a distance set off for excavation, a system of pumps in a mine (also Sett): a tool for dressing forged iron: any permanent change of shape or bias of mind: fit, way in which a dress hangs: the pattern of a tartan, &c.: bearing, carriage, build.—n. Set′-square, a triangular piece of wood having one of its angles a right angle, used in mechanical drawing.—Set fair, a barometric indication of steady, fair weather; Set piece, a piece of theatrical scenery with a supporting framework, as distinguished from a side-scene or drop-scene; Set speech, a speech carefully premeditated.

Seta, sē′tä, n. a bristle, stiff hair, a prickle.—adj. Sētā′ceous, consisting of bristles: bristle-shaped.—n. Setā′ria, a genus of grasses with flat leaves and tail-like bristly spikes.—adjs. Sētif′erous; Sē′tiform, having the form of a bristle; Sētig′erous (tij′), bearing bristles; Sētip′arous, producing bristles; Sētose′, Sē′tous, bristly. [L. seta, a bristle.]

Seton, sē′tn, n. (surg.) an artificially produced sinus or channel, through which some substance, as a skein of cotton or silk, or a long flat piece of india-rubber or gutta-percha, is passed so as to excite suppuration, and to keep the artificially formed openings patent: also the inserted material. [Fr. séton (It. setone)—Low L. seto—L. seta, a bristle.]

Settee, se-tē′, n. a long seat with a back, esp. a sofa for two. [Prob. a variant of settle (3).]

Settee, se-tē′, n. a single-decked Mediterranean vessel with long prow and lateen sails. [Prob. It. saettia.]

Setter, set′ėr, n. one who sets, as music to words: a dog which crouches when it scents the game: one who finds out the victims for thieves.—Setter forth, one who proclaims or promotes anything; Setter off, one who decorates; Setter on, an instigator; Setter out, one who expounds; Setter up, one who establishes.

Setter, set′ėr, v.t. (prov.) to cut an ox's dewlap, and treat with a seton.—ns. Sett′ering, the foregoing process; Sett′er-wort, the fetid hellebore.

Settima, set′ti-ma, n. (mus.) the interval of a seventh—(obs.) Set′timo. [It.,—L. septem.]

Setting, set′ing, n. act of setting: direction of a current of wind: the hardening of plaster: that which holds, as the mounting of a jewel: the mounting of a play, &c., for the stage: act of adapting to music.

Settle, set′l, v.t. to set or place in a fixed state: to fix: to establish in a situation or business: to render quiet, clear, &c.: to decide: to free from uncertainty: to quiet: to compose: to fix by gift or legal act: to adjust: to liquidate or pay: to colonise.—v.i. to become fixed or stationary: to fix one's residence or habits of life (often with down): to grow calm or clear: to sink by its own weight: to sink to the bottom: to cease from agitation.—adj. Sett′led, fixed, firmly seated or decided: quiet, sober.—ns. Sett′ledness; Sett′lement, act of settling: state of being settled: payment: arrangement: a colony newly settled: a subsidence or sinking of a wall, &c.: a sum newly settled on a woman at her marriage; Sett′ler, one who settles: a colonist; Sett′ling, the act of making a settlement: the act of subsiding: the adjustment of differences: sediment: dregs; Sett′ling-day, a date fixed by the Stock Exchange for the completion of transactions—in consols, once a month; in all other stocks, twice a month, each settlement occupying three days (contango-day, name-day, and pay-day). [A.S. setlan, to fix—setl, a seat.]

Settle, set′l, v.t. to decide, conclude: to fix, appoint: regulate: to pay, balance: to restore to good order.—v.i. to adjust differences or accounts: to meet one's pecuniary obligations fully. [A.S. sahtlian, to reconcile, saht, reconciliation—sacan, to contend. Confused in both form and meaning with the preceding.]

Settle, set′l, n. a long high-backed bench for sitting on: (B.) also, a platform lower than another part.—n. Sett′le-bed, a bed which is folded or shut up so as to form a seat by day. [A.S. setl—sittan, to sit; Ger. sessel.]

Setule, set′ūl, n. a setula or little bristle.—adjs. Set′ūliform, Set′ūlose.

Setwall, set′wawl, n. the common European valerian. [O. Fr. citoual—Low L. zedoaria—Pers. zadwar.]

Setwork, set′wurk, n. in plastering, two-coat work on lath: boat-building in which the strakes are placed edge to edge and secured by inside battens.

Seven, sev′n, adj. and n. six and one.—adj. Sev′en-fold, folded seven times: multiplied seven times.—n. Sev′en-night, seven days and nights: a week, the time from one day of the week to the same again—also contr. Sennight (sen′nīt).—adj. Sev′enth, last of seven, next after the sixth.—n. one of seven equal parts.—adv. Sev′enthly.—Seven cardinal, chief, or principal virtues (see Cardinal); Seven champions of Christendom, St George for England, St Andrew for Scotland, St Patrick for Ireland, St David for Wales, St Denis for France, St James for Spain, St Anthony for Italy; Seven deadly sins, pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, and sloth; Seven dolours of the Blessed Virgin Mary (see Dolour); Seven free arts (see Arts); Seven gifts of the Holy Ghost, wisdom, understanding, counsel, ghostly strength or fortitude, knowledge, godliness, and the fear of the Lord; Seven sages, or wise men, Solon of Athens, Thales of Miletus, Pittacus of Mitylene, Bias of Priene in Caria, Chilon of Sparta, Cleobulus tyrant of Lindus in Rhodes, and Periander tyrant of Corinth; Seven Sleepers, seven Christian youths at Ephesus who took refuge in a cave about 250 A.D. in the persecution of Decius, were walled up by their pursuers, fell into a deep sleep, and only awoke in 447 under Theodosius II.; Seven stars, the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn: the constellation Ursa Major: the Pleiades; Seven wise masters, the most common title given to a famous medieval collection of stories grouped round a central story of the birth, education, and trials of a young prince. Accused like Joseph, he is sentenced to death, but each one of the seven viziers gains a day, out of the fated seven during which the prince may not open his mouth, by two tales against women. At the end of the seventh day the prince is free to speak, and quickly clears his character; Seven wonders of the world, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Hanging (i.e. terraced) Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Statue of Jupiter at Athens by Phidias, the Mausoleum, erected by Artemisia at Halicarnassus, the Colossus at Rhodes, and the Pharos of Alexandria; Seven years' war (1756-63), the third and severest struggle for the possession of Silesia between Frederick the Great and the Empress Maria Theresa, together with the allies on both sides; it gave Silesia to Frederick, and to England the mastery of North America and India. [A.S. seofon; Dut. zeven, Ger. sieben, Goth. sibun, Gr. hepta, L. septem.]

Seventeen, sev′n-tēn, adj. and n. seven and ten.—adj. and n. Sev′enteenth, the seventh after the tenth. [A.S. seofontíene—seofon, tíen, ten.]

Seventy, sev′n-ti, adj. and n. seven times ten.—adj. Sev′entieth, last of seventy: the ordinal of 70.—n. a seventieth part.—The Seventy, the Jewish sanhedrim: the disciples sent out in Luke x.: the authors of the Septuagint—often LXX. [A.S. seofontig—seofon, seven; Dut. zeventig, Ger. siebenzig.]

Sever, sev′ėr, v.t. to separate with violence: to cut apart: to divide: (B.) to keep distinct.—v.i. to make a separation, to act independently: to be rent asunder.—adj. Sev′erable.—n. Sev′erance, act of severing: separation. [Fr. sevrer, to wean—L. separāre, to separate.]

Several, sev′ėr-al, adj. distinct: particular: different: various: consisting of a number: sundry.—n. a woman's loose outer garment, capable of being worn as a shawl, or in other forms.—adv. Sev′erally.—n. Sev′eralty, sole tenancy of property. [O. Fr.,—L. separāre, to separate.]

Severe, sē-vēr′, adj. serious: grave: austere: strict: not mild: strictly adhering to rule: free from florid ornamentation, simple: sharp: distressing: inclement: searching: difficult to be endured.—adv. Sēvēre′ly.—ns. Sēvēre′ness; Sēver′ity, quality of being severe: gravity: harshness: exactness: inclemency. [Fr. sévère—L. severus.]

Sew, sō, v.t. to join or fasten together with a needle and thread.—v.i. to practise sewing.—ns. Sew′er; Sew′ing; Sew′ing-cott′on, cotton thread for sewing; Sew′ing-machine′, a machine for sewing and stitching upon cloth, leather, &c., operated by any power.—Sew up one's stocking, to put one to silence.—Be sewed, or sewed up, to be stranded, of a ship: (coll.) to be brought to a stand-still, to be ruined: to be tipsy. [A.S. síwian, séowian; Old High Ger. siwan, Goth. siujan.]

Sewel, sū′el, n. a scarecrow.—Also Shew′el. [Prob. related to shy.]

Sewer, sū′ėr, n. an officer who set down and removed the dishes at a feast. [O. Fr. asseour—asseoir, to set down—L. ad, to, sedēre, to sit. Skeat makes it from M. E. sewen, to set meat, sew, pottage—A.S. seaw, juice.]

Sewer, sū′ėr, n. an underground passage for draining off water and filth.—ns. Sew′age, refuse carried off by sewers; Sew′erage, the whole sewers of a city: drainage by sewers; Sew′er-gas, the contaminated air of sewers.—Open sewer, a sewer of which the channel is exposed to the air. [O. Fr. seuwiere, a canal—L. ex, out, aqua, water.]

Sex, seks, n. the distinction between male and female: the characteristics by which an animal or plant is male or female, gender: the female sex, women generally, usually with the definite article.—adj. Sex′less, having no sex.—n. Sex′lessness.—adj. Sex′ūal, pertaining to sex: distinguished or founded on the sex: relating to the distinct organs of the sexes.—v.t. Sex′ūalise, to distinguish as sexed.—ns. Sex′ūalist, one who classifies plants according to the differences of the sexes; Sexūal′ity, state or quality of being sexual.—adv. Sex′ūally.—Sexual affinity, the instinctive attraction of one sex for another; Sexual organs, the organs of generation; Sexual selection, that province of natural selection in which sex comes into play. [Fr. sexe—L. sexus—secāre, to cut.]

Sexagenarian, sek-sa-je-nā′ri-an, n. a person sixty years old.—adj. Sexag′enary, designating the number sixty.—n. a sexagenarian: something containing sixty.—ns. Sex′agene, an arc or angle of 60°; Sexages′ima, the second Sunday before Lent (see Septuagesima).—adj. Sexages′imal, pertaining to the number sixty: proceeding by sixties.—adv. Sexages′imally. [L. sexagenarius—sexaginta, sixty.]

Sexangle, sek′sang-gl, n. a figure with six angles, a hexagon.—adjs. Sex′angled, Sexang′ular.—adv. Sexang′ularly.

Sexcentenary, sek-sen′te-nā-ri, n. that which consists of 600: a 600th anniversary.—Also adj.

Sexdigitate, seks-dij′i-tāt, adj. having six fingers or toes.—n. Sexdig′itist.

Sexennial, seks-en′yal, adj. lasting six years: happening once in six years—also Sextenn′ial.—adv. Sexenn′ially. [L. sex, six, annus, a year.]

Sexisyllabic, sek-si-si-lab′ik, adj. having six syllables.—n. Sex′isyllable, a word of six syllables.

Sexivalent, sek-siv′a-lent, adj. (chem.) having an equivalent of six. [L. sex, six, valens—valēre, to have strength.]

Sexpartite, seks′pär-tīt, adj. divided into six parts. [L. sex, six, partitus, divided.]

Sext, Sexte, sekst, n. (eccles.) the office of the sixth hour, originally said at midday: (mus.) the interval of a sixth.—adj. Sex′tan, recurring every sixth day. [L. sextus, sixth—sex, six.]

Sextans, seks′tanz, n. an ancient Roman bronze coin, worth one-sixth of the as.—adjs. Sex′tantal; Sex′tic, of the sixth degree. [L.,—sex, six.]

Sextant, seks′tant, n. (math.) the sixth part of a circle: an optical instrument having an arc=the sixth part of a circle, and used for measuring angular distances.

Sextet, Sextette, seks-tet′, n. (mus.) a work for six voices or instruments: a musical company of six.

Sextile, seks′til, n. the position of two planets when at the distance of the sixth part of a circle (60°), marked thus *. [L.,—sex, six.]

Sextillion, seks-til′yun, n. a million raised to the sixth power, expressed by a unit with 36 ciphers attached: 1000 raised to the seventh power.

Sexto, seks′to, n. a size of book made by folding a sheet of paper into six leaves.—n. Sex′to-dec′imo, a size of book made by folding a sheet of paper into sixteen leaves: a book of this size.

Sexton, seks′tun, n. an officer who has charge of a church, attends the clergyman, digs graves, &c.: a burying-beetle.—ns. Sex′ton-bee′tle, a coleopterous insect of the genus Necrophorus; Sex′tonship, the office of a sexton. [A corr. of sacristan.]

Sextuple, seks′tū-pl,—adj. sixfold: (mus.) having six beats to the measure.—v.t. to multiply by six.—n. Sex′tūplet (mus.), a note divided into six parts instead of four.

'Sfoot, sfōōt, interj. (Shak.) a minced imprecation. [Abbrev. from God's foot. Cf. 'sblood.]

Sforzando, sfor-tsän′dō, adj. (mus.) forced, with sudden emphasis. Abbrev. sf. and sfz., or marked

.—Also Sforzato (sfor-tsä′tō). [It., pr.p. of sforzare, to force—L. ex, out, Low L. fortia, force.]

Sgraffito, sgraf-fē′tō, n. (same as Graffito, q.v.): a kind of decorative work in pottery and superimposed metals, in which clays, &c., of different colours are laid one upon another, and the pattern is produced by cutting away the outer layers:—pl. Sgraffi′ti.

Shabby, shab′i,—adj. threadbare or worn, as clothes: having a look of poverty: mean in look or conduct: low: paltry.—adv. Shabb′ily.—n. Shabb′iness.—adj. Shabb′y-genteel′, keeping up or affecting an appearance of gentility, though really shabby. [An adj. formed from shab, an old by-form of scab—thus a doublet of scabby.]

Shabrack, shab′rak, n. a trooper's housing or saddle-cloth. [Fr.,—Ger. shabracke—Pol. czaprak.]

Shack, shak, v.i. to shed or fall out, as ripe grain from the ear: to feed on stubble: (U.S.) to hibernate, to go into winter quarters.—n. grain, &c., fallen on the ground: liberty of winter pasturage: a hastily-built cabin, a rickety house.—ns. Shack′-bait, such bait as may be picked up at sea; Shack′le, stubble. [Shake.]

Shackle, shak′l, n. a curved bar, as of iron: a link or staple: a link securing two ankle-rings or two wrist-rings together, and so (pl.) fetters, manacles: a hinderance.—v.t. to fetter: to tie the limbs of: to confine.—ns. Shack′le-bolt, a bolt having a shackle on the end: (her.) a bearing representing a fetlock for hobbling a horse; Shack′le-joint, a peculiar kind of articulation seen in the exoskeleton of some fishes. [A.S. sceacul, scacul, a shackle—sceacan, to shake; cog. with Old Dut. schakel, a link of a chain, Ice. skökull, the pole of a cart.]

Shad, shad, n. a fish of the herring kind, but having the upper jaw deeply notched, and ascending rivers to spawn.—adj. Shad′-bell′ied, flat-bellied—opp. to Pot-bellied: sloping away gradually in front, cut away.—ns. Shad′-bird, the common American snipe: the sandpiper; Shad′-bush, the June-berry or service-berry; Shad′-fly, a May-fly; Shad′-frog, a large and very agile American frog; Shad′-wait′er, the pilot-fish or round-fish. [A.S. sceadda.]

Shaddock, shad′ok, n. a tree of the same genus as the orange, having larger leaves, flowers, and fruit. [Named from Captain Shaddock, who introduced it to the West Indies from China about 1810.]

Shade, shād, n. partial darkness: interception of light: obscurity: a shady place: protection: shelter: a screen: degree of colour: a very minute change: (paint.) the dark part of a picture: the soul separated from the body: a ghost: (obs., poet.) a bodily shadow: (pl.) the departed spirits, or their unseen abode, Hades.—v.t. to screen from light or heat: to shelter: to mark with gradations of colour: to darken: (Spens.) to foreshadow, represent.—adjs. Shā′ded, marked with gradations of colour: sheltered; Shade′ful, shady; Shade′less, without shade.—n. Shā′der.—adv. Shā′dily.—ns. Shā′diness; Shā′ding, the act of making a shade: the effect of light and shade, as in a picture; Shā′ding-pen, a pen with a broad flat nib.—adj. Shā′dy, having, or in, shade: sheltered from light or heat: (coll.) not fit to bear the light, of dubious honesty or morality. [A.S. sceadu—scead, shade.]

Shadoof, sha-dōōf′, n. a contrivance for raising water by means of a long rod pivoted near one end, the shorter arm weighted to act as the counterpoise of a lever, the longer carrying a bucket which is lowered into the water—much used on the Nile for irrigation purposes.—Also Shaduf′. [Ar. shādūf.]

Shadow, shad′ō, n. shade caused by an object: darkness: shelter: security: favour: the dark part of a picture: an inseparable companion: a mystical representation: faint appearance: a ghost, spirit: something only in appearance.—v.t to shade: to cloud or darken: to shade, as a painting: to represent faintly: to hide, conceal: (coll.) to attend like a shadow, watch continuously and carefully.—ns. Shad′ow-fig′ure, a silhouette; Shad′owiness, the state of being shadowy or unsubstantial; Shad′owing, shading: gradation of light and colour.—adj. Shad′owless.—n. Shad′ow-stitch, in lace-making, a very delicate kind of ladder-stitch used in fine open-work.—adj. Shad′owy, full of shadow: dark: obscure: typical: unsubstantial: (rare) indulging in fancies.—Shadow of death, approach of death: terrible disaster. [A.S. sceadu; cog. with Old High Ger. scato, and perh. Gr. skotos, darkness, skia, shadow.]

Shafiite, shaf′i-īt, n. a member of one of the four principal sects of the Sunnites, or orthodox Muslims. [Ar. Shāfi'ī, the name of the founder.]

Shaft, shaft, n. anything long and straight, as the stem of an arrow, &c.: a long arrow, anything like an arrow in form or effect: the part of a column between the base and capital: the stem of a feather: the pole or thill of a carriage: the handle of a tool of any kind.—adj. Shaft′ed, having a shaft or handle.—ns. Shaft′-horse, the horse that is harnessed between the shafts of a carriage; Shaft′ing (mach.), the system of shafts connecting machinery with the prime mover.—Make a shaft or a bolt of it (Shak.), to take the risk and make the best of it—the shaft and the bolt being the arrows of the long-bow and the cross-bow respectively. [A.S. sceaft; prob. orig. pa.p. of scafan, to shave.]

Shaft, shaft, n. a well-like excavation sunk into a mine for pumping, hoisting, &c.: the tunnel of a blast-furnace. [Prob. in this sense from Ger. schacht, a shaft; cog. with foregoing.]

Shag, shag, n. woolly hair: cloth with a rough nap: a kind of tobacco cut into shreds.—adj. rough, hairy.—v.t. to roughen, make shaggy.—v.i. (Spens.) to hang in shaggy clusters.—adjs. Shag′-eared (Shak.), having shaggy or rough ears; Shag′ged, shaggy, rough.—n. Shag′gedness.—adv. Shag′gily.—n. Shag′giness.—adjs. Shag′gy, covered with rough hair or wool: rough: rugged; Shag′-haired, having long, rough hair. [A.S. sceacga, a head of hair; Ice. skegg, beard, skagi, cape (in Shetland, skaw).]

Shagreen, sha-grēn′, n. the skin of various sharks, rays, &c., covered with small nodules, used for covering small caskets, boxes, cigar and spectacle cases, &c.: a granular leather prepared by unhairing and scraping the skin of horses, asses, &c.—formerly Chagrin′.—adj. (also Shagreened′) made of, or covered with, shagreen. [Fr. chagrin—Turk. sāghrī, the back of a horse.]

Shairl, shārl, n. a fine cloth woven from the hair of a Tibetan variety of the Cashmere goat.

Shaitan, shī′tan, n. the devil, any evil spirit or devilish person. [Ar.]

Shake, shāk, v.t. to move with quick, short motions: to agitate: to make to tremble: to threaten to overthrow: to cause to waver: to give a tremulous note to.—v.i. to be agitated: to tremble: to shiver: to lose firmness:—pa.t. shook, (B.) shāked; pa.p. shāk′en,—n. a rapid tremulous motion: a trembling or shivering: a concussion: a rent in timber, rock, &c.: (mus.) a rapid repetition of two notes: (slang) a brief instant.—n. Shake′down, a temporary bed, named from the original shaking down of straw for this purpose.—adj. Shāk′en, weakened, disordered.—ns. Shāk′er, one of a small communistic religious sect founded in Manchester about the middle of the 18th century, so nicknamed from a peculiar dance forming part of their religious service; Shake′-rag (obs.), a ragged fellow; Shāk′erism.—adv. Shāk′ily.—n. Shāk′iness.—adj. Shāk′y, in a shaky condition: feeble: (coll.) wavering, undecided: of questionable ability, solvency, or integrity: unsteady: full of cracks or clefts.—Shake down, or together, to make more compact by shaking; Shake hands, to salute by grasping the hand: (with) to bid farewell to; Shake off the dust from one's feet, to renounce all intercourse with; Shake the head, to move the head from side to side in token of reluctance, disapproval, &c.; Shake together (coll.), to get friendly with; Shake up, to restore to shape by shaking: (Shak.) to upbraid.—Great shakes (coll.), a thing of great account, something of value (usually 'No great shakes'). [A.S. sceacan, scacan.]

Shakespearian, shāk-spē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare, or his works—also Shakespē′rian, Shakspear′ean, Shakspē′rian.—n. a student of Shakespeare (1564-1616).—n.pl. Shakespeariā′na, details or learning connected with Shakespeare and his writings.—n. Shakespea′rianism, anything peculiar to Shakespeare.

Shako, shak′ō, n. a military cap of cylindrical shape, worn mostly by infantry, and generally plumed. [Hung. csako.]

Shale, shāl, n. clay or argillaceous material, splitting readily into thin laminæ.—adj. Shā′ly. [Ger. schale, a scale.]

Shall, shal, v.t. (obs.) to be under obligation: now only auxiliary, used in the future tense of the verb, whether a predictive or a promissive future (in the first person implying mere futurity; in the second and third implying authority or control on the part of the speaker, and expressing promise, command, or determination, or a certainty about the future. In the promissive future 'will' is used for the first person, and 'shall' for the second and third). [A.S. sceal, to be obliged; Ger. soll, Goth. skal, Ice. skal, to be in duty bound.]

Shalloon, sha-lōōn′, n. a light kind of woollen stuff for coat-linings, &c., said to have been first made at Châlons-sur-Marne in France.

Shallop, shal′op, n. a light boat or vessel, with or without a mast. [O. Fr. chaluppe; Ger. schaluppe; prob. of East Ind. origin.]

Shallot, sha-lot′, n. a species of onion with a flavour like that of garlic.—Also Shalot′. [O. Fr. eschalote, formed from eschalone, escalone, whence Eng. scallion (q.v.).]

Shallow, shal′ō, n. a sandbank: a place over which the water is not deep: a shoal.—adj. not deep: not profound: not wise: trifling.—v.t. to make shallow.—v.i. to grow shallow.—adjs. Shall′ow-brained, -pā′ted, weak in intellect; Shall′ow-heart′ed, not capable of deep feelings.—adv. Shall′owly (Shak.), simply, foolishly.—n. Shall′owness. [Scand., Ice. skjálgr, wry; cf. Ger. scheel.]

Sham, sham, n. a pretence: that which deceives expectation: imposture.—adj. pretended: false.—v.t. to pretend: to feign: to impose upon.—v.i. to make false pretences:—pr.p. sham′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. shammed.—ns. Sham′-fight, a fight in imitation of a real one; Sham′mer, one who shams.—Sham Abraham (see Abraham-man). [Shame.]

Shamanism, sham′an-izm, n. a name applied loosely to the religion of the Turanian races of Siberia and north-eastern Asia, based essentially on magic and sorcery.—n. Sham′an, a wizard priest.—adj. Shaman′ic.—n. Sham′anist.—adj. Shamanis′tic. [Perh. Hind. shaman, idolater.]

Shamble, sham′bl, v.i. to walk with an awkward, unsteady gait.—n. a shambling gait.—adj. Sham′bling. [Skeat refers to Dut. schampelen—O. Fr. s'escamper, to decamp.]

Shambles, sham′blz, n.pl. stalls on which butchers exposed their meat for sale, hence a flesh-market: a slaughter-house. [A.S. scamel (Ger. schämel), a stool—Low L. scamellum, for L. scabellum, dim. of scamnum, a bench.]

Shame, shām, n. the feeling caused by the exposure of that which ought to be concealed, or by a consciousness of guilt: the cause of shame, a person or thing to be ashamed of: disgrace, dishonour: (B.) the parts of the body which modesty requires to be concealed.—v.t. to make ashamed: to cause to blush: to cover with reproach: to drive or compel by shame.—adj. Shame′faced (properly Shame′fast, A.S. sceam-fæst), very modest or bashful.—adv. Shame′facedly.—ns. Shame′facedness, Shame′fastness, modesty.—adj. Shame′ful, disgraceful.—adv. Shame′fully.—n. Shame′fulness.—adj. Shame′less, immodest: done without shame: audacious.—adv. Shame′lessly.—n. Shame′lessness.—adj. Shame′-proof (Shak.), insensible to shame.—ns. Shā′mer, one who, or that which, makes ashamed; Shame′-reel, the first dance after the celebration of marriage, the bride being the best man's partner, the best maid the bridegroom's.—For shame, an interjectional phrase, signifying 'you should be ashamed!'—Put to shame, to cause to feel shame. [A.S. sceamu, scamu, modesty; Ice. skömm, a wound, Ger. scham.]

Shammatha, sha-mä′tha, n. the severest form of excommunication among the ancient Jews. [Heb.]

Shammy, sham′i, same as Chamois.—v.t. Sham′oy, to prepare leather by working oil into the skin.—n. Sham′oying.

Shampoo, sham-pōō′, v.t. to squeeze and rub the body, in connection with the hot bath: to wash thoroughly with soap and water.—ns. Shampoo′; Shampoo′er. [Hind. chāmpnā, squeeze.]

Shamrock, sham′rok, n. the national emblem of Ireland, a leaf with three leaflets, or plant having such leaves, sometimes supposed to be the Wood-sorrel, but the name is more frequently applied to some species of Clover, or to some common plant of some of the nearly allied genera, as the Bird's Foot Trefoil or the Black Medick. The Lesser Yellow Trefoil is the plant usually sold in Dublin on St Patrick's Day. [Ir. seamrog, Gael. seamrag, trefoil, dim. of seamar, trefoil.]

Shan, shan, adj. pertaining to the Shans, a number of tribes of common origin, who live on the borders of Burma, Siam, and China.

Shand, shand, n. (obs.) shame: (Scot.) base coin.—adj. worthless. [A.S. sceand, scand.]

Shandrydan, shan′dri-dan, n. a light two-wheeled cart: any rickety conveyance.—Also Shan′dry. [Ir.]

Shandygaff, shan′di-gaf, n. a mixture of bitter ale or beer with ginger-beer. [Ety. dub.]

Shanghai, shang-hī′, n. a long-legged hen with feathered shanks, said to have been introduced from Shanghai in China: (U.S.) a tall dandy.—v.t. (naut. ) to hocus a sailor and ship him while insensible: (U.S.) to get a person by some artifice into a jurisdiction where he can lawfully be arrested.

Shangti, shang′tē′, n. a Christian name in China for God. [Chin. shang, high, ti, ruler.]

Shank, shangk, n. the leg below the knee to the foot: the long part of any instrument, as of an anchor between the arms and ring: the part of a tool connecting the handle with the acting part: the part of a shoe connecting the sole with the heel.—v.i. to be affected with disease of the footstalk: to take to one's legs (with it).—v.t. (Scot.) to despatch unceremoniously.—adj. Shanked, having a shank: affected with disease of the shank or footstalk.—ns. Shank′-ī′ron, a shaping-tool for shoe-shanks: an iron plate inserted as a stiffening between the leather parts of a shank; Shank′-paint′er, a painter or small rope for fastening the shank of an anchor, when catted, to a ship's side. [A.S. sceanca, leg—sceacan, to shake; Dut. schonk, Low Ger. schake.]

Shanty, shant′i, n. a mean dwelling or hut, a temporary house: a grog-shop. [Perh. from Ir. sean, old, tig, a house; others derive through Fr. chantier, a timber-yard, from L. cantherius, a rafter.]

Shanty, shant′i, n. a song with boisterous drawling chorus, sung by sailors while heaving at the capstan, or the like—also Chant′y, Chant′ie.—n. Shant′yman, the leader of such a chorus. [Prob. from Fr. chanter, to sing.]

Shape, shāp, v.t. to form: to fashion: to adapt to a purpose: to regulate: to direct: to conceive.—v.i. (Shak.) to take shape, to become fit:—pa.p. shāped, (B.) shāp′en.—n. form or figure: external appearance: that which has form or figure: an appearance: particular nature: expression, as in words: a pattern: (cook.) a dish of rice, jelly, or the like cast in a mould and turned out when it has grown firm.—adjs. Shā′pable, Shape′able; Shaped, having a varied ornamental form; Shape′less, having no shape or regular form: (Shak.) effecting nothing.—ns. Shape′lessness; Shape′liness.—adj. Shape′ly, having shape or regular form: symmetrical.—ns. Shā′per, a metal planing machine, the tool with reciprocating motion; Shā′ping, representation, imagination.—Take shape, to assume a definite form or plan. [A.S. sceapan, scapan, to form, make; Ice. skapa, Ger. schaffen.]

Shard, shärd, n. (Spens.) a boundary, division: (obs.) the leaves of the artichoke whitened. [Perh. from Ice. skardh (Ger. scharte, a notch), and ult. conn. with A.S. sceran, to divide.]

Shard, shärd, n. a fragment, as of an earthen vessel: the wing-case of a beetle.—adjs. Shard′-borne (Shak.), borne on shards, as beetles; Shar′ded (Shak.), provided with elytra or wing-cases. [A.S. sceard, a fragment—sceran, to divide.]

Share, shār, n. a part cut off: a portion: dividend: one of a number of equal portions of anything: a fixed and indivisible section of the capital of a company.—v.t. to divide into parts: to partake with others.—v.i. to have a part: to receive a dividend.—ns. Share′-brok′er, a broker or dealer in shares of railways, &c.; Share′holder, one who holds or owns a share in a joint fund or property; Share′-list, a list of the prices of shares of railways, banks, &c.; Shār′er.—Share and share alike, in equal shares.—Deferred shares (see Defer); Go shares, to divide equally; Ordinary shares, shares forming the common stock of a company. [A.S. scearu—sceran, to shear.]

Share, shār, n. the iron blade of a plough which cuts the ground.—v.t. to cut, cleave.—n. Share′-beam, the part of the plough to which the share is fixed. [A.S. scear—sceran, to shear.]

Shark, shärk, n. a common name for most of the Elasmobranch fishes included in the sub-order Selachoidei—voracious fishes, mostly carnivorous, with large sharp teeth on the jaws—most numerous in the tropics. [Perh. L. carcharus—Gr. karcharos, jagged.]

Shark, shärk, n. a sharper, a cheat or swindler: an extortionate rogue.—v.i. to live like a swindler.—v.t. to pick up (with up or out).—ns. Shark′er; Shark′ing. [Prob. from preceding word.]

Sharn, shärn, n. (Scot.) dung of cattle. [A.S. scearn; cf. Ice. skarn.]

Sharp, shärp, adj. having a thin cutting edge or fine point: peaked or ridged: affecting the senses as if pointed or cutting: severe: keen, keenly contested: alive to one's interests, barely honest: of keen or quick perception: vigilant, attentive: pungent, biting, sarcastic: eager: fierce: impetuous: shrill: (phon.) denoting a consonant pronounced with breath and not voice, surd—as the sharp mutes, p, t, k.—n. an acute or shrill sound: (mus.) a note raised a semitone in the scale, also the character directing this: a long and slender sewing-needle—opp. to a blunt and a between: a small sword or duelling sword: a sharper, cheat: (pl.) the hard parts of wheat, middlings: an oysterman's boat—also Sharp′ie, Sharp′y.—v.t. (obs.) to sharpen.—v.i. to play the sharper, cheat.—adj. Sharp′-cut, cut sharply or definitely: well-defined: clear.—v.t. Sharp′en, to make sharp or keen, pungent or painful, active or acute.—v.i. to grow sharp.—ns. Shar′pener, one who sharpens; Sharp′er, a trickster: a swindler: a cheat.—adjs. Sharp′-eyed, sharp-sighted; Sharp′-ground, ground to a sharp edge; Sharp′-look′ing (Shak.), hungry-looking.—adv. Sharp′ly, quickly: to the moment: (mus.) above the true pitch.—n. Sharp′ness.—adjs. Sharp′-nosed, having a pointed nose: keen of scent, as a dog; Sharp′-set, ravenous.—ns. Sharp′-shoot′er, an old term applied in the army to riflemen when skirmishing or specially employed as marksmen; Sharp′-shoot′ing.—adjs. Sharp′-sight′ed, having acute sight: shrewd; Sharp′-vis′aged, having a thin face; Sharp′-wit′ted, having an acute wit.—Look sharp, to show eagerness, to act quickly. [A.S. scearp; Ice. skarpr, Gr. scharf.]

Shaster, shas′tėr, n. a text-book, an authoritative religious and legal book among the Hindus.—Also Shas′tra. [Sans. çāstra—çās, to teach.]

Shatter, shat′ėr, v.t. to break or dash to pieces: to crack: to disorder: to render unsound.—v.i. to break into fragments.—n. a fragment: impaired state.—adjs. Shatt′er-brained, -pā′ted, disordered in intellect; Shatt′ery, brittle. [Scatter.]

Shauchle, shawh′l, v.i. (Scot.) to walk with shuffling, loose gait.—v.t. to distort, deform. [Perh. conn. with Ice. skjálgr, wry, squinting.]

Shave, shāv, v.t. to cut off the hair with a razor: to pare closely: to make smooth by paring: to cut in thin slices: to skim along the surface: to strip, swindle.—v.i. to remove hair by a razor:—pa.p. shāved or shā′ven.—n. the act of shaving: a paring: a narrow miss or escape: a piece of financial knavery.—ns. Shave′-grass, the scouring-rush; Shave′ling, a monk or friar, from his shaven crown; Shā′ver, one who shaves: a barber: a sharp or extortionate dealer: (coll.) a chap, youngster; Shā′ving, the act of shaving: that which is shaved or pared off; Shā′ving-bā′sin, -bowl, -brush, a basin, bowl, brush, used by persons shaving.—Close, or Near, shave, a very narrow escape. [A.S. sceafan, scafan; Dut. schaven, Ger. schaben, L. scabĕre, to scrape, Gr. skaptein, to dig.]

Shavie, shā′vi, n. (Scot.) a trick or prank.—Also Skā′vie. [Perh. Dan. skæv, crooked; cf. Ger. schief, oblique.]

Shaw, shaw, n. a thicket, a small wood: (Scot.) a stem with the leaves, as of a potato. [A.S. scaga; Ice. skógr, Dan. skov.]

Shawl, shawl, n. a wrap made of wool, cotton, silk, or hair, used particularly by women as a loose covering for the shoulders: a kind of mantle.—v.t. to wrap in a shawl.—ns. Shawl′-dance, a graceful Oriental dance in which the dancer waves a scarf; Shawl′-matē′rial, a textile of silk and wool, soft and flexible, usually with Oriental designs, employed for dresses and parts of dresses for women; Shawl′-patt′ern, a coloured pattern, supposed to resemble an Eastern shawl, and applied to material of plainer design; Shawl′-pin, a pin used for fastening a shawl; Shawl′-strap, a pair of leather straps, fitted to a handle, used for carrying shawls, rugs, &c.; Shawl′-waist′coat, a vest or waistcoat with a large staring pattern like that of a shawl. [Pers. shāl.]

Shawm, Shalm, shawm, n. a musical instrument of the oboe class, having a double reed enclosed in a globular mouthpiece. [O. Fr. chalemie—L. calamus, a reed-pipe.]

Shaya-root, shā′ä-rōōt, n. the root of the so-called Indian madder, yielding a red dye.—Also Ché-root, Choy-root. [Tamil chaya.]

She, shē, pron. fem. the female understood or previously mentioned: sometimes used as a noun for a woman or other female. [Orig. the fem. of the def. art. in A.S.—viz. seó, which in the 12th century began to replace heó, the old fem. pron.]

Shea, shē′ä, n. the tree yielding the Galam butter or shea-butter.—Also Shē′a-tree and Karite.

Sheading, shē′ding, n. one of the six divisions or districts of the Isle of Man. [Shed.]

Sheaf, shēf, n. a quantity of things, esp. the stalks of grain, put together and bound: a bundle of arrows, usually 24 in number: any bundle or collection:—pl. Sheaves (shēvz).—v.t. to bind in sheaves.—v.i. to make sheaves.—adj. Sheaf′y. [A.S. sceáf—A.S. scúfan, to shove; Ger. schaub, Dut. schoof.]

Sheal, shēl, v.t. (Shak.) to shell, as peas.—n. Sheal′ing, the shell, pod, or husk, as of peas. [Shell.]

Sheal, Shiel, shēl, n. (Scot.) a hut used by shepherds, sportsmen, &c.: a shelter for sheep.—ns. Sheal′ing, Sheel′ing, Shiel′ing. [Either Ice. skáli, a hut, or Ice. skjól, a shelter; both cog. with sky, shade.]

Shear, shēr, v.t. to cut or clip: to clip with shears or any other instrument: (Scot.) to reap with a sickle.—v.i. to separate, cut, penetrate: in mining, to make a vertical cut in the coal:—pa.t. sheared, (obs.) shore; pa.p. sheared or shorn.—n. a shearing or clipping: a strain where compression is answered by elongation at right angles: curve, deviation.—ns. Shear′-bill, the scissor-bill, cut-water, or black skimmer; Shear′er; Shear′-hog, a sheep after the first shearing; Shear′ing, the act or operation of cutting with shears: what is cut off with shears: (Scot.) the time of reaping: the process of preparing shear-steel: (geol.) the process by which shear-structure (q.v.) has been produced; Shear′ling, a sheep only once sheared; Shear′man, one whose occupation is to shear cloth; Shears (pl. and sing.), an instrument for shearing or cutting, consisting of two blades that meet each other: a hoisting apparatus (see Sheers): anything resembling shears, as even a pair of wings (Spens.); Shear′-steel, steel suitable for the manufacture of shears and other edge-tools; Shear′-struc′ture (geol.), a structure often seen in volcanic rocks, due to the reciprocal compression and elongation of various parts under great crust movements; Shear′-wa′ter, a genus of oceanic birds allied to the petrels, and varying from 8½ to 14 inches in length. [A.S. sceran; Ice. skera, to clip, Ger. scheren, to shave.]

Sheat-fish, shēt′-fish, n. a fish of the family Siluridæ, the great catfish of central Europe.

Sheath, shēth, n. a case for a sword or other long instrument: a scabbard: any thin defensive covering: a membrane covering a stem or branch: the wing-case of an insect.—v.t. Sheathe (th), to put into a sheath: to cover with a sheath or case: to enclose in a lining.—adj. Sheathed (th), provided with, or enclosed in, a sheath: (bot., zool., and anat.) having a sheath, vaginate.—ns. Sheath′ing (th), that which sheathes, esp. the covering of a ship's bottom; Sheath′-knife, a knife carried in a sheath from the waist.—adjs. Sheath′less; Sheath′-winged, having the wings encased in elytra: coleopterous; Sheath′y, sheath-like.—Sheathe the sword, to put an end to war. [A.S. scéth, scǽth; Ger. scheide, Ice. skeithir.]

Sheave, shēv, n. the wheel of a pulley over which the rope runs: a sliding scutcheon for covering a keyhole.—n. Sheave′-hole. [Shive.]

Shebang, shē-bang′, n. (Amer.) a place, a store, a saloon, a gaming-house: a brothel.

Shebeen, she-bēn′, n. a place where intoxicating drinks are privately and unlawfully sold.—ns. Shebēē′ner, one who keeps a shebeen; Shebēē′ning. [Ir.]

Shed, shed, v.t. to part, separate: to scatter, cast off: to throw out: to pour: to spill.—v.i. to let fall, cast:—pr.p. shed′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. shed.—n. a division, parting, as of the hair, and in watershed.—ns. Shed′der; Shed′ding. [A.S. sceádan, to separate; Ger. scheiden.]

Shed, shed, n. a slight erection, usually of wood, for shade or shelter: an outhouse: a large temporary open structure for reception of goods. [Shade.]

Sheen, shēn, n. brightness or splendour.—adj. (obs.) bright, shining.—v.i. (arch.) to shine, glitter.—adj. Sheen′y, shining, beautiful. [A.S. scéne, scýne, fair; Dut. schoon, Ger. schön, beautiful; prob. from the root of A.S. sceáwian, to look at.]

Sheeny, shēn′i, n. (slang) a sharp fellow, a cheat, a Jewish dealer.—adj. cheating.

Sheep, shēp, n.sing. and pl. the well-known ruminant mammal covered with wool: leather made from sheep-skin: a silly and timid fellow.—ns. Sheep′-bīt′er (Shak.), one who practises petty thefts; Sheep′-bīt′ing, robbing those under one's care, like an ill-trained shepherd-dog; Sheep′-cote, an enclosure for sheep; Sheep′-dog, a dog trained to watch sheep: (slang) a chaperon.—adj. Sheep′-faced, sheepish, bashful.—ns. Sheep′-farm′er, Sheep′-fold, a fold or enclosure for sheep: a flock of sheep; Sheep′-head, Sheep's′-head, a fool, a stupid and timid person: an American fish of the family Sparidæ, allied to the perches, so called from the shape and colour of the head; Sheep′-hook, a shepherd's crook.—adj. Sheep′ish, like a sheep: bashful: foolishly diffident.—adv. Sheep′ishly.—ns. Sheep′ishness; Sheep′-louse, a parasitic dipterous insect; Sheep′-mar′ket, a place where sheep are sold; Sheep′-mas′ter, a master or owner of sheep; Sheep′-pen, an enclosure for sheep; Sheep′-pest, the sheep-tick; Sheep′-pox, a contagious eruptive disease of sheep, variola ovina; Sheep′-run, a tract of grazing country for sheep; Sheep's′-eye, a modest, diffident look: a loving, wishful glance; Sheep's′-foot, a printer's tool with a claw at one end for prizing up forms; Sheep′-shank (Scot.), the shank of a sheep—hence something slender and weak: a nautical knot for temporarily shortening a rope; Sheep′-shearer, one who shears sheep; Sheep′-shearing; Sheep′-shears, a kind of shears used for shearing sheep; Sheep′-sil′ver, money formerly paid by tenants for release from the service of washing the lord's sheep; Sheep′-skin, the skin of a sheep: leather prepared from the skin of a sheep: a deed engrossed on sheep-skin parchment; Sheep′-steal′er; Sheep′-steal′ing; Sheep's′-wool, a valuable Florida sponge; Sheep′-tick, an insect which attacks the sheep, sucking its blood and raising a tumour; Sheep′walk, the place where the sheep pasture; Sheep′-wash, a lotion for vermin on the sheep, or to preserve its wool—also Sheep′-dip; Sheep′-whis′tling, tending sheep.—Black sheep, the disreputable member of a family or group. [A.S. sceáp; Ger. schaf.]

Sheer, shēr, adj. pure: unmingled: simple: without a break, perpendicular.—adv. clear: quite: at once. [Ice. skærr, bright; Ice. skírr, A.S. scír.]

Sheer, shēr, v.i. to deviate from the line of the proper course, as a ship: to turn aside.—n. the deviation from the straight line, or the longitudinal curve or bend of a ship's deck or sides.—ns. Sheer′-hulk, an old dismasted ship with a pair of sheers mounted on it for masting ships; Sheer′-leg, one of the spars.—n.pl. Sheers, an apparatus for hoisting heavy weights, having usually two legs or spars spread apart at their lower ends, and bearing at their tops, where they are joined, hoisting-tackle. [Perh. Dut. scheren, to cut, withdraw.]

Sheet, shēt, n. a large, thin piece of anything: a large, broad piece of cloth in a bed: a large, broad piece of paper: a sail: the rope fastened to the leeward corner of a sail to extend it to the wind.—v.t. to cover with, or as with, a sheet: to furnish with sheets: to form into sheets.—ns. Sheet′-copp′er, -ī′ron, -lead, -met′al, copper, iron, lead, metal in thin sheets.—adj. Sheet′ed, with a white band or belt.—ns. Sheet′-glass, a kind of crown-glass made at first in the form of a cylinder, cut longitudinally, and opened out into a sheet; Sheet′ing, cloth used for bed-sheets: the process of forming into sheets; Sheet′-light′ning, lightning appearing in sheets or having a broad appearance; Sheet′-work, press-work.—A sheet (or Three sheets) in the wind, fuddled, tipsy; In sheets (print.), not folded, or folded but not bound. [A.S. scéte, scýte, a sheet—sceótan (pa.t. sceát), to shoot, project.]

Sheet-anchor, shēt′-angk′ur, n. the largest anchor of a ship, shot or thrown out in extreme danger: chief support: last refuge. [Shoot and anchor.]

Sheik, Sheikh, shēk, n. a man of eminence, a lord, a chief: a title of learned or devout me n. [Ar. sheikh—shākha, to be old.]

Shekel, shek′l, n. a Jewish weight (about half-an-ounce avoirdupois) and coin (about 2s. 6d. sterling): (pl.) money (slang). [Heb. from shāqal, to weigh.]

Shekinah, Shechinah, shē-kī′na, n. the Divine presence which rested like a cloud or visible light over the mercy-seat. [Heb.,—shākhan, to dwell.]

Sheldrake, shel′drāk, n. a genus of birds of the Duck family Anatidæ, having the hind-toe free:—fem. Shel′duck. [A.S. scyld, a shield, and drake.]

Shelf, shelf, n. a board fixed on a wall, &c., for laying things on: a flat layer of rock: a ledge: a shoal: a sandbank:—pl. Shelves (shelvz).—adj. Shelf′y.—Put, Lay, on the Shelf, to put aside from duty or service. [A.S. scylfe, a plank, Ice. skjálf, a bench.]

Shell, shel, n. a term applied to the hard outer covering or skeleton of many animals, to the internal skeleton of some invertebrates, and to the outer covering-of the eggs of various animals: any framework: the outer ear: a testaceous mollusc: any frail structure: a frail boat: a rough kind of coffin: an instrument of music: a bomb: a hollow projectile containing a bursting charge of gunpowder or other explosive ignited at the required instant by means of either time or percussion fuses: the thin coating of copper on an electrotype: an intermediate class in some schools.—v.t. to break off the shell: to remove the shell from: to take out of the shell: to throw shells or bombs upon, to bombard.—v.i. to fall off like a shell: to cast the shell.—ns. Shellac (she-lak′, shel′ak), Shell′-lac, lac prepared in thin plates for making varnish, &c.—v.t. to coat with shellac.—ns. Shell′-back, an old sailor, a barnacle; Shell′-bark, either of two North American hickories.—adj. Shelled, having a shell, testaceous.—ns. Shell′er, one who shells or husks; Shell′fish, a popular term for many aquatic animals not fishes, esp. oysters, clams and all molluscs, and crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters; Shell′-gun, a cannon used for throwing shells, esp. horizontally: Shell′-heap, a prehistoric accumulation of shells, &c., pointing back to a race that lived on shellfish; Shell′-ice, ice no longer supported by the water beneath; Shell′-jack′et, an undress military jacket; Shell′-lime, lime procured from the shells of shellfish by burning; Shell′-lime′stone, a limestone largely consisting of shells; Shell′-marl, a white earthy deposit, resulting from the accumulation of fragments of shells; Shell′-mound, a shell-heap; Shell′-or′nament, decoration in which any shell-form is prominent.—adj. Shell′proof, proof against, or able to resist, shells or bombs.—ns. Shell′-room, a magazine on board ship where shells are stored; Shell′-sand, sand consisting in great part of fragments of shells, and often containing a small proportion of organic matter, a very useful manure for clay soils, heavy loams, and newly-reclaimed bogs; Shell′work, work composed of or adorned with shells.—adj. Shell′y, consisting of a shell: testaceous.—Shell out, (slang), to hand over, as money. [A.S. scell, scyl; Dut. schel, Ice. skel.]

Shelta, shel′ta, n. a secret jargon of great antiquity spoken by Irish tinkers, beggars, and pipers.—Also Shelrū, Cainnt cheard, Gam cant, Bog-latin. [Shelrū, a perversion of the Irish béulra, language.]

Shelter, shel′tėr, n. that which shields or protects: a refuge: a retreat, a harbour: protection.—v.t. to cover or shield: to defend: to conceal.—v.i. to take shelter.—n. Shel′terer.—adjs. Shel′terless; Shel′tery, affording shelter. [Orig. sheltron—A.S. scyld-truma, shield-troop—scyld, shield, truma, troop—trum, firm.]

Shelty, Sheltie, shel′ti, n. a Shetland pony. [Perh. a dim. of Shetland pony.]

Shelve, shelv, v.t. to furnish with shelves: to place on a shelf; to put aside.—n. Shel′ving, the furnishing with shelves: the act of placing on a shelf: shelves or materials for shelves.

Shelve, shelv, v.i. to slope, incline.—n. a ledge.—n. Shel′ving, a shelving place: (rare) a bank.—adj. Shel′vy, sloping, shallow. [Prob. ult. from Ice. skelgja-sk, to come askew—skjálgr, wry.]

Shend, shend, v.t. (Spens.) to disgrace, to reproach, to blame, also to overpower, to surpass:—pa.t. and pa.p. shent. [A.S. scendan, to disgrace—A.S. scand, sceand (Ger. schande), shame.]

She-oak, shē′-ōk, n. one of several shrubs of the Australian genus Casuarina.

Sheol, shē′ōl, n. the place of departed spirits. [Heb. she'ōl, a hollow place—shā'al, to dig out.]

Shepherd, shep′ėrd, n. one who herds sheep: a swain: a pastor:—fem. Shep′herdess.—v.t. to tend as a shepherd: to watch over, protect the interests of, or one's own interests in.—ns. Shep′herdism, pastoral life; Shep′herdling, a little shepherd; Shep′herd's-crook, a long staff, its upper end curved into a hook; Shep′herd's-dog, a dog specially trained to help in tending sheep, the collie or Scotch sheep-dog, &c.; Shep′herd's-flute, a flageolet or the like; Shep′herd's-nee′dle, an annual plant, called also Venus's comb; Shep′herd's-plaid, -tar′tan, a woollen cloth made with black and white checks: this form of pattern itself; Shep′herd's-pouch, -purse, an annual cruciferous plant, with compressed, somewhat heart-shaped seed-vessel; Shep′herd's-rod, -staff, a small kind of teasel.—Shepherd kings (see Hyksos).—The Good Shepherd, a title of Jesus Christ (John, x. 11); The Shepherds, a sect of fanatical shepherds in France about 1251 A.D., eager to deliver the imprisoned Louis IX. [A.S. sceáp-hyrde. Sheep and herd.]

Sherbet, shėr′bet, n. a drink of water and fruit juices, sweetened and flavoured. [Through Turk. from Ar. sharbat, a drink—shariba, he drinks.]

Sherif, Shereef, she-rēf′, n. a descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima: a prince or ruler: the chief magistrate of Mecca. [Ar. sharīf, noble, lofty.]

Sheriff, sher′if, n. the governor of a shire: (English law) the chief officer of the crown in every county or shire, his duties being chiefly ministerial rather than judicial: (Scots law) the chief magistrate and judge of the county: in the United States the office of sheriff is mainly ministerial, his principal duties to maintain peace and order, attend courts, guard prisoners, serve processes, and execute judgments.—ns. Sher′iffalty, Sher′iffdom, Sher′iffship, the office or jurisdiction of a sheriff; Sher′iff-clerk, in Scotland the registrar of the sheriff's court, who has charge of the records of the court; Sher′iff-dep′ute (Scot.), the sheriff proper, so called since the abolition of the heritable jurisdictions in 1748 to distinguish him from the earlier heritable Sher′iff-prin′cipal, whose title is now merged in that of the Lord-lieutenant; Sher′iff-off′icer, in Scotland, an officer connected with the sheriff's court, who is charged with arrests, the serving of processes, &c.; Sher′iff-sub′stitute, the acting sheriff in a Scotch county or city, like the sheriff-depute appointed by the crown, but unlike the sheriff-depute forced to reside within his judicial district, and forbidden to take other employment; Un′der-sher′iff, the deputy of an English sheriff who performs the execution of writs. [A.S. scir-geréfa—scir (Eng. shire), geréfa, a governor; cog. with Ger. graf, a count.]

Sherry, sher′i, n. a name derived from Xeres or Jerez de la Frontera, near Cadiz, and applied to the better kind of white wines grown in the neighbourhood of Xeres.—Sherry cobbler, a cobbler made with sherry.—Natural sherry, a sherry having from two to four per cent. of spirit added to make it keep.

Shetlander, shet′land-ėr, n. a native or inhabitant of Shetland.—Shetland lace, an open-work ornamental trimming made with woollen yarn for shawls, &c.; Shetland pony, a small sturdy and shaggy horse, usually nine to ten hands high, a shelty; Shetland wool, a thin but strong undyed worsted, spun from the wool of the sheep in the Shetland Islands, much used for knitting fine shawls, &c.

Sheva, she-vä′, n. a Hebrew point (:) written below its consonant, and indicating properly the absence of a vowel (simple sheva). It is either unsounded, as at the close of a syllable (silent sheva), or given a short breathing or neutral sound, as at the beginning of a syllable (vocal sheva). Sometimes it is compounded with the short vowels, forming compound shevas.

Shiah, shē′ä, n. a member of that Mohammedan sect which maintains that Ali, first cousin of Mohammed and husband of his daughter Fatima, was the first legitimate successor of the Prophet, rejecting the three califs of their opponents the Sunnis, as usurpers.—n. Shiism (shē′izm). [Ar. shī'a, sect.]

Shibboleth, shib′bō-leth, n. (B.) a test-word used by the Gileadites under Jephthah to detect the fleeing Ephraimites, who could not pronounce the sh (Judges, xii. 4-6): the criterion or watchword of a party. [Heb., an ear of corn, or a stream.]

Shield, shēld, n. a broad plate worn for defence on the left arm: anything that protects: defence: a person who protects: the shield-shaped escutcheon used for displaying arms.—v.t. to defend: (Shak.) to forfend, avert.—v.i. to be a shelter.—ns. Shiel′der; Shield′-fern, a fern, so called from its shape.—adj. Shield′less, defenceless.—adv. Shield′lessly.—n. Shield′lessness.—adj. Shield′-shaped, scutate. [A.S. scyld; Ger. schild, Ice. skiöldr, protection.]

Shift, shift, v.t. to change in form or character: to put out of the way: to dress in fresh clothes.—v.i. to change about: to remove: to change one's clothes: to resort to expedients for some purpose: in violin-playing, to move the left hand from its original position next to the nut.—n. a change: in violin-playing, any position of the left hand except that nearest the nut: a squad or relay of men: a contrivance: an artifice: last resource: a chemise or woman's undermost garment (orig. signifying a change of body-linen).—adj. Shift′able, capable of being shifted.—ns. Shift′er, one who shifts: a trickster; Shift′iness, the character of being shifty.—adj. Shift′ing, unstable: shifty.—adv. Shift′ingly.—adj. Shift′less, destitute of shifts or expedients: unsuccessful, for want of proper means.—adv. Shift′lessly.—n. Shift′lessness.—adj. Shift′y, full of, or ready with, shifts, contrivances, or expedients.—Shift about, to vacillate: to turn quite round to the opposite point; Shift for one's self, to provide for one's self; Shift of crops, rotation of crops; Shift off, to defer: to put away.—Make shift, to find ways and means of doing something, contrive. [A.S. sciftan, to divide, Ice. skipta.]

Shiite, shē′īt, n. the same as Shiah (q.v.).—adj. Shiit′ic.

Shikar, shi-kär′, n. in India, hunting, sport.—ns. Shikar′ee, Shikar′i, a hunter. [Hind.]

Shillalah, shi-lā′la, n. an oak sapling, the oak or blackthorn cudgel of the conventional Irishman.—Also Shille′lah, Shillā′ly. [Prob. Shillelagh, an oak-wood in County Wicklow.]

Shilling, shil′ing, n. an English silver coin=12 pence.—Take the shilling, to enlist as a soldier by accepting the recruiting-officer's shilling—discontinued since 1879. [A.S. scilling; Ger. schilling.]

Shilly-shally, shil′i-shal′i, adv. in silly hesitation.—n. foolish trifling: irresolution.—v.i. to hesitate.—n. Shill′y-shall′ier, an irresolute person. [A reduplication of 'Shall I?']

Shilpit, shil′pit, adj. (Scot.) weak, washy: feeble-looking. [Ety. dub.]

Shim, shim, n. (mach.) a thin slip used to fill up space caused by wear.—v.t. to wedge up. [Ety. dub.]

Shimmer, shim′ėr, v.i. to gleam tremulously, to glisten.—ns. Shimm′er, Shimm′ering, a tremulous gleam. [A.S. scimrian—scíman, to shine; Ger. schimmern.]

Shin, shin, n. the large bone of the leg or the forepart of it: a bird's shank.—v.i. to climb a tree (with up): to tramp, trudge.—v.t. to climb a tree by swarming up it: to kick on the shins.—ns. Shin′-bone, the tibia; Shin′-piece, a piece of armour defending the forepart of the leg; Shin′-plas′ter (U.S.), a patch of brown-paper steeped in vinegar, &c., laid on a sore: a small paper note or promise to pay. [A.S. scina, the shin (esp. in the compound scin-bán, shin-bone); Dut. scheen, Ger. schiene.]

Shin, shin, n. a god, or the gods: the term used by Protestant missionaries in Japan and China for the Supreme Being.

Shindy, shin′di, n. the game of shinty, shinny, bandy-ball, or hockey: (slang) a row, disturbance.—Kick up a shindy, to make a disturbance.

Shine, shīn, v.i. to beam with steady radiance: to glitter: to be bright or beautiful: to be eminent.—v.t. to cause to shine:—pa.t. and pa.p. shone (shon), (B.) shīned.—adj. (Spens.) bright.—n. brightness: splendour: fair weather: (slang) disturbance, row, a trick.—n. Shī′ner, that which shines: (slang) a coin, esp. a sovereign: a small American fresh-water fish.—adj. Shī′ning.—adv. Shī′ningly.—n. Shī′ningness.—adj. Shī′ny, clear, unclouded: glossy.—Cause, or Make, the face to shine (B.), to be propitious; Take the shine out of (slang), to outshine, eclipse. [A.S. scínan; Ger. scheinen.]

Shingle, shing′gl, n. wood sawed or split thin, used instead of slates or tiles, for roofing houses: (U.S.) a small sign-board or plate.—v.t. to cover with shingles: to crop the hair very close.—adjs. Shing′led, Shing′le-roofed, having the roof covered with shingles.—ns. Shing′ler; Shing′ling. [Low L. scindula, a wooden tile—L. scindĕre, to split.]

Shingle, shing′gl, n. the coarse gravel on the shores of rivers or of the sea.—adj. Shing′ly. [Orig. single—Norw. singel, singling, shingle—singla, freq. of singa, to ring.]

Shingles, shing′glz, n. popular name for the disease Herpes zoster. [A corr. of L. cingulum, a belt or girdle—cingĕre, to gird.]

Shinny, shin′i, n. the game of bandy-ball or hockey. [Prob. Gael, sinteag, a bound.]

Shinti-yan, shin′ti-yan, n. the loose drawers worn by Moslem women.—Also Shin′tigan.

Shinto, shin′tō, n. the system of nature and hero worship forming the indigenous religion of Japan.—ns. Shin′tōism; Shin′tōist. [Jap.,=Chin. shin tao—shin, god, tao, way, doctrine.]

Ship, ship, n. a vessel having three masts, with tops and yards to each: generally, any large sea-going vessel.—v.t. to put on board a ship: to engage for service on board a ship: to transport by ship: to fix in its place.—v.i. to engage for service on shipboard:—pr.p. ship′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. shipped.—ns. Ship′-bis′cuit, hard biscuit for use on shipboard; Ship′board, the deck or side of a ship; Ship′-boy, a boy that serves on board a ship; Ship′-break′er, one who breaks up vessels no longer fit for sea; Ship′-brok′er, a broker who effects sales, insurance, &c. of ships; Ship′builder, one whose occupation is to construct ships; Ship′building; Ship′-canal′, a canal large enough to admit the passage of sea-going vessels; Ship′-cap′tain, one who commands a ship; Ship′-car′penter, a carpenter who works at shipbuilding; Ship′-chand′ler, a dealer in cordage, canvas, and other ship furniture or stores; Ship′-chand′lery, the business wares of a ship-chandler; Ship′-fē′ver, typhus fever, as common on board crowded ships; Ship′ful, as much or as many as a ship will hold; Ship′-hold′er, a ship-owner; Ship′-lett′er, a letter sent by a vessel which does not carry mails; Ship′-load, the load or cargo of a ship; Ship′man, a sailor:—pl. Ship′men; Ship′master, the captain of a ship; Ship′mate, a companion in the same ship; Ship′ment, act of putting on board ship: embarkation: that which is shipped; Ship′-mon′ey, a tyrannical tax imposed by the king on seaports, revived without authorisation of parliament by Charles I. in 1634-37; Ship′-of-the-line, before steam navigation, a man-of-war large enough to take a place in a line of battle; Ship′-own′er, the owner of a ship or ships.—adj. Shipped (Shak.), furnished with a ship or ships.—ns. Ship′per; Ship′ping, ships collectively: tonnage: (Shak.) a voyage; Ship′ping-āg′ent, the agent of a vessel or line of vessels to whom goods are consigned for shipment.—n.pl. Ship′ping-art′icles, articles of agreement, between the captain and his crew.—ns. Ship′ping-bill, invoice of goods embarked; Ship′ping-mas′ter, the official who witnesses signature by the sailors of the articles of agreement; Ship′ping-off′ice, the office of a shipping-agent, or of a shipping-master; Ship′-pound, a unit of weight in the Baltic ports; Ship′-rail′way, a railway by means of which vessels can be carried overland from one body of water to another.—adjs. Ship′-rigged (naut.), rigged like a ship, having three masts with square sails and spreading yards; Ship′shape, in a seaman-like manner: trim, neat, proper.—ns. Ship's′-hus′band, the owner's agent in the management of a ship; Ship′-tire (Shak.), a sort of head-dress, whether from its streamers or its general likeness to a ship; Ship′-way, the supports forming a sliding-way for the building, repairing, and launching of vessels; Ship′-worm, a genus (Teredo) of worm-like molluscs which perforate and live in timber, lining the cavity or tube with a calcareous encrustation; Ship′wreck, the wreck or destruction of a ship: destruction.—v.t. to destroy on the sea: to make to suffer wreck.—ns. Ship′wright, a wright or carpenter who constructs ships; Ship′yard, a yard where ships are built or repaired.—Ship a sea, to have a wave come aboard; Ship's papers, documents required for the manifestation of the property of a ship and cargo; Ship the oars (see Oar).—About ship! an exclamation to pull in the sheet preparatory to changing a ship's course during a tack; Make shipwreck of, to ruin, destroy; On shipboard, upon or within a ship; Take ship, or shipping, to embark. [A.S. scip—scippan, to make—scapan, to shape; Goth. skip, Ice. skip, Ger. schiff.]

Shipton, ship′ton, n. usually 'Mother Shipton,' a famous prophetess of popular English tradition, born near Knaresborough in 1488.

Shire, shīr, shir (in county-names), n. a county, one of the larger divisions of England for political purposes—originally a division of the kingdom under a sheriff, the deputy of the ealdorman: a term also surviving as applied to certain smaller districts in England, as Richmondshire and Hallamshire.—ns. Shire′man, a sheriff; Shire′-moot, Shire′-mote, formerly in England a court of the county held periodically by the sheriff together with the bishop or the ealdorman. [A.S. scir, scire, a county, sciran, a secondary form of sceran, to cut off.]

Shirk, shėrk, v.t. to avoid, get off or slink away from.—n. Shir′ker.—adj. Shir′ky. [A form of shark.]

Shirr, Shir, shėr, n. a puckering made in a fabric by parallel gathering-threads.—v.t. to produce such.—adj. Shirred, having lines or cords inserted between the threads, as in certain elastic fabrics.—ns. Shirr′ing, decorative-shirred needlework; Shirr′ing-string, a cord used to gather the threads together in shirred-work. [Ety. dub.]

Shirt, shėrt, n. a short garment worn next the body by men: an interior lining in a blast-furnace.—v.t. to cover as with a shirt.—ns. Shirt′-frill, a fine cambric frill worn in the early years of the 19th century on the breast of the shirt; Shirt′-front, that part of the shirt which is open and covers the breast, generally of finer material, starched stiffly; Shirt′ing, cloth for shirts: shirts collectively.—adj. Shirt′less, without a shirt.—ns. Shirt′-sleeve, the sleeve of a shirt; Shirt′-waist, a woman's overgarment or blouse, coming to the waist and belted there.—Bloody shirt, a blood-stained shirt, as the symbol of murder; Boiled shirt, a white shirt clean washed; In one's shirt-sleeves, without the coat. [Scand.; Ice. skyrta—skortr, shortness.]

Shittah, shit′a, n. a tree whose durable wood—Shittim wood—was used in the construction of the Jewish Tabernacle and its furniture—prob. the Acacia seyal. [Heb. shittah, pl. shittīm.]

Shivaree, shiv′a-rē, v.t. (U.S.) to give a mock serenade to.—Also n. [A corr. of charivari.]

Shive, shīv, n. (Shak.) a slice, as of bread: a small bung for closing a wide-mouthed bottle. [Scand., Ice. skífa, a slice; Dut. schijf, Ger. scheibe.]

Shiver, shiv′ėr, n. a splinter, or small piece into which a thing breaks by sudden violence.—v.t. to shatter.—v.i. to fall into shivers.—n. Shiv′er-spar, a slaty calcite or calcium carbonate.—adj. Shiv′ery, brittle.—Shiver my timbers, a nautical imprecation. [Skeat explains shiver as a dim. of the foregoing shive, a thin slice, the same as prov. Eng. sheave, a thin disc of wood, wheel of a pulley—Ice. skífa, a slice; Dut. schijf, Ger. scheibe.]

Shiver, shiv′ėr, v.i. to shake or tremble: to shudder.—v.t. to cause to shake in the wind, as sails.—n. Shiv′ering.—adv. Shiv′eringly, with shivering or trembling.—adj. Shiv′ery, inclined to shiver.—The shivers (coll.), the ague, chills. [M. E. chiveren, a softened form of kiveren, supposed by Skeat to be a Scand. form of quiver, and a freq. of Ice. kippa, to pull, the spelling with sh being due to confusion with shiver (n.).]

Shizoku, shē-zō′kōō, n. the two-sworded men of Japan, the gentry proper.

Shoal, shōl, n. a great multitude of fishes swimming together.—v.i. to crowd.—adv. Shoal′wise, in shoals. [A.S. scólu, company—L. schola, school.]

Shoal, shōl, n. a shallow: a place where the water of a river, sea, or lake is not deep: a sandbank.—adj. shallow.—v.i. to grow shallow: to come upon shallows.—ns. Shoal′er, a coasting vessel; Shoal′iness; Shoal′ing, filling up with shoals; Shoal′-mark, a mark set up to indicate shoal-water; Shoal′ness, shallowness.—adj. Shoal′y, full of shoals or shallows: not deep. [Scand.; Ice. skálgr, oblique; cf. Shallow.]

Shock, shok, n. a violent shake: a sudden dashing of one thing against another: violent onset: an offence: a condition of prostration of voluntary and involuntary functions caused by trauma, a surgical operation, or excessive sudden emotional disturbance: (coll.) a sudden attack of paralysis, a stroke: an electrical stimulant to sensory nerves, &c.: any very strong emotion.—v.t. to shake by violence: to offend: to disgust: to dismay.—v.i. to collide with violence.—n. Shock′er (coll.), a very sensational tale.—adj. Shock′ing, offensive, repulsive.—adv. Shock′ingly.—n. Shock′ingness. [Prof. Skeat explains M. E. schokken, to shock, as from O. Fr. choc, a shock, choquer, to give a shock—Old High Ger. scoc, a shock, shaking movement. Cf. A.S. scóc, pa.t. of sceacan, to shake.]

Shock, shok, n. a heap or pile of sheaves of corn.—v.t. to make up into shocks or stooks.—n. Shock′er. [M. E. schokke—Old Dut. schocke.]

Shock, shok, n. a dog with long, shaggy hair: a mass of shaggy hair.—n. Shock′-dog, a rough-haired dog, a poodle.—adjs. Shock′-head, -ed, having a thick and bushy head of hair. [A variant of shag.]

Shoddy, shod′i, n. (orig.) the waste arising from the manufacture of wool: now applied to the wool of old woven fabrics reduced to the state in which it was before being spun and woven, and thus fit for remanufacture: the inferior cloth made from this substance: worthless goods: (coll.) pretence, sham, vulgar and baseless assumption.—adj. made of shoddy: inferior, trashy: pretentious, sham, counterfeit: ambitious by reason of newly-acquired wealth.—n. Shodd′yism. [Shed, to part—A.S. sceádan, to part.]

Shoe, shōō, n. a covering for the foot, not coming above the ankle: a rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to keep it from injury: anything in form or use like a shoe:—pl. Shoes (shōōz).—v.t. to furnish with shoes: to cover at the bottom:—pr.p. shoe′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. shod.—ns. Shoe′-bill, the whalehead (Balæniceps); Shoe′black, one who blacks and cleans shoes or boots; Shoe′-black′ing, blacking for boots and shoes; Shoe′-boy, a boy who cleans shoes; Shoe′-brush, a brush for cleaning boots or shoes; Shoe′-buck′le, a buckle for fastening the shoe on the foot, by means of a latchet passing over the instep; Shoe′-hamm′er, a broad-faced hammer for pounding leather and for driving pegs, &c.; Shoe′horn, a curved piece of horn or metal used in putting on a shoe; Shoe′ing-horn, a shoehorn: (obs.) anything by which a transaction is facilitated; Shoe′-lace, a shoe-string; Shoe′-latch′et, a thong for holding a shoe, sandal, &c. on the foot; Shoe′-leath′er, leather for shoes: shoes or shoeing generally.—adj. Shoe′less, destitute of shoes.—ns. Shoe′maker, one whose trade or occupation is to make shoes or boots; Shoe′making; Shoe′-peg, a small peg of wood or metal for fastening different parts of a shoe together; Sho′er, one who furnishes shoes, a horse-shoer; Shoe′-stretch′er, a last having a movable piece for distending the leather of the shoe in any part; Shoe′-string, a string used to draw the sides of the shoe or boot together; Shoe′-tie, a cord or string for lacing a shoe: (Shak.) a traveller; Shoe′-work′er, one employed in a shoe-factory.—Another pair of shoes (coll.), quite a different matter; Be in one's shoes, or boots, to be in one's place; Die in one's shoes, to die by violence, esp. by hanging; Put the shoe on the right foot, to lay the blame where it rightly belongs. [A.S. sceó; Goth. skohs, Ger. schuh.]

Shog, shog, v.i. to shake, jog, move on, be gone.—v.t. to shake.—n. a jog, shock. [Celt., W. ysgogi, to wag, ysgog, a jolt.]

Shogun, shō′gōōn, n. the title of the commander-in-chief of the Japanese army during the continuance of the feudal system in Japan.—adj. Shō′gunal.—n. Shō′gunate. [Jap.,—sho, to hold, gun, army.]

Shoo, shōō, interj. off! away! to scare away fowls, &c.—v.i. to cry 'Shoo!'—v.t. to drive away by calling 'Shoo!' [Cf. Fr. chou, Gr. sou.]

Shooldarry, shōōl-där′i, n. a small tent with steep sloping roof and low sides. [Hind.]

Shoot, shōōt, v.t. to dart: to let fly with force: to discharge from a bow or gun: to strike with a shot: to thrust forward: to pass rapidly through: to lay out, place in position: to hunt over, to kill game in or on: to send forth new parts, as a plant.—v.i. to perform the act of shooting: to variegate, to colour in spots or threads: to be driven along: to fly, as an arrow: to jut out: to germinate: to advance or grow rapidly: to hunt birds, &c., with a gun:—pa.t. and pa.p. shot.—n. act of shooting: a match at shooting, shooting-party: a young branch: (Shak.) a sprouting horn: a passage-way in a mine for letting one down: a sloping trough used for discharging articles or goods from a height: a river-fall, rapid.—adj. Shoot′able, that may be shot, or shot over.—ns. Shoot′er, one who, or that which, shoots; Shoot′ing, act of discharging firearms or an arrow: sensation of a quick pain: act or practice of killing game: right to kill game with firearms on a certain area: the district so limited; Shoot′ing-box, a small house in the country for use in the shooting season; Shoot′ing-gall′ery, a long room used for practice in the use of firearms; Shoot′ing-ī′ron (slang), a revolver; Shoot′ing-jack′et, a short kind of coat for shooting in; Shoot′ing-range, a place for practising shooting at targets at measured distances; Shoot′ing-star, a meteor or falling star; Shoot′ing-stick, a printer's tool of wood or metal, to be struck with a mallet, for driving quoins.—Shoot ahead, to get to the front among a set of competitors; Shoot over, to go out shooting: to hunt upon.—I′ll be shot (slang), a mild imprecation. [A.S. sceótan; Dut. schieten, Ger. schiessen, to dart.]

Shop, shop, n. a building in which goods are sold by retail: a place where mechanics work, or where any kind of industry is pursued: one's own business or profession, also talk about such.—v.i. to visit shops for the purpose of buying.—v.t. (slang) to imprison:—pr.p. shop′ping; pa.p. shopped.—ns. Shop′-bell, a small automatic bell hung to give notice of the opening of a shop-door; Shop′-board, a bench on which work, esp. that of tailors, is done; Shop′-boy, -girl, a boy or girl employed in a shop; Shop′-keeper, one who keeps a shop for the sale of goods by retail; Shop′keeping, the business of keeping a shop; Shop′-lift′er; Shop′-lift′ing, lifting or stealing anything from a shop; Shop′man, one who serves in a shop: a shopkeeper; Shopoc′racy, shopkeepers collectively; Shop′ping, the act of visiting shops to see and buy goods.—adj. Shop′py, commercial: abounding in shops: given to talking shop: concerning one's own pursuit.—ns. Shop′-walk′er, one who walks about in a shop and sees the customers attended to; Shop′woman, a woman employed in a shop.—adj. Shop′-worn, somewhat tarnished by being exposed in a shop.—Fancy shop, a shop where fancy goods are sold.—Shut up shop (coll.), to abandon any enterprise; The other shop (slang), a rival institution or establishment; The whole shop (slang), entirely; Talk shop (coll.), to converse unseasonably about one's own profession. [A.S. sceoppa, a treasury (influenced by O. Fr. eschoppe, a stall.)]

Shore, shōr, n. the coast or land adjacent to the sea, to a river, or lake.—v.t. (Shak.) to set on shore.—ns. Shor′age, duty on goods when brought on shore from a ship; Shore′-anch′or, the anchor lying towards the shore; Shore′-cliff, a cliff at the water's edge; Shore′-land, land bordering on a shore.—adj. Shore′less, having no coast: indefinite or unlimited.—n. Shores′man, a fisherman along shore: a sole or part owner of a vessel: a longshoreman.—adv. Shore′ward, towards the shore.—n. Shore′-whāl′ing, the pursuit of the whale near the shore. [A.S. score—sceran, to shear.]

Shore, shōr, n. a prop or support for the side of a building, or to keep a vessel in dock steady on the slips.—v.t. to prop (often with up).—ns. Shōr′er; Shōr′ing, the act of supporting with props: a set of props. [Skeat refers to Ice. skortha, a prop, esp. under a boat—skor-inn, pa.p. of skera, to shear.]

Shore, shōr, v.t. (Scot.) to warn, threaten: to offer. [Perh. a form of score, or another form of sure, equivalent to assure.]

Shorn, shorn, pa.p. of shear.—n. Shōr′ling, Shōre′ling, a newly-shorn sheep.

Short, short, adj. (comp. Short′er, superl. Short′est) not long in time or space: not tall: near at hand, early in date: scanty, lacking, insufficient: in error, deficient in wisdom, grasp, memory, &c.: narrow: abrupt, curt, sharp, uncivil: brittle, crumbling away readily: not prolonged in utterance, unaccented: (coll.) undiluted with water, neat: falling below a certain standard (with of): of stocks, &c., not having in possession when selling, not able to meet one's engagements, pertaining to short stocks or to those who have sold short.—adv. not long.—n. a summary account: a short time or syllable: whatever is deficient in number, quantity, &c.: a short sale, one who has made such: (pl.) small clothes, knee-breeches: the bran and coarse part of meal, in mixture.—ns. Short′age, deficiency; Short′-allow′ance, less than the regular allowance; Short′-and, the character '&,' the ampersand.—adj. Short′-armed, having short arms, not reaching far.—ns. Short′-bill, one having less than ten days to run; Short′-cake, a rich tea-cake made short and crisp with butter or lard and baked—also Short′-bread (Scot.): (U.S.) a light cake, prepared in layers with fruit between, served with cream; Short′-cir′cuit (electr.), a path of comparatively low resistance between two points of a circuit.—n.pl. Short′-clothes, small clothes, the dress of young children after the first long clothes.—v.t. Short′-coat, to dress in short-coats.—n.pl. Short′-coats, the shortened skirts of a child when the first long clothes are left off.—n. Short′coming, act of coming or falling short of produce or result: neglect of, or failure in, duty.—n.pl. Short′-comm′ons (see Common).—n. Short′-cross, the short cross-bar of a printer's chase.—adjs. Short′-cut, cut short instead of in long shreds—of tobacco, &c.—also n.; Short′-dāt′ed, having short or little time to run from its date, as a bill.—n. Short′-divi′sion, a method of division with a divisor not larger than 12—opp. to Long-division.—v.t. Short′en, to make short: to deprive: to make friable.—v.i. to become short or shorter: to contract.—n. Short′-gown, a loose jacket with a skirt, worn by women, a bed-gown.—adj. Short′-grassed (Shak.), provided or covered with short grass.—n. Short′hand, an art by which writing is made shorter and easier, so as to keep pace with speaking.—adj. Short′-hand′ed, not having the proper number of servants, work-people, &c.—ns. Short′hander, a stenographer; Short′-horn, one of a breed of cattle having very short horns—Durham and Teeswater.—adj. Short′-horned.—n. Short′-hose, the stockings of the Highland dress, reaching to the knee, as opposed to the long hose formerly worn by Englishmen.—adjs. Short′-joint′ed, short between the joints: having a short pastern; Short′-legged (Shak.), having short legs; Short′-lived, living or lasting only for a short time.—adv. Short′ly, in a short time: in a brief manner: quickly: soon.—ns. Short′-mē′tre (see Metre); Short′ness; Short′-pull, a light impression on a hand-press; Short′-rib, one of the lower ribs, not reaching to the breast-bone, a false or floating rib.—adj. Short′-sight′ed, having sight extending but a short distance: unable to see far: of weak intellect: heedless.—adv. Short′-sight′edly.—n. Short′-sight′edness.—adjs. Short′-spō′ken, sharp and curt in speech; Short′-stā′ple, having the fibre short.—n. Short′-stop, the player at base-ball between the second and third base.—adjs. Short′-tem′pered, easily put into a rage; Short′-wind′ed, affected with shortness of wind or breath; Short′-wit′ted, having little wit, judgment, or intellect.—At short sight, meaning that a bill is payable soon after being presented; Be taken short (coll.), to be suddenly seized with a desire to evacuate fæces; Come, Cut, Fall, short (see Come, Cut, Fall); In short, in a few words; Make short work of, to settle some difficulty or opposition promptly; Take up short, to check or to answer curtly; The long and short, the whole. [A.S. sceort; Old High Ger. scurz; the Dut. and Sw. kort, Ger. kurz, are borrowed from L. curtus.]

Shot, shot, adj. (Spens.) advanced in years.—n. a young pig. [Perh. pa.p. of shoot.]

Shot, shot, n. act of shooting: a marksman: a missile: flight of a missile, or the distance passed by it: small globules of lead: (gun.) solid projectiles generally: a small pellet, of which there are a number in one charge: range of shot, reach: one cast or set of fishing-nets: the act of shooting, one who shoots, a marksman: a plot of land, a square furlong: a stroke in billiards, &c.—v.t. to load with shot:—pr.p. shot′ting; pa.p. shot′ted.—ns. Shot′-belt, a belt with a pouch for carrying shot; Shot′-cart′ridge, a cartridge containing small shot; Shot′-gauge, an instrument for measuring the size of round-shot; Shot′-gun, a smooth-bore gun for small shot, a fowling-piece; Shot′-hole, a hole made by a shot or bullet: a blasting-hole ready for a blast; Shot′-of-a-cā′ble, a length of rope as it comes from the rope-walk; Shot′-pouch, a pouch for small shot.—adjs. Shot′-proof, proof against shot; Shot′ted, loaded with ball and powder: having a shot or weight attached.—ns. Shot′-tow′er, a place where small shot is made by dropping molten lead through a colander in rapid motion from a considerable height into water; Shot′-win′dow, a projecting window in the staircases of old Scotch wooden houses.—A bad shot, a wrong guess; A shot in the locker, a last reserve of money, food, &c.

Shot, shot, adj. having a changeable colour, chatoyant, as silk, alpaca, &c.

Shot, shot, n. a reckoning, a share of a tavern-bill, &c.—adj. Shot′-free (Shak.), exempted from paying one's share of the reckoning or of expense. [Scot.]

Shotten, shot′n, p.adj. (Shak.) having ejected the spawn: shooting out into angles: dislocated, as a bone. [From shoot.]

Should, shood, pa.t. of shall. [A.S. sceolde, pa.t. of sceal; cf. Shall.]

Shoulder, shōl′dėr, n. the part of the trunk between the neck and the free portion of the arm or fore-limb, the region about the scapula: the upper joint of the foreleg of an animal cut for market: anything resembling the shoulder, a rising part, a prominence: that which sustains, support, the whole might or effort: the whole angle of a bastion between the face and flank.—v.t. to push with the shoulder or violently: to take upon the shoulder: to fashion with a shoulder or abutment.—v.i. to force one's way forward.—ns. Shoul′der-belt, a belt that passes across the shoulder; Shoul′der-blade, the broad, flat, blade-like bone (scapula) of the shoulder; Shoul′der-block, a pulley-block left nearly square at the upper end and cut away towards the sheave; Shoul′der-bone, the humerus, shoulder-blade; Shoul′der-clap′per (Shak.), one who claps another on the shoulder or uses great familiarity, a bailiff.—adj. Shoul′dered, having shoulders of a specified kind.—ns. Shoul′der-knot, a knot worn as an ornament on the shoulder, now confined to servants in livery; Shoul′der-piece, a strap passing over the shoulder and joining the front and back part of a garment; Shoul′der-slip, a sprain of the shoulder.—adjs. Shoul′der-slipped, Shoul′der-shot′ten (Shak.), having the shoulder-joint dislocated.—n. Shoul′der-strap, a strap worn on or over the shoulder: (U.S.) a narrow strap of cloth edged with gold-lace worn on the shoulder to indicate military and naval rank.—Shoulder-of-mutton sail, a kind of triangular sail of peculiar form, used mostly in boats, very handy and safe, particularly as a mizzen; Shoulder to shoulder, with hearty and united action or effort.—Give, Show, or Turn the cold shoulder (see Cold); Put, or Set, one's shoulder to the wheel, to give personal help heartily; With one shoulder, with one consent. [A.S. sculder, sculdor; Ger. schulter, Dut. schouder.]

Shout, showt, n. a loud and sudden outcry expressing strong emotion, or to attract attention.—v.i. to utter a shout: (slang) to order drink for others by way of treat.—v.t. to utter with a shout.—n. Shout′er.—adv. Shout′ingly. [Ety. unknown.]

Shout, showt, n. (prov.) a light flat-bottomed boat used in duck-shooting.

Shove, shuv, v.t. to drive along by continuous pressure: to push before one.—v.i. to push forward: to push off.—n. act of shoving: a strong push, a forward movement of packed river-ice.—Shove off, to push off a boat with oar or boat-hook. [A.S. scofian; Dut. schuiven, Ger. schieben.]

Shovel, shuv′l, n. an instrument consisting of a broad blade or scoop with a handle, used for lifting loose substances.—v.t. to lift up and throw with a shovel: to gather in large quantities.—v.i. to use a shovel:—pr.p. shov′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. shov′elled.—ns. Shov′el-board, Shove′-groat, Shuff′le-board, a game in which a piece of money or metal is driven with the hand toward a mark on a board: the board used in the game; Shov′elful, as much as a shovel will hold:—pl. Shov′elfuls; Shov′el-hat, a hat with a broad brim, turned up at the sides, and projecting in front—affected by Anglican clergy; Shov′el-head, the bonnet-headed shark: the shovel-headed sturgeon; Shov′eller, one who shovels: a genus of ducks, with mandibles very broad at the end; Shov′el-nose, a sturgeon with broad, depressed, shovel-shaped snout. [A.S. scofl, from scúfan, to shove; Ger. schaufel.]

Show, shō, v.t. to present to view: to enable to perceive or know: to inform: to teach: to guide: to prove: to explain: to bestow.—v.i. to appear, come into sight: to look:—pa.p. shōwn or shōwed.—n. act of showing: display: a sight or spectacle: parade: appearance: plausibility, pretence: a sign, indication.—ns. Show′-bill, a bill for showing or advertising the price, merits, &c. of goods; Show′-box, a showman's box out of which he takes his materials; Show′bread, among the Jews, the twelve loaves of bread shown or presented before Jehovah in the sanctuary; Show′-card, a placard with an announcement: a card of patterns; Show′-case, a case with glass sides in which articles are exhibited in a museum, &c.; Show′-end, that end of a piece of cloth which is on the outside of the roll for exhibition to customers; Show′er; Show′ing, appearance: a setting forth, representation; Show′man, one who exhibits shows; Show′-place, a place for exhibition: a gymnasium: (Shak.) a place where shows are exhibited; Show′-room, a room where a show is exhibited: a room in a warehouse, &c., where goods are displayed to the best advantage, a room in a commercial hotel where travellers' samples are exhibited.—Show a leg (vul.), to get out of bed; Show fight, to show a readiness to resist; Show forth, to give out, proclaim; Show off, to display ostentatiously; Show of hands, a raising of hands at a meeting to show approval of any proposal; Show one's hand (see Hand); Show one the door, to dismiss a person from one's house or presence; Show up, to expose to blame or ridicule. [A.S. scéawian; Dut. schouwen, Ger. schauen, to behold.]

Shower, show′ėr, n. a fall of rain or hail, of short duration: a copious and rapid fall: a liberal supply of anything.—v.t. to wet with rain: to bestow liberally.—v.i. to rain in showers.—ns. Show′er-bath, a bath in which water is showered upon one from above: the apparatus for giving a bath by showering water on the person; Show′eriness, the state of being showery.—adjs. Show′erless, without showers; Show′ery, abounding with showers. [A.S. scúr; Ice. skúr, Ger. schauer.]

Showy, shō′i, adj. making a show: cutting a dash: ostentatious: gay.—adv. Show′ily.—n. Show′iness.

Shrab, shrab, n. sherbet, liquor generally, spirits. [Hind. sharāb, wine.]

Shrapnel, shrap′nel, n. a shell filled with musket-balls—from General Shrapnel (died 1842).

Shred, shred, n. a long, narrow piece cut or torn off: a strip, fragment, particle.—v.t. to cut or tear into shreds.—n. Shred′ding, the act of cutting into shreds: a shred.—adjs. Shred′dy, consisting of shreds, ragged; Shred′less.—n. Shred′-pie, mince-pie. [A.S. screáde; Ger. schrot, Scot. screed.]

Shrew, shrōō, n. a brawling, troublesome woman: a scold: a family of insectivorous mammals closely resembling, in general form and appearance, the true mice and dormice—the head long, muzzle long and pointed.—adj. Shrewd, of an acute judgment: biting, keen: sly, malicious, wicked, cunning, vixenish.—adv. Shrewd′ly.—n. Shrewd′ness.—adj. Shrew′ish, having the qualities of a shrew: peevish and troublesome: clamorous.—adv. Shrew′ishly.—ns. Shrew′ishness; Shrew′-mole, a genus of insectivorous mammals of the family Talpidæ, very closely allied to the moles.—adj. Shrew′-struck, poisoned or blasted by a shrew. [A.S. screáwa, a shrew-mouse, its bite having been supposed venomous; cf. Ger. scher-maus, a mole.]

Shriek, shrēk, v.i. to utter a shriek: to scream.—v.t. to utter shriekingly.—n. the shrill outcry caused by terror or anguish—(Spens.) Schriech, Shright, Shrike.—ns. Shriek′er; Shriek′-owl (same as Screech-owl). [Screech.]

Shrieve, shrēv, v.t. (Spens.) same as Shrive.—n. Shriev′alty (same as Sheriffalty).

Shrift, shrift, n. a confession made to a priest: absolution—esp. of a dying man. [A.S. scrift—scrífan, to shrive.]

Shrike, shrīk, n. a genus of passerine birds which prey on insects and small birds, impaling its prey on thorns—hence called the Butcher-bird. [Ice. skríkja; cf. Shriek.]

Shrill, shril, adj. piercing: sharp: uttering an acute sound.—adjs. Shrill′-gorged (Shak.), shrill-throated; Shrill′ing (Spens.), sounding shrill.—n. Shrill′ness.—adjs. Shrill′-tongued, Shrill′-voiced (Shak.), having a shrill voice; Shrill′y, somewhat shrill.—adv. Shrill′y. [Skeat explains M. E. shril (Scotch skirl) as from Scand., Norw. skryla, skräla, to cry shrilly; cf. Low Ger. schrell.]

Shrimp, shrimp, n. a genus of edible crustaceans, of the order Decapoda, allied to lobsters, crayfish, and prawns: a little wizened or dwarfish person.—v.i. to catch shrimps.—ns. Shrimp′er, one who catches shrimps; Shrimp′ing, the act of catching shrimps; Shrimp′-net, a small-meshed net, on a hoop and pole, for catching shrimps. [Parallel to shrink; cf. Scotch scrimpit, pinched.]

Shrine, shrīn, n. a case or reliquary for relics: a sacred place: an altar: anything hallowed by its associations.—v.t. to enshrine.—adj. Shrī′nal. [A.S. scrín—L. scrinium—scribĕre, to write.]

Shrink, shringk, v.i. to contract: to wither: to occupy less space: to become wrinkled by contraction: to recoil, as from fear, disgust, &c.—v.t. to cause to shrink or contract: to withdraw:—pa.t. shrank, shrunk; pa.p. shrunk.—n. act of shrinking: contraction: withdrawal or recoil.—adj. Shrink′able.—ns. Shrink′age, a contraction into a less compass: the extent of the reduction of anything in bulk by shrinking, evaporation, &c.; Shrink′er.—adv. Shrink′ingly, in a shrinking manner: by shrinking. [A.S. scrincan; akin to Ger. schränken, to place obliquely.]

Shrive, shrīv, v.t. to hear a confession from and give absolution to.—v.i. to receive confession: to make such:—pa.t. shrōve or shrīved; pa.p. shriv′en.—ns. Shrī′ver, one who shrives: a confessor; Shrī′ving (Spens.), shift, confession; Shrīving-time (Shak.), time for confession. [A.S. scrífan, to write, to prescribe penance—L. scribĕre.]

Shrivel, shriv′l, v.i. and v.t. to contract into wrinkles: to blight:—pr.p. shriv′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. shriv′elled. [Perh. conn. with Old Northumbrian screpa, to become dry; cf. Norw. skrypa, to waste.]

Shroff, shrof, n. a banker or money-changer in India.—v.t. to inspect the quality of coins.—n. Shroff′age, such examination. [Hind. sarrāf—Ar. sarrāf.]

Shroud, shrowd, n. the dress of the dead, a winding-sheet: that which clothes or covers: any underground hole, a vault, burrow, &c.: (pl.) a set of ropes from the mast-heads to a ship's sides, to support the masts.—v.t. to enclose in a shroud: to cover: to hide: to shelter.—v.i. to take shelter.—adjs. Shroud′less, without a shroud; Shroud′y, giving shelter. [A.S. scrúd; Ice. skrúdh, clothing.]

Shroud, shrowd, v.t. (prov.) to lop the branches from, as a tree.—n. a cutting, a bough or branch, the foliage of a tree. [A variant of shred.]

Shrove-tide, shrōv′-tīd, n. the name given to the days immediately preceding Ash-Wednesday, preparatory to Lent—given up to football, cock-fighting, bull-baiting, &c.—ns. Shrove′-cake, a pancake for Shrove-tide; Shrove′-Tues′day, the day before Ash-Wednesday. [A.S. scrífan, to shrive.]

Shrub, shrub, n. a woody plant with several stems from the same root: a bush or dwarf tree.—v.t. (prov.) to win all a man's money at play.—adj. Shrub′beried, abounding in shrubbery.—ns. Shrub′bery, a plantation of shrubs; Shrub′biness, the state or quality of being shrubby.—adjs. Shrub′by, full of shrubs: like a shrub: consisting of shrubs; Shrub′less. [A.S. scrob; prov. Eng. shruff, light rubbish wood.]

Shrub, shrub, n. a drink prepared from the juice of lemons, currants, raspberries, with spirits, as rum. [A variant of shrab.]

Shrug, shrug, v.t. to draw up: to contract.—v.i. to draw up the shoulders, expressive of doubt, surprise, indifference, &c.:—pr.p. shrug′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. shrugged.—n. an expressive drawing up of the shoulders. [Scand., Dan. skrugge, to stoop.]

Shuck, shuk, n. a husk, shell, or pod.—v.t. to remove such, to strip off.—ns. Shuck′er, one who shucks; Shuck′ing, the act of taking off the shuck: a shucking-bee.—interj. Shucks (slang), expressive of contempt or disappointment.

Shudder, shud′ėr, v.i. to tremble from fear or horror.—n. a trembling from fear or horror.—adj. Shudd′ering, trembling, tremulous.—adv. Shudd′eringly. [Cf. Old Dut. schudden; Ger. schaudern, to shudder.]

Shuffle, shuf′l, v.t. to change the positions of: to confuse: to remove or introduce by purposed confusion.—v.i. to change the order of cards in a pack: to shift ground: to evade fair questions: to move by shoving the feet along.—n. act of shuffling: an evasion or artifice.—n. Shuff′ler.—p.adj. Shuff′ling, evasive, as an excuse.—adv. Shuff′lingly, in a shuffling manner: with an irregular gait: evasively.—To shuffle off, to thrust aside, put off. [A by-form of scuffle, thus conn. with shove and shovel.]

Shun, shun, v.t. to avoid: to keep clear of: to neglect:—pr.p. shun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. shunned.—adj. Shun′less (Shak.), not able to be shunned: unavoidable.—ns. Shun′ner; Shun′pike, a byroad. [A.S. scunian; Ice. skunda, to speed.]

Shunt, shunt, v.t. to turn aside, to turn off upon a side-rail: to shove off, free one's self from.—v.i. to turn aside: to use a switch or shunt in railways and electrics.—n. a short side-rail for allowing the main-line to be kept free: (electr.) a conductor joining two points of a circuit, through which a part of the current is diverted.—ns. Shun′ter; Shun′ting. [A.S. scyndan, to hasten. Skeat derives from Ice. skunda, to speed.]

Shut, shut, v.t. to close, as a door: to forbid entrance into: to contract, close, or bring together the parts of: to confine: to catch in the act of shutting something.—v.i. to close itself: to be closed.—pr.p. shut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. shut.—p.adj. made fast, closed: not resonant, dull: formed by closing the mouth and nose passages completely, said of consonants, as t, d, p: having the sound cut off sharply by a succeeding consonant, as the i in pin, &c.: freed from (with of).—ns. Shut′down, a discontinuance of work in a factory, &c.; Shut′ter, one who, or that which, shuts: a close cover for a window or aperture: (phot.) a device for opening and closing a lens.—v.t. to cover with shutters.—n. Shut′ter-dam, a form of movable dam having large gates opened and closed by a turbine.—Shut down, to stop working; Shut in, to enclose, to confine: to settle down, or fall (said, e.g., of evening); Shut off, to exclude; Shut out, to prevent from entering; Shut up, to close, to confine: (coll.) to cease speaking, to make one do so, to make it impossible to answer. [A.S. scyttan, to bar—sceótan, to shoot.]

Shuttle, shut′l, n. an instrument used for shooting the thread of the woof between the threads of the warp in weaving.—v.t. and v.i. to move to and fro, like a shuttle.—n. Shutt′lecock, a rounded cork stuck with feathers, driven with a battledore: the game itself.—adv. Shutt′lewise, in the manner of a shuttle.—adj. Shutt′le-wit′ted, flighty. [From base of A.S. sceótan, shoot; Dan. and Sw. skyttel.]

Shwanpan, shwän′pan, n. the Chinese abacus or reckoning board.—Also Swan′pan.

Shy, shī, adj. timid: reserved: cautious: suspicious: elusive, hard to find.—v.i. to start aside, as a horse from fear.—v.t. to avoid:—pa.t. and pa.p. shīed.—n. a sudden swerving aside.—advs. Shy′ly, Shi′ly.—ns. Shy′ness, Shī′ness (obs.); Shy′ster, a tricky lawyer.—Fight shy of (see Fight); Look shy at, or on, to regard with distrust. [A.S. sceóh; Ger. scheu, Dan. sky.]

Shy, shī, v.t. to fling, throw, toss.—v.i. to jerk.—n. a throw, a fling: a gibe, sneer: a trial.

Si, sē, n. the syllable used for the seventh tone of the scale, or the leading tone.

Sialogogue, sī-al′o-gog, n. a drug which increases the secretion of saliva—also Sial′agogue.—adjs. Sialogog′ic (-goj′-); Sī′aloid.—n. Sialorrhē′a, excessive flow of saliva. [Gr. sialon, saliva, agōgos, leading—agein, to lead.]

Siamang, sē′a-mang, n. the largest of the gibbons, found in Sumatra and Malacca. [Malay.]

Siamese, sī-am-ēz′, adj. pertaining or belonging to Siam, a country of Asia.—n. a native of Siam.—Siamese twins, two famous Siamese men (1811-74), joined from their birth by a cartilaginous band.

Sib, Sibbe, sib, adj. (Spens.) related by blood, akin.—n. a blood relation: a close ally. [A.S. sibb, relationship; Gr. sippe.]

Siberian, sī-bē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Siberia, a country of Asia.—n. a native of Siberia.—n. Sibē′rite, rubellite from Siberia.

Sibilance, sib′i-lans, n. a hissing sound—also Sib′ilancy.—adj. Sib′ilant, making a hissing sound.—n. a sibilant letter, as s and z.—v.t. Sib′ilāte, to pronounce with a hissing sound.—n. Sibilā′tion, a hissing sound.—adjs. Sib′ilatory, Sib′ilous, hissing, sibilant. [L. sibilāre, -ātum, to hiss.]

Sibyl, sib′il, n. in ancient mythology, one of certain women possessing powers of divination and prophecy: a prophetess, an old sorceress.—adjs. Sibyl′lic, Sib′ylline, pertaining to, uttered, or written by sibyls: prophetical.—n. Sib′yllist, a believer in the so-called sibylline prophecies.—Sibylline Oracles, a series of pretended prophecies in Greek hexameters, written by Alexandrian Jews and Christians, and supposed to date from the 2d century B.C. down to the 3d century A.D., or, according to Ewald, even the 6th. [L.,—Gr. sibylla, not 'she who reveals the will of Zeus,' Dios boulē. The root is sib-, as in L. per-sibus, acute, Gr. sophos, wise.]

Sic, sik, adv. so, thus—printed within brackets in quoted matter to show that the original is being correctly reproduced, even though incorrect or wrong.—Sic passim, so throughout.

Sic, sik, Siccan, sik′an, adj. Scotch forms of such.—adj. Sic′-like, for such-like, of the same kind.

Sicanian, si-kā′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the Sicanians, an aboriginal pre-Aryan race in Sicily.

Siccate, sik′āt, v.t. to dry.—n. Siccā′tion.—adj. Sicc′ative, drying: causing to dry.—n. Siccity (sik′si-ti), dryness. [L. siccāre, -ātum—siccus, dry.]

Sice, Syce, sīs, n. a groom, a mounted attendant.—Also Saice. [Hind, sāis—Ar. sāis.]

Siceliot, si-sel′i-ot, adj. pertaining to the Siceliots, the colonies of immigrant Greeks in Sicily, who gradually became assimilated with the native Siculi—also Sikel′iot.—n. a Greek settler in Sicily: a Siculian.

Sicilian, si-sil′yan, adj. of or pertaining to Sicily, an island south of Italy.—n. a native of Sicily.—ns. Siciliä′no, a Sicilian popular dance in slow movement, also the music for such; Sicilienne′, a ribbed silk fabric.—Sicilian Vespers, the massacre of the French in Sicily on Easter Monday 1282—at the first stroke of the vesper-bell.

Sick, sik, adj. affected with disease: ill: inclined to vomit: disgusted: infirm: disordered: pining: depressed: indicating sickness: poor in quality: out of repair.—v.i. (Shak.) to grow sick.—ns. Sick′-bay, -berth, a compartment on a troop-ship, &c., for sick and wounded; Sick′-bed, a bed on which a person lies sick.—adj. Sick′-brained, mentally deranged.—v.t. Sick′en, to make sick: to disgust: to make weary of anything.—v.i. to become sick: to be disgusted: to become disgusting or tedious: to become weakened.—n. Sick′ener, any cause of disgust.—adj. Sick′ening, causing sickness or disgust, loathsome.—n. a scum which forms on the surface of mercury from grease, sulphides, arsenides, &c.—adv. Sick′eningly.—adj. Sick′-fall′en (Shak.), struck down with sickness.—ns. Sick′-flag, a yellow flag indicating disease on board a ship; Sick′-head′ache, headache accompanied with nausea.—adj. Sick′ish, somewhat sick.—adv. Sick′ishly.—ns. Sick′ishness; Sick′-leave, leave of absence from duty owing to sickness.—adj. Sick′lied (Shak.), tainted with the hue of sickness or disease.—adv. Sick′lily, in a sickly manner.—ns. Sick′liness, the state of being sickly, or of appearing so; Sick′-list, a list containing the names of the sick.—adjs. Sick′-listed, entered on the sick-list; Sick′ly, inclined to sickness: unhealthy: somewhat sick: weak: languid: producing disease: mawkish: feeble, mentally weak.—adv. in a sick manner: feebly.—v.t. (obs.) to make sickly or sickly-looking.—ns. Sick′ness, state of being sick, disease: disorder of the stomach: an enfeebled state of anything; Sick′-report′, a return regularly made of the state of the sick; Sick′-room, a room to which a person is confined by sickness.—adj. Sick′-thought′ed (Shak.), love-sick. [A.S. seóc; Ger. siech, Dut. ziek.]

Sick, sik, v.t. to set upon, chase: to incite to attack. [A variant of seek.]

Sicker, sik′ėr, adj. (Scot.) sure, certain, firm.—adv. (Spens.) surely, certainly—also Sicc′ar.—n. Sick′erness (Spens.), the state of being sicker or certain. [A.S. siker—L. securus; Ger. sicher.]

Sickle, sik′l, n. a hooked instrument for cutting grain.—n. Sic′kle-bill, a name applied to various birds with sickle-shaped bill.—adj. Sic′kled, bearing a sickle.—ns. Sic′kle-feath′er, one of the sickle-shaped middle feathers of the domestic cock; Sic′kleman, one who uses a sickle, a reaper.—adj. Sic′kle-shaped.—n. Sic′kle-wort, the self-heal. [A.S. sicol, sicel—L. secula, a sickle—secāre, to cut.]

Sicsac, sik′sak, n. the Egyptian courser, crocodile-bird, or black-headed plover.—Also Ziczac.

Siculian, si-kū′li-an, adj. pertaining to the Siculi, an ancient and most probably Aryan race of southern Italy who colonised Sicily.—adjs. Sic′ulo-Arā′bian; Sic′ulo-Pū′nic.

Sicyos, sis′i-os, n. a genus of plants of the order Cucurbitaceæ, the gourd family.

Siddha, sid′da, n. one who has attained to Sid′dhi, accomplishment or perfection.—n. Siddhar′ta, an epithet of Buddha. [Sans.]

Side, sīd, n. the edge or border of anything: the surface of a solid: a part of a thing as seen by the eye: region, part: the part of an animal between the hip and shoulder: any party, interest, or opinion opposed to another: faction: line of descent: at billiards, a certain bias or kind of spinning motion given to a ball by striking it sidewise: (slang) a pretentious and supercilious manner, swagger.—adj. being on or toward the side: lateral: indirect.—v.i. to embrace the opinion or cause of one party against another.—v.t. (Spens.) to be on the same side with, to support: to cut into sides: to push aside, to set aside.—n.pl. Side′arms, arms or weapons worn on the side, as a sword or bayonet.—ns. Side′-beam, either of the working-beams of a marine engine, placed below the crank-shaft, on each side of the cylinder, instead of a central beam above the crank-shaft; Side′board, a piece of furniture on one side of a dining-room for holding dishes, &c.: (pl.) side-whiskers, stiff standing collars (slang).—n.pl. Side′-bones, enlargements situated above the quarters of a horse's feet, resulting from the conversion into bone of the elastic lateral cartilages.—ns. Side′box, a box or seat at the side of a theatre; Side′-chap′el, a chapel in an aisle or at the side of a church; Side′-comb, a small comb used to keep a lock of hair in place at the side of a woman's head; Side′-cous′in, a distant relative; Side′-cut, a cut from the side, an indirect attack; Side′-cut′ting, an excavation of earth along the side of a railway or canal to obtain material for an embankment.—adj. Sid′ed, having a side: flattened on one or more sides.—ns. Side′-dish, any supplementary dish at a dinner, &c., specially flavoured; Side′-drum, a small double-headed drum in military bands; Side′-glance, a glance to one side; Side′-is′sue, a subordinate issue aside from the main business; Side′light, light coming from the side, any incidental illustration: a window, as opposed to a sky-light, a window above or at the side of a door: one of the red or green lights carried on the side of a vessel under way at night; Side′-line, a line attached to the side of anything: any additional or extra line of goods sold by a commercial traveller: (pl.) the ropes binding the fore and hind feet on the same side of a horse.—adj. Side′ling, inclining to a side, sloping.—adv. sidewise, aslant.—n. Side′lock, a separate lock of hair worn at the side of the head.—adj. Side′long, oblique: not straight.—adv. in the direction of the side: obliquely.—n. the slope of a hill.—ns. Side′-note, a marginal note on a page, as opposed to a foot-note; Side′-part′ner (U.S.), one who shares a duty or employment with another alongside or alternately; Sid′er, a partisan: one living in any particular quarter of a city; Side′-rod, a coupling-rod of a locomotive: either of the rods of a side-beam engine connecting the cross-head on the piston-rod with the working-beam: either of the rods of a side-beam engine connecting the working-beams with the cross-head of the air-pump; Side′sadd′le, a saddle for women sitting, not astride, but with both feet on one side; Side′saddle-flower, a name sometimes given to a plant of the genus Sarracenia; Side′-screw, a screw on the front edge of a carpenter's bench to hold the work fast: one of the screws fastening the lockplate of a gun to the stock; Side′-scrip′tion (Scots law), an old method of authenticating deeds written on several sheets of paper pasted together, by signing the name across each junction; Side′-seat, a seat in a vehicle with the back against its side; Side′-show, an exhibition subordinate to a larger one; Side′-sleeve (Shak.), a loose hanging sleeve; Side′-slip, an oblique offshoot: a bastard; Sides′man, a deputy churchwarden: (Milt.) a partisan.—adj. Side′-split′ting, affecting the sides convulsively, as in boisterous laughter.—ns. Side′-stroke, a stroke given sideways; Side′-tā′ble, a table placed usually against the wall; Side′-view, a view on or from one side; Side′-walk, a foot-walk beside a street or road.—advs. Side′ways, Side′wise, toward or on one side.—adj. Side′-wheel, having side or paddle wheels.—ns. Side′-wind, a wind blowing laterally: any indirect influence or means; Sīd′ing, a short line of rails on which wagons are shunted from the main-line.—v.i. Sī′dle, to go or move side-foremost.—v.t. to cause to move sideways.—Side by side, placed with sides near each other.—Choose sides, to pick out opposing parties to contend with each other; Right, or Wrong, side, the side of anything (cloth, leather, &c.) intended to be turned outward or inward respectively; Take a side, to join one party in opposition to another; Take sides, to range one's self with one or other of contending parties; To one side, having a lateral inclination: out of sight. [A.S. síde; Ger. seite, Dut. zijde.]

Sidereal, sī-dē′rē-al, adj. relating to a star or stars: starry: (astron.) measured by the apparent motion of the stars.—adj. Sid′eral (Milt.), relating to the stars: baleful, from astrology.—n. Siderā′tion, a sudden deprivation of sense, as a stroke of apoplexy: a blast of plants.—Sidereal day, the time between two successive upper culminations of a fixed star or of the vernal equinox, shorter than a solar day; Sidereal year (see Year). [L. sidus, sideris, a star.]

Siderite, sid′ėr-īt, n. the lodestone: native iron protocarbonate—also Chalybite, Spathic or Sparry iron, Junckerite. [L. sideritis, the lodestone—Gr. sidēritēs, of iron—sidēros, iron.]

Siderography, sid-ėr-og′ra-fi, n. steel-engraving.—adjs. Siderograph′ic, -al.—n. Siderog′raphist. [Gr. sidēros, iron, graphein, engrave.]

Siderolite, sid′e-rō-līt, n. a meteorite composed chiefly of iron. [Gr. sidēros, iron, lithos, stone.]

Sideromancy, sid′ėr-ō-mans-i, n. divination by burning straws, &c., on a red-hot plate of iron. [Gr. sidēros, iron, manteia, divination.]

Sideroscope, sid′ėr-o-skōp, n. an instrument for detecting minute degrees of magnetism by means of a combination of magnetic needles. [Gr. sidēros, iron, skopein, to view.]

Siderostat, sid′e-rō-stat, n. a heliostat adapted to sidereal time.—adj. Siderostat′ic. [L. sidus, sideris a star, Gr. statos, standing.]

Siege, sēj, n. a sitting down with an army round or before a fortified place in order to take it by force: a continued endeavour to gain possession: (Shak.) a seat, throne, station: (Shak.) excrement: the floor of a glass-furnace: a workman's bench.—v.t. to lay siege to.—ns. Siege′-piece, a coin, generally of unusual shape and rude workmanship, issued in a besieged place during stress of siege; Siege′-train, the materials carried by an army for the purpose of laying siege to a place.—State of siege, a condition of things in which civil law is suspended or made subordinate to military law; Minor state of siege, a modification of the more severe rule in cases of merely domestic trouble. [O. Fr. sege (Fr. siège), seat—Low L. assedium=L. obsidium, a siege—sedēre, to sit.]

Sienese, si-e-nēz′, adj. pertaining to Siena, or Sienna, in central Italy, or its school of painting in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Sienna, si-en′a, n. a fine orange-red pigment used in oil and water-colour painting. [It. terra di Siena, Sienna earth.]

Sierra, sē-er′ra, n. a ridge of mountains: a scombroid fish. [Sp., usually derived from L. serra, a saw. Some suggest Ar. sehrah, a desert place, whence also Sahara.]

Siesta, si-es′ta, n. a short sleep taken about midday or after dinner. [Sp.,—L. sexta (hora), the sixth (hour) after sunrise, the hour of noon.]

Sieur, sièr, n. a French title of respect, obsolete except in law-courts. [Fr.,—L. senior.]

Sieve, siv, n. a vessel with a bottom of woven hair or wire to separate the fine part of anything from the coarse: a person who cannot keep a secret.—v.t. to put through a sieve: to sift. [A.S. sife; Ger. seib.]

Siffle, sif′l, n. a sibilant râle.—v.i. to whistle, hiss.—ns. Siff′let, a theatrical whistle; Siff′leur, a whistler. [Fr. siffler—L. sibilāre.]

Sift, sift, v.t. to separate with, or as with, a sieve: to examine closely.—n. Sift′er, one who, or that which, sifts. [A.S. siftan—sife, a sieve.]

Sigh, sī, v.i. to inhale and respire with a long, deep, and audible breathing, as in love or grief: to sound like sighing.—v.t. to express by sighs.—n. a long, deep, audible respiration.—n. Sigh′er.—adj. Sigh′ful.—adv. Sigh′ingly. [A.S. sícan; Sw. sucka.]

Sight, sīt, n. act of seeing: view: faculty of seeing: that which is seen: a spectacle: an object of especial interest: space within vision: examination: a small opening for looking through at objects: a metal pin on the top of a barrel of a gun to guide the eye in taking aim: (slang) a great many or a great deal.—v.t. to catch sight of: to present to sight or put under notice.—adjs. Sight′ed, having sight of some special character, as short-sighted: fitted with a sight, as a firearm; Sight′less, wanting sight: blind: (Shak.) invisible: (Shak.) unsightly, ugly.—adv. Sight′lessly.—ns. Sight′lessness; Sight′liness.—adjs. Sight′ly, pleasing to the sight or eye: comely; Sight′-outrun′ning (Shak.), running faster than the eye can follow.—ns. Sight′-read′er, one who reads at sight, as musical notes, passages in a foreign tongue, &c.; Sight′-reading; Sight′-see′ing, the act of seeing sights: eagerness to see novelties or curiosities; Sight′-sē′er, one who is eager to see novelties or curiosities; Sights′man, a local guide; Sec′ond-sight, a gift of prophetic vision, long supposed in the Scottish Highlands and elsewhere to belong to particular persons.—At sight, without previous study or practice; At sight, After sight, terms applied to bills or notes payable on, or after, presentation; Lose sight of, to cease to see: to overlook; Out of sight, too far away to be seen: not in sight: (coll.) beyond comparison; Put out of sight, to remove from vision: (slang) to consume, as food. [A.S. siht, ge-siht—ge-segen, pa.p. of seón, to see; Ger. sicht.]

Sigil, sij′il, n. a seal: a signature: an occult or magical mark.—adjs. Sig′illary, pertaining to a seal; Sig′illate, decorated, as pottery, with impressed patterns: (bot.) marked with seal-like scars.—ns. Sigillā′tion; Sigillog′raphy, knowledge of seals.—n.pl. Sig′la, abbreviations of names, &c., on seals. [L. sigillum, dim. of signum, sign.]

Sigillaria, sij-il-ā′ri-a, n. a family of fossil lycopods, abundant in Carboniferous strata, with pillar-like trunks, the columnar stems ribbed and fluted longitudinally, the fluting marked by rows or whorls of scars left by fallen leaves.—adjs. Sigillā′rian, Sig′illaroid, Sigillā′rioid. [L. sigillum, a seal.]

Sigma, sig′ma, n. the Greek letter corresponding to our s—written Σ (capital), σ (small initial) or ς (small final).—adjs. Sig′mate, Sigmat′ic.—ns. Sigmā′tion, the adding of s at the end of a word or syllable; Sig′matism, repetition of s or the s-sound: defective pronunciation of this sound.—adjs. Sig′moid, -al, formed like s.

Sign, sīn, n. mark, token: proof: that by which a thing is known or represented: a word, gesture, symbol, or mark, intended to signify something else: a remarkable event: an omen: a miraculous manifestation: a memorial: something set up as a notice in a public place: (math.) a mark showing the relation of quantities or an operation to be performed: (med.) a symptom: (astron.) one of the twelve parts of the zodiac, each comprising 30 degrees of the ecliptic.—v.t. to represent or make known by a sign: to attach a signature to.—v.i. to give one's signature: to make a particular sign.—adj. Sign′able, capable of being, or requiring to be, signed.—ns. Sign′board, a board with a sign telling a man's occupation or articles for sale; Sign′er; Sig′net, the privy-seal: (B.) a seal.—adj. Sig′neted, stamped or marked with a signet.—n. Sig′net-ring, a ring with a signet or private seal.—adj. Sign′less, making no sign.—ns. Sign′-man′ual, the royal signature, usually only the initial of the sovereign's name, with R. for Rex or Regina; Sign′-paint′er, one who paints signs for shops, &c.; Sign′post, a post on which a sign is hung: a direction-post. [Fr. signe—L. signum.]

Signal, sig′nal, n. a sign for giving notice, generally at a distance: token: the notice given: any initial impulse.—v.t. and v.i. to make signals to: to convey by signals:—pr.p. sig′nalling; pa.t. and pa.p. sig′nalled.—adj. having a sign: remarkable: notable: eminent.—ns. Sig′nal-book, a book containing a system of signals; Sig′nal-box, -cab′in, &c., a small house in which railway-signals are worked: the alarm-box of a police or fire-alarm system; Sig′nal-code, a code or system of arbitrary signals, esp. at sea, by flags or lights; Sig′nal-fire, a fire used for a signal; Sig′nal-flag, a flag used in signalling, its colour, shape, markings, and combinations indicating various significations; Sig′nal-gun, a gun fired as a signal.—v.t. Sig′nalise, to make signal or eminent: to signal.—ns. Sig′nal-lamp, a lamp by which signals are made by glasses or slides of different colours, &c.; Sig′nalling, the means of transmitting intelligence to a greater or less distance by the agency of sight or hearing.—adv. Sig′nally.—ns. Sig′nalman, one who makes signals and who interprets those made; Sig′nalment, the act of communicating by signals: description by means of marks; Sig′nal-post, a pole on which movable flags, arms, lights, are displayed as signals; Sig′nal-ser′vice, the department in the army occupied with signalling. [Fr.,—L. signalis, signum.]

Signature, sig′na-tūr, n. a sign or mark: the name of a person written by himself: (mus.) the flats and sharps after the clef to show the key: a sheet after being folded, the figure or letter at the foot of the page indicating such.—adj. Sig′nāte, designate: bearing spots resembling letters.—ns. Signā′tion, anything used as a sign, an emblem; Sig′natory, Sig′natary, Sig′nitary, one bound by signature to some agreement.—adj. having signed, bound by signature.—Doctrine of signatures, an inveterate belief in early medicine that plants and minerals bore certain symbolical marks which indicated the diseases for which nature had intended them as special remedies. [Fr.,—Low L. signatura—L. signāre, -ātum, to sign.]

Signify, sig′ni-fī, v.t. to make known by a sign or by words: to mean: to indicate or declare: to have consequence.—v.i. to be of consequence:—pa.t. and pa.p. sig′nifīed.—adj. Sig′nifiable, that may be signified or represented by symbols.—n. Signif′icance, that which is signified: meaning: importance: moment—also Signif′icancy.—adj. Signif′icant, signifying: expressive of something: standing as a sign.—adv. Signif′icantly.—ns. Signif′icate, in logic, one of several things signified by a common term; Significā′tion, act of signifying: that which is signified: meaning.—adj. Signif′icātive, signifying: denoting by a sign: having meaning: expressive.—adv. Signif′icātively, in a significative manner: so as to betoken by an external sign.—ns. Signif′icātiveness, the quality of being significative; Signif′icātor, one who signifies: (astrol.) a planet ruling a house.—adj. Signif′icatory. [L. significāre, -ātum, signum, a sign, facĕre, to make.]

Signor, sē′nyor, n. an Italian word of address equivalent to Mr—also Signior.—ns. Signora (sē-nyō′ra), feminine of signor; Signorina (sē-nyō-rē′na), the Italian equivalent of Miss; Sig′nory, Sig′niory (same as Seigniory). [It. signore.]

Sike, sīk, n. (Scot.) a small stream of water.—Also Syke. [Ice. sík, síki, a ditch.]

Sikh, sēk, n. one of a religious sect of northern India, which became a great military confederacy—founded by Baba Nának (born 1469).—n. Sikh′ism. [Hind. Sikh, lit. follower or disciple.]

Silage, sī′laj, n. the term applied to fodder which has been preserved by ensilage in a silo.

Sile, sīl, v.t. (prov.) to strain.—n. a sieve, a strainer or colander. [Low Ger. silen; Ger. sielen, to filter.]

Silence, sī′lens, n. state of being silent: absence of sound or speech: muteness: cessation of agitation: calmness: oblivion.—v.t. to cause to be silent: to put to rest: to stop.—interj. be silent!—adj. Sī′lent, free from noise: not speaking: habitually taciturn: still: not pronounced: of distilled spirit, without flavour or odour.—n. Silen′tiary, one who keeps order in an assembly.—adv. Sī′lently.—n. Sī′lentness=Silence. [L. silēre, to be silent.]

Silene, sī-lē′nē, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Caryophyllaceæ—the Bladder Campion, whose young shoots eat like asparagus—the Catchfly, a general name for many British species.

Silenus, sī-lē′nus, n. the foster-father of Bacchus, a little pot-bellied old man, bald-headed and snub-nosed, generally astride of an ass, drunk, and attended by a troop of satyrs.

Silesia, si-lē′shi-a, n. a thin brown holland for window-blinds, &c.: a thin twilled cotton.—adj. Silē′sian, pertaining to Silesia.

Silex, sī′leks, n. silica, as found in nature, occurring as flint, quartz, rock-crystal, &c. [L. silex, silicis, flint.]

Silhouette, sil-ōō-et′, n. a shadow-outline of the human figure or profile filled in of a dark colour.—v.t. to represent in silhouette: to bring out a shaded profile or outline view of. [Étienne de Silhouette (1709-67), French minister of finance for four months in 1759, after whom everything cheap was named, from his excessive economy. According to Littré, the making of such shadow-portraits was a favourite pastime of his; hence the name.]

Silica, sil′i-ka, n. silicon dioxide, or silicic anhydride, a white or colourless substance, the most abundant solid constituent of our globe, existing both in the crystalline and in the amorphous form, the best examples of the former being rock-crystal, quartz, chalcedony, flint, sandstone, and quartzose sand; of the latter, opal.—n. Sil′icate, a salt of silicic acid.—adjs. Sil′icāted, combined or impregnated with silica; Silic′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, silica; Silicif′erous, producing or containing silica.—n. Silicificā′tion, conversion into silica.—v.t. Silic′ify, to convert into silica: to render silicious.—v.i. to become silicious or flinty:—pr.p. silic′ifying; pa.p. silic′ifīed.—adjs. Silic′ious, Silic′eous, pertaining to, containing, or resembling silica.—n. Sil′icon, or Silic′ium, the base of silica, a non-metallic elementary substance, obtainable in three different forms, the amorphous, the graphitoid, and the crystalline. [L. silex, silicis, flint.]

Silicle, sil′i-kl, n. (bot.) a seed-vessel shorter and containing fewer seeds than a silique—also Sil′icule, Silic′ula.—adj. Silic′ulōse (bot.), having, pertaining to, or resembling silicles: husky.—ns. (bot.) Silique (si-lēk′), Sil′iqua, the two-valved elongated seed-vessel of the Cruciferæ.—adjs. Sil′iquiform, Sil′iquose, Sil′iquous (bot.), pertaining to, resembling, or bearing siliques. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua, a pod.]

Silk, silk, n. the delicate, soft thread produced by the larvæ of certain bombycid moths which feed on the leaves of the mulberry, &c.: thread or cloth woven from it: anything resembling silk, the styles of maize, the silky lustre in the ruby, &c.—adj. pertaining to, or consisting of, silk.—n. Silk′-cott′on, the silky seed-covering of various species of Bombax.—adjs. Silk′en, made of silk: dressed in silk: resembling silk: soft: delicate; Silk′-fig′ured, having the ornamental pattern in silk.—ns. Silk′-gown, or The silk, the robe of a queen's or king's counsel, instead of the stuff-gown of the ordinary barrister—hence 'to take silk'=to be appointed Q.C.; Silk′-grass, Adam's needle, or bear-grass; Silk′iness; Silk′-man (Shak.), a dealer in silks; Silk′-mer′cer, a mercer or dealer in silks; Silk′-mill, a mill for the manufacture of silks; Silk′-pa′per, tissue-paper; Silk′-reel, a machine in which raw silk is unwound from the cocoons, and wound into a thread; Silk′-throw′er, -throw′ster, one who manufactures thrown-silk or organzine, silk thread formed by twisting together two or more threads or singles; Silk′-weav′er, a weaver of silk stuffs; Silk′worm, the bombycid moth whose larva produces silk; Silk′worm-gut, a material used by anglers for dressing the hook-end of the fishing-line, consisting of the drawn-out glands of the silkworm when these are fully distended.—adj. Silk′y, like silk in texture: soft: smooth: glossy. [A.S. seolc—L. sericum—Gr. sērikon, neut. of adj. Sērikos, pertaining to the Sēres—Sēr, a native of China.]

Sill, sil, n. the timber or stone at the foot of a door or window: the lowest piece in a window-frame: (fort.) the inner edge of the bottom of an embrasure: the floor of a mine-passage, also a miner's term for bed or stratum. [A.S. syl; Ice. sylla, Ger. schwelle.]

Silladar, sil′a-där, n. a member of a troop of irregular cavalry. [Hind.]

Sillery, sil′e-ri, n. a celebrated still white wine produced near Rheims—one of the most esteemed champagnes. [Sillery in Marne.]

Sillibub, sil′i-bub, n. a dish made of wine or cider mixed with milk into a curd, flavoured, whipped into a froth, or made solid by gelatine and water, and boiling.—Also Sill′abub.

Sillograph, sil′ō-graf, n. a satirist. [From the Silloi of Timon of Phlius, c. 280 B.C.]

Sillometer, si-lom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the speed of a ship without a log-line. [Fr. siller, to make way, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Sillon, sil′on, n. (fort.) a. work raised in the middle of a very wide ditch, an envelope. [Fr.]

Sillsallat, sil′sal-at, n. a salad of pickled herring, with morsels of meat, eggs, onion, and beet. [Sw.]

Silly, sil′i, adj. simple: harmless: foolish: witless: imprudent: absurd: stupid.—n. a silly person.—adv. Sill′ily.—ns. Sill′iness; Sill′y-how, a caul. [Orig. 'blessed,' and so 'innocent,' 'simple,' A.S. sǽlig, gesælig, timely—sǽl, time; Ger. selig, blest, happy, Goth. sels, good.]

Silo, sī′lō, n. a pit for packing and storing green crops for fodder in the state known as ensilage.—v.t. to preserve in a silo. [Sp.,—L. sirus—Gr. siros, a pit.]

Silpha, sil′fa, n. a genus of clavicorn beetles, the carrion-beetles. [Gr. silphē, a beetle.]

Silphium, sil′fi-um, n. a genus of American composites with resinous juice—prairie-dock, cup-plant, rosin-weed: an umbelliferous plant whose juice the ancient Greeks used—the Latin laserpitium.

Silphology, sil-fol′ō-ji, n. the science of larval forms. [Gr. silphē, a beetle, logia—legein, to say.]

Silt, silt, n. that which is left by straining: sediment: the sand, &c., left by water.—v.t. to fill with sediment (with up).—v.i. to percolate through pores: to become filled up.—adj. Silt′y, full of, or resembling, silt. [Prov. Eng. sile, allied to Low Ger. sielen, Sw. sila, to let water off, to strain.]

Silurian, si-lū′ri-an, adj. belonging to Siluria, the country of the Silures, the ancient inhabitants of the south-eastern part of South Wales: applied by Murchison in 1835 to a series of rocks well developed in the country of the Silures, a subdivision of the Palæozoic, containing hardly any vertebrates and land plants.—adjs. Silū′ridan, Silū′rine, Silū′roid.—ns. Silū′rist, a Silurian, a name applied to the poet Henry Vaughan (1621-95); Silū′rus, Silūre′, the typical genus of Siluridæ, a family of physostomous fishes—the cat-fishes, &c.

Silvan, sil′van, adj. pertaining to woods, woody: inhabiting woods.—ns. Sil′va, Syl′va, the forest-trees collectively of any region. [Fr.,—L. silva.]

Silver, sil′vėr, n. a soft white metal, capable of a high polish: money made of silver: anything having the appearance of silver.—adj. made of silver: resembling silver: white: bright: precious: gentle: having a soft and clear tone: of high rank, but still second to the highest.—v.t. to cover with silver: to make like silver: to make smooth and bright: to make silvery.—v.i. to become silvery.—ns. Sil′ver-bath (phot.), a solution of silver-nitrate for sensitising collodion-plates for printing; Sil′ver-beat′er, one who beats out silver into thin foil.—adjs. Sil′ver-black, black silvered over with white; Sil′ver-bright (Shak.), as bright as silver; Sil′ver-bus′kined, having buskins adorned with silver.—ns. Sil′ver-fir, a coniferous tree of the genus Abies, whose leaves show two silvery lines on the under side; Sil′ver-fish, a name given to the atherine, to artificially bred gold-fish, the sand-smelt, the tarpon: any species of Lepisma, a thysanurous insect—also Bristletail, Walking-fish, Silver-moth, Shiner, &c.; Sil′ver-fox, a species of fox found in northern regions, having a rich and valuable fur; Sil′ver-glance, native silver sulphide; Sil′ver-grain, the medullary rays in timber.—adjs. Sil′ver-gray, having a gray or bluish-gray colour; Sil′ver-haired, having white or lustrous gray hair; Sil′ver-head′ed, having a silver head: with white hair.—ns. Sil′veriness, the state of being silvery; Sil′vering, the operation of covering with silver: the silver so used.—v.t. Sil′verise, to coat or cover with silver:—pr.p. sil′verīsing; pa.p. sil′verīsed.—ns. Sil′verite, one who opposes the demonetisation of silver; Sil′ver-leaf, silver beaten into thin leaves; Sil′verling (B.), a small silver coin.—adv. Sil′verly (Shak.), with the appearance of silver.—adjs. Sil′vern, made of silver; Sil′ver-plā′ted, plated with silver.—n. Sil′ver-print′ing, the production of photographic prints by the use of a sensitising salt of silver.—adj. Sil′ver-shaft′ed, carrying silver arrows, as Diana.—ns. Sil′versmith, a smith who works in silver; Sil′ver-stick, an officer of the royal palace—from his silvered wand.—adjs. Sil′ver-tongued, plausible, eloquent; Sil′ver-voiced (Shak.), having a clear, sweet voice like the sound of a silver musical instrument; Sil′ver-white (Shak.), white like silver; Sil′very, covered with silver: resembling silver: white: clear, soft, mellow. [A.S. silfer, seolfor; Ice. silfr, Ger. silber.]

Simar, Simarre, si-mär′, n. a woman's robe: a scarf. [Fr. simarre—O. Fr. chamarre—Sp. chamarra, a sheep-skin coat, prob. Basque.]

Simarubaceæ, sim-a-rōō-bā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of tropical trees and shrubs—bitter, used in dysentery, &c.—including quassia, bitterwood, and ailanto.—adj. Simarubā′ceous.

Simeonite, sim′ē-on-īt, n. a follower of the famous Cambridge evangelical preacher Charles Simeon (1759-1836), whose influence is perpetuated by the Simeon Trust, established for purchasing advowsons: a low-churchman—often Sim.

Simia, sim′i-a, n. an anthropoid ape: a monkey generally: the typical genus of Simiidæ, containing the orang-utans—the Simiidæ includes the anthropoid apes; Simiinæ is the higher of the two sub-families of Simiidæ, comprising the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orang.—adjs. Sim′ial, Sim′ian, Sim′ious, like an ape: anthropoid. [L.]

Similar, sim′i-lar, adj. like: resembling: uniform: (geom.) exactly corresponding in shape, without regard to size.—n. Similar′ity.—adv. Sim′ilarly.—n. Simil′itude, the state of being similar or like: resemblance: comparison: simile: (B.) a parable.—adj. Similitū′dinary. [Fr.,—L. similis, like.]

Simile, sim′i-le, n. something similar: similitude: (rhet.) a comparison to illustrate anything.—n.pl. Simil′ia, things alike.—v.t. Sim′ilise, to liken, compare.—v.i. to use similitudes.—adv. Simil′liter, in like manner. [L., neut. of similis, like.]

Similor, sim′i-lōr, n. a yellow alloy used for cheap jewellery. [Fr.,—L. similis, like, aurum, gold.]

Simkin, sim′kin, n. the usual Anglo-Indian word for champagne.—Also Simp′kin.

Simmer, sim′ėr, v.i. to boil with a gentle, hissing sound: to be on the point of boiling out, as into anger.—n. a gentle heating. [Imit.; cf. Sw. dial. summa, to hum, Ger. summen.]

Simnel, sim′nel, n. a sweet cake of fine flour for Christmas, Easter, or Mothering Sunday.—Also Sim′lin. [O. Fr. simenel—L. simila, fine flour.]

Simon-pure, sī′mon-pūr, adj. authentic, genuine. [From Simon Pure, a character in Mrs Centlivre's comedy, A Bold Stroke for a Wife, who is counterfeited by an impostor.]

Simony, sim′on-i, n. the crime of buying or selling presentation to a benefice, so named from Simon Magus, who thought to purchase the gift of the Holy Spirit with money (Acts, viii.).—n. Simō′niac, one guilty of simony.—adjs. Simonī′acal, Simō′nious (obs.), pertaining to, guilty of, or involving simony.—adv. Simonī′acally.—n. Sī′monist, one who practises or defends simony.

Simoom, si-mōōm′, n. a hot suffocating wind which blows in northern Africa and Arabia and the adjacent countries from the interior deserts.—Also Simoon′. [Ar. samûm—samm, to poison.]

Simorhynchus, sim-ō-ring′kus, n. a genus of small North Pacific birds, the snub-nosed auklets. [Gr. simos, flat-nosed, hryngchos, snout.]

Simous, sī′mus, adj. flat or snub nosed: concave.—n. Simos′ity.

Simper, sim′pėr, v.i. to smile in a silly, affected manner.—n. a silly or affected smile.—n. Sim′perer, one who simpers.—adj. Simp′ering.—adv. Sim′peringly, in a simpering manner: with a foolish smile. [Prob. Scand.; Norw. semper, smart.]

Simple, sim′pl, adj. single: undivided: resisting decomposition: elementary, undeveloped: plain, single, entire: homogeneous: open: unaffected: undesigning: true: clear: straightforward: artless: guileless: unsuspecting: credulous: not cunning: weak in intellect: silly: of mean birth—opposed to Gentle.—n. something not mixed or compounded: a medicinal herb: a simple feast—opposed to a double or semidouble.—v.i. to gather simples or medicinal plants.—adjs. Sim′ple-heart′ed, having a simple heart: guileless; Sim′ple-mind′ed, having a simple mind: unsuspecting: undesigning.—ns. Sim′ple-mind′edness, the state or quality of being simple-minded: artlessness; Sim′pleness, the state or quality of being simple: artlessness: simplicity: folly; Sim′pler, a gatherer of simples; Sim′pless (Spens.), simplicity; Sim′pleton, a weak or foolish person.—adv. Simplic′iter, simply, not relatively.—ns. Simplic′ity, the state or quality of being simple: singleness: want of complication: openness: clearness: freedom from excessive adornment: plainness: sincerity: artlessness: credulity, silliness, folly; Simplificā′tion, the act of making simple.—adj. Sim′plificātive.—n. Sim′plificātor, one who simplifies.—v.t. Sim′plify, to make simple: to render less difficult: to make plain:—pa.t. and pa.p. sim′plified.—ns. Sim′plism, affected simplicity; Sim′plist, one skilled in simples.—adj. Simplis′tic.—adv. Sim′ply, in a simple manner: artlessly: foolishly: weakly: plainly: considered by itself: alone: merely: solely. [Fr.,—L. simplex, the same—sim- (L. semel), root of plicāre, to fold.]

Simson, Simpson, sim′son, n. (prov.) groundsel. [Earlier sencion—O. Fr. senecion—L. senecio.]

Simulacrum, sim-ū-lā′krum, n. an image, unreal phantom: a formal sign:—pl. Simulā′cra. [L.]

Simulate, sim′ū-lāt, v.t. to imitate: to counterfeit: to pretend: to assume the appearance of without the reality.—adjs. Sim′ulant, simulating: replacing, or having the form or appearance of, esp. in biology; Sim′ular, counterfeit, feigned.—n. one who pretends to be what he is not.—ns. Simulā′tion, the act of simulating or putting on what is not true: imitation in form of one word by another: resemblance, similarity; Sim′ulātor, one who simulates.—adj. Sim′ulātory. [L. simulāre, -ātum, to make (something) similar to (another thing)—similis, like.]

Simultaneous, sim-ul-tā′nē-us, adj. acting, existing, or happening at the same time: (math.) satisfied by the same values of the variables or unknown quantities—of a set of equations.—ns. Simultanē′ity, Simultā′neousness.—adv. Simultā′neously. [Low L. simultaneus—L. simul, at the same time.]

Simurg, si-mōōrg′, n. a monstrous bird of Persian fable.—Also Simorg′, Simurgh′.

Sin, sin, n. wilful violation of law: neglect of duty: neglect of the laws of morality and religion, any want of conformity unto, or transgression of, the law of God: wickedness, iniquity.—v.i. to commit sin: to violate or neglect the laws of morality or religion: to do wrong:—pr.p sin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. sinned.—adjs. Sin′-born, born of sin; Sin′-bred, produced by sin.—ns. Sin′-eat′er, one of a class of men formerly employed in Wales to eat a piece of bread and drink a cup of ale placed on a bier, and so symbolically take upon themselves the sins of the deceased—due to the notion of the Levitical scapegoat (Levit. xvi. 21, 22); Sin′-eat′ing.—adj. Sin′ful, full of, or tainted with, sin: iniquitous: wicked: depraved: criminal: unholy.—adv. Sin′fully.—n. Sin′fulness.—adj. Sin′less, without sin: innocent: pure: perfect.—adv. Sin′lessly.—ns. Sin′lessness; Sin′ner, one who sins: an offender or criminal: (theol.) an unregenerate person.—v.i. (Pope) to act as a sinner (with indefinite it).—n. Sin′-off′ering, an offering for, or sacrifice in expiation of, sin.—adjs. Sin′-sick, morally sick from sin; Sin′-worn, worn by sin.—Like sin (slang), very much, very hard; Mortal, or Deadly, sin, such as wilfully violates the divine law and separates the soul from God—seven deadly sins, pride, covetousness, lust, anger, gluttony, envy, and sloth; Original sin, the innate depravity and corruption of the whole nature due to the sin of Adam as federal representative of the human race, and transmitted by ordinary generation to all his posterity; Venial sin, any transgression due to inadvertence, not alienating the friendship of God. [A.S. syn, sinn; Ice. syn-d, Ger. sünde, L. sons.]

Sinaitic, sī-na-it′ik, adj. pertaining to, made, or given at Mount Sinai.—Also Sinā′ic.

Sinapis, si-nā′pis, n. the officinal name of mustard.—n. Sin′apism, a mustard-plaster. [L.,—Gr. sinapi.]

Since, sins, adv. from the time that: past: ago.—prep. after: from the time of.—conj. seeing that: because: considering. [M. E. sins, sithens—A.S. síth-thám, lit. 'after that,' from síth, late (Ger. seit), and thám, dat. of thæt, that.]

Sincere, sin-sēr′, adj. clean: pure: (B.) unadulterated: being in reality what it is in appearance: unfeigned: frank: honest: true, virtuous.—adv. Sincēre′ly.—ns. Sincēre′ness, Sincer′ity, state or quality of being sincere: honesty of mind: freedom from pretence. [Fr.,—L. sincerus, clean, generally derived from sine, without, cera, wax; better from sin-, single, -cerus for an assumed scerus, bright.]

Sinciput, sin′si-put, n. the forepart of the head from the forehead to the vertex.—adj. Sincip′ital. [L., semi-; half, caput, the head.]

Sindon, sin′don, n. (Bacon) a wrapper. [L.,—Gr. sindōn, fine Indian cloth, muslin, a garment, prob. from India, or Sinde in India.]

Sine, sīn, n. a straight line drawn from one extremity of an arc perpendicular to the diameter that passes through the other extremity. [L. sinus, a curve.]

Sine, sī′ne, prep. without, as in Sine die, without day, of an adjournment; Sine quâ non, an indispensable condition, &c. [L.]

Sinecure, sī′nē-kūr (or sin′-), n. an ecclesiastical benefice without the cure or care of souls: an office with salary but without work.—adj. pertaining to such an office.—ns. Sī′necurism, the state of having a sinecure; Sī′necurist, one who holds a sinecure. [L. sine, without, cura, care.]

Sinew, sin′ū, n. that which joins a muscle to a bone, a tendon: muscle, nerve: that which supplies vigour.—v.t. to bind as by sinews: to strengthen.—adj. Sin′ewed, furnished with sinews: (Shak.) strong, vigorous.—n. Sin′ewiness, the state or quality of being sinewy.—adjs. Sin′ewless, having no sinews: without strength or power; Sin′ew-shrunk, applied to a horse which has become gaunt-bellied from being overdriven; Sin′ewy, Sin′ewous, furnished with sinews: consisting of, belonging to, or resembling sinews: strong: vigorous.—Sinews of war, money. [A.S. sinu; Ice. sin, Ger. sehne.]

Sing, sing, v.i. to utter melodious sounds in musical succession: to make a small, shrill sound: to relate in verse: to squeal: to ring: to be capable of being sung.—v.t. to utter musically: to chant: to celebrate: to attend on: to effect by singing: to celebrate or relate in verse:—pa.t. sang or sung; pa.p. sung.—adj. Sing′able.—ns. Sing′ableness; Sing′er, one who sings: one whose occupation is to sing; Sing′ing, the act or art of singing; Sing′ing-bird, a bird that sings, a songster; Sing′ing-book, a song-book; Sing′ing-gall′ery, a gallery occupied by singers; Sing′ing-hinn′y, a currant cake baked on a girdle.—adv. Sing′ingly.—ns. Sing′ing-man (Shak.), one employed to sing, as in a cathedral; Sing′ing-mas′ter, a master who teaches singing; Sing′ing-school, a place where singing is taught; Sing′ing-voice, the voice as used in singing; Sing′ing-wom′an, a woman employed to sing.—Sing another song, or tune, to change one's tone or attitude, esp. to a humbler manner; Sing out, to call out distinctly, to shout; Sing small, to assume a humble tone: to play a minor part. [A.S. singan; Ger. singen, Goth. siggwan.]

Singe, sinj, v.t. to burn on the surface: to scorch:—pr.p. singe′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. singed.—n. a burning of the surface: a slight burn.—Singed cat, a person who is better than he looks. [A.S. besengan, the causative of singan, to sing, from the singing noise produced by scorching.]

Single, sing′gl, adj. consisting of one only: individual, unique: separate, private: alone: unmarried: not combined with others: unmixed: having one only on each side: straightforward: sincere: simple, normal: pure.—v.t. to separate: to choose one from others: to select from a number.—adjs. Sing′le-act′ing, acting effectively in one direction only—of any reciprocating machine or implement; Sing′le-breast′ed, with a single row of buttons or loops only, of a coat, corsage, &c.—n. Single-en′try, a system of book-keeping in which each entry appears only once on one side or other of an account.—adj. Sing′le-eyed, having but one eye: devoted, unselfish.—ns. Sing′le-flow′er, a flower containing a single set of petals, as a wild rose; Sing′le-foot, a gait of horses, the amble.—adjs. Sing′le-hand′ed, by one's self: unassisted: having only one workman; Sing′le-heart′ed, having a single or sincere heart: without duplicity.—adv. Sing′le-heart′edly.—adj. Sing′le-mind′ed, having a single or sincere mind: upright.—ns. Sing′le-mind′edness; Sing′leness, state of being single or alone: freedom from deceit: sincerity: simplicity.—adj. Sing′le-soled, having a single sole, as a shoe: poor.—ns. Sing′le-stick, a stick or cudgel for one hand: a fight or game with singlesticks; Sing′let, an undershirt or waistcoat; Sing′leton, in whist, a hand containing one card only of some suit; Sing′letree (the same as Swingletree); Sing′le-wom′an, an unmarried woman: (obs.) a whore.—adv. Sing′ly, one by one: particularly: alone: by one's self: honestly: sincerely. [O. Fr.,—L. sin-gulus, one to each, separate, akin to sem-el, once, Gr. ham-a.]

Singsong, sing′song, n. bad singing: drawling: a convivial meeting where every one must sing.—adj. monotonously rhythmical, drawling.—v.t. and v.i. to make songs: to chant monotonously.

Singspiel, sing′spēl, n. a semi-dramatic representation in which a series of incidents are set forth in alternate dialogue and song, now a kind of opera in which the music is subordinated to the words. [Ger., singen, to sing, spiel, play.]

Singular, sing′gū-lar, adj. alone: (gram.) denoting one person or thing: single: not complex or compound: standing alone, rare, unusual, uncommon: of more than common value or importance: unique, extraordinary, strange, odd: (B.) particular.—n. that which is singular: (logic) that which is not general, that which is here and now, that which is determinate in every respect.—n. Singularisā′tion.—v.t. Sing′ularise, to make singular.—ns. Sing′ularist, one who affects singularity; Singular′ity, the state of being singular: peculiarity: anything curious or remarkable: particular privilege or distinction: (math.) an exceptional element or character of a continuum.—adv. Sing′ularly, in a singular manner: peculiarly: strangely: so as to express one or the singular number. [Fr.,—L. singularis.]

Singult, sin′gult, n. a sigh.—adjs. Singul′tient, Singul′tous, affected with hiccup.—n. Singul′tus, a hiccup. [L. singultus, a sob.]

Sinhalese, sin′ha-lēz, n. and adj. the same as Cingalese and Singhalese.

Sinic, sin′ik, adj. Chinese.—adj. Sin′ian, a widely spread series of rocks in China, containing many trilobites and brachiopods.—ns. Sin′icism, Chinese manners and customs; Sin′ism, customs of China generally, esp. its ancient indigenous religion. [L. Sina, China, Sinæ, the Chinese, Gr. Sinai, the Chinese.]

Sinical, sin′ik-al, adj. pertaining to, employing, or founded upon sines.

Sinister, sin′is-tėr, adj. left: on the left hand: evil: unfair: dishonest: unlucky: inauspicious, malign.—adj. Sin′ister-hand′ed, left-handed.—advs. Sin′isterly; Sinis′tra (mus.), with the left hand; Sin′istrad, towards the left.—adj. Sin′istral, belonging or inclining to the left: reversed.—n. Sinistral′ity.—adv. Sin′istrally.—n. Sinistrā′tion, a turning to the left.—adj. Sin′istrous, on the left side: wrong: absurd: perverse.—adv. Sin′istrously. [L.]

Sinistrorse, sin′is-trors, adj. rising from left to right, as a spiral line.—Also Sinistrors′al. [L. sinistrorsus, sinistroversus, towards the left side—sinister, left, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Sink, singk, v.i. to fall to the bottom: to fall down: to descend lower: to fall gradually: to fall below the surface: to enter deeply: to be impressed: to be overwhelmed: to fail in strength.—v.t. to cause to sink: to put under water: to keep out of sight: to suppress: to degrade: to cause to decline or fall: to plunge into destruction: to make by digging or delving: to pay absolutely: to lower in value or amount: to lessen:—pa.t. sank, sunk; pa.p. sunk, sunk′en.—n. a drain to carry off dirty water: a box or vessel connected with a drain for receiving dirty water: an abode of degraded persons: a general receptacle: an area in which a river sinks and disappears: a depression in a stereotype plate: a stage trap-door for shifting scenery: in mining, an excavation less than a shaft.—ns. Sink′er, anything which causes a sinking, esp. a weight fixed to a fishing-line; Sink′-hole, a hole for dirty water to run through; Sink′ing, a subsidence: a depression.—adj. causing to sink.—n. Sink′ing-fund, a fund formed by setting aside income every year to accumulate at interest for the purpose of paying off debt.—adj. Sink′ing-ripe (Shak.), dead-ripe, about to fall off.—n. Sink′room, a scullery. [A.S. sincan; Ger. sinken, Dut. zinken.]

Sinologue, sin′ō-log, n. one versed in Chinese.—adj. Sinolog′ical (-loj′-).—ns. Sinol′ogist; Sinol′ogy.

Sinople, sin′ō-pl, n. a ferruginous clay yielding the fine red pigment Sinō′pia or Sinō′pis. [Gr. sinōpis, a red earth brought from Sinope.]

Sinter, sin′tėr, n. a name given to rocks precipitated in a crystalline form from mineral waters. [Ger.]

Sintoc, sin′tok, n. a Malayan tree with aromatic bark.—Also Sin′doc.

Sinuate, -d, sin′ū-āt, -ed, adj. curved: (bot.) with a waved margin.—v.t. to bend in and out.—ns. Sinuā′tion; Sinuos′ity, quality of being sinuous: a bend or series of bends and turns.—adjs. Sin′uous, Sin′uōse, bending in and out, winding, undulating: morally crooked.—adv. Sin′uously. [L. sinuatus, pa.p. of sinuāre, to bend.]

Sinupalliate, sin-ū-pal′i-āt, adj. having a sinuous pallial margin on the shell along the line of attachment of the mantle.—Also Sinupall′ial. [L. sinus, a fold, pallium, a mantle.]

Sinus, sī′nus, n. a bending: a fold: an opening: a bay of the sea: a recess on the shore: (anat.) a cavity or hollow of bone or other tissue, one of the air-cavities contained in the interior of certain bones: a channel for transmitting venous blood: a narrow opening leading to an abscess, &c.—n. Sī′nusoid, the curve of sines in which the abscisses are proportional to an angle, and the ordinates to its sine.—adj. Sinusoi′dal.—adv. Sinusoi′dally. [L. sinus, a curve.]

Sioux, sōō, n. (pl. Sioux, sōō or sōōz) the principal tribe of the Dakota family of American Indians in South Dakota and Nebraska—also adj.—Also Siouan (sōō′an).

Sip, sip, v.t. to sup or drink in small quantities: to draw into the mouth: to taste: to drink out of.—v.i. to drink in small quantities: to drink by the lips:—pr.p. sip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. sipped.—n. the taking of a liquor with the lips: a small draught.—n. Sip′per. [A.S. syppan (assumed), sipian, to soak. Related to súpan, to sup, taste.]

Sipe, sīp, v.i. (prov.) to soak through.—Also Seep. [A.S. sipian, to soak; Dut. zijpen, to drop.]

Siphon, sī′fun, n. a bent tube for drawing off liquids from one vessel into another.—v.t. to convey by means of a siphon.—n. Sī′phonage.—adjs. Sī′phonal, Sī′phonate, Sīphon′ic, pertaining to, or resembling, a siphon.—n. Sī′phon-bott′le, a glass bottle for containing aerated liquid, fitted with a glass tube reaching nearly to the bottom and bent like a siphon at the outlet.—adjs. Siphonif′erous; Sī′phoniform; Siphonostō′matous, having a siphonate mouth.—ns. Sī′phonostome, a siphonostomatous animal, as a fish-louse; Sī′phuncle, the siphon or funnel of tetrabranchiate cephalopods: a nectary.—adjs. Sī′phuncled, Siphunc′ular, Siphunc′ulate, -d.—ns. Siphunc′ulus; Sipunc′ulus, a genus of worms belonging to the class Gephyrea. [Fr.,—Gr., siphōn—siphlos, hollow.]

Sippet, sip′et, n. a small sop: (pl.) morsels of bread served in broth, &c.—v.i. Sipp′le, to sup in sips.

Sipylite, sip′i-līt, n. a niobite of erbium. [From Gr. Sipylos, one of the children of Niobe.]

Sir, sėr, n. a word of respect used in addressing a man: a gentleman: the title of a knight or baronet, used along with the Christian name and surname, as 'Sir David Pole:' formerly a common title of address for the clergy as a translation of L. dominus, the term used for a bachelor of arts, originally in contradistinction from the magister, or master of arts—hence Sir John=a priest.—v.t. to address as 'sir.' [O. Fr. sire, through O. Fr. senre, from L. senior, an elder, comp. of senex, old. Cf. the parallel forms Sire, Senior, Seignior, Signor.]

Sircar, sėr-kär′, n. a Hindu clerk.—Also Sirkar′, Circar′. [Hind. sarkār, a superintendent—sar, head, kār, Sans. kara, work.]

Sirdar, sėr-där′, n. a chief or military officer. [Hind. sardār—sar, head, -dār, holding.]

Sire, sīr, n. one in the place of a father, as a sovereign: an elder, a progenitor: the male parent of a beast, esp. of a horse: (pl.) ancestors (poetry).—v.t. to beget, used of animals. [Sir.]

Siren, sī′ren, n. (Gr. myth.) one of certain sea-nymphs who sat on the shores of an island between Circe's isle and Scylla, near the south-western coast of Italy, and sang with bewitching sweetness songs that allured the passing sailor to draw near, only to meet with death: a fascinating woman, any one insidious and deceptive: an instrument which produces musical sounds by introducing a regularly recurring discontinuity into an otherwise steady blast of air: an instrument for demonstrating the laws of beats and combination tones: an eel-like, amphibious animal, with only one pair of feet, inhabiting swamps in the southern states of North America.—adj. pertaining to, or like, a siren: fascinating.—n. Sirē′nia, an order of aquatic mammals now represented by the dugong (Halicore) and the manatee (Manatus).—adj. Sirē′nian.—v.i. Sī′renise, to play the siren. [L. siren—Gr. seirēn, prob. seira, a cord.]

Sirius, sir′i-us, n. the Dogstar or Canicula, the brightest star in the heavens, situated in the constellation of Canis Major, or the Great Dog.—n. Sirī′asis, sunstroke. [L.,—Gr. seirios.]

Sirloin, sėr′loin, n. the loin or upper part of the loin of beef. [Fr. surlonge—sur (—L. super, above) and longe (cf. Loin). The first syllable has been modified by confusion with Eng. sir, and an absurd etymology constructed to suit.]

Sirocco, si-rok′o, n. a name given in Italy to a dust-laden dry wind coming over sea from Africa; but also applied to any south wind, often moist and warm, as opposed to the Tramontana or north wind, from the hills.—Also Sir′oc. [It. sirocco (Sp. siroco)—scharq, the east.]

Sirop, sir′op, n. a form of syrup: a kettle used in making sugar by the open-kettle process.

Sirrah, sėr′a, n. sir, used in anger or contempt. [An extension of sir.]

Sirvente, sir-vont′, n. a satirical song of the 12th-13th century trouvères and troubadours. [Fr.]

Sisal-grass, sis′al-gras, n. the prepared fibre of the agave or American aloe, supplying cordage.—Also Sis′al-hemp.

Siscowet, sis′kō-et, n. a Lake Superior variety of the great lake trout.—Also Sis′kiwit, Sis′kowet.

Siserary, sis′e-rā-ri, n. a stroke, blow, originally a legal writ transferring a cause to a higher court.—With a siserary, with suddenness or vehemence. [A corr. of certiorari.]

Siskin, sis′kin, n. a genus of perching birds belonging to the family Fringillidæ, the true finches. [Dan. sisgen, Sw. siska, Ger. zeisig.]

Sist, sist, v.t. (Scots law) to present at the bar: cause to appear, summon: to delay, stop.—n. the act of staying diligence or execution on decrees for civil debts. [L. sistĕre, to make to stand.]

Sister, sis′tėr, n. a female born of the same parents: a female closely allied to or associated with another.—adj. closely related, akin.—v.t. and v.i. to resemble closely: to be a sister to: to be allied.—ns. Sis′terhood, state of being a sister, the duty of a sister: a society of females, a community of women living together under a religious rule, and with a common object for their united life; Sis′ter-hook, in a ship's rigging, one of a pair of hooks fitting closely together and working on the same axis—also Clip-hook and Clove-hook; Sis′ter-in-law, a husband's or wife's sister, or a brother's wife.—adjs. Sis′terless, having no sister; Sis′ter-like, Sis′terly, like or becoming a sister: kind: affectionate. [A.S. sweostor; Dut. zuster, Ger. schwester.]

Sistine, sis′tin, adj. pertaining to a pope of the name of Sixtus, esp. Sixtus IV. (1471-84) and Sixtus V. (1585-90)—also Six′tine.—Sistine Chapel, the Pope's chapel in the Vatican, built in 1473 by Sixtus IV., covered with magnificent frescoes by Michael Angelo and the great Florentine masters; Sistine Madonna, or Madonna of San Sisto, a famous painting by Raphael Santi, now at Dresden, representing the Virgin and Child in glory, St Sixtus on the left, St Barbara on the right, and two cherubs below.

Sistrum, sis′trum, n. a form of rattle used in ancient Egypt in connection with the worship of Isis.

Sisyphean, sis-i-fē′an, adj. relating to Sisyphus: incessantly recurring. [From Sisyphus, a king of Corinth, who was condemned in Tartarus to roll to the top of a hill a huge stone, which constantly rolled down again, making his task incessant.]

Sit, sit, v.i. to rest on the haunches: to perch, as birds: to rest: to remain, abide: to brood: to occupy a seat, esp. officially: to be officially engaged: to blow from a certain direction, as the wind: to be worn, to fit, to be becoming: to take an attitude of readiness, or for any special purpose: to hold a deliberative session.—v.t. to keep a seat, or good seat, upon: to seat, place on a seat:—pr.p. sit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. sat.—n. a subsidence of the roof of a coal-mine: (slang) a situation.—adj. Sit′-fast, fixed, stationary.—n. a callosity of the skin under the saddle, often leading to ulcer.—ns. Sit′ter; Sit′ting, state of resting on a seat: a seat, a special seat allotted to a seat-holder, at church, &c.; also the right to hold such: the part of the year in which judicial business is transacted: the act or time of resting in a posture for a painter to take a likeness: an official meeting to transact business: uninterrupted application to anything for a time: the time during which one continues at anything: a resting on eggs for hatching, the number hatched at one time; Sit′ting-room, the parlour or most commonly used room in many houses.—Sit down, to take a seat: to pause, rest: to begin a siege; Sit loose, or loosely, to be careless or indifferent; Sit on, or upon, to hold an official inquiry regarding: (slang) to repress, check; Sit out, to sit, or to sit apart, during: to await the close of; Sit under, to be in the habit of hearing the preaching of; Sit up, to raise the body from a recumbent to a sitting position: to keep watch during the night (with). [A.S. sittan; Ger. sitzen, L. sedēre.]

Site, sīt, n. the place where anything is set down or fixed: situation: a place chosen for any particular purpose: posture.—adj. Sī′ted (Spens.), placed, situated. [Fr.,—L. situs—situm, pa.p. of sinĕre, to set down.]

Sith, sith, adv., prep., and conj. since—(obs.) Sith′ence, Sith′ens. [M. E. sithen—A.S. síth thám, after that, also written siththan. Cf. Since.]

Sithe, sīth, n. (Shak.) a scythe.—v.t. (Shak.) to cut with a scythe.

Sitology, sī-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of the regulation of diet.—Also Sitiol′ogy. [Gr. sitos, food, logia—legein, to say.]

Sitophobia, sī-tō-fō′bi-a, n. morbid aversion to food. [Gr. sitos, food, phobia, fear.]

Sitta, sit′a, n. the genus of nut-hatches.—adj. Sit′tine. [Gr. sittē, a woodpecker.]

Situate, -d, sit′ū-āt, -ed, adj. set or permanently fixed: placed with respect to other objects: residing.—ns. Situā′tion, the place where anything is situated: position: temporary state: condition: any group of circumstances, a juncture: a critical point in the action of a play or the development the plot of a novel: office, employment; Sī′tus, site: the proper place of an organ, &c.: locality in law. [Low L. situatus—L. situĕre, to place.]

Sitz-bath, sitz′-bäth, n. a hip-bath: a tub adapted for such. [Ger. sitz-bad.]

Sium, sī′um, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants—the water-parsnips. [Gr. sion.]

Siva, sē′va, n. the third god of the Hindu Trimúrti or triad, representing the principle of destruction and of reproduction.—adj. Sivaist′ic.—n. Si′vaite. [Sans. çiva, happy.]

Sivan, siv′an, n. the third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, answering to part of May and June. [Heb.]

Sivatherium, siv-a-thē′ri-um, n. a very large fossil ruminant found in India.

Six, siks, adj. and n. five and one: a figure denoting six units (6, or vi.): a playing-card with six spots, the face of a die bearing six spots, or that die itself: beer sold at six shillings a barrel, small beer: (pl.) in hymnology, a quatrain in trochaic measure, the lines of three feet or six syllables.—adj. Six′fold, folded or multiplied six times.—ns. Six′footer, a person six feet high; Six′pence, a silver coin=six pence.—adj. Six′penny, worth sixpence: cheap, worthless.—ns. Six′-shoot′er, a six-chambered revolver; Sixte, a parry in which the hand is on guard opposite the right breast, the point of the sword raised and moved a little to the right.—adjs. and ns. Six′teen, six and ten; Six′teenth, the sixth after the tenth.—adj. Sixth, the last of six: the ordinal of six.—n. the sixth part: (mus.) an interval of four tones and a semitone, or six intervals.—adv. Sixth′ly, in the sixth place.—Sixth hour, noon-tide.—Be at sixes and sevens, to be in disorder; Long sixes, candles weighing six to the pound, about 8 inches long; Short sixes, candles weighing six to the pound, about 4 inches long. [A.S. siex; Ger. sechs, Gael. se; also L. sex, Gr. hex, Sans. shash.]

Sixty, siks′ti, adj. and n. six times ten.—adj. and n. Six′tieth, the sixth tenth: the ordinal of sixty. [A.S. sixtig.]

Sizar, sī′zar, n. the name of an order of students at Cambridge and Dublin—from the allowance of victuals made to them from the college buttery.—n. Sī′zarship. [Size, fixed quantity.]

Size, sīz, n. extent of volume or surface: magnitude: an allotted portion: (pl.) allowances (Shak.).—v.t. to arrange according to size: at Cambridge, to buy rations at a certain fixed rate: to measure.—v.i. to increase in size.—adjs. Sī′zable, Size′able, of suitable size: of considerable size or bulk; Sized, having a particular size.—ns. Sī′zer, one who, or that which, sizes or measures, a kind of gauge; Sī′zing, act of sorting articles according to size, esp. crushed or stamped ores in mining: an order for extra food from a college buttery.—Size up, to measure, consider carefully. [Contr. of assize (q.v.).]

Size, sīz, Sizing, sī′zing, n. a kind of weak glue, used as varnish: any gluey substance.—v.t. to cover with size.—adj. Sized, having size in its composition.—n. Sī′ziness.—adj. Sī′zy, size-like: glutinous.

Sizzle, siz′l, v.i. to make a sound as if frying.—n. a hissing sound; extreme heat.—n. Sizz′ling, a hissing.

Skat, skat, n. a game played with thirty-two cards as in Piquet, and said to have been invented in 1817 in Altenburg. Each of three players receives ten cards, the two others being laid aside (hence the name from O. Fr. escart, laying aside).

Skate, skāt, n. a kind of sandal or frame of wood on a steel blade for moving on ice.—v.i. to slide on, skates.—ns. Skā′ter; Skā′ting; Skā′ting-rink. [Dut. schaats; cf. also Dan. sköite.]

Skate, skāt, n. the popular name of several species of Ray, esp. those of the family Raiidæ and genus Raia, with greatly extended pectoral fins. [Ice. skata—Low L. squatus—L. squatina; cf. Shad.]

Skaw, skä, n. a promontory.—Also Scaw. [Ice. skagi—skaga, to jut out.]

Skean, skēn, n. a dagger.—n. Skean-dhu (skēn′-dōō), the knife stuck in the stocking of the Highland dress. [Gael, sgian, a knife.]

Skedaddle, skē-dad′l, v.t. (prov.) to spill, scatter.—v.i. (coll.) to scamper off.—n. a scurrying off. [Ety. unknown. Prob. conn. somehow with shed—A.S. sceádan, to pour.]

Skee, skē, n. a wooden runner for sliding down a declivity.—v.i. to slide on skees. [Dan. ski—Ice. skídh.]

Skeel, skēl, n. (Scot.) a milking-pail, a washing-tub. [Scand., Ice. skjóla.]

Skein, skān, n. a knot or number of knots of thread or yarn. [O. Fr. escagne, from Celt.; cf. Ir. sgainne, a skein.]

Skeleton, skel′e-tun, n. the bones of an animal separated from the flesh and preserved in their natural position: the framework or outline of anything: a very lean and emaciated person: a very thin form of light-faced type.—adj. pertaining to a skeleton—also Skel′etal.—ns. Skeletog′eny (-toj′-); Skeletog′raphy; Skeletol′ogy.—v.t. Skel′etonise, to reduce to a skeleton.—n. Skel′eton-key, a key for picking locks, without the inner bits.—Skeleton in the cupboard, closet, house, &c., some hidden domestic source of sorrow or shame. [Gr. skeleton (sōma), a dried (body)—skeletos, dried—skellein, to dry, to parch.]

Skelloch, skel′oh, v.i. (Scot.) to cry out with a shrill voice.—n. a squeal.

Skelly, skel′i, v.i. (Scot.) to squint. [Cf. Dan. skele, Sw. skela, Ger. schielen, to squint.]

Skelp, skelp, v.t. (Scot.) to slap.—v.i. to move briskly along, to bound along.—n. a slap: a heavy fall of pelting rain: a large portion.—adj. Skelp′ing, very big or full. [Gael. sgealp, a slap.]

Skep, skep, n. a grain-basket, or beehive made of straw or wicker-work.—n. Skep′ful, as much as a skep will hold. [A.S. scep—Scand., Ice. skeppa.]

Sketch, skech, n. a first draft of any plan or painting: an outline, a short and slightly constructed play, essay, &c.: a short dramatic scene for representation by two persons: an artist's preliminary study of a work to be elaborated.—v.t. to make a rough draft of: to draw the outline: to give the principal points of.—v.i. to practise sketching.—adj. Sketch′able, capable of being sketched effectively.—ns. Sketch′book, a blank book used for sketching by an artist or writer: a printed volume of literary sketches; Sketch′er, one who sketches.—adv. Sketch′ily.—n. Sketch′iness.—adj. Sketch′y, containing a sketch or outline: incomplete, slight. [Dut. schets, It. schizzo—L. schedium—schedius, made off-hand—Gr. schedios, sudden.]

Skew, skū, adj. oblique: intersecting a road, river, &c. not at right angles, as a bridge.—adv. awry: obliquely.—v.t. to turn aside.—n. a deviation, a mistake: a squint: (archit.) the sloping top of a buttress slanting off against a wall.—ns. Skew′-arch, an arch standing obliquely on its abutments; Skew′-back (archit.), the course of masonry on the top of an abutment with a slope for the base of the arch to rest against.—adj. Skew′-bald, spotted irregularly, piebald.—n. Skew′-bridge, a bridge having its arch or arches set obliquely on its abutments, as when a railway crosses a road, &c., at an oblique angle.—adjs. Skewed, distorted; Skew-gee′ (coll.), crooked.—n. Skew′-wheel, a bevel-wheel with teeth formed obliquely on the rim. [Old Dut. schūwen (Dut. schuwen); Ger. scheuen, to shun; cf. Shy.]

Skewer, skū′ėr, n. a pin of wood or iron for keeping meat in form while roasting.—v.t. to fasten with skewers. [Prov. Eng. skiver, prob. the same as shiver, a splinter of wood.]

Skiascopy, skī′a-skō-pi, n. the shadow-test for measuring the refraction of an eye.—Also Scī′ascopy. [Gr. skia, a shadow, skopein, to view.]

Skid, skid, n. a piece of timber hung against a ship's side to protect it from injury: a sliding wedge or drag to check the wheel of a wagon on a steep place: a slab put below a gun to keep it off the ground.—v.t. to check with a skid.—v.i. to slide along without revolving.—n. Skid′der, one who uses a skid. [Scand., Ice. skídh; A.S. scíd, a piece split off.]

Skill, skil, n. knowledge of anything: dexterity in practice.—v.i. to understand, to be dexterous in: to make a difference, to signify.—adj. Skil′ful, having or displaying skill: dexterous.—adv. Skil′fully.—n. Skil′fulness.—adjs. Skilled, having skill: skilful: expert; Skil′less (Shak.), wanting skill, artless. [Scand., as Ice. skil, a distinction, skilja, to separate.]

Skillet, skil′et, n. a small metal vessel with a long handle, used for boiling water, in cooking, &c. [Prob. from O. Fr. escuellette, dim of escuelle (Fr. écuelle)—L. scutella, dim. of scutra, a dish.]

Skilligalee, skil-i-ga-lē′, n. thin watery soup.—Also Skilligolee′, Skill′y. [Ety. dub.]

Skilling, skil′ing, n. a small coin formerly current in North Germany and Scandinavia, in value from ¼d. to 1d. [Dan.]

Skim, skim, v.t. to clear off scum: to take off by skimming: to brush the surface of lightly.—v.i. to pass over lightly: to glide along near the surface: to become coated over:—pr.p. skim′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. skimmed.—n. the act of skimming: what is skimmed off.—ns. Skim′mer, a utensil for skimming milk: a bird that skims the water; Skim′-milk, skimmed milk: milk from which the cream has been skimmed; Skim′ming, the act of taking off that which floats on the surface of a liquid, as cream: that which is taken off, scum.—adv. Skim′mingly, by skimming along the surface. [Scum.]

Skimble-skamble, skim′bl-skam′bl, adj. wandering, wild, rambling, incoherent.—adv. in a confused manner. [A reduplication of scamble.]

Skimmington, skim′ing-ton, n. a burlesque procession intended to ridicule a henpecked husband: a riot generally.—Also Skim′ington, Skim′merton, Skim′itry. [Ety. unknown.]

Skimp, skimp, v.t. to give scanty measure, to stint: to do a thing imperfectly.—v.i. to be parsimonious.—adj. scanty, spare.—adj. Skim′ping, sparing: meagre: done inefficiently.—adv. Skim′pingly.—adj. Skim′py. [A variant of scamp.]

Skin, skin, n. the natural outer covering of an animal body: a hide: the bark or rind of plants, &c.: the inside covering of the ribs of a ship: a drink of whisky hot.—v.t. to cover with skin: to cover the surface of: to strip the skin from, to peel: to plunder, cheat: to answer an examination paper, &c., by unfair means.—v.i. to become covered with skin: to sneak off:—pr.p. skin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. skinned.—adj. Skin′-deep, as deep as the skin only: superficial.—ns. Skin′flint, one who takes the smallest gains: a very niggardly person; Skin′ful, as much as one can hold, esp. of liquor.—adj. Skin′less, having no skin, or a very thin one.—ns. Skin′ner; Skin′niness.—adjs. Skin′ny, consisting of skin or of skin only: wanting flesh; Skin′-tight, fitting close to the skin.—n. Skin′-wool, wool pulled from the skin of a dead sheep.—By, or With, the skin of one's teeth, very narrowly; Clean skins, unbranded cattle; Save one's skin, to escape without injury. [A.S. scinn; Ice. skinn, skin, Ger. schinden, to flay.]

Skink, skingk, n. drink.—v.i. and v.t. to serve drink.—n. Skink′er, one who serves drink, a tapster.—adj. Skink′ing (Scot.), thin, watery. [A.S. scencan, to pour out drink; Ger. schenken.]

Skink, skingk, n. an African lizard. [L. scincus—Gr. skingkos, the adda.]

Skink, skingk, n. (Scot.) a shin-bone of beef, soup made from such. [Cf. Dut. schonk, a bone; cf. Shank.]

Skio, skyō, n. in Orkney, a fisherman's hut.—Also Skeo. [Norw. skjaa, a shed.]

Skip, skip, v.i. to leap: to bound lightly and joyfully: to pass over.—v.t. to leap over: to omit:—pr.p. skip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. skipped.—n. a light leap: a bound: the omission of a part: the captain of a side at bowls and curling: a college servant.—ns. Skip′jack, an impudent fellow: the blue-fish, saurel, &c.; Skip′-ken′nel, one who has to jump the gutters, a lackey; Skip′per, one who skips: a dancer: (Shak.) a young thoughtless person: a hesperian butterfly.—adj. Skip′ping, flighty, giddy.—adv. Skip′pingly, in a skipping manner: by skips or leaps.—n. Skip′ping-rope, a rope used in skipping. [Either Celt., according to Skeat, from Ir. sgiob, to snatch, Gael. sgiab, to move suddenly, W. ysgipio, to snatch away; or Teut., conn. with Ice. skopa, to run.]

Skip, skip, n. an iron box for raising ore running between guides, or in inclined shafts fitted with wheels to run on a track, a mine-truck.

Skipetar, skip′e-tär, n. an Albanian: the Albanian language. [Albanian skipetar, a mountaineer.]

Skipper, skip′ėr, n. the master of a merchant-ship.—Skipper's daughters, white-topped waves. [Dut. schipper; Dan. skipper.]

Skipper, skip′ėr, n. a barn, a shed in which to shelter for the night.—v.i. to shelter in such a place.—n. Skipp′er-bird, a tramp. [Prob. W. ysguber, a barn.]

Skippet, skip′et, n. (Spens.) a small boat. [Dim. of A.S. scip, ship.]

Skippet, skip′et, n. a round flat box for holding a seal, which used to be attached to the parchment by ribbons passing through the lid.

Skirl, skirl, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to shriek shrilly.—n. a shrill cry.—n. Skir′ling, a shrill sound.

Skirmish, skėr′mish, n. an irregular fight between two small parties: a contest.—v.i. to fight slightly or irregularly.—ns. Skir′misher, a soldier belonging to troops dispersed to cover front or flank, and prevent surprises; Skir′mishing. [O. Fr. escarmouche—Old High Ger. skerman, scirman, to fight.]

Skirr, skėr, v.t. (Shak.) to ramble over, to scour.—v.i. to run in haste. [Scurry.]

Skirret, skir′et, n. an edible water-parsnip: a perennial plant, native to China and Japan. [Sugar-root.]

Skirt, skėrt, n. the part of a garment below the waist: a woman's garment like a petticoat: the edge of any part of the dress: border: margin: extreme part.—v.t. to border: to form the edge of.—v.i. to be on the border: to live near the extremity.—ns. Skirt′-danc′ing, a form of ballet-dancing in which the flowing skirts are waved about in the hands; Skir′ter, a huntsman who dodges his jumps by going round about; Skir′ting, strong material made up in lengths for women's skirts: skirting-board; Skir′ting-board, the narrow board next the floor round the walls of a room.—Divided skirt, a skirt in the form of loose trousers. [Scand., Ice. skyrta, a shirt. A doublet of shirt.]

Skit, skit, n. any sarcastic squib, lampoon, or pamphlet. [Ice. skúti, a taunt.]

Skite, skīt, v.i. (Scot.) to glide or slip—also Skyte.—n. a sudden blow: a trick.—vs.i. Skit, to leap aside: to caper; Skit′ter, to skim lightly over: to void thin excrement: to draw a baited hook along the surface of water. [Scand., Sw. skutta, to leap, skjuta, to shoot.]

Skittish, skit′ish, adj. unsteady, light-headed, easily frightened: hasty, volatile, changeable: wanton.—adv. Skitt′ishly.—n. Skitt′ishness. [Skite.]

Skittles, skit′lz, n.pl. a game of ninepins in which a flattened ball or thick rounded disc is thrown to knock down the pins—played in a Skitt′le-all′ey, or -ground. In American Bowls, the game is played with ten pins arranged in the form of a triangle, the missile being rolled along a carefully constructed wooden floor.—v.t. Skitt′le, to knock down.—n Skitt′le-ball, the ball thrown in playing at skittles. [A variant of shittle or shuttle.]

Skiver, skī′vėr, n. a kind of leather made of split sheep-skins, used for bookbinding, &c.—n. a machine for skiving leather.—v.t. Skive, to cut, pare off.—n. Skī′ving, the act of skiving: a piece skived off—of leather, usually on the flesh side. [From root of shive, shiver.]

Skoal, skōl, interj. hail! a friendly exclamation of salutation before drinking, &c. [Ice. skál; Norw. skaal, a bowl, Sw. skål.]

Skolion, skō′li-on, n. a short drinking-song in ancient Greece, taken up by the guests in turn:—pl. Skō′lia. [Gr.]

Skua, skū′a, n. a bird of the family Laridæ, esp. the Great Skua (Stercorarius catarrhactes), a rapacious bird about two feet long, the plumage predominantly brown, breeding in the Shetlands.—n. Skū′a-gull. [Norw.]

Skug, Scug, skug, n. (prov.) shelter.—v.t. to shelter: to expiate.—n. Skug′gery, Scug′gery, secrecy.—adjs. Skug′gy, Scug′gy, shady. [Ice. skuggi, a shade.]

Skulk, skulk, v.i. to sneak out of the way: to lurk.—ns. Skulk, Skulk′er, one who skulks.—adv. Skulk′ingly.—n. Skulk′ing-place. [Scand., as in Dan. skulke, to sneak; conn. with Ice. skjöl, cover, hiding-place; also with Eng. scowl.]

Skull, skul, n. the bony case that encloses the brain: the head, the sconce, noddle: a crust formed on the ladle, &c., by the partial cooling of molten metal: in armour, the crown of the head-piece: (Scot.) a shallow, bow-handled basket.—n. Skull′cap, a cap which fits closely to the head: the sinciput.—adj. Skull′-less.—Skull and cross-bones, a symbolic emblem of death and decay. [Ice. skál, a shell; conn. with shell and scale, a thin plate.]

Skunk, skungk, n. a small North American carnivorous quadruped allied to the otter and weasel, defending itself by emitting an offensive fluid: a low fellow: (U.S.) a complete defeat.—v.t. to inflict such.—ns. Skunk′-bird, -black′bird, the male bobolink in full plumage. [Indian seganku.]

Skupshtina, skoopsh′ti-na, n. the national assembly of Servia, having one chamber and 178 deputies, three-fourths elected and one-fourth nominated by the crown.—Great Skupshtina, specially elected for discussing graver questions.

Sky, skī, n. the apparent canopy over our heads: the heavens: the weather: the upper rows of pictures in a gallery.—v.t. to raise aloft, esp. to hang pictures above the line of sight.—adjs. Sky′-blue, blue like the sky; Sky′-born, of heavenly birth.—n. Sky′-col′our, the colour of the sky.—adjs. Sky′-col′oured, blue, azure; Skyed, surrounded by sky; Sky′ey, like the sky: ethereal; Sky′-high, very high; Sky′ish (Shak.), like or approaching the sky, lofty.—n. Sky′lark, a species of lark that mounts high towards the sky and sings on the wing.—v.i. to engage in any kind of boisterous frolic.—ns. Sky′larking, running about the rigging of a ship in sport: frolicking; Sky′-light, a window in a roof or ceiling towards the sky for the admission of light; Sky′line, the horizon; Sky′-par′lour, a lofty attic; Sky′-pī′lot, a clergyman.—adj. Sky′-plant′ed, placed in the sky.—n. Sky′-rock′et, a rocket that ascends high towards the sky and burns as it flies.—v.i. to move like a sky-rocket, to rise and disappear as suddenly.—ns. Sky′sail, the sail above the royal; Sky′scape, a view of a portion of the sky, or a picture of the same; Sky′-scrāp′er, a sky-sail of a triangular shape: anything shooting high into the sky.—adj. Sky′-tinc′tured, of the colour of the sky.—adv. Sky′ward, toward the sky. [Ice. ský, a cloud; akin to A.S. scúa, Gr. skia, a shadow.]

Slab, slab, n. a thin slip of anything, esp. of stone, having plane surfaces: a piece sawed from a log.—v.t. to cut slabs from, as a log.—adj. Slab′-sid′ed, having long flat sides, tall and lank.—n. Slab′stone, flagstone. [Scand., Ice. sleppa, to slip, Norw. sleip, a slab of wood.]

Slab, slab, adj. thick.—n. mud.—adj. Slab′by, muddy. [Celt., Ir., and Gael. slaib, mud.]

Slabber, slab′ėr, v.i. to slaver: to let the saliva fall from the mouth: to drivel.—v.t. to wet with saliva.—n. Slabb′erer.—adj. Slabb′ery.—n. Slabb′iness.—adj. Slabb′y. [Allied to Low Ger. and Dut. slabbern; imit. Doublet slaver.]

Slack, slak, adj. lax or loose: not firmly extended or drawn out: not holding fast, weak: not eager or diligent, inattentive: not violent or rapid, slow.—adv. in a slack manner: partially: insufficiently.—n. that part of a rope, belt, &c. which is slack or loose: a period of inactivity: a slack-water haul of a net.—vs.i. Slack, Slack′en, to become loose or less tight: to be remiss: to abate: to become slower: to fail or flag.—v.t. to make less tight: to loosen: to relax: to remit: to abate: to withhold: to use less liberally: to check: (B.) to delay.—v.t. Slack′-bake, to half-bake.—adj.—Slack′-hand′ed, remiss.—n. Slack′-jaw (slang), impudent talk.—adv. Slack′ly.—n. Slack′ness.—adj.—Slack′-salt′ed, insufficiently salted.—n. Slack′-wa′ter, ebb-tide: slow-moving water, as that above a dam.—adj. pertaining to slack-water.—Slack away, to ease off freely; Slack-in-stays, slow in going about, of a ship; Slack off, to ease off; Slack up, to ease off: to slow. [A.S. sleac; Sw. slak, Ice. slakr.]

Slack, slak, n. (Scot.) a cleft between hills: a common: a boggy place. [Scand., Ice. slakki, a hill-slope.]

Slade, slād, n. a little valley or dell; a piece of low, moist ground. [A.S. slæd, a plain; prob. Celt., Ir. slad.]

Slag, slag, n. vitrified cinders from smelting-works, &c.: the scoriæ of a volcano.—v.i. to cohere into slag.—adj. Slag′gy, pertaining to, or like, slag. [Sw. slagg; cf. Ger. schlacke, dross.]

Slaister, slās′tėr, n. (Scot.) a slobbery mess, slovenly work.—v.t. to bedaub.—v.i. to slabber: to move about in a dirty, slovenly manner.—adj. Slais′tery. [Prob. Sw. slaska, to dabble, slask, wet.]

Slake, slāk, v.t. to quench: to extinguish: to mix with water: to make slack or inactive.—v.i. to go out: to become extinct.—adj. Slake′less, that cannot be slaked: inextinguishable. [A.S. sleacian, to grow slack—sleccan, to make slack—sleac, slack.]

Slake, slāk, n. a channel through a swamp or morass: slime. [Ice. slakki, a hill-slope.]

Slake, slāk, v.t. (Scot.) to besmear.—n. a slabbery daub. [Prob. conn. with Ice. sleikja, to lick; Ger. schlecken, to lick.]

Slam, slam, v.t. or v.i. to shut with violence and noise: to throw down with violence: to win all the tricks in a card-game:—pr.p. slam′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. slammed.—n. the act of slamming: the sound so made: the winning of all the tricks at whist, &c. [Scand., Norw. slemma, Ice. slamra.]

Slamkin, slam′kin, n. a loose 18th-century women's morning-gown.—Also Slam′merkin.

Slander, slan′dėr, n. a false or malicious report: malicious defamation by words spoken: calumny.—v.t. to defame: to calumniate.—n. Slan′derer.—adj. Slan′derous, given to, or containing, slander: calumnious.—adv. Slan′derously.—n. Slan′derousness, the state or quality of being slanderous. [O. Fr. esclandre—L. scandalum—Gr. skandalon.]

Slang, slang, n. a conventional tongue with many dialects, which are, as a rule, unintelligible to outsiders, such as Gypsy, Canting or Flash, Back-slang, and Shelta or Tinkers' Talk: any kind of colloquial and familiar language serving as a kind of class or professional shibboleth.—adj. pertaining to slang.—v.i. to use slang, and esp. abusive language.—v.t. to scold.—adv. Slang′ily.—n. Slang′iness.—adj. Slang′ular, slangy.—v.i. Slang′-whang, to talk slangily or boisterously.—n. Slang′-whang′er, an abusive and wordy fellow.—adj. Slang′y. [Explained by Skeat as Scand., Norw. sleng, a slinging, a device, a burthen of a song, slengja, to sling. Leland boldly makes it Romany, and orig. applied to everything relating to shows—in Hindustani, Swangi, also often Slangi.]

Slang, slang, n. a narrow strip of land.—Also Slank′et. Slang, slang, n. (slang) a counterfeit weight or measure: a travelling show, or a performance of the same: a hawker's license: a watch-chain: (pl.) convicts' leg-irons.

Slant, slant, adj. sloping: oblique: inclined from a direct line—also Slan′ting.—n. a slope: a gibe: (slang) a chance.—v.i. to turn in a sloping direction.—v.i. to slope, to incline towards: (Scot.) to exaggerate, to lie.—adj. Slantendic′ūlar, oblique: indirect.—advs. Slan′tingly, in a slanting direction: with a slope or inclination; Slant′ly, Slant′wise, in a sloping, oblique, or inclined manner.—Slant-of-wind, a transitory breeze of favourable wind. [Scand., Sw. slinta, to slide.]

Slap, slap, n. a blow with the hand or anything flat.—v.t. to give a slap to:—pr.p. slap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. slapped.—adv. with a slap: suddenly, violently.—adj. (slang) first-rate.—adv. Slap′-bang, violently, all at once.—adj. dashing, violent.—n. a cheap eating-house.—adv. Slap′-dash, in a bold, careless way.—adj. off-hand, rash.—n. rough-cast harling: carelessly done work.—v.t. to do anything in a hasty, imperfect manner: to rough-cast with mortar.—n. Slap′per (slang), anything big of its kind.—adjs. Slap′ping, very large; Slap′-up, excellent, very grand. [Allied to Low Ger. slapp, Ger. schlappe; imit.]

Slap, slap, n. (Scot.) a gap in a fence: a narrow cleft between hills.—v.t. to break an opening in.

Slape, slāp, adj. (prov.) slippery, crafty. [Ice. sleipr, sleppr, slippery—slípa, to be smooth.]

Slash, slash, v.t. to cut by striking with violence and at random: to make long cuts: to ornament by cutting slits in the cloth in order to show some fine material underneath.—v.i. to strike violently and at random with an edged instrument: to strike right and left: to move rapidly.—n. a long cut: a cut at random: a cut in cloth to show colours underneath: a stripe on a non-commissioned officer's sleeve: a clearing in a wood.—adj. Slashed, cut with slashes: gashed.—ns. Slash′er, anything which slashes; Slash′ing, a slash in a garment: the felling of trees as a military obstacle, also the trees so felled.—adj. cutting mercilessly, unsparing: dashing: very big, slapping. [O. Fr. eslecher, to dismember—Old High Ger. slīzan, to split.]

Slash, slash, v.i. (Scot.) to work in wet.—n. a large quantity of watery food, as broth, &c.—adj. Slash′y, dirty, muddy. [Sw. slaska, dabble—slask, wet.]

Slat, slat, v.t. to strike, beat.—v.i. to flap violently.—n. a sudden sharp blow. [Scand., Ice. sletta, to slap, Norw. sletta, to cast.]

Slat, slat, n. a thin piece of stone, a slate: a strip of wood.—adj. made of slats.—adj. Slat′ted, covered with slats. [O. Fr. esclat—Old High Ger. slīzan, to slit.]

Slatch, slach, n. the slack of a rope: an interval of fair weather: a short breeze. [Slack.]

Slate, slāt, n. a highly metamorphosed argillaceous rock, fine-grained and fissile, and of a dull blue, gray, purple, or green colour—used in thin slabs of small size for ordinary roofs, and in larger slabs for dairy-fittings, wash-tubs, cisterns, tables, &c., and when polished for writing-slates and 'black-boards:' a piece of slate for roofing, or for writing upon: a preliminary list of candidates before a caucus.—adj. bluish-gray, slate-coloured.—v.t. to cover with slate: to enter on a slate.—ns. Slate′-axe, a slater's tool, a sax; Slate′-clay, a fissile shale.—adjs. Slā′ted, covered with slates; Slate′-gray, of a light slate colour.—ns. Slate′-pen′cil, a cut or turned stick of soft slate, or of compressed moistened slate-powder, for writing on slate; Slā′ter; Slā′tiness, the quality of being slaty; Slā′ting, the act of covering with slates: a covering of slates: materials for slating.—adj. Slā′ty, resembling slate: having the nature or properties of slate. [O. Fr. esclat—Old High Ger. slīzan, Ger. schleissen, to split.]

Slate, slāt, v.t. to abuse, criticise severely: (prov.) to set a dog at.—n. Slā′ting, a severe criticism. [A.S. slítan, to slit.]

Slater, slā′tėr, n. a terrestrial oniscid isopod, as the common Porcellio scaber.

Slattern, slat′ėrn, n. a woman negligent of her dress: an untidy woman.—v.i. Slatt′er (prov.), to be untidy or slovenly.—n. Slatt′ernliness.—adj. Slatt′ernly, like a slattern: negligent of person: slovenly: dirty: sluttish.—adv. negligently: untidily.—adj. Slatt′ery (prov.) wet. [From slatter, a freq. of slat, to strike (q.v.).]

Slaughter, slaw′tėr, n. a killing: a great destruction of life: carnage: butchery.—ns. Slaugh′terer; Slaugh′terhouse, a place where beasts are killed for the market; Slaugh′terman, a man employed in killing or butchering animals.—adj. Slaugh′terous, given to slaughter: destructive: murderous.—adv. Slaugh′terously. [Prob. Ice. slátr, butchers' meat, whence slátra, to slaughter cattle. The A.S. is sleaht—sleán, to slay.]

Slav, Slave, släv, n. one belonging to any of the Slavonic groups of Aryans—Bulgarians, Czechs, Poles, Russians, Servians, Wends, &c.—adj. Slav′ic. [Slovene or Slovane, from Polish slovo, a word, thus meaning the people who spoke intelligibly, as distinguished from their neighbour, Niemets, the German, lit. the dumb man. Miklosich considers both to be tribal names.]

Slave, slāv, n. a captive in servitude: any one in bondage: a serf: one who labours like a slave: a drudge: one wholly under the will of another: one who has lost all power of resistance.—v.i. to work like a slave: to drudge.—adj. Slave′-born, born in slavery.—ns. Slave′-drī′ver, one who superintends slaves at their work; Slave′-fork, a long and heavy branch into the forked end of which a slave's neck is fixed to prevent his escaping from the slave-trader's gang.—adj. Slave′-grown, grown on land worked by slaves.—ns. Slave′-hold′er, an owner of slaves; Slave′-hold′ing; Slave′-hunt, a hunt after runaway slaves; Slā′ver, a ship employed in the slave-trade; Slā′very, the state of being a slave: serfdom: the state of being entirely under the will of another: bondage: drudgery; Slave′-ship, a ship used for transporting slaves.—n.pl. Slave′-states, those states of the American Union which maintained domestic slavery before the Civil War—Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee.—ns. Slave′-trade, the trade of buying and selling slaves; Slave′-trā′der, a trader in slaves; Slā′vey (slang), a domestic drudge, a maid-servant.—adj. Slā′vish, of or belonging to slaves: becoming slaves: servile: mean: base: laborious.—adv. Slā′vishly.—ns. Slā′vishness; Slāvoc′racy, slave-owners collectively, or their interests, &c.; Slā′vocrat, a member of the slavocracy. [O. Fr. esclave—Mid. High Ger. slave (Ger. sclave), from Slav, above.]

Slaver, slav′ėr, n. spittle or saliva running from the mouth.—v.i. to let the saliva run out of the mouth.—v.t. to smear with saliva.—n. Slav′erer.—adv. Slav′eringly, in a slavering manner.—adj. Slav′ery, slabbery. [Slabber.]

Slavonic, sla-von′ik, adj. of or belonging to the Slavs, or their language—also Sclavon′ic, Slavō′nian, Sclavō′nian.—vs.t. Slavon′icise, Slav′onise, to render Slavonic in character, language, &c.—ns. Slav′ophil, one devoted to promoting the interests of the Slavonic peoples; Slav′ophilism, Slavophil feelings and aims; Slav′ophōbist, one who dreads the growth of Slav influence.

Slay, slā, v.t. to strike: to kill: to put to death: to destroy:—pa.t. slew (slōō); pa.p. slain (slān).—n. Slay′er. [A.S. sleán; Ice. slá, Goth. slahan, Ger. schlagen, to strike.]

Sleave, slēv, n. the ravelled, knotty part of silk thread: (Shak.) floss-silk.—v.t. to separate, as threads:—pr.p. sleav′ing; pa.p. sleaved. [Cf. Dan. slöife, a loose knot, Sw. slejf, a knot of ribbon, Ger. schleife, a loop.]

Sleazy, slā′zi, or slē′zi, adj. thin and flimsy.—n. Slea′ziness. [Prob. Ger. schleissig, worn out, readily split—schleissen, to split.]

Sled, sled, Sledge, slej, n. a carriage with runners made for sliding upon snow: a sleigh: anything dragged without wheels along the ground.—v.t. and v.i. to convey, or to travel, in a sled.—p.adj. Sled′ded (Shak.), sledged.—ns. Sled′ding, the act of transporting on a sled; Sledge′-chair, a chair mounted on runners for ice. [Ice. sledhi; from a root seen in A.S. slídan, to slide.]

Sledge, slej, n. an instrument for striking: a large heavy hammer used chiefly by ironsmiths. [A.S. slecg—sleán, to strike, slay (cf. Ger. schlägel, a beater—schlagen).]

Sleek, slēk, adj. smooth: glossy: soft, not rough: insinuating, plausible: dexterous.—v.t. to make smooth or glossy: to calm or soothe.—v.i. to glide.—advs. Sleek, Slick, neatly.—v.t. Sleek′en, to make smooth or sleek.—ns. Sleek′er, Slick′er, a tool for dressing the surface of leather.—adj. Sleek′-head′ed, having a smooth head.—n. Sleek′ing, the act of making smooth.—adj. Sleek′it (Scot.), having a smooth skin: sly, cunning, fair-spoken.—adv. Sleek′ly.—ns. Sleek′ness; Sleek′-stone, a smooth stone used for polishing anything.—adj. Sleek′y, smooth: sly, untrustworthy. [Scand., Ice. slíkr, sleek; cf. Dut. slijk, Ger. schlick, grease.]

Sleep, slēp, v.i. to take rest by relaxation: to become unconscious: to slumber: to rest: to be motionless or inactive: to remain unnoticed: to live thoughtlessly: to be dead: to rest in the grave:—pa.t. and pa.p. slept.—n. the state of one who, or that which, sleeps: slumber: rest: the dormancy of some animals during winter: (bot.) nyctitropism.—n. Sleep′er, one who sleeps: a horizontal timber supporting a weight, rails, &c.—adv. Sleep′ily.—n. Sleep′iness.—p.adj. Sleep′ing, occupied with, or for, sleeping: dormant.—n. the state of resting in sleep: (Shak.) the state of being at rest or in abeyance.—ns. Sleep′ing-car, -carriage, a railway-carriage in which passengers have berths for sleeping in; Sleep′ing-draught, a drink given to bring on sleep; Sleep′ing-part′ner (see Partner).—adj. Sleep′less, without sleep: unable to sleep.—adv. Sleep′lessly.—ns. Sleep′lessness; Sleep′-walk′er, one who walks while asleep: a somnambulist; Sleep′-walking.—adj. Sleep′y, inclined to sleep: drowsy: dull: lazy.—n. Sleep′yhead, a lazy person.—On sleep (B.), asleep. [A.S. slǽpan—slǽp; Ger. schlaf, Goth. sleps.]

Sleet, slēt, n. rain mingled with snow or hail.—v.i. to hail or snow with rain mingled.—n. Sleet′iness.—adj. Sleet′y. [Scand., Norw. sletta, sleet.]

Sleeve, slēv, n. the part of a garment which covers the arm: a tube into which a rod or other tube is inserted.—v.t. to furnish with sleeves.—ns. Sleeve′-band (Shak.), the wristband; Sleeve′-butt′on, a button or stud for the wristband or cuff.—adjs. Sleeved, furnished with sleeves; Sleeve′less, without sleeves.—ns. Sleeve′-link, two buttons, &c., joined by a link for holding together the two edges of the cuff or wristband; Sleeve′-nut, a double-nut for attaching the joint-ends of rods or tubes; Sleeve′-waist′coat, Sleeved′-waist′coat, a waistcoat with long sleeves, worn by porters, boots, &c.—Hang on the sleeve, to be dependent on some one; Have in one's sleeve, to have in readiness for any emergency; Laugh in one's sleeve, to laugh behind one's sleeve, to laugh privately or unperceived; Leg-of-mutton sleeve, a woman's sleeve full in the middle, tight at arm-hole and wrist. [A.S. sléfe, sléf, a sleeve—slúpan, to slip; cog. with Ger. schlauf.]

Sleigh, slā, n. same as Sled.—ns. Sleigh′-bell, a small bell attached to a sleigh or its harness; Sleigh′ing, the act of riding in a sleigh or sled.

Sleight, slīt, n. cunning: dexterity: an artful trick.—n. Sleight′-of-hand, legerdemain. [Ice. slægth, cunning, slægr, sly.]

Slender, slen′dėr, adj. thin or narrow: feeble: inconsiderable: simple: meagre, inadequate, poorly furnished.—adv. Slen′derly.—n. Slen′derness. [Old Dut. slinder, thin, slinderen, to drag; cf. Ger. schlendern, to saunter.]

Sleuth-hound, slōōth′-hownd, n. a dog that tracks game by the scent, a blood-hound. [Slot.]

Sley, slā, n. the reed of a weaver's loom. [A.S. slǽ—sleán, to strike.]

Slice, slīs, v.t. to slit or divide into thin pieces.—n. a thin broad piece: a broad knife for serving fish.—n. Slī′cer, one who, or that which, slices: a broad, flat knife. [O. Fr. esclice—Old High Ger. slīzan, to split.]

Slick, slik, adj. smooth: smooth-tongued: dexterous in movement or action.—adv. in a smooth manner, deftly. [Sleek]

Slickensides, slik′en-sīdz, n. the smooth, polished, or striated, and generally glazed surfaces of joints and faults in rocks, considered to have been produced by the friction of the two surfaces during the movement of the rock.—adj. Slick′ensided. [Sleek.]

Slidder, slid′ėr, v.i. to slip, slide.—adj. Slidd′ery, slippery. [A.S. sliderian, to slip, slidor, slippery:—slídan, to slide.]

Slide, slīd, v.i. to slip or glide: to pass along smoothly: to fall: to slip away quietly, to disappear: (slang) to slope, slip away from the police, &c.—v.t. to thrust along: to slip:—pa.t. slid; pa.p. slid or slidd′en.—n. a smooth passage: the fall of a mass of earth or rock: a smooth declivity: anything, as a lid, that slides, a glass that slides in a frame in front of a magic-lantern, bearing the picture to be thrown on the screen, that part of a photographic plate-holder which serves to cover and uncover the negative: (mus.) a melodic embellishment, two notes sliding into each other: (slang) a biscuit covered with ice-cream.—adj. Slī′dable, capable of sliding or of being slid.—ns. Slī′der, one who, or that which, slides: the part of an instrument or machine that slides; Slide′-rest, an apparatus adapted to a turning-lathe for carrying the cutting-tool; Slide′-valve, a valve in a steam-engine, made to slide backward and forward to cover and uncover the openings through which steam enters the cylinder; Slī′ding, act of one who slides: falling: backsliding.—p.adj. slippery: movable, changing.—ns. Slī′ding-keel, an oblong frame let down vertically through the bottom of a vessel in order to deepen the draught and sustain against a side-wind; Slī′ding-rule (see Rule); Slī′ding-scale, a scale of duties which slide or vary according to the value or market prices: a sliding-rule; Slī′ding-seat, a kind of seat for racing-boats, moving with the swing of the rower's body; Slīdom′eter, an instrument indicating the strain put on a railway-carriage by sudden stoppage. [A.S. slídan, to slide; Dut. slidderen, to slip.]

Slight, slīt, adj. weak: slender: of little value: trifling: small: negligent: not decided, superficial, cursory: slighting, disdainful.—v.t. to disregard, as of little value: to neglect: (obs.) to demolish, smooth.—n. neglect: disregard, an act of discourtesy.—advs. Slight′ingly; Slight′ly.—n. Slight′ness. [Old Low Ger. slicht, plain; Dut. slecht, bad, Ger. schlecht, straight.]

Slim, slim, adj. (comp. Slim′mer, superl. Slim′mest) very thin, weak, slender: slight, trivial, unsubstantial: delicate: crafty.—adv. Slim′ly.—adj. Slim′mish, somewhat slim.—n. Slim′ness.—adj. Slim′sy (U.S.), frail, flimsy. [Old Low Ger. slim, crafty; Dan. slem, worthless, Ger. schlimm, bad.]

Slime, slīm, n. glutinous mud: (B.) probably bitumen.—n. Slime′-pit, a pit of slime or viscous mire.—adv. Slīm′ily.—n. Slīm′iness.—adj. Slīm′y, abounding with, or consisting of, slime: glutinous. [A.S. slím; Ger. schleim.]

Sling, sling, n. a strap or pocket with a string attached to each end, for hurling a stone: a throw: a hanging bandage for a wounded limb: a rope with hooks, used in hoisting and lowering weights: a sweep or swing: a stroke as from a missile thrown from a sling.—v.t. to throw with a sling: to hang so as to swing: to move or swing by means of a rope: to cast.—v.i. to bound along with swinging steps: (slang) to blow the nose with the fingers:—pa.t. and pa.p. slung.—ns. Sling′er; Sling′stone, a stone to be thrown from a sling. [A.S. slingan, to turn in a circle; Ger. schlingen, to move or twine round.]

Slink, slingk, v.i. to creep or crawl away, as if ashamed: to sneak:—pa.t. and pa.p. slunk. [A.S. slincan, to creep; Low Ger. sliken, Ger. schleichen.]

Slink, slingk, v.t. to cast prematurely, as a calf.—v.i. to miscarry.—n. a calf prematurely born: the flesh of such: a bastard child.—adj. prematurely born: unfit for food: lean, starved: mean.—ns. Slink′-butch′er, one who kills and dresses for sale the carcasses of diseased animals; Slink′skin, the skin of a slink, or leather made from it.—adj. Slink′y, lean.

Slip, slip, v.i. to slide or glide along: to move out of place: to escape: to err: to slink: to enter by oversight.—v.t. to cause to slide: to convey secretly: to omit: to throw off: to let loose: to escape from: to part from the branch or stem:—pr.p. slip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. slipped.—n. act of slipping: that on which anything may slip: an error, a fault, a slight transgression: an escape: a twig: a strip, a narrow piece of anything: a leash: a smooth inclined plane, sloping down to the water, on which a ship is built: anything easily slipped on: (print.) a long galley-proof before being made up into pages.—ns. Slip′-board, a board sliding in grooves; Slip′-dock, a dock having a floor that slopes so that the lower end is submerged; Slip′-knot, a knot which slips along the rope or line round which it is made; Slip′per, a loose shoe easily slipped on.—adj. (Spens.) slippery.—adj. Slip′pered, wearing slippers.—adv. Slip′perily, in a slippery manner.—ns. Slip′periness, Slip′piness.—adjs. Slip′pery, Slip′py, apt to slip away: smooth: not affording firm footing or confidence: unstable: uncertain; Slip′shod, shod with slippers, or shoes down at the heel like slippers: careless.—n. Slip′stitch.—Slip off, to take off noiselessly or hastily; Slip on, to put on loosely or in haste; Slip one's breath, or wind, to die; Slip the leash, to disengage one's self from a noose.—Give a person the slip, to escape stealthily from him. [A.S. slípan; Sw. slippa, Dut. slippen, to glide, Ger. schliefen.]

Slipslop, slip′slop, adj. slipshod, slovenly.—n. thin, watery food: a blunder.—v.i. to slip loosely about.—adj. Slip′sloppy, slushy, sloppy.

Slit, slit, v.t. to cut lengthwise: to split: to cut into strips:—pr.p. slit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. slit.—n. a long cut: a narrow opening.—n. Slit′ter, anything which slits, a slitting-shears for sheet-metal.—adj. Slit′tered, cut into strips with square ends.—n. Slit′ting-mill, an establishment in which metal plates are cut into strips for nail-making: a rotating disc used by gem-cutters for slitting: a gang-saw used for resawing lumber for blind-slats, fence-pickets, &c. [A.S. slítan; Ger. schleissen.]

Slither, slith′ėr, v.i. to slide.—adj. slippery.—n. a limestone rubble.—adjs. Slith′ering, slow, deceitful; Slith′ery, slippery. [A variant of slidder.]

Sliver, sliv′ėr, or slī′vėr, v.t. to split, to tear off lengthwise, to slice.—n. a piece cut or rent off, a slice: a continuous strand of loose untwisted wool or other fibre.—v.i. Slive, to slide, skulk. [A.S. slífan, to cleave.]

Slobber, slob′ėr, same as Slabber.—n. Slob, mire, muddy land.—adj. Slobb′ery, moist, wet.

Slocken, slok′n, v.t. to quench, extinguish.—Also Slok′en. [Ice. slokna, to go out.]

Sloe, slō, n. the blackthorn, producing white flowers before the leaves, the shoots making excellent walking-sticks: the austere fruit, a good preserve. [A.S. slá; Dut. slee, a sloe.]

Slogan, slō′gan, n. a war-cry among the ancient Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael., contracted from sluagh-gairm, an army-cry.]

Slombry, slom′bri, adj. (Spens.) sleepy.—v.i. Sloom (prov.), to slumber.—adj. Sloom′y, lazy, inactive.

Sloop, slōōp, n. a light boat: a one-masted cutter-rigged vessel, differing from a cutter, according to old authorities, in having a fixed bowsprit and somewhat smaller sails in proportion to the hull.—n. Sloop′-of-war, formerly a vessel, of whatever rig, between a corvette and a gun-vessel, constituting the command of a commander, carrying from ten to eighteen guns. [Dut. sloep, prob. O. Fr. chaloupe, shallop.]

Slop, slop, n. water carelessly spilled: a puddle: mean liquor or liquid food: (pl.) dirty water.—v.t. to soil by letting a liquid fall upon:—pr.p. slop′ping; pa.p. slopped.—ns. Slop′-bā′sin, -bowl, a basin for slops, esp. for the dregs of tea and coffee cups at table; Slop′-dash, weak cold tea, &c.: Slop′-pail, a pail for collecting slops; Slop′piness.—adj. Slop′py, wet: muddy. [A.S. sloppe, slyppe, cow-droppings—slúpan, to slip.]

Slope, slōp, n. any incline down which a thing may slip: a direction downward.—v.t. to form with a slope, or obliquely.—v.i. to be inclined, to slant: (slang) to decamp, disappear.—adv. in a sloping manner.—adv. Slope′wise, obliquely.—p.adj. Slō′ping, inclining from a horizontal or other right line.—adv. Slō′pingly, in a sloping manner: with a slope.—adj. Slō′py, sloping, inclined: oblique. [A.S. slípan, pa.t. sláp, to slip.]

Slops, slops, n.pl. any loose lower garment that slips on easily, esp. trousers: ready-made clothing, &c.—ns. Slop′-sell′er, one who sells cheap ready-made clothes; Slop′-shop, a shop where ready-made clothes are sold; Slop′-work, the making of cheap cloth, any work superficially done; Slop′-work′er, one who does slop-work. [Scand., Ice. sloppr, a long robe—sleppa, to slip.]

Slosh, slosh, n. a watery mess.—v.i. to flounder in slush: to go about in an easy way.—adj. Slosh′y. [A form of slush.]

Slot, slot, n. a bar or bolt: a broad, flat, wooden bar which holds together larger pieces. [Allied to Low Ger. slot, Dut. slot, a lock.]

Slot, slot, n. a hollow, narrow depression, to receive some corresponding part in a mechanism: a ditch, the continuous opening between the rails in a cable tramway along which the shank of the grip moves.—n. Slot′ting-machine′, a machine for cutting slots or square grooves in metal. [Slit.]

Slot, slot, n. the track of a deer. [Ice. slóth, track, path; Scot. sleuth, track by the scent.]

Sloth, slōth, or sloth, n. laziness, sluggishness: a sluggish arboreal animal of tropical America, of two genera (Cholœpus, the two-toed sloth, and Bradypus, the three-toed sloth).—adj. Sloth′ful, given to sloth: inactive: lazy.—adv. Sloth′fully.—n. Sloth′fulness. [A.S. slǽwth—sláw, slow.]

Slotter, slot′ėr, n. filth.—v.t. to foul.—adj. Slott′ery, foul.

Slouch, slowch, n. a hanging down loosely of the head or other part: clownish gait: a clown.—v.i. to hang down: to have a clownish look or gait.—v.t. to depress.—n. Slouch′-hat, a soft broad-brimmed hat.—p.adj. Slouch′ing, walking with a downcast, awkward manner: hanging down.—adj. Slouch′y, somewhat slouching. [Scand., Ice. slókr, a slouching fellow; slakr, slack.]

Slough, slow, n. a hollow filled with mud: a soft bog or marsh.—adj. Slough′y, full of sloughs: miry. [A.S. slóh, a hollow place; perh. from Ir. sloc—slugaim, to swallow up.]

Slough, sluf, n. the cast-off skin of a serpent: the dead part which separates from a sore.—v.i. to come away as a slough (with off): to be in the state of sloughing.—v.t. to cast off, as a slough.—adj. Slough′y, like, or containing, slough. [Scand.; Sw. dial. slug; cf. Ger. slauch, a skin.]

Slovak, slō-vak′, adj. pertaining to the Slovaks, a branch of the Slavs in the mountainous districts of N.W. Hungary, their language little more than a dialect of Czech.—n. one of this race, or his language.—adjs. Slovak′ian, Slovak′ish.

Sloven, sluv′n, n. a man carelessly or dirtily dressed:—fem. Slut.—n. Slov′enliness.—adj. Slov′enly, like a sloven: negligent of neatness or cleanliness: disorderly: done in an untidy manner.—adv. negligently.—n. Slov′enry (Shak.), slovenliness. [Old Dut. slof, sloef, Low Ger. sluf, slow, indolent.]

Slovenian, slō-vē′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the Slovenes, a branch of the South Slavonic stock to which the Serbs and Croats belong.

Slow, slō, adj. not swift: late: behind in time: not hasty: not ready: not progressive.—v.t. to delay, retard, slacken the speed of.—v.i. to slacken in speed.—n. Slow′back, a lazy lubber.—p.adj. Slow′-gait′ed (Shak.), accustomed to walk slowly.—ns. Slow′-hound, sleuth-hound; Slow′ing, a lessening of speed.—adv. Slow′ly.—ns. Slow′-match, generally rope steeped in a solution of saltpetre and lime-water, used for firing guns before the introduction of friction tubes, and sometimes for firing military mines, now superseded by Bickford's fuse, a train of gunpowder enclosed in two coatings of jute thread waterproofed; Slow′ness.—adj. Slow′-sight′ed, slow to discern; Slow′-winged, flying slowly.—n. Slow′-worm, a scincoid lizard, same as Blind-worm—by popular etymology 'slow-worm,' but, according to Skeat, really 'slay-worm,' A.S. slá-wyrm. [A.S. sláw; Dut. slee, Ice. sljór.]

Sloyd, Sloid, sloid, n. the name given to a certain system of manual instruction which obtains in the schools of Finland and Sweden, the word properly denoting work of an artisan kind practised not as a trade or means of livelihood, but in the intervals of other employment. [Sw. slöjd, dexterity.]

Slubber, slub′ėr, v.t. to stain, to daub, slur over.—n. Slubb′er-degull′ion, a wretch.—adv. Slubb′eringly. [Dut. slobberen, to lap, Low Ger. slubbern.]

Sludge, sluj, n. soft mud or mire: half-melted snow.—adj. Sludg′y, miry: muddy. [A form of slush.]

Slue, Slew, slū, v.t. (naut.) to turn anything about its axis without removing it from its place: to turn or twist about.—v.i. to turn round:—pr.p. slū′ing; pa.p. slūed.—n. the turning of a body upon an axis within its figure.—adj. Slued, tipsy. [Scand., Ice. snua, to turn.]

Slug, slug, n. a heavy, lazy fellow: a name for land-molluscs of order Pulmonata, with shell rudimentary or absent—they do great damage to garden crops: any hinderance.—ns. Slug′-a-bed (Shak.), one who is fond of lying in bed, a sluggard; Slug′gard, one habitually idle or inactive.—v.t. Slug′gardise (Shak.), to make lazy.—adj. Slug′gish, habitually lazy: slothful: having little motion: having little or no power.—adv. Slug′gishly.—n. Slug′gishness. [Scand., Dan. slug, sluk, drooping, Norw. sloka, to slouch; Low Ger. slukkern, to be loose; allied to slack.]

Slug, slug, n. a cylindrical or oval piece of metal for firing from a gun: a piece of crude metal. [Prob. from slug above, or slug=slog, to hit hard.]

Slugga, slug′a, n. a deep cavity formed by the action of subterranean streams common in some limestone districts of Ireland. [Ir. slugaid, a slough.]

Slughorn, slug′horn, n. a word used to denote a kind of horn, but really a corruption of slogan.

Sluice, slōōs, n. a sliding gate in a frame for shutting off or regulating the flow of water: the stream which flows through it: that through which anything flows: a source of supply: in mining, a board trough for separating gold from placer-dirt carried through it by a current of water: the injection-valve in a steam-engine condenser.—v.t. to wet or drench copiously: to wash in or by a sluice: to flush or clean out with a strong flow of water.—adj. Sluic′y, falling in streams, as from a sluice. [O. Fr. escluse (Fr. écluse)—Low L. exclusa (aqua), a sluice (water) shut out, pa.p. of L. ex-cludĕre, to shut out.]

Slum, slum, n. a low street or neighbourhood.—v.i. to visit the slums of a city, esp. from motives of curiosity.—ns. Slum′mer, one who slums; Slum′ming, the practice of visiting slums.

Slumber, slum′bėr, v.i. to sleep lightly: to sleep: to be in a state of negligence or inactivity.—n. light sleep: repose.—ns. Slum′berer; Slum′bering.—adv. Slum′beringly, in a slumbering manner.—n. Slum′berland, the state of slumber.—adjs. Slum′berless, without slumber: sleepless; Slum′berous, Slum′brous, inviting or causing slumber; sleepy; Slum′bery, sleepy: drowsy. [With intrusive b from M. E. slumeren—A.S. sluma, slumber; cog. with Ger. schlummern.]

Slump, slump, v.i. to fall or sink suddenly into water or mud: to fail or fall through helplessly.—n. a boggy place: the act of sinking into slush, &c., also the sound so made: a sudden fall or failure.—adj. Slump′y, marshy. [Cf. Dan. slumpe, to stumble upon by chance; Ger. schlumpen, to trail.]

Slump, slump, v.t. to throw into a lump or mass, to lump.—n. a gross amount, a lump.—n. Slump′-work, work in the lump. [Cf. Dan. slump, a lot, Dut. slomp, a mass.]

Slung, pa.t. and pa.p. of sling.—n. Slung′-shot, a weight attached to a cord, used as a weapon.

Slunk, pa.t. and pa.p. of slink.—adj. Slunk′en (prov.), shrivelled.

Slur, slur, v.t. to soil; to contaminate: to disgrace: to pass over lightly: to conceal: (mus.) to sing or play in a gliding manner.—v.i. (print.) to slip in making the impression, causing the printing to be blurred:—pr.p. slur′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. slurred.—n. a stain: slight reproach or disparagement: (mus.) a mark showing that notes are to be sung to the same syllable.—p.adj. Slurred (mus.), marked with a slur, performed in a gliding style like notes marked with a slur. [Old Dut. slooren, sleuren, Low Ger. slüren, to drag along the ground.]

Slurry, slur′i, n. any one of several semi-fluid mixtures, esp. of ganister, used to make repairs in converter-linings.

Slush, slush, n. liquid mud: melting snow: a mixture of grease for lubrication: the refuse of the cook's galley in a ship.—v.t. to apply slush to, to grease: to wash by throwing water upon: to fill spaces in masonry with mortar (with up): to coat with a mixture of white-lead and lime the bright parts of machinery.—adj. Slush′y. [Cf. Slosh.]

Slut, slut, n. (fem. of Sloven) a dirty, untidy woman: a wench, a jade: a bitch.—adj. Slut′tish, resembling a slut: dirty: careless.—adv. Slut′tishly.—ns. Slut′tishness, Slut′tery. [Scand., Ice. slöttr, a dull fellow—slota, to droop.]

Sly, slī, adj. dexterous in doing anything so as to be unobserved: cunning: wily: secret: done with artful dexterity: illicit.—n. Sly′boots, a sly or cunning person or animal.—advs. Sly′ly, Slī′ly.—ns. Sly′ness, Slī′ness.—On the sly, slyly, secretly. [Prob. from Ice. slæg-r; cf. Ger. schlau.]

Slype, slīp, n. a. covered passage from the transept of a cathedral to the chapter-house, &c. [Slip.]

Smack, smak, n. taste: flavour: a pleasing taste: a small quantity: a flavour of something.—v.i. to have a taste: to have a quality. [A.S. smæc.]

Smack, smak, n. a generic name for small decked or half-decked coasters and fishing-vessels, most rigged as cutters, sloops, or yawls. [Dut. smak; Ger. schmacke, Ice. snekja.]

Smack, smak, v.t. to strike smartly, to slap loudly: to kiss roughly and noisily.—v.i. to make a sharp noise with, as the lips by separation.—n. a sharp sound: a crack: a hearty kiss.—adv. sharply, straight.—p.adj. Smack′ing, making a sharp, brisk sound, a sharp noise, a smack. [Prob. imit., Dut. smakken, to smite, Ger. schmatzen, to smack.]

Small, smawl, adj. little in quantity or degree: minute: not great: unimportant: ungenerous, petty: of little worth or ability: short: having little strength: gentle: little in quality or quantity.—adv. in a low tone; gently.—ns. Small′-ale, ale with little malt and unhopped; Small′-and-earl′y (coll.) an informal evening-party.—n.pl. Small′-arms, muskets, rifles, pistols, &c., including all weapons that can be actually carried by a man.—n. Small′-beer, a kind of weak beer.—adj. inferior generally.—n.pl. Small′-clothes, knee-breeches, esp. those of the close-fitting 18th-century form.—ns. Small′-coal, coal not in lumps but small pieces; Small′-craft, small vessels generally.—n.pl. Small′-debts, a phrase current in Scotland to denote debts under £12, recoverable in the Sheriff Court.—n. Small′-hand, writing such as is ordinarily used in correspondence.—n.pl. Small′-hours, the hours immediately following midnight.—adj. Small′ish, somewhat small.—ns. Small′ness; Small′-pī′ca (see Pica); Small′pox, or Variola, a contagious, febrile disease, of the class known as Exanthemata, characterised by small pocks or eruptions on the skin; Smalls, the 'little-go' or previous examination: small-clothes; Small′-talk, light or trifling conversation.—n.pl. Small′-wares (see Ware).—In a small way, with little capital or stock: unostentatiously. [A.S. smæl; Ger. schmal.]

Smallage, smawl′āj, n. celery. [Small, Fr. ache—L. apium, parsley.]

Smalt, smawlt, n. glass melted, tinged blue by cobalt, and pulverised when cold.—n. Smal′tine, an arsenide of cobalt, often containing nickel and iron. [Low L. smaltum—Old High Ger. smalzjan (Ger. schmelzen), to melt.]

Smaragdine, sma-rag′din, adj. of an emerald green.—n. Smarag′dite, a peculiar variety of Amphibole, light grass-green in colour, with a foliated, lamellar or fibrous structure—occurring as a constituent of the rock called Eklogite. [L. smaragdinus—smaragdus—Gr. smaragdos, the emerald.]

Smart, smärt, n. quick, stinging pain of body or mind: smart-money: a dandy.—v.i. to feel a smart: to be punished.—adj. causing a smart: severe: sharp: vigorous, brisk: acute, witty, pert, vivacious: well-dressed, fine, fashionable: keen in business: creditable, up-to-the-mark.—v.t. Smart′en, to make smart, to brighten (with up).—adv. Smart′ly.—ns. Smart′-mon′ey, money paid by a recruit for his release before being sworn in: money paid for escape from any unpleasant situation or engagement: excessive damages: money allowed to soldiers and sailors for wounds; Smart′ness; Smart′-tick′et, a certificate granted to one entitled to smart-money; Smart′-weed, a name given to some of the Milkworts from their acrid properties, esp. Polygonum Hydropiper, or Waterpepper; Smart′y, a would-be smart fellow. [A.S. smeortan; Dut. smarten, Ger. schmerzen.]

Smash, smash, v.t. to break in pieces violently: to crush: to dash violently.—v.i. to act with crushing force: to be broken to pieces: to be ruined, to fail: to dash violently.—n. act of smashing, destruction, ruin, bankruptcy.—ns. Smash′er, one who smashes: (slang) one who passes bad money, bad money itself: anything great or extraordinary; Smash′ing.—adj. crushing: dashing.—n. Smash′-up, a serious smash. [Prob. Sw. dial. smaske, to smack.]

Smatch, smach, n. (Shak.) taste or tincture.—v.t. and v.i. to have a taste. [Smack.]

Smatter, smat′ėr, v.i. to talk superficially: to have a superficial knowledge.—ns. Smatt′erer; Smatt′ering, a superficial knowledge.—adv. Smatt′eringly, in a smattering manner. [M. E. smateren, to rattle, to chatter—Sw. smattra, to clatter; Ger. schnattern.]

Smear, smēr, v.t. to overspread with anything sticky or oily, as grease: to daub.—n. Smear′iness.—adj. Smear′y, sticky: showing smears. [A.S. smeru, fat, grease; Ger. schmeer, grease, Ice. smjör, butter.]

Smectite, smek′tīt, n. a greenish clay. [Gr. smēktis—smēchein, to rub.]

Smectymnuus, smek-tim′nū-us, n. a name compounded of the initials of the five Puritan divines—Stephen Marshall, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow, joint authors of An Answer (1641) to Bishop Hall's Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament (1641) in defence of the liturgy and episcopal government.

Smeddum, smed′um, n. fine powder: sagacity, spirit, mettle: ore small enough to go through the sieve. [A.S. smedema, fine flour.]

Smegma, smeg′ma, n. a sebaceous secretion, esp. that under the prepuce: an unguent.—adj. Smegmat′ic. [Gr. smēgma.]

Smell, smel, v.i. to affect the nose: to have odour: to use the sense of smell.—v.t. to perceive by the nose:—pa.t. and pa.p. smelled or smelt.—n. the quality of bodies which affects the nose: odour: perfume: the sense which perceives this quality.—ns. Smell′er; Smell′-feast, a greedy fellow; Smell′ing, the sense by which smells are perceived; Smell′ing-bott′le, a bottle containing smelling-salts, or the like; Smell′ing-salts, a preparation of ammonium carbonate with lavender, &c., used as a stimulant in faintness, &c.; Smell′-trap, a drain-trap.—adj. Smell′y, having a bad smell.—Smell a rat (see Rat); Smell out, to find out by prying. [Allied to Low Ger. smelen, Dut. smeulen, to smoulder.]

Smelt, smelt, n. a fish of the salmon or trout family, having a cucumber-like smell and a delicious flavour. [A.S. smelt.]

Smelt, smelt, v.t. to melt ore in order to separate the metal.—ns. Smel′ter; Smel′tery, a place for smelting; Smel′ting; Smel′ting-fur′nace, -house, -works. [Scand., Sw. smälta, to smelt.]

Smew, smū, n. a bird of the family Anatidæ, in the same genus as the goosander and mergansers.

Smicker, smik′ėr, v.i. (obs.) to look amorously.—n. Smick′ering, an inclination for a woman.—adv. Smick′ly, amorously.

Smift, smift, n. a piece of touchwood, &c., formerly used to ignite the train in blasting.—Also Snuff.

Smilax, smī′laks, n. a genus of liliaceous plants, type of the tribe Smilaceæ—the roots of several species yield sarsaparilla.

Smile, smīl, v.i. to express pleasure by the countenance: to express slight contempt: to look joyous: to be favourable.—n. act of smiling: the expression of the features in smiling: favour: (slang) a drink, a treat.—ns. Smī′ler, one who smiles; Smī′let (Shak.), a little smile.—adj. Smī′ling, wearing a smile, joyous.—adv. Smī′lingly, in a smiling manner: with a smile or look of pleasure.—n. Smī′lingness, the state of being smiling. [Scand., Sw. smila, to smile.]

Smirch, smirch, v.t. to besmear, dirty: to degrade in fame, dignity, &c.—n. a stain. [A weakened form of smer-k, from M. E. smeren, to smear.]

Smirk, smėrk, v.i. to smile affectedly: to look affectedly soft.—n. an affected smile.—adjs. Smirk (obs.), Smirk′y, smart. [A.S. smercian; akin to smile.]

Smit, smit, v.t. (prov.) to infect.—n. a stain: infection.—v.t. Smit′tle, to infect.—adj. infectious.—n. infection. [A.S. smittian, to spot, smitta, a spot, an intens. of smítan, to smite.]

Smite, smīt, v.t. to strike with the fist, hand, or weapon: to beat: to kill: to overthrow in battle: to affect with feeling: (B.) to blast: to afflict.—v.i. to strike:—pa.t. smōte; pa.p. smitt′en.—n. Smī′ter.—Smite off, to cut off; Smite out, to knock out; Smite with the tongue (B.), to reproach, to revile. [A.S. smítan; Dut. smijten, Ger. schmeissen.]

Smith, smith, n. one who forges with the hammer: a worker in metals: one who makes anything.—ns. Smith′ery, the workshop of a smith: work done by a smith—also Smith′ing; Smith′y, the workshop of a smith; Smith′y-coal, a kind of small coal much used by smiths. [A.S. smith; Ger. schmied.]

Smithsonian, smith-sō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to James Macie Smithson (1765—1829), founder of a great institution at Washington for ethnological and scientific investigations, organised by Congress in 1846.

Smock, smok, n. a woman's shift: a smock-frock.—v.t. to clothe in a smock or smock-frock.—adj. Smock′-faced, pale-faced.—ns. Smock′-frock, an outer garment of coarse white linen worn over the other clothes in the south of England; Smock′-race, a race for the prize of a smock. [A.S. smoc, perh. from A.S. smeógan, to creep into.]

Smoke, smōk, n. the vapour from a burning body—a common term for the volatile products of the imperfect combustion of such organic substances as wood or coal.—v.i. to emit smoke: to smoke out instead of upward, owing to imperfect draught: to draw in and puff out the smoke of tobacco: to raise smoke by moving rapidly: to burn, to rage: to suffer, as from punishment.—v.t. to apply smoke to: to dry, scent, or medicate by smoke: to inhale the smoke of: to use in smoking: to try to expel by smoking: to scent out, discover: to quiz, ridicule: to thrash.—ns. Smoke′-black, lampblack; Smoke′-board, a board suspended before the upper part of a fireplace to prevent the smoke coming out into the room; Smoke′-box, part of a steam-boiler where the smoke is collected before passing out at the chimney; Smoke′-consū′mer, an apparatus for burning all the smoke from a fire.—adj. Smoke′-dried.—v.t. Smoke′-dry, to cure or dry by means of smoke.—ns. Smoke′-house, a building where meat or fish is cured by smoking, or where smoked meats are stored; Smoke′-jack, a contrivance for turning a jack by means of a wheel turned by the current of air ascending a chimney.—adj. Smoke′less, destitute of smoke.—adv. Smokel′essly.—ns. Smoke′lessness; Smō′ker, one who smokes tobacco: a smoking-carriage: one who smoke-dries meat: an evening entertainment at which smoking is permitted; Smoke′-sail, a small sail hoisted between the galley-funnel and the foremast when a vessel rides head to the wind; Smoke′-shade, a scale of tints ranging from 0 to 10, for comparison of different varieties of coal, according to the amount of unburnt carbon in their smoke; Smoke′-stack, an upright pipe through which the combustion-gases from a steam-boiler pass into the open air.—adj. Smoke′-tight, impervious to smoke.—ns. Smoke′-tree, an ornamental shrub of the cashew family, with long light feathery or cloud-like fruit-stalks; Smoke′-wash′er, an apparatus for removing soot and particles of unburnt carbon from smoke by making it pass through water; Smoke′-wood, the virgin's bower (Clematis Vitalba), whose porous stems are smoked by boys.—adv. Smō′kily.—ns. Smō′kiness; Smō′king, the act of emitting smoke: the act or habit of drawing into the mouth and emitting the fumes of tobacco by means of a pipe or cigar—a habit of great sedative value: a bantering; Smō′king-cap, -jack′et, a light ornamental cap or jacket often worn by smokers; Smō′king-carr′iage, -room, a railway-carriage, -room, supposed to be set apart for smokers.—adj. Smō′ky, giving out smoke: like smoke: filled, or subject to be filled, with smoke: tarnished or noisome with smoke: (obs.) suspicious.—On a smoke (B.), smoking, or on fire. [A.S. smocian, smoca; Ger. schmauch.]

Smolt, smōlt, n. a name given to young river salmon when they are bluish along the upper half of the body and silvery along the sides. [Smelt.]

Smooth, smōōth, adj. having an even surface: not tough: evenly spread: glossy: gently flowing: easy: regular: unobstructed: bland: mild, calm.—v.t. to make smooth: to palliate: to soften: to calm: to ease: (Shak.) to exonerate.—v.i. to repeat flattering words.—n. (B.) the smooth part.—adj. Smooth′-bore, not rifled.—n. a gun with smooth-bored barrel.—adjs. Smooth′-browed, with unwrinkled brow; Smooth′-chinned, having a smooth chin: beardless; Smooth′-dit′tied, sweetly sung, with a flowing melody.—v.t Smooth′en, to make smooth.—n. Smooth′er, one who, or that which, smooths: in glass-cutting, an abrading-wheel for polishing the aces of the grooves cut by another wheel: (obs.) a flatterer.—adj. Smooth′-faced, having a smooth air, mild-looking.—ns. Smooth′ing-ī′ron, an instrument of iron for smoothing clothes; Smooth′ing-plane, a small fine plane used for finishing.—adv. Smooth′ly.—n. Smooth′ness.—adjs. Smooth′-paced, having a regular easy pace; Smooth′-shod, having shoes without spikes; Smooth′-spō′ken, speaking pleasantly: plausible: flattering; Smooth′-tongued, having a smooth tongue: flattering. [A.S. smóthe, usually sméthe; Ger. ge-schmeidig, soft.]

Smother, smuth′ėr, v.t. to suffocate by excluding the air: to conceal.—v.i. to be suffocated or suppressed: to smoulder.—n. smoke: thick floating dust: state of being smothered: confusion.—ns. Smotherā′tion, suffocation: a sailor's dish of meat buried in potatoes; Smoth′eriness.—adv. Smoth′eringly.—adj. Smoth′ery, tending to smother: stifling. [M. E. smorther—A.S. smorian, to smother; cf. Ger. schmoren, to stew.]

Smoulder, smōl′dėr, v.i. to burn slowly or without vent.—adjs. Smoul′dring, Smoul′dry. [M. E. smolderen—smolder=smor-ther, stifling smoke; cf. Smother.]

Smout, smowt, n. (slang) a printer who gets chance jobs in various offices.—v.i. to do occasional work.

Smudge, smuj, n. a spot, a stain: a choking smoke—v.t. to stifle: to fumigate with smoke.—n. Smud′ger, one who smudges: a plumber.—adj. Smud′gy, stained with smoke. [Scand., Sw. smuts, dirt, Dan. smuds, smut; Ger. schmutz.]

Smug, smug, adj. neat, prim, spruce: affectedly smart: well satisfied with one's self.—n. a self-satisfied person.—adj. Smug′-faced, prim or precise-looking.—adv. Smug′ly.—n. Smug′ness. [Dan. smuk, handsome; cf. Ger. schmuck, fine.]

Smug, smug, v.t. to seize without ceremony, to confiscate: (slang) to hush up.

Smuggle, smug′l, v.t. to import or export without paying the legal duty: to convey secretly.—ns. Smugg′ler, one who smuggles: a vessel used in smuggling; Smugg′ling, defrauding the government of revenue by the evasion of custom-duties or excise-taxes. [Low Ger. smuggeln, cog. with Ger. schmuggeln; Dut. smuigen, to eat secretly.]

Smur, smur, n. (Scot.) fine misty rain.—v.i. to drizzle.—adj. Smur′ry.

Smut, smut, n. a spot of dirt, soot, &c.: foul matter, as soot: Bunt, sometimes also Dust-brand, the popular name of certain small fungi which infest flowering land-plants, esp. the grasses, the name derived from the appearance of the spores, which are nearly black and very numerous: obscene language.—v.t. to soil with smut: to blacken or tarnish.—v.i. to gather smut: to be turned into smut:—pr.p. smut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. smut′ted.—n. Smut′-ball, a fungus of genus Tilletia: a puff-ball.—adj. Smut′tied, made smutty.—adv. Smut′tily.—n. Smut′tiness.—adj. Smut′ty, stained with smut: affected with smut or mildew: obscene, filthy. [Scand., Sw. smuts; Ger. schmutz, prob. from root of smite.]

Smutch, smuch, v.t. to blacken, as with soot.—n. a dirty mark. [A form of smut.]

Smyrniot, -e, smėr′niot, -ōt, n. a native or inhabitant, of Smyrna.—adj. of or pertaining to Smyrna.

Smyterie, Smytrie, smit′ri, n. (Scot.) a large number of individuals of small size.

Snabble, snab′l, v.t. (prov.) to plunder: to kill.—v.i. to gobble up.

Snack, snak, n. a share: a slight, hasty meal.—v.t. to snatch, to bite: to share. [A form of snatch.]

Snaffle, snaf′l, n. a bridle which crosses the nose and has a slender mouth-bit without branches.—v.t. to bridle: to clutch by the bridle.—ns. Snaff′le-bit, a kind of slender bit; Snaff′ling-lay, the trade of highwayman. [Dut. snavel, the muzzle; cf. Snap.]

Snag, snag, n. a sharp protuberance: a short branch: a projecting tooth or stump: a tree lying in the water so as to impede navigation—hence any stumbling-block or obstacle.—v.t. to catch on a snag: to entangle: to fill with snags, or to clear from such.—n. Snag′boat, a steamboat with appliances for removing snags.—adjs. Snag′ged, Snag′gy, full of snags. [Akin to Gael. and Ir. snaigh, to cut.]

Snag, snag, v.t. to lop superfluous branches from a tree.—n. Snag′ger, the tool for this.

Snail, snāl, n. a term for the species of terrestrial Gasteropoda which have well-formed spiral shells—the more typical snails belonging to the genus Helix, of the family Helicidæ, having the shell of many whorls, globose, depressed, or conical.—ns. Snail′-clov′er, -trē′foil, a species of medic; Snail′-fish, a fish of genus Liparis, sticking to rocks; Snail′-flow′er, a twining bean.—adjs. Snail′-like (Shak.), in the manner of a snail, slowly; Snail′-paced (Shak.), as slow-moving as a snail; Snail′-slow, as slow as a snail.—n. Snail′-wheel, in some striking time-pieces, a rotating piece with a spiral periphery having notches so arranged as to determine the number of strokes made on the bell.—Snail's pace, a very slow pace. [A.S. snegl, snægl; Ger. schnecke.]

Snake, snāk, n. a serpent—Snakes (Ophidia) form one of the classes of reptiles, in shape limbless and much elongated, embracing tree-snakes, the water-snakes, and the very venomous sea-snakes (Hydrophidæ), the burrowing-snakes (Typhlopidæ) and the majority, which may be called ground-snakes.—ns. Snake′-bird, a darter: the wryneck; Snake′-eel, a long Mediterranean eel, its tail without a tail-fin.—adj. Snake′-like (Tenn.), like a snake.—ns. Snake′-root, the popular name of various plants of different genera, whose roots are considered good for snake-bites; Snake's′-head, the guinea-hen flower; Snake′-stone, a small rounded piece of stone or other hard substance, popularly believed to be efficacious in curing snake-bites; Snake′-weed, the bistort; Snake′wood (same as Letter-wood).—adjs. Snak′ish, having the qualities of a snake: cunning, deceitful; Snak′y (Spens.), belonging to, or resembling, a serpent: (Milt.) cunning, deceitful: covered with, or having, serpents. [A.S. snaca, prob. from snícan, to creep; Ice. snák-r.]

Snap, snap, v.t. to break short or at once: to bite, or catch at suddenly: to crack: to interrupt sharply (often with up): to shut with a sharp sound: to take an instantaneous photograph of, esp. with a hand camera.—v.i. to break short: to try to bite: to utter sharp words (with at): to flash:—pr.p. snap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. snapped.—n. act of snapping, or the noise made by it: a small catch or lock: a hasty repast, a snack: a crack, the spring-catch of a bracelet, &c., an earring: a crisp kind of gingerbread nut or cake: crispness, pithiness, epigrammatic point or force: vigour, energy: (slang) a brief theatrical engagement, an easy and profitable place or task: a sharper, a cheat: a riveter's tool, also a glass-moulder's tool: the act of taking a snapshot.—adj. sudden, unpremeditated, without preparation.—ns. Snap′dragon, a plant, so called because the lower lip of the corolla when parted shuts with a snap like a dragon's jaw: a Christmas pastime in which raisins are snatched out of a dish in which brandy is burning, in a room otherwise dark—also the raisins so taken; Snap′per; Snap′per-up (Shak.), one who snaps up; Snap′ping-tur′tle, a large fresh-water tortoise of the United States—from its habit of snapping at things.—adjs. Snap′pish, Snap′py, inclined to snap: eager to bite: sharp in reply.—adv. Snap′pishly, in a snappish manner: peevishly: tartly.—ns. Snap′pishness; Snap′shot, an instantaneous photograph. [Dut. snappen, to snap; Ger. schnappen.]

Snaphance, snaf′ans, n. a term originally applied to the spring-lock of a gun or pistol, but afterwards applied to the gun itself, a Dutch firelock of the 17th century: a snappish retort.—Also Snaph′aunce. [Dut. snaphaan—snappen, to snap, haan, a cock.]

Snare, snār, n. a running noose of string or wire, &c., for catching an animal: a trap: that by which any one is entrapped: a cord, esp. that stretched across the lower head of a drum: a surgical instrument for removing tumours, &c., by an ever-tightening loop.—v.t. same as Ensnare (q.v.).—v.i. to use snares.—n. Snār′er.—adj. Snār′y. [A.S. snear; Dut. snaar.]

Snarl, snärl, v.i. to growl, as a surly dog: to speak in a surly manner.—v.t. to utter snarlingly.—n. a growl, a jealous quarrelsome utterance.—n. Snar′ler.—adjs. Snar′ling, growling, snappish; Snar′ly. [Prob. imit.; Low Ger. snarren, Ger. schnarren; conn. with Eng. snore.]

Snarl, snärl, v.t. to twist, entangle, confuse.—v.i. to become entangled.—n. a knot or any kind of complication: a squabble.—adj. Snarled, twisted.—ns. Snar′ling-ī′ron, -tool, a curved tool for snarling or fluting hollow metal-ware, &c.

Snash, shash, n. (Scot.) insolence, abusive language.—v.i. to talk impudently.

Snatch, snach, v.t. to seize quickly: to take without permission: to seize and carry away.—v.i. to try to seize hastily.—n. a hasty catching or seizing: a short time of exertion: a small piece or fragment: a catching of the voice: a hasty snack of food: a quibble.—ns. Snatch′-block, a kind of pulley-block, having an opening in the side to receive the bight of a rope; Snatch′er, one who snatches.—adv. Snatch′ingly.—adj. Snatch′y, irregular. [M. E. snacchen; cog. with Dut. snakken, Prov. Eng. sneck, a bolt; also conn. with snap.]

Snead, snēd, n. the handle of a scythe, a snathe. [A.S. snǽd—sníthan, to cut.]

Sneak, snēk, v.i. to creep or steal away privately or meanly: to behave meanly.—v.t. (slang) to steal.—n. a mean, servile fellow: a mean thief.—ns. Sneak′-cup (Shak.), one who balks his glass: a cowardly, insidious scoundrel; Sneak′er.—adj. Sneak′ing, mean, crouching: secret, underhand, not openly avowed.—adv. Sneak′ingly.—ns. Sneak′ingness, Sneak′iness, the quality of being sneaking: meanness; Sneaks′by (obs.), a sneak.—adj. Sneak′y, somewhat sneaking. [A.S. snícan, to creep; Dan. snige. Cf. Snake.]

Sneap, snēp, v.t. to check, to rebuke: to nip.—n. a check, a reprimand, taunt, sarcasm.—Also Snape.

Sneck, snek, n. (Scot.) the catch of a door or a lid.—v.t. to latch or shut a door.—n. Sneck′-draw′er, one who lifts the latch for thievish ends, a mean thief.—adjs. Sneck′-draw′ing, Sneck′-drawn, crafty, cunning.—interj. Sneck-up′ (Shak.), go hang! [Prob. snack, to catch.]

Snee, snē, n. a large knife. [Dut. snee, snede, a slice; Ger. schneide, edge.]

Sneer, snēr, v.i. to show contempt by the expression of the face, as by turning up the nose: to insinuate contempt.—v.t. to utter sneeringly.—n. an indirect expression of contempt.—n. Sneer′er.—adj. Sneer′ing.—adv. Sneer′ingly. [Scand., Dan. snærre, to grin like a dog; cf. Snarl.]

Sneeze, snēz, v.i. to make a sudden and involuntary violent expiration, preceded by one or more inspirations, the fauces being generally closed so that the current of air is directed through the nose.—n. a sneezing.—ns. Sneeze′weed, any species of Helenium; Sneeze′wood, the durable wood of a small South African tree whose sawdust causes sneezing: Sneeze′wort, the white hellebore: the Achillea Ptarmica; Sneez′ing.—Not to be sneezed at, not to be despised, of very considerable value or importance. [M. E. snesen, fnesen—A.S. fneósan, to sneeze; Dut. fniezen.]

Snell, snel, adj. (Scot.) keen, sharp, severe. [A.S. snel, snell, active; Ger. schnell, swift.]

Snick, snik, v.t. to cut, snip, nick.—n. a small cut: a knot in yarn when too tightly twisted.—n. Snick′ersnee, a knife.—Snick and snee, a fight with knives, also a knife. [Ice. snikka, to nick, cut.]

Snicker, snik′ėr, v.i. to laugh, to giggle in a half-suppressed way.—v.t. to say gigglingly.—n. a giggle, a half-smothered laugh. [Low Ger. snukken, to sob, Dut. snikken, to gasp; cf. Neigh and Scot. nicker; all imit.]

Sniff, snif, v.t. to draw in with the breath through the nose.—v.i. to snuff or draw in air sharply through the nose: to snuff.—n. perception of smell: a short sharp inhalation, or the sound made by such.—v.i. Snif′fle, to snuffle.—n. Snif′fler, a slight breeze.—adj. Snif′fy, inclined to be disdainful.—vs.i. Snift, to sniff, snivel; Snift′er, to sniff.—n. a sniff: (pl.) stoppage of the nasal passages in catarrh: (slang) a dram: (U.S.) a severe storm.—n. Snift′ing-valve, an air-valve connecting with a steam-cylinder, as in a condensing engine—also Tail-valve, Blow-valve.—adj. Snift′y (slang), having a tempting smell. [Scand.; Dan. snive, snuff; Ger. schnieben.]

Snigger, snig′ėr, v.i. to laugh in a half-suppressed, broken manner.—n. a half-suppressed laugh. [Imit.]

Sniggle, snig′l, v.i. to fish for eels by thrusting the bait into their hiding-places.—v.t. to catch by this means: to ensnare.—n. Snig (prov.), an eel.

Snip, snip, v.t. to cut off at once with scissors: to cut off the nib of: to cut off: to make signs with, as the fingers:—pr.p. snip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. snipped.—n. a single cut with scissors: a clip or small shred: a share, snack: a tailor.—ns. Snip′per, one who snips, a tailor; Snip′per-snap′per, a little trifling fellow; Snip′pet, a little piece snipped off.—adj. Snip′pety, trivial, fragmentary.—n. Snip′ping, a clipping.—adj. Snip′py, fragmentary: stingy.—n.pl. Snips, a pair of strong hand-shears for sheet-metal.—n. Snip′-snap, tart dialogue with quick replies.—adj. (Shak.) quick, short. [Dut. snippen; Ger. schnippen; closely conn. with snap.]

Snipe, snīp, n. the name of a genus (Gallinago) and of a family (Scolopacidæ) of birds, order Grallæ, having a long straight flexible bill, frequenting marshy places all over Europe: a fool: a simpleton: (U.S.) a half-smoked cigar picked up on the street: a long bill or account. [Scand., Ice. snípa; Dut. snip, snep, Ger. schnepfe.]

Snipe, snīp, v.i. to pick off stealthily by a long rifle-shot, as from the surrounding hills into a camp, &c.—n. Snīp′ing, the foregoing practice.

Snirt, snirt, n. a smothered laugh.—v.i. Snirt′le, to snicker. [A variant of snortle.]

Snivel, sniv′l, v.i. to run at the nose: to cry, as a child:—pr.p. sniv′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. sniv′elled.—n. snot: cant, an affected tearful state.—n. Sniv′eller, one prone to snivelling: one who cries for slight causes.—adjs. Sniv′elling, snotty: weakly tearful; Sniv′elly, snotty, whining. [A.S. snofel, mucus from the nose; akin to sniff, snuff.]

Snob, snob, n. a vulgar person, esp. one who apes gentility, a tuft-hunter: a shoemaker: a workman who works for lower wages than his fellows, a rat, one who will not join a strike: a townsman, as opposed to a gownsman, in Cambridge slang.—n. Snob′bery, the quality of being snobbish.—adj. Snob′bish.—adv. Snob′bishly.—ns. Snob′bishness; Snob′bism.—adj. Snob′by.—ns. Snob′ling, a little snob; Snoboc′racy, snobs as a powerful class; Snobog′rapher; Snobog′raphy, the description of snobs and snobbery. [Prob. prov. snap, a boy, from Ice. snápr, a dolt; Sw. dial. snopp, a boy.]

Snod, snod, adj. (Scot.) neat, trim.—v.t. to trim, set in order (with up). [Conn. with A.S. snǽdan, to cut, prune.]

Snood, snōōd, n. the fillet which binds a maiden's hair: the hair-line, gut, &c. by which a fish-hook is fixed to the line.—adj. Snood′ed, having, or wearing, a snood. [A.S. snód; cf. Ice. snúa, Sw. sno, to twist.]

Snook, snōōk, v.i. to lurk, prowl about: to smell out—(Scot.) Snouk. [Low Ger. snoken, to search for; Ice. snaka, to snuff about.]

Snook, snōōk, n. one of several fishes—the cobia, a robalo, a garfish, a Cape carangoid fish. [Dut. snoek, a pike.]

Snool, snōōl, v.i. (Scot.) to submit tamely to wrong or oppression.—n. one who does so. [Contr. of snivel.]

Snooze, snōōz, v.i. to doze.—n. a nap.—n. Snooz′er. [Prob. the same as snore, influenced by sneeze.]

Snooze, snōōz, v.i. to doze: to slumber.—n. a quiet nap.—n. Snooz′er. [Prob. the same as snore, influenced by sneeze.]

Snore, snōr, v.i. to breathe roughly and hoarsely in sleep.—n. a noisy breathing in sleep.—ns. Snōr′er; Snō′ring, an abnormal and noisy mode of respiration produced by deep inspirations and expirations through the nose and open mouth, the noise being caused by the vibration of the soft palate and uvula. [A.S. snora, a snore; allied to snarl.]

Snort, snort, v.i. to force the air with violence and noise through the nostrils, as horses: to laugh boisterously.—v.t. to express by a snort: to force out, as by a snort.—ns. Snort′er; Snort′ing.—adv. Snort′ingly. [Scand., Dan. snorke, to snort; Dut. snorken, Ger. schnarchen.]

Snot, snot, n. mucus of the nose: a mean fellow.—v.i. to blow the nose.—v.i. Snot′ter, to breathe through an obstruction in the nostrils, to sob, cry.—n. the wattles of a turkey-cock: (Scot.) snot.—n. Snot′tery, snot, filthiness.—adv. Snot′tily.—n. Snot′tiness.—adjs. Snot′ty; Snot′ty-nosed. [M. E. snotte; cf. Dut. snot; allied to snout.]

Snout, snowt, n. the projecting nose of a beast, as of a swine: any similar projecting proboscis, beak, &c.—v.t. to furnish with a snout.—adjs. Snout′ed; Snout′y. [Scand., Sw. snut; Ger. schnauze, Dut. snuit.]

Snow, snō, n. the crystalline form into which the excess of vapour in the atmosphere is condensed when the temperature is below freezing: a snowfall: a winter: (her.) white argent.—v.i. and v.t. to fall in snow, to cover with snow.—n. Snow′ball, a ball made of snow pressed hard together: a shrub bearing a round white flower, the guelder-rose: a round pudding of rice with an apple in the centre, a mass of boiled rice shaped in a cup: white of egg beaten stiff and placed on the surface of a custard.—v.t. to throw snowballs at.—v.i. to throw snowballs.—ns. Snow′-ber′ry, a bushy, deciduous shrub, bearing white berries; Snow′-bird, a North American bird of the Finch family, the upper parts lead-colour, the lower parts white.—adj. Snow′-blind, affected with snow-blindness.—ns. Snow′-blind′ness, amblyopia caused by the reflection of light from snow; Snow′-blink, a peculiar reflection arising from fields of snow, like ice-blink; Snow′-boot, a boot made to protect the feet while walking in snow; Snow′-box, a theatrical apparatus for representing a snowfall; Snow′-break, a melting of snow; Snow′-broth, snow and water mixed, any very cold liquid; Snow′-bunt′ing, Snow′-flick, a bird of the Finch family, Bunting sub-family, abounding in the Arctic regions.—adjs. Snow′-capped, -capt, covered with snow; Snow′-cold, as cold as snow.—ns. Snow′-drift, a bank of snow drifted together by the wind; Snow′drop, a genus of plants of the natural order Amaryllis, with bell-shaped flower arising from a spathe, bulbous root, two leaves and one single-flowered leafless stem.—ns.pl. Snow′-eyes, -gogg′les, an Eskimo contrivance to prevent snow-blindness.—n. Snow′fall, a quiet fall of snow: the amount falling in a given time.—adj. Snow′-fed, begun or increased by melted snow, as a stream.—ns. Snow′field, a wide range of snow, esp. where permanent; Snow′-finch, the stone- or mountain-finch; Snow′flake, a feathery flake of snow: the snow-bunting: a bulbous-rooted garden flower, resembling the snowdrop, but larger; Snow′-fly, a perlid insect or kind of stone-fly found leaping on the snow; Snow′-ice, ice formed from freezing slush.—adv. Snow′ily.—n. Snow′iness.—adjs. Snow′ish, resembling snow; Snow′less; Snow′-like; Snow′-limbed, with limbs white as snow.—ns. Snow′line, the line upon a mountain that marks the limit of

perpetual snow; Snow′-owl, the great white owl of northern regions; Snow′-plough, a machine for clearing roads and railways from snow; Snow′shoe, a great flat shoe worn to prevent sinking in the snow.—v.i. to walk or travel on such.—ns. Snow′-slip, a mass of snow which slips down a mountain's side; Snow′storm, a storm accompanied with falling snow.—adj. Snow′-white, as white as snow: very white.—n. Snow′-wreath (Scot.), a snowdrift.—adj. Snow′y, abounding or covered with snow: white, like snow: pure. [A.S. snáw; Ger. schnee, L. nix, nivis.]

Snow, snō, n. a vessel once much in use, differing only from a brig in having the boom-mainsail traversing on the trysail-mast, instead of hooped to the mainmast. [Dut. snaauw, a boat.]

Snub, snub, v.t. to check, to reprimand: to slight intentionally, to rebuff by a cutting remark or retort:—pr.p. snub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. snubbed.—n. an act of snubbing, any deliberate slight.—adjs. Snub, flat and broad, with the end slightly turned up; Snub′bish, inclined to snub or check; Snub′by, somewhat snub.—n. Snub′-nose, a short or flat nose.—adj. Snub′-nosed.—ns. Snub′-, Snub′bing-post, a post round which a rope is wound to check the motion of a horse or boat.—Snub a cable, to check it suddenly in running out. [Scand., Dan. snibbe, to reprove, Sw. snubba.]

Snuff, snuf, v.i. to draw in air violently and noisily through the nose: to sniff: to smell at anything doubtfully: to take snuff into the nose.—v.t. to draw into the nose: to smell, to examine by smelling.—n. a powdered preparation of tobacco or other substance for snuffing, a pinch of such: a sniff: resentment, huff.—ns. Snuff′-box, a box for snuff; Snuff′-dip′ping, the habit of dipping a wetted stick into snuff and rubbing it on the gums; Snuff′er, one who snuffs; Snuff′iness, state of being snuffy.—v.i. Snuf′fle, to breathe hard through the nose.—n. the sound made by such: a nasal twang: cant.—n. Snuf′fler, one who snuffles or speaks through his nose when obstructed.—n.pl. Snuf′fles, nasal catarrh and consequent stoppage of the nose.—ns. Snuff′ling; Snuff′-mill, a machine for grinding tobacco into snuff; Snuff′-mull, a snuff-box; Snuff′-spoon, a spoon for taking snuff from a snuff-box; Snuff′-tāk′er, one who snuffs habitually; Snuff′-tāking.—adj. Snuff′y, soiled with, or smelling of, snuff.—Take a thing in snuff (Shak.), to take offence; Up to snuff, knowing, not likely to be taken in. [Dut. snuffen, snuf; Ger. schnaufen, to snuff.]

Snuff, snuf, v.t. to crop or pinch the snuff from, as a burning candle.—n. the charred portion of a candle or lamp-wick: a candle almost burnt out.—ns.pl. Snuff′-dishes (B.), dishes for the snuff of the lamps of the tabernacle; Snuff′ers, an instrument for taking the snuff off a candle.—Snuff out, to extinguish by snuffing, to end by a sudden stroke. [M. E. snuffen, for snuppen—Scand., Sw. dial. snóppa, to snip off, Dan. snubbe, to nip off.]

Snug, snug, adj. lying close and warm: comfortable: not exposed to view or notice: being in good order: compact: fitting close.—v.i. to move so as to lie close.—v.t. to make smooth.—n. Snug′gery, a cosy little room.—v.i. Snug′gle, to cuddle, nestle.—v.t. Snug′ify (Lamb), to make snug.—adv. Snug′ly.—n. Snug′ness. [Scand., Ice. snögg-r, smooth.]

Sny, snī, n. a gentle bend in timber, curving upwards. [Prob. Ice. snúa, to turn.]

So, sō, adv. in this manner or degree: thus: for like reason: in such manner or degree: in a high degree: as has been stated: on this account: an abbrev. for Is it so? be it so.—conj. provided that: in case that.—interj. stand as you are! steady! stop! by way of command.—adj. So′-called, generally styled thus—usually implying doubt.—So and so, an undetermined or imaginary person; So as, in such a manner as, with such a purpose as: if only, on condition that; So far, to that extent, degree, or point; So forth, denoting more of the same or a like kind; So much, as much as is implied or mentioned: such an amount not determined or stated; So much as, to whatever extent; So on, so forth; So so, only thus, only tolerably; So that, with the purpose that: with the result that: if only; So then, thus then it is, therefore; So to say, or speak, to use that expression.—Or so, or thereabouts; Quite so, just as you have said, exactly. [A.S. swá; Ice. svá, Goth. swa, Ger. so.]

Soak, sōk, v.t. to steep in a fluid: to wet thoroughly: to drench: to draw in by the pores.—v.i. to be steeped in a liquid: to enter into pores: to drink to excess, to guzzle.—n. process or act of soaking: a hard drinker, a carouse.—ns. Soak′age, act of soaking: the amount soaked in; Soak′er, a habitual drunkard.—p.adj. Soak′ing, that wets thoroughly: drenching, as rain.—adv. Soak′ingly.—adj. Soak′y, steeped, wet. [A.S. súcan, to suck, pa.t. seác, pa.p. socen.]

Soap, sōp, n. a compound of oils or fats with soda (hard soaps) or potash (soft soaps), used in washing: (slang) soft words, flattery: (U.S. slang) money used for bribery and other secret political purposes.—v.t. to rub or wash with soap: to flatter.—ns. Soap′-ball, soap made into a ball, often with starch, as an emollient; Soap′berry, the fruit of several species of trees belonging to the genus Sapindus, containing a pulp useful as a substitute for soap in washing; Soap′-boil′er, one whose occupation is to make soap; Soap′-boil′ing, the occupation of making soap; Soap′-bub′ble, a bubble made from soap-suds by blowing through a pipe; Soap′iness; Soap′-lock, a lock of hair brushed apart from the rest: a rowdy; Soap′-pan, a large tank for boiling the ingredients in soap-making; Soap′-plant, a plant the bulb of which makes a thick lather when rubbed on clothes, and is used as soap; Soap′-stone, a soft kind of magnesian rock having a soapy feel, also called Steatite; Soap′-suds (s. and pl.), soapy water, esp. when worked into a foam; Soap′-test, a test for determining the degree of hardness of water; Soap′-works, a place where soap is made; Soap′wort, a genus of plants, some of the species of which have very beautiful flowers, and the root and leaves of which contain saponin, and hence are sometimes used in washing.—adj. Soap′y, like soap: having the qualities of soap: covered with soap: flattering, or pertaining to flattery. [A.S. sápe; Dut. zeep, Ger. seife.]

Soar, sōr, v.i. to mount into the air: to fly aloft: to rise to a height, also mentally or morally.—n. act of soaring: the height reached in soaring.—adjs. Soar′ant (her.), flying aloft; Soar′ing.—adv. Soar′ingly, having an upward direction. [O. Fr. essorer, to expose to air—L. ex, out of, aura, air.]

Sob, sob, v.i. to sigh in a convulsive manner, with tears: to weep with convulsive catchings of the breath, due to contractions of the diaphragm, accompanied by a closure of the glottis, preventing the entrance of air into the lungs.—v.t. to utter with sobs:—pr.p. sob′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. sobbed.—n. a short, convulsive sigh, any similar sound.—n. Sob′bing.—adv. Sob′bingly. [Conn. with A.S. seófian, to sigh; Ger. seufzen.]

Sober, sō′bėr, adj. not wild or passionate: self-possessed: sedate: grave: calm: regular: simple in colour, sombre: not drunk: temperate, esp. in the use of liquors: (Scot.) poor, feeble.—v.t. to make sober: to free from intoxication.—adj. Sō′ber-blood′ed, cool.—v.t. Sō′berise, to make sober.—adv. Sō′berly.—adj. Sō′ber-mind′ed, habitually calm and temperate.—ns. Sō′ber-mind′edness, the state of being sober-minded: freedom from inordinate passion: calmness; Sō′berness; Sō′bersides, a sedate and solemn person.—adj. Sō′ber-suit′ed, dressed in a suit of sad-coloured clothes.—n. Sōbrī′ety, state or habit of being sober: calmness: gravity. [Fr. sobre—L. sobrius—se, apart, not, ebrius, drunk.]

Soboles, sob′ō-lēz, n. (bot.) a shoot or sucker.—adj. Sobolif′erous. [L. suboles—sub, under, olēre, to grow.]

Sobranje, sō-brän′ye, n. the national assembly of Bulgaria.—Also Sobran′ye. [Bulg.]

Sobriquet, sō-brē-kā′, n. a contemptuous nickname: an assumed name.—Also Soubriquet′. [Fr.,—O. Fr. soubzbriquet, a chuck under the chin, soubz, sous—L. sub, under, briquet, breast; cf. Brisket.]

Socage, Soccage, sok′āj, n. the tenure of lands by service fixed and determinate in quality.—ns. Soc′ager, Soc′man, a tenant by socage; Soc′manry, tenure by socage. [A.S. sóc, a right of holding a court—sóc, pa.t. of sacan, to contend.]

Sociable, sō′sha-bl, adj. inclined to society: fit for company: companionable: affording opportunities for intercourse.—n. a four-wheeled open carriage with seats facing: a tricycle for two persons side by side: a couch with a curved S-shaped back: (U.S.) an informal party, a social church meeting.—ns. Sōciabil′ity, Sō′ciableness, quality of being sociable: good-fellowship.—adv. Sō′ciably.—adj. Sō′cial, pertaining to society or companionship: relating to men united in a society: inclined for friendly intercourse: consisting in mutual converse: convivial: associating together, gregarious: growing in patches.—v.t. Sō′cialise, to reduce to a social state: to render social.—ns. Sō′cialism, the name given to any one of various schemes for regenerating society by a more equal distribution of property, and esp. by substituting the principle of association for that of competition; Sō′cialist, an adherent of socialism.—adj. Socialist′ic.—ns. Social′ity, Sō′cialness.—adv. Sō′cially.—adjs. Sō′ciātive, expressing association; Societā′rian, Socī′etary, of or pertaining to society.—ns. Socī′ety, fellowship, companionship: a number of persons associated for a common interest: a community or partnership: the civilised body of mankind, those who are recognised as the leaders in fashionable life, the fashionable world generally: persons who associate: any organised association for purposes literary, scientific, philanthropic, or ecclesiastical; Socī′ety-house, a printing office which conforms to the rules of a trade-union; Socī′ety-verse, poetry light and entertaining, treating of the topics of society so called.—Social science, sociology, esp. the branch treating of the existing institutions of men as members of society, the science which treats of social relations; Social War, the war (90-88 b.c.) in which the Italian tribes known as the allies (Socii) fought for admission into Roman citizenship.—Socialism of the Chair, a term first applied about 1872 in ridicule to the doctrines of a school of political economists in Germany whose aim was mainly to better the condition of the working-classes through remedial state-legislation, by factory-acts, savings-banks, insurances against sickness and old age, shortening the hours of labour, sanitation, &c.—also called Professorial socialism, and having much the same ends and methods as the State socialism of Bismarck.—Christian socialism, a movement for applying Christian ethics to social reform, led by Maurice, Kingsley, and others about 1848-52.—The societies, bodies that began to be organised in 1681 for the maintenance of Presbyterian worship in the face of persecution—ultimately forming the Reformed Presbyterian Church. [Fr.,—L. sociabilis—sociāre, to associate—socius, a companion.]

Socinian, sō-sin′i-an, adj. pertaining to Socinus, the name of two celebrated heresiarchs, uncle and nephew, who in the 16th century denied the doctrine of the Trinity, the deity of Christ, &c.—n. a follower of Lælius and Faustus Socinus, one who refuses to accept the divinity of Christ, a Unitarian.—n. Socin′ianism, the doctrines of Socinus.

Sociology, sō-shi-ol′ō-ji, n. the science that treats of man as a social being, in the origin, organisation, and development of human society and human culture, esp. on the side of social and political institutions, including ethics, political economy, &c.—ns. Sociog′eny, the science of the origin of society; Sociog′raphy, the branch of sociology devoted to noting and describing the results of observation.—adjs. Sociolog′ic, -al.—adv. Sociolog′ically.—ns. Sociol′ogist, one devoted to the study of sociology; Sō′cius, an associate: a fellow of an academy, &c. [A hybrid from L. socius, a companion, and Gr. logia—legein, to speak.]

Sock, sok, n. a kind of half-stocking: comedy, originally a low-heeled light shoe, worn by actors of comedy. [A.S. socc—L. soccus.]

Sock, sok, n. a ploughshare. [O. Fr. soc—Celt., Bret. souc'h, Gael. soc.]

Sock, sok, v.t. (prov. and slang) to throw: to strike hard, to give a drubbing.

Sockdologer, sok-dol′ō-jėr, n. (Amer. slang) a conclusive argument: a knock-down blow: anything very big, a whopper: a form of fish-hook. [A corr. of doxology as the closing act of a service.]

Socket, sok′et, n. a hollow into which something is inserted, the receptacle of the eye, &c.: a hollow tool for grasping and lifting tools dropped in a well-boring: the hollow of a candlestick: a steel apparatus attached to the saddle to protect thighs and legs.—v.t. to provide with or place in a socket.—n. Sock′et-bolt, a bolt for passing through a thimble placed between the parts connected by the bolt.—p.adj. Sock′eted, provided with, placed in, or received in a socket. [A dim. of sock.]

Socle, sō′kl, n. (archit.) a plain, square, flat member used instead of a pedestal to support a column, &c.: a plain face or plinth at the foot of a wall. [Fr.—It. zoccolo—L. socculus, dim. of soccus, a high-heeled shoe, as if a support.]

Socratic, -al, sō-krat′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to Socrates, a celebrated Greek philosopher (469-399 B.C.), to his philosophy, or to his manner of teaching, which was an art of inducing his interlocutors to discover their own ignorance and need of knowledge by means of a series of simple questions.—adv. Socrat′ically.—ns. Soc′ratism, the philosophy of Socrates; Soc′ratist, a disciple of Socrates.

Sod, sod, n. any surface of earth grown with grass, &c.: turf.—adj. consisting of sod.—v.t. to cover with sod.—adj. Sod′dy, covered with sod: turfy.—The old sod, one's native soil. [Low Ger. sode; Ger. sode; perh. conn. with A.S. seáth, a well—seóthan (pa.p. soden), to boil.]

Soda, sō′da, n. oxide of sodium, or its hydrate: the alkali obtained from the ashes of marine vegetables, or by decomposing sea-salt: (coll.) soda-water.—ns. Sō′da-ash, sodium carbonate; Sō′da-crack′er, a biscuit made of flour and water, with salt, bicarbonate of soda, and cream of tartar; Sō′da-fount′ain, a metal or marble case for holding water charged with carbonic-acid gas.—adj. Sodā′ic, pertaining to, or containing, soda.—ns. Sō′da-lime, a mixture of caustic soda and quicklime; Sō′dalite, a mineral composed chiefly of soda, along with silica, alumina, and hydrochloric acid; Sō′da-pā′per, a paper saturated with sodium carbonate; Sō′da-salt, a salt having soda for its base; Sō′da-wa′ter, water containing soda charged with carbonic acid; Sō′dium, a yellowish-white metal, the base of soda. [It. soda—L. solida, firm.]

Sodality, sō-dal′i-ti, n. a fellowship or fraternity. [L. sodalitas—sodalis, a comrade.]

Sodden, sod′n, pa.p. of seethe, boiled: soaked thoroughly: boggy: doughy, not well baked: bloated, saturated with drink.—n. Sod′denness.—adj. Sod′den-wit′ted (Shak.), heavy, stupid.

Sodomy, sod′om-i, n. unnatural sexuality, so called because imputed to the inhabitants of Sodom.—n. Sod′omite, an inhabitant of Sodom: one guilty of sodomy.—adj. Sodomit′ical.—adv. Sodomit′ically.

Soever, sō-ev′ėr, adv. generally used to extend or render indefinite the sense of who, what, where, how, &c.

Sofa, sō′fa, n. a long seat with stuffed bottom, back and arms—formerly Sō′pha.—n. Sō′fa-bed, a piece of furniture serving as a sofa by day, capable of being made into a bed at night. [Fr.,—Ar. suffah—saffa, to arrange.]

Soffit, sof′it, n. a ceiling, now generally restricted to the ornamented under-sides of staircases, entablatures, archways, &c.; also the larmier or drip. [Fr.,—It.,—L. suffixa, pa.p. of suffigĕre, to fasten beneath—sub, under, figĕre, to fix.]

Soft, soft, adj. easily yielding to pressure: easily cut or acted upon: malleable: not rough to the touch: smooth: pleasing or soothing to the senses: easily yielding to any influence: mild: sympathetic: gentle: effeminate: gentle in motion: easy: free from lime or salt, as water: bituminous, as opposed to anthracitic, of coal: unsized, of paper: wet, rainy: warm enough to melt ice, thawing: (phon.) pronounced with a somewhat sibilant sound, not guttural or explosive: vocal or sonant: not bony, cartilaginous, not spinous: soft-rayed, soft-shelled: of silk, having the natural gum cleaned or washed off—opp. to Hard.—n. a silly person, a fool.—adv. gently: quietly.—interj. hold! not so fast!—adjs. Soft′-bod′ied, having a soft body; Soft′-con′scienced, having a sensitive conscience.—v.t. Soft′en, to make soft or softer: to mitigate: to tone down, make less glaring, make smoother in sound.—v.i. to grow soft or softer.—ns. Soft′ener; Soft′ening.—adjs. Soft′-eyed, having gentle or tender eyes; Soft′-finned, having no fin-spines.—n.pl. Soft′-goods, cloth, and cloth articles, as opposed to hardware, &c.—adjs. Soft′-hand′ed, having soft hands, unused to work, slack in discipline; Soft′-head′ed, of weak intellect; Soft′-heart′ed, kind-hearted: gentle: meek.—n. Soft-heart′edness.—adj. Soft′ish, rather soft.—adv. Soft′ly.—n. Soft′ness.—v.t. Soft′-saw′der (U.S.), to flatter, blarney.—n. flattery.—v.t. Soft′-soap, to flatter for some end.—n. flattery.—adj. Soft-spō′ken, -voiced, having a mild or gentle voice: mild, affable.—n. Soft′y, a silly person, a weak fool.—A soft thing, a snug place where the pay is good and the work light. [A.S. sófte, séfte; Dut. zacht, Ger. sanft.]

Softa, sof′ta, n. a Moslem theological student, attached to a mosque. [Turk.]

Soger, sō′jėr, n. (naut.) one who skulks his work.—v.i. to shirk one's work.

So-ho, sō-hō′, interj. (Shak.) a form of call from a distance, a sportsman's halloo.

Soil, soil, n. the ground: the mould on the surface of the earth which nourishes plants: country.—adj. Soil′-bound, attached to the soil.—n. Soil′-cap, the covering of soil on the bed-rock.—adj. Soiled, having soil. [O. Fr. soel, suel, sueil—Low L. solea, soil, ground, L. solea, sole, allied to L. solum, ground, whence Fr. sol, soil.]

Soil, soil, n. dirt: dung: foulness: a spot or stain: a marshy place in which a hunted boar finds refuge.—v.t. to make dirty: to stain: to manure.—v.i. to take a soil: to tarnish.—n. Soil′iness, stain: foulness.—adj. Soil′less, destitute of soil.—ns. Soil′-pipe, an upright discharge-pipe which receives the general refuse from water-closets, &c., in a building; Soil′ure (Shak.), stain: pollution. [O. Fr. soil, souil (Fr. souille), wallowing-place—L. suillus, piggish—sus, a pig, a hog.]

Soil, soil, v.t. to feed at the stall for the purpose of fattening. [O. Fr. saouler—saol, saoul—L. satullus—satur, full.]

Soirée, swä-rā′, n. an evening party: an evening social meeting with tea, &c. [Fr.,—soir, evening (Prov. sera)—L. serus, late.]

Sojourn, sō′jurn, v.t. to stay for a day: to dwell for a time.—n. a temporary residence.—ns. Sō′journer; Sō′journing, Sō′journment, the act of dwelling in a place for a time. [O. Fr. sojourner—L. sub, under, diurnāre, to stay—Low L. jornus—L. diurnus, relating to day—dies, a day.]

Soke, sōk, n. the same as Soc (q.v.).—ns. Soke′man=Socman; Sō′ken, a district held by tenure of socage: a miller's right to the grinding of all the corn within a certain manor.

Sol, sol, n. the sun, Phœbus: (her.) a tincture, the metal or, or gold, in blazoning by planets. [L.]

Sol, sol, n. an old French coin, 1⁄20th of a livre, equal to 12 deniers, now superseded by the sou. [O. Fr. sol—L. solidus, solid.]

Sola, sō′lä, n. the hat-plant or sponge-wood, also its pith.—Also Sō′lah. [Hind. sholā.]

Solace, sol′ās, n. consolation, comfort in distress: relief: (obs.) pleasure, amusement.—v.t. to comfort in distress: to console: to allay.—n. Sol′acement, the act of solacing: the state of being solaced.—adj. Solā′cious (obs.), affording pleasure. [O. Fr. solas—L. solatium—solāri, -ātus, to comfort in distress.]

Solander, sō-lan′dėr, n. a case or box, usually in the form of a book, opening on the side or front with hinges, for holding prints, drawings, or pamphlets—named from the inventor, Daniel Solander (1736-81).

Solan-goose, sō′lan-gōōs, n. the gannet.—Also Sō′land. [Ice. súla.]

Solano, sō-lä′no, n. a hot south-east wind which occasionally visits Spain. [Sp.,—L. solanus (ventus), the east wind—sol, the sun.]

Solanum, sō-lā′num, n. a genus of plants of the order Solanaceæ or Solaneæ, the nightshade family—almost all the species containing a poisonous alkaloid, Sol′anine.—adjs. Solanā′ceous, belonging to the Solanaceæ; Sol′anoid, potato-like, said of cancers. [L. solanum, the nightshade.]

Solar, sō′lar, adj. pertaining to the sun: measured by the progress of the sun: produced by the sun.—n. Sōlarisā′tion, exposure to the action of the sun's rays: the effect in photography of over-exposure.—v.t. Sō′larise, to injure by exposing too long to the sun's light in a camera.—v.i. to take injury by too long exposure to the sun's light in a camera:—pr.p. sō′larīsing; pa.p. sō′larīsed.—ns. Sō′larism, excessive use of solar-myths in the explanation of mythology; Sō′larist, one addicted to solarism; Sōlā′rium, a sun-dial: a place suited to receive the sun's rays—in a hospital or sanatorium; Sō′lar-mī′croscope, an apparatus for projecting upon a screen by means of sunlight an enlarged view of any object—essentially the same as the combination of lenses used in the magic-lantern taken in conjunction with a heliostat; Sō′lar-myth, a myth allegorising the course of the sun, by some mythologists constantly invoked to explain the problems of mythology; Sō′lar-print, a photographic print made in a solar camera from a negative; Sō′lar-sys′tem, the planets and comets which circle round the sun—also called Planetary-system.—Solar flowers, flowers which open and shut daily at certain hours; Solar spots=Sun-spots (see Sun); Solar time (see Time); Solar year (see Year). [L. sol, the sun, solaris, pertaining to the sun.]

Solaster, sō-las′tėr, n. the typical genus of Solasteridæ, a family of star-fishes, having more than five rays. [L. sol, the sun, aster, a star.]

Solatium, sō-lā′shi-um, n. any compensation, a sum legally awarded, over and above actual damages, by way of compensation for wounded feelings. [L.]

Sold, sold, n. (Spens.) pay, remuneration. [Fr. solde—L. solidus, a piece of money.]

Soldanel, sol′da-nel, n. a plant of the genus Soldanella, of the order Primulaceæ—the blue moonwort.

Soldatesque, sol-da-tesk′, adj. soldier-like, [Fr.,—soldat, a soldier.]

Solder, sod′ėr, or sol′dėr, v.t. to unite two metallic surfaces by a fusible metallic cement: to cement.—n. a fusible alloy for uniting metals.—ns. Sol′derer; Sol′dering; Sol′dering-bolt, -ī′ron, a tool with pointed or wedge-shaped copper bit for use in soldering. [O. Fr. soudre, souldure—souder, soulder, to consolidate—L. solidāre, to make solid.]

Soldier, sōl′jėr, n. a man engaged in military service: a private, as distinguished from an officer: a man of much military experience or of great valour: a soldier-ant, beetle, hermit-crab, &c.: (slang) a red herring.—v.i. to serve as a soldier: to bully: to shirk one's work or duty: (slang) to take a mount on another man's horse.—ns. Sol′dier-crab, a hermit-crab; Sol′diering, the state of being a soldier: the occupation of a soldier.—adjs. Sol′dier-like, Sol′dierly, like a soldier: martial: brave.—ns. Sol′dier-of-for′tune, one ready to serve anywhere for pay or his own advancement; Sol′diership, state or quality of being a soldier: military qualities: martial skill; Sol′diery, soldiers collectively: the body of military men; Fresh′water-sol′dier, the Stratiotes aloides, a European aquatic plant with sword-shaped leaves.—Come the old soldier over one, to impose on any one.—Old soldier, a bottle emptied at a sitting: a cigar-stump. [O. Fr. soldier (Fr. soldat)—L. solidus, a piece of money, the pay of a soldier.]

Soldo, sol′dō, n. an Italian coin, 1⁄20th of the lira, a sol or sou:—pl. Sol′di. [It.]

Sole, sōl, n. the lowest part or under-side of the foot: the foot: the bottom of a boot or shoe: the bottom of anything.—v.t. to furnish with a sole.—adj. Solē′iform, slipper-shaped.—ns. Sole′-leath′er, strong leather for the soles of boots and shoes; Sole′-tile, a form of tile for the bottoms of sewers, &c.; Sōlē′us, a flat muscle of the calf of the leg beneath the gastrocnemius. [A.S. sole—L. solea—solum, bottom.]

Sole, sōl, n. a genus (Solea) of flat-fish, elongate-oval in form, with flesh firm, white, and excellently flavoured. [Fr. sole—L. solea.]

Sole, sōl, adj. alone: only: being or acting without another: single: (law) unmarried.—advs. Sole; Sole′ly, alone: only: singly.—n. Sole′ness. [Fr.,—L. solus, alone.]

Solecism, sol′ē-sizm, n. a breach of syntax: any absurdity or impropriety: any incongruity, prodigy.—v.i. Sol′ēcise, to commit solecisms.—n. Sol′ēcist, one who commits solecisms.—adjs. Solēcist′ic, -al, pertaining to, or involving, a solecism: incorrect: incongruous.—adv. Solēcist′ically. [Fr. solécisme—L. solœcismus—Gr. soloikismos—soloikos, speaking incorrectly, awkward; dubiously said to come from the corruption of the Attic dialect among the Athenian colonists of Soloi in Cilicia.]

Solemn, sol′em, adj. attended with religions ceremonies, pomp, or gravity, originally taking place every year, said esp. of religious ceremonies: impressing with seriousness: awful: devout: having the appearance of gravity: devotional: attended with an appeal to God, as an oath: serious: sober, gloomy, black.—n. Solemnisā′tion.—v.t. Sol′emnise, to perform religiously or solemnly once a year, or periodically: to celebrate with due rites: to render grave.—ns. Sol′emniser; Solem′nity, a solemn religious ceremony: a ceremony adapted to inspire with awe: reverence: seriousness: affected gravity.—adv. sol′emnly.—n. Sol′emnness. [O. Fr. solempne, solemne (Fr. solennel)—L. sollemnis, solennis—sollus, all, every, annus, a year.]

Solen, sō′len, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs—Razor-shell and Razor-fish.—adjs. Solanā′cean, Solanā′ceous.—n. Sol′enite, a fossil razor-shell. [Gr. sōlēn, a channel.]

Solenoid, sō-lē′noid, n. a helix of copper wound in the form of a cylinder, longitudinally magnetised with an intensity varying inversely as the area of the normal section in different parts.—adj. Solēnoi′dal.—adv. Solēnoi′dally. [Gr. sōlēn, a pipe, eidos, form.]

Solenostomous, sol-ē-nos′tō-mus, adj. having a tubular or fistulous snout.—n. Solenos′tomus, the typical genus of the Solenostomidæ, a family of solenostomous lophobranchiate fishes. [Gr. sōlēn, a pipe, stoma, mouth.]

Solert, sol′ert, adj. (obs.) subtle.—n. Soler′tiousness. [L. sollers, crafty, sollertia, skill.]

Sol-fa, sol′-fa, v.i. to sing the notes of the scale in their proper pitch, using the syllables do (or ut), re, mi, fa, sol, la, si;—pr.p. sol-faing (sol′-fa-ing); pa.p. sol-faed (sol′-fad).—ns. Sol′faïsm, singing by syllables, solmisation; Sol′faïst, a teacher or advocate of solmisation; Solfeg′gio, an exercise on the notes of the scale, as represented by do, re, mi, &c. [It.]

Solfatara, sol-fä-tä′ra, n. a volcanic region no longer violently active, but emitting from crevices gases, steam, and chemical vapours, chiefly of sulphurous origin—Fr. soufrière, Ger. schwefelgrube or schwefelsee. [It.,—solfo, sulphur.]

Solferino, sol-fe-rē′nō, n. the colour of rosaniline—from the French victory at Solferino in Italy (1859).

Solicit, sō-lis′it, v.t. to ask earnestly: to petition: to seek or try to obtain: to disturb.—n. solicitation.—ns. Solic′itant, one who solicits; Solicitā′tion, a soliciting: earnest request: invitation; Solic′iting (Shak.), solicitation; Solic′itor, one who asks earnestly: one who is legally qualified to act for another in a court of law, esp. a court of equity: a lawyer who prepares deeds, manages cases, instructs counsel in the superior courts, and acts as an advocate in the inferior courts; Solic′itor-gen′eral, in England, the law-officer of the crown next in rank to the attorney-general—in Scotland, to the lord-advocate; Solic′itorship.—adj. Solic′itous, soliciting or earnestly asking or desiring: very desirous: anxious: careful.—adv. Solic′itously.—ns. Solic′itousness, Solic′itude, state of being solicitous: anxiety or uneasiness of mind: trouble. [Fr. solliciter—L. sollicitāre—sollicitus—sollus, whole, citus, aroused—ciēre, to cite.]

Solid, sol′id, adj. having the parts firmly adhering: hard: compact: full of matter: not hollow: strong: having length, breadth, and thickness (opposed to a mere surface): cubic: substantial, reliable, worthy of credit, satisfactory: weighty: of uniform undivided substance: financially sound, wealthy: unanimous, smooth, unbroken, unvaried.—n. a substance having the parts firmly adhering together: a firm, compact body—opp. to Fluid.—ns. Solidā′go, a genus of composite plants, the goldenrods; Solidare, sol′idār (Shak.), a small piece of money; Solidar′ity, the being made solid or compact: the being bound: a consolidation or oneness of interests.—adj. Sol′idary, marked by solidarity, jointly responsible.—v.t. Sol′idate, to make solid or firm.—adj. Solid′ifiable.—n. Solidificā′tion, act of making solid or hard.—v.t. Solid′ify, to make solid or compact.—v.i. to grow solid: to harden:—pa.p. solid′ified.—ns. Sol′idism, the doctrine that refers all diseases to alterations of the solid parts of the body; Sol′idist, a believer in the foregoing; Solid′ity, the state of being solid: fullness of matter: strength or firmness, moral or physical: soundness: (geom.) the solid content of a body.—adv. Sol′idly.—n. Sol′idness.—Solid colour, a colour covering the whole of an object: a uniform colour; Solid matter (print.), matter set without leads between the lines.—Be solid for (U.S.), to be hearty or unanimous in favour of; Be solid with (U.S.), to have a firm footing with. [Fr.,—L. solidus, solid.]

Solidum, sol′i-dum, n. (archit.) the die of a pedestal: (Scots law) a complete sum. [L.]

Solidungular, sol-id-ung′gū-lar, adj. having hoofs solid, that are not cloven, denoting a certain tribe of mammalia.—Also Solidung′ulous, Solidung′ulate. [L. solidus, solid, ungula, a hoof.]

Solidus, sol′i-dus, n. a Roman gold coin introduced by Constantine in place of the aureus, known later as the bezant: a sign (/) denoting the English shilling, representing the old lengthened form of s—£ s. d. (libræ, solidi, denarii), pounds, shillings, pence.

Solifidian, sol-i-fid′i-an, n. one who holds that faith alone is what is necessary for justification.—adj. holding this view.—n. Solifid′ianism. [L. solus, only, fides, faith.]

Soliloquy, sō-lil′ō-kwe, n. a talking when solitary or to one's self: a discourse of a person, not addressed to any one.—v.i. Solil′oquise, to speak to one's self or utter a soliloquy. [L. soliloquium—solus, alone, loqui, to speak.]

Soliped, sol′i-ped, n. an animal with a single or uncloven hoof on each foot.—adjs. Sol′iped, Solip′edous. [L. solus, alone, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Solipsism, sol′ip-sizm, n. the theory that self-existence is the only certainty, absolute egoism—the extreme form of subjective idealism.—n. Sol′ipsist, one who believes in this.—adj. Solipsis′tic. [L. solus, alone, ipse, self.]

Solisequious, sol-i-sē′kwi-us, adj. following the sun, as the sunflower. [L. sol, the sun, sequi, to follow.]

Solitaire, sol-i-tār′, n. a recluse or one who lives alone: a game played by one person with a board and balls: a card-game for one—patience: an ornament worn singly on the neck or wrist: a black silk tie fixed to the bag of the wig behind, worn in the 18th century.

Solitary, sol′i-tar-i, adj. being the sole person present: alone or lonely: single, separate, simple: living alone, not social or gregarious: without company: remote from society: retired, secluded: gloomy.—n. one who lives alone: a recluse or hermit—(obs.) Solitā′rian.—adv. Sol′itarily.—n. Sol′itariness. [Fr. solitaire—L. solitarius—solus, alone.]

Solitude, sol′i-tūd, n. a being alone: a lonely life: want of company: a lonely place or desert. [Fr.,—L. solitudo—solus, alone.]

Solivagous, sō-liv′a-gus, adj. wandering alone.—Also Soliv′agant. [L., solus, alone, vagus, wandering.]

Solive, so-lēv′, n. a joist or beam of secondary importance. [Fr.,—L. sublevāre, to support.]

Sollar, sol′ar, n. a platform in a mine: an upper gallery or balcony, a garret, loft.—Also Soll′er. [O. Fr. soler, solier—L. solarium, a terrace or flat roof—sol, the sun.]

Solleret, sol′ėr-et, n. the steel shoe worn in medieval armour. [O. Fr. soler, a slipper, sole, a sole.]

Sol-lunar, sol′-lū′nar, adj. pertaining to, or due to the influence of, both sun and moon. [L. sol, sun, luna, moon.]

Solmisation, sol-mi-zā′shun, n. sol-faïng: a recital of the notes of the gamut, do, re, mi, &c.

Solo, sō′lō, n. a musical piece performed by only one voice or instrument:—pl. Sō′lōs.—adj. Sō′lō, unconcerted.—n. Sō′lōist. [It.,—L. solus, alone.]

Solograph, sol′ō-graf, n. a sun-print. [L. sol, the sun, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Solomon, sol′o-mon, n. a person of unusual wisdom, from Solomon, king of Israel (see 1 Kings, iii. 5-15).—adj. Solomon′ic.—n. Sol′omon's-seal, any one of several species of perennial herbs, of the lily family, genus Polygonatum, with simple stems bearing small greenish flowers: a symbol formed of two triangles interlaced or superposed, forming a six-pointed star.

Solonian, sō-lō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to the Athenian lawgiver Solon (c. 640-c. 558 B.C.), or to his legislation.—Also Solon′ic.

Solpuga, sol-pū′ga, n. the typical genus of Solpugida, an order of arachnids.

Solstice, sol′stis, n. that point in the ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from the equator, and where it is consequently at the turning-point of its apparent course—the summer solstice, where it touches the tropic of Cancer; the winter solstice, where it touches that of Capricorn: the time when the sun reaches these two points in its orbit, 21st June and about 21st December.—adj. Solsti′tial, pertaining to, or happening at, a solstice, esp. at the north one. [Fr.,—L. solstitium—sol, the sun, sistĕre, to make to stand—stāre, to stand.]

Soluble, sol′ū-bl, adj. capable of being solved or dissolved in a fluid.—ns. Solubil′ity, Sol′ubleness, capability of being dissolved in a fluid. [L. solubilis—solvĕre, to solve.]

Solus, sō′lus, adj. alone, in dramatic directions—feminine form Sō′la. [L., alone.]

Solution, sol-ū′shun, n. act of solving or dissolving, esp. a solid by a fluid: the separating of the parts of any body: the preparation resulting from dissolving a solid in a liquid: explanation: removal of a doubt: construction or solving of a problem: the crisis of a disease.—adj. Solūte′, loose, free: merry, cheerful: (bot.) not adhering.—v.t. (Bacon) to dissolve.—adj. Sol′ūtive, tending to dissolve: loosening.—Solution of continuity (surg.), the separation of parts normally continuous, by fracture, &c. [L. solutio—solvĕre, solutum, to loosen.]

Solve, solv, v.t. to loosen or separate the parts of: to clear up or explain: to remove.—ns. Solvabil′ity, Sol′vableness, capacity of being solved.—adj. Sol′vable, capable of being solved or explained: capable of being paid.—n. Sol′vency, state of being solvent, or able to pay all debts.—adj. Sol′vent, having power to solve or dissolve: able to pay all debts.—n. anything that dissolves another.—n. Sol′ver, one who solves. [O. Fr. solver—L. solvĕre, to loosen, prob. from se-, aside, luĕre, to loosen.]

Soma, sō′ma, n. a certain plant, most prob. of the milkweed family, and its juice used for the preparation of an intoxicating drink—personified and worshipped, esp. in connection with the god Indra, the Jupiter pluvius of the Vedic pantheon. [Sans. soma (Zend haoma, juice)—root su (cf. Gr. ὕω), to press out, distil, extract.]

Somatist, sō′ma-tist, n. one who admits the existence of corporeal beings only.—n. Sō′ma, the trunk of an animal: the body as distinguished from the psyche or soul and the pneuma or spirit.—adjs. Sōmat′ic, -al, physical, corporeal: parietal: pertaining to the body cavity.—n. Sō′matism, materialism.—adjs. Sōmatolog′ic, -al, pertaining to somatology, corporeal, physical.—ns. Sōmatol′ogy, the doctrine or science of bodies or material substances, human anatomy and physiology; Sō′matome, one of the homologous serial segments of which the body of a vertebrate is theoretically composed.—adj. Sōmatopleu′ral, pertaining to the Somat′opleure, the outer one of two divisions of the mesoderm of a four-layered germ.—n. Sōmatot′omy, the dissection of a body.—adj. Sōmatotrop′ic, showing Somatot′ropism, any stimulative influence exerted upon growing organs by the substratum on which they grow. [Gr. sōma, the body.]

Sombre, som′bėr, adj. dull: gloomy: melancholy—also Som′brous.—adv. Som′brely, in a sombre or gloomy manner.—n. Som′breness.—adv. Som′brously.—n. Som′brousness. [Fr. sombre (Sp. sombra, a shade)—L. sub, under, umbra, a shade. So Diez; others explain, on analogy of O. Fr. essombre, a shady place, as from L. ex, out, umbra, a shade.]

Sombrerite, som-brā′rīt, n. a hard impure calcium phosphate—called also Rock-guano, Osite, and loosely Apatite. [Sombrero in the Antilles.]

Sombrero, som-brā′rō, n. a broad-brimmed hat, generally of felt, much worn in Mexico and the south-western United States. [Sp.,—sombre, a shade.]

Some, sum, adj. denoting an indefinite number or quantity: certain, in distinction from others: moderate or in a certain degree: about.—adv. (prov.) somewhat, in some degree.—n. Some′body, some or any body or person: a person of importance.—advs. Some′deal, Some′dele (Spens.), in some degree, somewhat; Some′gate (Scot.), somewhere, somehow; Some′how, in some way or other.—adj. Some′-such, somewhat of that kind.—n. Some′thing, an indefinite thing or event: a portion, an indefinite quantity.—adv. in some degree.—advs. Some′time, at a time not fixed: once: at one time or other; Some′times, at certain times: now and then: at one time: (B.) once, formerly.—n. Some′what, an unfixed quantity or degree.—adv. in some degree.—advs. Some′when, some time or other; Some′where, in some place: in one place or another; Some′while, sometimes, at times; Some′whither, to some place. [A.S. sum; Goth. sums, Ice. sumr.]

Somersault, sum′ėr-sawlt, n. a leap in which a person turns with his heels over his head.—Also Som′erset. [Corr. of Fr. soubresaut (It. soprasalto)—L. supra, over, saltus, a leap—salīre, to leap.]

Somite, sō′mīt, n. a segment of the body of an articulated or vertebrate animal: an arthromere or metamere.—adjs. Sō′mital, Somit′ic.

Somnambulate, som-nam′bū-lāt, v.i. to walk in sleep.—adj. Somnam′būlant, sleep-walking.—n. Somnambūlā′tion.—adj. Somnam′būlic.—ns. Somnam′bulism, act or practice of walking in sleep; Somnam′būlist, Somnam′būlator, a sleep-walker.—adj. Somnambūlis′tic, pertaining to a somnambulist or to somnambulism: affected by somnambulism. [L. somnus, sleep, ambulāre, -ātum, to walk.]

Somniferous, som-nif′ėr-us, adj. bringing or causing sleep.—adjs. Som′nial, pertaining to dreams; Som′niātive, Som′niātory, relating to, or producing, dreams.—n. Somnifā′cient, a soporific.—adjs. Somnifā′cient, Somnif′ic, causing, or tending to induce, sleep.—ns. Somnil′oquence, Somnil′oquism, the act of talking in sleep; Somnil′oquist, one who talks in his sleep.—adj. Somnil′oquous, apt to talk in sleep.—ns. Somnil′oquy, a talking in one's sleep; Somnip′athy, a hypnotic sleep; Somniv′olency, any soporific. [L. somnus, sleep, ferre, to bring, loqui, to speak, velle, to will.]

Somnolence, som′nō-lens, n. sleepiness: inclination to sleep—also Som′nolency.—adj. Som′nolent, sleepy or inclined to sleep.—adv. Som′nolently, in a somnolent or sleepy manner: drowsily.—adj. Somnoles′cent, half-asleep.—ns. Som′nolism, the state of mesmeric sleep; Som′nus, sleep personified. [L. somnolentia—somnus, sleep.]

Son, sun, n. a male child or descendant: any young male person spoken of as a child: a term of affection generally: a disciple: a native or inhabitant: the produce of anything.—n. Son′-in-law, the husband of one's daughter.—adj. Son′less, without a son.—ns. Son′ny, a little son; Son′ship, state or character of a son.—Son of man, Christ as the promised Messiah, the ideal man; The Son, Christ, as the second person in the Trinity. [A.S. sunu; Dut. zoon, Ger. sohn.]

Sonant, sō′nant, adj. sounding: pertaining to sound: uttered with sound, instead of breath alone, as certain alphabetic sounds.—ns. Sō′nance (Shak.), a call; Sō′nancy, sonant character. [L. sonans, -antis, pr.p. of sonāre, to sound.]

Sonata, sō-nä′ta, n. a musical composition usually of three or more movements or divisions, designed chiefly for a solo instrument.—n. Sonatina (sō-nä-tē′na), a short or simplified sonata. [It.,—L. sonāre, to sound.]

Song, song, n. that which is sung: a short poem or ballad, adapted for singing, or set to music: the melody to which it is adapted: a poem, or poetry in general: the notes of birds: a mere trifle: (B.) an object of derision.—ns. Song′-bird, a bird that sings; Song′book, a collection of songs: a hymn-book; Song′craft, the art of making songs, skill in such.—adjs. Song′ful, full of song: disposed to sing; Song′less, wanting the power of song.—ns. Song′man (Shak.), a singer; Song′-sparr′ow, the hedge-sparrow; Song′ster, a singer, or one skilled in singing, esp. a bird that sings:—fem. Song′stress; Song′-thrush, the mavis or throstle.—Song of Songs, or of Solomon, Canticles; Songs of degrees (see Degree).—Old song (see Old). [A.S. sang—singan, to sing; Dut. zang, Ger. gesang, Goth. saggws, Ice. söngr.]

Soniferous, son-if′ėr-us, adj. giving or conveying sound. [L. sonus, sound, ferre, to bring.]

Sonnet, son′et, n. a poem in a stanza mostly iambic in movement, properly decasyllabic or hendecasyllabic in metre, always in fourteen lines—originally composed of an octave and a sestet—properly expressing two successive phases of one thought.—v.t. and v.i. to celebrate in sonnets.—adj. Sonn′etary.—n. Sonneteer′, a composer of sonnets.—v.i. Sonn′etise, to compose sonnets.—v.t. to celebrate in a sonnet.—n. Sonn′etist (Shak.), a sonneteer. [Fr.,—It. sonetto, dim. of sonāre, a sound, song—L. sonus, a sound.]

Sonometer, sō-nom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring sounds or their intervals by means of a sounding-board with strings stretched above it, movable bridges, and weights for varying the tension. [L. sonus, a sound, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Sonorous, sō-nō′rus, adj. sounding when struck: giving a clear, loud sound: high-sounding.—n. Sōnōres′cence, the property possessed by hard rubber of emitting sound under intermittent radiant heat or light.—adj. Sōnōrif′ic, making sound.—ns. Sōnor′ity, sonorousness; Sōnō′rōphone, a kind of bombardon.—adv. Sōnō′rously.—n. Sōnō′rousness, sonorous quality or character. [L. sonorus—sonor, sonus, a sound—sonāre, to sound.]

Sonsy, Soncy, son′si, adj. (Scot.) plump, buxom, good-natured.—Also Son′sie, Son′cie.

Sontag, son′tag, n. a woman's knitted cape, tied down round the waist. [From the famous German singer, Henrietta Sontag (1806-54).]

Sonty, son′ti, n. (Shak.) sanctity—generally in plural, as in the oath, 'By God's sonties!'

Soon, sōōn, adv. immediately or in a short time: without delay: early: readily, willingly.—adj. Soon′-believ′ing (Shak.), believing readily.—Soon at (Shak.), about; Sooner or later, at some time in the future.—As soon as, immediately after; No sooner than, as soon as. [A.S. sóna; Goth. suns.]

Soot, soot, n. the black powder condensed from smoke.—ns. Soot′erkin, a fabulous birth induced by the Dutch women sitting huddled over their stoves—hence anything fruitless or abortive; Soot′flake, a smut of soot; Soot′iness.—adj. Soot′y, consisting of, or like, soot. [A.S. sót; Dan. sod.]

Sooth, sōōth, n. truth, reality.—adj. true: pleasing.—adv. indeed.—adj. Sooth′fast, truthful, honest, faithful.—adv. Sooth′fastly.—n. Sooth′fastness.—advs. Sooth′ly, Sooth′lich (Spens.), truly, indeed.—v.i. Sooth′say, to foretell, to divine.—ns. Sooth′sayer, one who divines, esp. a pretender to the power; Sooth′saying, divination, prediction. [A.S. sóth, true; Ice. sannr, true.]

Soothe, sōōth, v.t. to please with soft words: to flatter: to soften, allay.—ns. Sooth′er, one who, or that which, soothes: (Shak.) one who gains by blandishments, a flatterer; Sooth′ing (Shak.), flattery (also adj.).—adv. Sooth′ingly. [A.S. gesóthian, to confirm as true—sóth, true.]

Sop, sop, n. anything dipped or soaked, esp. in soup, to be eaten: anything given to satisfy or quieten.—v.t. to steep in liquor: to take up by absorption (with up).—v.i. to soak in, percolate: to be soaked:—pr.p. sop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. sopped.—n. Sop-, Sops-, in-wine (Spens.), a flower resembling a carnation. [A.S. sop (in sópcuppa, a dish), from súpan, to sip; Ice. soppa, soup.]

Soph, sof, n. an abbreviation of sophister (q.v.)—also of sophomore (q.v.).

Sopherim, sō′fe-rim, n.pl. the scribes, the expounders of the Jewish oral law.—adj. Sō′pheric. [Heb.]

Sophi, sō′fi, n. (Milt.) a title of the king of Persia. [Pers. sufi, wise, pious.]

Sophic, -al, sof′ik, -al, adj. teaching wisdom, pertaining to wisdom.—adv. Soph′ically.

Sophism, sof′izm, n. a specious fallacy..—n. Soph′ist, one of a class of public teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, &c. in Greece in the 5th century B.C.: a captious or fallacious reasoner—also Soph′ister (Shak.): a student at an English university in his second or third year, the students in these years being called junior and senior sophister respectively.—adjs. Sophis′tic, -al, pertaining to a sophist or to sophistry: fallaciously subtle.—adv. Sophis′tically.—n. Sophis′ticalness, the state or quality of being sophistical.—v.t. Sophis′ticāte, to render sophistical or unsound: to corrupt by mixture.—adj. Sophis′ticāted, adulterated: impure: not genuine.—ns. Sophisticā′tion, act of sophisticating, adulterating, or injuring by mixture; Sophis′ticātor, one who sophisticates or adulterates; Sophis′ticism, the philosophy or the methods of the sophists; Soph′istress, a she-sophist; Soph′istry, specious but fallacious reasoning. [Fr. sophisme—Gr. sophisma—sophizein, to make wise—sophos, wise.]

Sophoclean, sof-ō-klē′an, adj. pertaining to Sophocles, Athenian tragic poet (496-405 B.C.).

Sophomore, sof′ō-mōr, n. (U.S.) a second-year student.—adj. pertaining to such.—adjs. Sophomor′ic, -al, [Gr. sophos, wise, mōros, foolish.]

Sophora, sō-fō′ra, n. a genus of leguminous plants, natives of warm regions of both the Old and New World, with highly ornamental white, yellow, or violet flowers—Sophora Japonica is the Japanese or Chinese pagoda-tree. [Ar. sofāra—asfar, yellow.]

Sopite, sō′pīt, v.t. to put to rest: to quash.—n. Sopi′tion, lethargy.

Soporific, sō-pō-rif′ik, adj. making or causing sleep.—n. anything that causes sleep.—adj. Soporif′erous, bringing, causing, or tending to cause sleep: sleepy.—adv. Soporif′erously.—n. Soporif′erousness.—adjs. Sō′porōse, Sō′porous, sleepy, causing sleep. [Fr. soporifique—L. sopor, sleep, facĕre, to make.]

Soprano, sō-prä′no, n. the highest variety of voice, treble: a singer with such a voice:—pl. Sopra′nos, Sopra′ni.—n. Sopra′nist, a singer of soprano. [It., from sopra—L. supra or super, above.]

Sora, sō′ra, n. a North American short-billed rail.—Also Sō′ree.

Sorage, sōr′āj, n. the time between a hawk's being taken from the aerie and her mewing her feathers. [See Sore (2).]

Sorastrum, sō-ras′trum, n. a genus of fresh-water algæ. [Gr. sōros, a heap; astron, a star.]

Sorb, sorb, n. the mountain-ash or service-tree.—ns. Sorb′-apple, the fruit of the service-tree; Sor′bāte, Sor′bin or Sor′bine, Sor′bite.—adj. Sor′bic, pertaining to, or from, the sorb. [Fr.,—L. sorbus.]

Sorb, sorb, n. one of a Slavonic race in Saxony and the neighbouring parts of Prussia.—Also Wend, or Lusatian Wend.—adj. Sor′bian, pertaining to the Sorbs or their language.—n. a Sorb, or the Sorbian tongue.—adj. and n. Sor′bish.

Sorbefacient, sor-be-fā′shent, adj. producing absorption.—n. a medicine which produces absorption.—n. Sor′bent, an absorbent. [L. sorbĕre, to suck in, faciens, -entis, pr.p. of facĕre, to make.]

Sorbonne, sor-bon′, n. the earliest and the most famous of all the colleges of the medieval university of Paris, founded in 1253 by Robert of Sorbon, in the diocese of Rheims. Exclusively devoted to theology, till the close of the 15th century it controlled by its teaching and its dogmatic decisions the intellectual life of Europe.—adj. Sorbon′ical.—n. Sor′bonist, a doctor of the Sorbonne.

Sorcery, sor′sėr-i, n. divination by the assistance of evil spirits: enchantment: magic: witchcraft.—n. Sor′cerer, one who practises sorcery: an enchanter: a magician:—fem. Sor′ceress, a witch.—adj. Sor′cerous, using sorcery. [O. Fr. sorcerie—Low L. sortiarius, one who tells fortunes by lots—L. sortīri, to cast lots—sors, sortis, a lot.]

Sordamente, sor-da-men′te, adv. (mus.) in a muffled manner, softly. [It.]

Sordid, sor′did, adj. dirty, squalid: of a dull colour: morally foul, vile: mean: meanly avaricious.—n. Sor′des, filth, foul accretions on the teeth in low forms of fever.—adv. Sor′didly.—ns. Sor′didness, state of being sordid; Sor′dor, filth, dregs. [Fr. sordide—L. sordidus—sordēre, to be dirty.]

Sordine, sor′din, n. a mute, damper, or other device to soften or deaden the sound of a stringed instrument.—advs. Sor′do, Sor′da, damped with a mute.—n. Sordō′no, a musical instrument of the oboe family. [It. sordina—L. surdus, deaf.]

Sore, sōr, n. a wounded or diseased spot on an animal body: an ulcer or boil: (B.) grief, affliction.—adj. wounded: tender: susceptible of pain: easily pained or grieved: bringing sorrow or regret: severe, violent, intense: wretched.—adv. painfully: grievously: severely, thoroughly.—n. Sore′head (U.S.), a person discontented with the reward for his political services.—adj. Sore′headed.—adv. Sore′ly, in a sore manner: grievously.—n. Sore′ness. [A.S. sár; Ger. sehr, very, Ice. sárr, sore.]

Sore, sōr, n. (Spens.) a hawk of the first year: (Shak.) a buck of the fourth year. [O. Fr. saur, sor, sorrel, reddish.]

Soredium, sō-rē′di-um, n. one or more algal cells in a lichen with enveloping fungus-threads, a brood-bud:—pl. Sorē′dia.—adjs. Sorē′dial, Sorē′diate, Soredif′erous.

Sorehon, sōr′hon, n. an ancient Irish exaction of a lord from a freeholder or tenant.

Sorex, sō′reks, n. the typical genus of the family Soricidæ and sub-family Soricinæ, one of this genus, a shrew.—adjs. Soric′ident, having teeth like the shrew; Sor′icine, pertaining to the shrew-mouse; Sor′icoid, soricine. [L.,—Gr. hyrax, a shrew-mouse.]

Sorghum, sor′gum, n. a genus of grasses, also called Durra millet and Indian millet, or Sorgho grass. It is closely allied to sugar-cane and beard-grass. [Sp. sorgo—Low L. sorgum, surgum, suricum, prob. an East Ind. word.]

Sorites, sō-rī′tēz, n. an argument composed of an indeterminate number of propositions, so arranged that the predicate of the first becomes the subject of the second, and so on till the conclusion is reached, which unites the subject of the first with the predicate of the last. [Gr.,—sōros, a heap.]

Sorn, sorn, v.i. (Scot.) to obtrude one's self on another as an uninvited guest.—n. Sor′ner, one who takes food and lodging by force or threats. [Prob. sojourn.]

Sororicide, sor-or′i-sīd, n. the murder, or the murderer, of a sister. [L. soror, a sister, cædĕre, to kill.]

Sororise, sō′ror-īz, v.i. to associate as sisters.—adj. Sorō′ral.—adv. Sorō′rially, in a sisterly manner.

Sorosis, sō-rō′sis, n. a compound fleshy fruit, resulting from many flowers, as the pine-apple. [Gr. sōros, a heap.]

Sorotrochous, sō-rot′rō-kus, adj. having the wheel-organ compound, as a rotifer. [Gr. sōros, a heap, trochos, a wheel.]

Sorrel, sor′el, n. one of several species of the genus Rumex, allied to the dock, the leaves impregnated with oxalic acid—the Scotch Sourock. The Wood-sorrel belongs to the genus Oxalis. [O. Fr. sorel (Fr. surelle)—sur, sour; from Old High Ger. sūr (Ger. sauer), sour.]

Sorrel, sor′el, adj. of a reddish-brown colour.—n. a reddish-brown colour. [O. Fr. sor (Fr. saure), sorrel, from Low Ger. soor, dried, withered.]

Sorrow, sor′ō, n. pain of mind: grief: affliction: lamentation: the devil (Irish Sorra).—v.i. to feel sorrow or pain of mind: to grieve.—p.adj. Sorr′owed. (Shak.), accompanied with sorrow.—adj. Sorr′owful, full of sorrow: causing, showing, or expressing sorrow: sad: dejected.—adv. Sorr′owfully.—n. Sorr′owfulness.—adj. Sorr′owless, free from sorrow. [A.S. sorg, sorh; Ger. sorge, Ice. sorg.]

Sorry, sor′i, adj. grieved for something past: melancholy: poor: worthless.—adj. Sorr′iest (Shak.), most sorrowful.—adv. Sorr′ily.—n. Sorr′iness. [A.S. sárig, wounded—sár, pain; Dut. zeerig.]

Sort, sort, n. a number of persons or things having like qualities: class, kind, or species: order or rank: manner.—v.t. to separate into lots or classes: to put together: to select: to procure, adapt: to geld: (Scot.) to adjust, put right, dispose, fix: to punish.—v.i. to be joined with others of the same sort: to associate: to suit.—adj. Sort′able, capable of being sorted: (Bacon) suitable, befitting.—ns. Sort′ance (Shak.), suitableness, agreement; Sort′er, one who separates and arranges, as letters; Sort′es, lots used in divination by passages selected by hazard from the Bible, Homer, Virgil, &c.; Sort′ilege, the act or practice of divination by drawing lots; Sorti′tion, the casting of lots; Sort′ment, act of sorting.—In a sort (Shak.), in a manner; In sort, inasmuch as; Out of sorts, out of order, unwell: (print.) with some sorts of type in the font exhausted. [O. Fr. sorte—L. sors, sortis, a lot—serĕre, to join.]

Sortie, sor′tē, n. the issuing of a body of troops from a besieged place to attack the besiegers. [Fr.,—sortir, to go out, to issue—L. surgĕre, to rise up.]

Sorus, sō′rus, n. a heap:—pl. Sō′ri.—adj. Sō′rose, bearing sori. [Gr. sōros, a heap.]

So-so, sō′-sō, adj. neither very good nor very bad: tolerable: indifferent.

Soss, sos, n. a mess, a puddle: a heavy fall.—v.t. to dirty: to throw carelessly about.—v.i. to tumble into a chair, &c.—adv. plump.—v.t. and v.i. Sos′sle, to dabble. [Prob. Gael. sos, a mixture.]

Sostrum, sos′trum, n. a reward given for saving one's life, a physician's fee. [Gr., sōzein, to save.]

Sot, sot, n. one stupefied by drinking: a habitual drunkard.—v.i. to play the sot, to tipple.—adj. Sot′tish, like a sot: foolish: stupid with drink.—adv. Sot′tishly.—n. Sot′tishness. [O. Fr. sot, perh. of Celt. origin; Bret. sod, stupid.]

Sotadean, sot-a-dē′an, adj. pertaining to Sotades, a lascivious Greek poet at Alexandria about 276 B.C. His Cinœdi were malicious and indecent satires and travesties of mythology written in Ionic dialect and in a peculiar metre.—n. Sotad′ic, a sotadean verse.

Soteriology, sō-tē-ri-ol′ō-ji, n. (theol.) the doctrine of salvation by Jesus Christ.—adjs. Sotē′rial, pertaining to redemption; Sotēriolog′ical. [Gr. sōtērios, saving—sōtēr, saviour, logia—legein, to speak.]

Sothic, sō′thik, adj. of or pertaining to the dog-star Sothis or Sirius.—Sothic cycle, or period, a period of 1460 years; Sothic year, the ancient Egyptian fixed year, according to the heliacal rising of Sirius.

Sotto, sot′tō, adv. under, below, as in Sotto voce, in an undertone, aside. [It.,—L. subter, under.]

Sou, sōō, n. a French copper coin, the five-centime piece=1⁄20th of a franc. [Fr. sou (It. soldo)—L. solidus, a coin.]

Souari, sow-ä′ri, n. a tree of British Guiana yielding a durable timber and edible nuts.

Soubrette, sōō-bret′, n. a maid-servant in a comedy, conventionally pert, coquettish, and intriguing. [Fr.]

Souchong, sōō-shong′, n. a fine sort of black tea. [Fr.,—Chin. siao, small, chung, sort.]

Soufflé, sōō-flā′, n. a light dish, consisting of the whites of eggs, with chocolate, cheese, vanilla, &c., whisked into a creamy froth.—adj. prepared in this way. [Fr., souffler, to blow—L. sufflāre, to blow.]

Sough, sow, suf, or, as Scot., sōōh, v.i. to sigh, as the wind.—v.t. to whine out cantingly.—n. a sighing of the wind: a vague rumour: a whining tone of voice.—Keep a calm sough, to keep quiet. [Prob. Ice. súgr, a rushing sound, or A.S. swógan, to rustle.]

Sough, suf, n. a drain, sewer, mine-adit.—n. Sough′ing-tile, a drain-tile. [Prob. W. soch, a drain.]

Soul, sōl, n. that part of man which thinks, feels, desires, &c.: the seat of life and intellect: life: essence: internal power: energy or grandeur of mind: a human being, a person.—ns. Soul′-bell, the passing bell; Soul′-cūr′er (Shak.), a parson.—adjs. Souled, full of soul or feeling; Soul′-fear′ing (Shak.), soul-terrifying; Soul′ful, expressive of elevated feeling.—adv. Soul′fully.—n. Soul′fulness.—adj. Soul′less, without nobleness of mind, mean, spiritless.—ns. Soul′lessness; Soul′-shot, -scot, a funeral payment.—adj. Soul′-sick, morally diseased.—All-souls' Day, the 2d November, when the souls of the faithful departed are commemorated. [M. E. saule—A.S. sáwol; Ger. seele.]

Soum, Sowm, sowm, n. (Scot.) the proportion of sheep or cattle suitable for any pasture: pasture for a certain number of sheep or cattle.—v.i. to determine such. [A form of sum.]

Sound, sownd, adj. safe, whole, entire: perfect: healthy, strong: profound: correct: orthodox: weighty.—adv. soundly, completely fast, as in sleep.—adv. Sound′ly.—n. Sound′ness. [A.S. gesund; Ger. gesund, and perh. L. sanus, sound.]

Sound, sownd, n. a narrow passage of water: a strait. [A.S. sund, a narrow arm of the sea, from swimman, to swim; Ger. sund, a strait.]

Sound, sownd, n. the air or swimming bladder of a fish. [A.S. sund, swimming.]

Sound, sownd, v.i. to make a noise: to utter a voice: to spread or be spread: to appear on narration.—v.t. to cause to make a noise: to utter audibly: to direct by a sound or audible signal: to examine by percussion: to publish audibly.—n. the impression produced on the ear by the vibrations of air: noise, particular quality of tone: report, hearing-distance: empty or meaningless noise.—p.adj. Sound′ing, making a sound or noise: having a magnificent sound.—ns. Sound′ing-board, Sound′-board, the thin plate of wood or metal which increases and propagates the sound of a musical instrument: the horizontal board or structure over a pulpit, reading-desk, &c., carrying the speaker's voice towards the audience; Sound′ing-post, Sound′-post, a support set under the bridge of a violin, for propagating the sounds to the body of the instrument.—adj. Sound′less, without sound, silent: not capable of being sounded, unfathomable. [M. E. sounen—O. Fr. soner—L. sonāre, to sound, sonus, a sound.]

Sound, sownd, v.t. to measure the depth of, esp. with a line and plummet: to probe: to try to discover a man's secret thoughts, wishes, &c.: to test: to introduce an instrument into the bladder to examine it.—v.i. to use the line and lead in ascertaining the depth of water.—n. a probe, an instrument to discover stone in the bladder.—ns. Sound′ing, the ascertaining the depth of water: (pl.) any part of the ocean where a sounding-line will reach the bottom; Sound′ing-lead, the weight at the end of a sounding-line; Sound′ing-line, a line with a plummet at the end for soundings; Sound′ing-rod, a rod for measuring water in a ship's hold. [O. Fr. sonder, to sound; acc. to Diez, from Low L. subundāre—L. sub, under, unda, a wave.]

Sounder, sown′dėr, n. a herd of swine, a young boar. [A.S. sunor, a herd of swine.]

Soup, sōōp, n. the nutritious liquid obtained by boiling meat or vegetables in stock—named from the chief ingredient, as pea-, tomato-, vermicelli-, hare-, oxtail-soup, &c.—ns. Soup′er, a convert for the sake of material benefits; Soup′-kitch′en, a place for supplying soup to the poor gratis or at a nominal price; Soup′-mai′gre, a thin fish or vegetable soup, originally for fast-days; Soup′-tick′et, a ticket authorising the holder to receive soup at a soup-kitchen.—adj. Soup′y. [O. Fr. soupe—Old Dut. sop, zop, broth, soppe, zoppe, a sop.]

Soupçon, soop-song′, n. a suspicion—hence a very small quantity, as of spirits. [Fr.]

Souple, sōōp′l, adj. a provincial form of supple—denoting raw silk deprived of its silk-glue.

Sour, sowr, adj. having a pungent, acid taste: turned, as milk: rancid: crabbed or peevish in temper: bitter: cold and wet, as soil.—v.t. to make sour or acid: to make cross, peevish, or discontented.—v.i. to become sour or acid: to become peevish or crabbed.—n. Sour′-crout (see Sauer-kraut).—adj. Sour′-eyed, morose-looking.—ns. Sour′-gourd, the cream-of-tartar tree; Sour′ing, vinegar: the crab-apple: the process in bleaching fabrics that follows the treatment with bleaching-powder, consisting in treatment of the fabric with hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, so as to wash out the lime.—adj. Sour′ish, somewhat sour.—adv. Sour′ly, in a sour manner: with acidity: with acrimony: discontentedly.—ns. Sour′ness, the state of being sour: acidity: peevishness: discontent; Sour′-sop, a tree of tropical America and its fruit, closely allied to the custard-apple: (prov.) an ill-natured person. [A.S. súr; Ger. sauer, Ice. súrr.]

Source, sōrs, n. that from which anything rises or originates: origin: the spring from which a stream flows. [O. Fr. sorse (Fr. source), from sourdre (It. sorgere)—L. surgĕre, to raise up, to rise.]

Sourdine, sōōr-dēn′, n. a stop on the harmonium. [Fr.,—It. sordino, sordo, deaf—L. surdus, deaf.]

Souse, sows, v.t. to strike with sudden violence, as a bird its prey.—v.i. to rush with speed, as a bird on its prey.—n. violent attack, as of a bird striking its prey.—adj. (Shak.) sudden, violent.—adv. with sudden violence, with swift descent downwards.

Souse, sows, n. pickle made of salt: anything steeped in pickle: the ear, feet, &c. of swine pickled.—v.t. to steep in pickle: to plunge into water. [Written also souce, a form of sauce.]

Soutane, sōō-tān′, n. a cassock. [Fr.,—Low L. subtana—L. subtus, beneath.]

Souter, sōō′tėr, n. (Scot.) a shoemaker, a cobbler—also Sow′ter, Sou′tar.—adv. Sou′terly. [A.S. sútere (Ice. sútari)—L. sutor—suĕre, to sew.]

South, sowth, n. the direction in which the sun appears at noon to the people north of the Tropic of Cancer: any land opposite the north: the Southern States in U.S. history: the side of a church on the right hand of one facing the altar.—adj. lying towards the south.—adv. towards the south.—v.i. to veer towards the south: to cross the meridian of a place.—n. South′-east′, the direction equally distant from the south and east.—adjs. South′-east′, South′-east′erly, South′-east′ern, pertaining to, in the direction of, or coming from the south-east.—n. South′-east′er, a wind from the south-east.—advs. South′-east′ward, -ly, toward the south-east.—n. Souther (sowth′-), a wind from the south.—v.i. to veer toward the south.—adj. Southering (suth′-), turned toward the south, having a southern exposure.—n. Southerliness (suth′-), the condition of being southerly.—adjs. Southerly (suth′-), Southern (suth′-), pertaining to, situated in, or proceeding from or towards the south:—superls. Southermost (suth′-), Southernmost (suth′-), South′most, most southern, farthest towards the south.—n. Southerner (suth′-), an inhabitant of the south, esp. of the Southern States of America.—v.t. and v.i. Southernise (suth′-), to render southern in qualities or character, or to become such.—n. Southernism (suth′-), a form of expression peculiar to the south, esp. the Southern States of America.—adv. Southernly (suth′-), towards the south.—ns. Southernwood (suth′-), an aromatic plant of southern Europe, closely allied to wormwood; Southing (sowth′-), tendency or motion to the south: the time at which the moon passes the meridian; South′land, the south (also adj.).—adv. South′ly.—n. South′ness, tendency of a magnetic needle to point toward the south.—adj. Southron (suth′-), southern, esp. English.—n. a native or inhabitant of a southern country or district: an Englishman.—advs. South′ward (also suth′ard), toward the south (also n. and adj.); South′wardly (also adj.); South′wards.—n. South′-west′, the direction equally distant from the south and west—adjs. South′-west′, South′-west′erly, South′-west′ern, pertaining to, proceeding from, or lying in the direction of the south-west.—n. South′-west′er, a storm or gale from the south-west: a painted canvas hat with a broad flap behind for the neck (often Sou′west′er).—South Sea, the Pacific Ocean. [A.S. súth; Ger. süd, Ice. sudhr.]

Southcottian, sowth′kot-i-an, n. a follower of Joanna Southcott (1750-1814), whose dropsy was taken by many, and perhaps herself, for the gestation of a second Shiloh or Prince of Peace.

Southdown, sowth′down, adj. pertaining to the South Downs in Hampshire, the famous breed of sheep so named, or their mutton.—n. this breed of sheep, a sheep of the same, or its mutton.

Souvenir, sōō-ve-nēr′, n. a remembrancer, a keepsake.—n. Souv′enance (Spens.), remembrance, memory. [Fr.,—L. subvenīre, to come up, to come to mind—sub, under, venīre, to come.]

Sovereign, suv′rān, or sov′e-rān, adj. supreme: possessing supreme power or dominion: superior to all others: utmost: most efficacious—(Milt.) Sov′ran.—n. a supreme ruler: a monarch: a gold coin=20s.—v.t. to rule over as a sovereign.—adj. Sov′ereignest (Shak.), most effectual.—adv. Sov′ereignly, in a sovereign manner: in the highest degree: supremely.—n. Sov′ereignty, supreme power: dominion. [O. Fr. sovrain—Low L. superanus—L. super, supra, above.]

Sow, sow, n. a female pig: the metal solidified in parallel grooves or pigs, the iron of these being pig-iron: a movable shed for protecting the men using a battering-ram.—ns. Sow′back, a low ridge of sand or gravel; Sow′-bread, a genus of plants, allied to the primrose, natives of the south of Europe, the tubers of which are eaten by swine; Sow′-bug, an air-breathing oniscoid isopod, a pill-bug, slater.—adj. Sow′-drunk (prov.), beastly drunk.—ns. Sow′-geld′er, one who spays sows; Sow′-this′tle, a genus of plants, the tender tops of which are used in the north of Europe as greens. [A.S. sú, sugu; Ger. sau, Ice. sýr; L. sus, Gr. hys.]

Sow, sō, v.t. to scatter seed that it may grow: to plant by strewing: to scatter seed over: to spread, disseminate.—v.i. to scatter seed for growth:—pa.p. sown and sowed.—ns. Sow′er; Sow′ing; Sow′ing-machine′, a hand or horse-power seed-planting machine: a broadcast sower. [A.S. sáwan; Ger. säen, Ice. sá, Goth. saian.]

Sowar, sō-är′, n. a native horse-soldier in the British Indian army, a mounted attendant. [Hind. sawār, a horseman.]

Sowens, sō′enz, n.pl. (Scot.) a dish made from the farina remaining among the husks of oats, flummery.—Also Sow′ans.

Sowth, sowth, v.i. and v.t. (Scot.) to whistle softly, to whistle over a tune.

Soy, soi, n. a thick and piquant sauce made from the seeds of the soy bean or pea, a native of China, Japan, and the Moluccas.—Also Soo′ja. [Jap. si-yan, Chin. shi-yu.]

Sozzle, soz′l, v.t. to make wet or muddy.—n. disorder.—adj. Sozz′ly, sloppy.

Spa, spaw, n. a place where there is a mineral spring of water. [From Spa in Belgium.]

Space, spās, n. extension as distinct from material substances: room: largeness: distance between objects: interval between lines or words in books: quantity of time: distance between two points of time: opportunity, leisure: a short time: interval.—v.t. to make or arrange intervals between.—ns. Spā′cer, one who, or that which, spaces: an instrument by which to reverse a telegraphic current, esp. in a marine cable, for increasing the speed of transmission: a space-bar; Space′-writ′er, in journalism, one paid for his articles according to the space they occupy when printed; Spā′cing, the act of dividing into spaces, placing at suitable intervals, as in printing, &c.: the space thus made: spaces collectively.—adj. Spā′cious, having large space: large in extent: roomy: wide.—adv. Spā′ciously.—n. Spā′ciousness. [Fr. espace—L. spatium; Gr. spān.]

Spadassin, spad′a-sin, n. a swordsman, a bravo. [Fr.,—It. spadaccino—spada, a sword.]

Spade, spād, n. a broad blade of iron with a handle, used for digging: a playing-card of one of the two black suits, shaped like a heart with a triangular handle.—v.t. to dig with a spade.—ns. Spade′-bone, the scapula; Spade′-foot, a scaphiopod or spade-footed toad; Spade′ful, as much as a spade will hold; Spade′-guin′ea, a guinea coined 1787-99, so called from the shield on the reverse side having the shape of the spade in playing-cards.—Call a spade a spade, to call things by their plain names, without softening: to speak out plainly. [A.S. spadu, spædu; L. spatha—Gr. spathē, any broad blade.]

Spade, spād, n. a eunuch: a gelding.—Also Spā′do. [Gr. spadōn, a eunuch.]

Spadille, spa-dil′, n. the ace of spades in the games of ombre and quadrille.—Also Spadil′io. [Fr.,—Sp. espadilla, dim. of espada, the ace of spades.]

Spadix, spā′diks, n. (bot.) a fleshy spike of flowers, usually covered by a leaf called a spathe:—pl. Spādī′ces.—adjs. Spādic′eous, Spad′icose. [Gr.]

Spadone, spa-dō′nē, n. a long heavy sword for both hands.—Also Spadroon′. [It.]

Spae, spā, v.i. and v.t. (Scot.) to foretell, divine—also Spay.—ns. Spae′man; Spā′er; Spae′wife, [Scand., Ice. spá; Ger. spähen, to spy.]

Spaghetti, spa-get′ti, n. an Italian cord-like paste intermediate in size between macaroni and vermicelli. [It., pl. of spaghetto, dim. of spago, a cord.]

Spagiric, -al, spa-jir′ik, -al, adj. chemical, according to the chemistry of Paracelsus and his followers.—n. Spagir′ist, a follower of Paracelsus. [Gr. span, to tear, ageirein, to bring together.]

Spahi, spä′hē, n. one of the irregular cavalry of the Turkish armies before the reorganisation of 1836.—Also Spa′hee. [Sepoy.]

Spalax, spā′laks, n. the typical genus of mole-rats. [Gr., spalax, sphalax, a mole.]

Spale, spāl, n. (Scot.) a splinter of wood—also Spail: in shipbuilding, a temporary brace, cross-band—also Spā′ling.

Spall, spawl, n. (Spens.) the shoulder.—Also Spald. [O. Fr. espaule—L. spatula, a broad blade.]

Spall, spawl, v.t. and v.i. to split, splinter, to chip.—n. a chip or splinter thrown off.—v.t. and v.i. Spalt, to split off splinters.—adj. brittle.

Spalpeen, spal′pēn, n. a rascal, a mischievous fellow. [Ir. spailpīn.]

Spalt, spalt, n. a scaly whitish mineral, used as a flux for metals. [Ger. spalt-stein—spalten, to split.]

Span, span, n. the space from the end of the thumb to the end of the little-finger when the fingers are extended: nine inches: the spread of an arch between its abutments: a space of time, the full duration of anything: extent of stretch, as the spread of a man's arms, in measuring trees, &c.—v.t. to measure by spans: to measure: to embrace:—pr.p. span′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. spanned.—ns. Span′-coun′ter, Span′-far′thing, a game played by one throwing a coin or counter on the ground, and another trying to throw his so near it that he can span the distance between the two.—adjs. Span′less, that cannot be spanned or measured; Span′-long, of the length of a span.—n. Span′ner, one who spans: an iron tool or lever used to tighten the nuts of screws. [A.S. span—spannan; Ger. spanne—spannen.]

Span, span, n. a yoke of horses or oxen. [Borrowed from Dut.; from the same root as above word.]

Spancel, span′sel, n. a tether for a cow's legs.—v.t. to fasten a cow with such.—adj. Span′celed (her.), hobbled. [Old Dut. spansel.]

Spandrel, span′drel, n. the irregular triangular space between the curve of an arch and the enclosing right angle.—Also Span′dril. [Ety. dub.; prob. conn. with span.]

Spane, Spean, spān, v.t. (Scot.) to wean. [A.S. spanan; Ger. spänen.]

Spanemia, spa-nē′mi-a, n. poverty of blood—also Spanæ′mia.—adjs. Spanē′mic, Spanæ′mic. [Gr. spanos, scarce, haima, blood.]

Spang, spang, v.i. (Scot.) to leap.—v.t. to set in violent motion, to hurl.—n. a springing up: a sudden blow.

Spangle, spang′gl, n. a small, thin plate or boss of shining metal: anything sparkling and brilliant, like a spangle.—v.t. to adorn with spangles.—v.i. to glitter.—adjs. Spang′led, Spang′ly.—n. Spang′ler. [A.S. spange; Ger. spange, Ice. spöng.]

Spangolite, spang′gō-līt, n. a rare mineral found in hexagonal green crystals along with cuprite in Arizona. [Norman Spang of Pittsburg.]

Spaniel, span′yel, n. a kind of dog, usually liver-and-white coloured, or black-and-white, with large pendent ears.—adj. (Shak.) like a spaniel, fawning, mean.—n. Span′ielship, obsequious attention.—Blenheim Spaniel, red-and-white, established by the Duke of Marlborough; Clumber Spaniel, handsome lemon-and-white, short in leg, long in body, with a coat like a setter, and massive head with large, drooping ears; King Charles spaniel, black-and-tan, first brought into notice by Charles II.; Sussex spaniel, like the Clumber, golden-liver or brown. [O. Fr. espagneul (Fr. épagneul)—Sp. Español, Spanish.]

Spanish, span′ish, adj. of or pertaining to Spain.—n. the language of Spain.—n. Span′iard, a native or citizen of Spain.—Spanish bayonet, any one of several species of yucca with straight sword-shaped leaves; Spanish broom, a hardy deciduous Mediterranean shrub with showy yellow fragrant flowers; Spanish chalk, a variety of talc; Spanish cress, a species of peppergrass; Spanish fly, a blister-beetle, a cantharid possessing a strong blistering principle, cantharidine: a preparation of cantharides used as a vesicant; Spanish fowl, a breed of the domestic hen—also White-faced black Spanish; Spanish grass, esparto; Spanish juice, extract of liquorice-root; Spanish Main, a name given to the north coast of South America from the Orinoco to Darien, and to the shores of the former Central American provinces of Spain contiguous to the Caribbean Sea—the name is often popularly applied to the Caribbean Sea itself: Spanish sheep, a merino; Spanish soap, Castile soap.—Walk Spanish, to be compelled to walk on tiptoe through being lifted up by the collar and the seat of the trousers—hence to proceed or act under compulsion.

Spank, spangk, v.i. to move with speed or spirit.—n. Spank′er, one who walks with long strides: a fast-going horse: any person or thing particularly striking, a dashing person.—adj. Spank′ing, spirited, going freely: striking, beyond expectation, very large. [Cf. Dan. spanke, to strut.]

Spank, spangk, v.i. to strike with the flat of the hand, to slap.—n. a loud slap, esp. on the backside.

Spanker, spang′kėr, n. the after-sail of a ship or barque, so called from its flapping in the breeze.

Span-roof, span′-rōōf, n. a roof having two equal inclined planes or sides.

Spar, spär, n. a rafter: a general term for masts, yards, booms, and gaffs, &c.—n. Spar′-deck, the upper deck of a vessel. [The A.S. spearra is assumed from the verb sparrian, to fasten with a bar; cf. Ice. sparri, Dut. spar.]

Spar, spär, n. a term applied by miners to any bright crystalline mineral, and adopted by mineralogists in the names of a number of minerals—calcareous spar, fluor spar, Iceland spar, &c.—adj. Spar′ry, resembling spar, spathic. [A.S. spær(-stán), gypsum; cf. Ger. spar(-kalk).]

Spar, spär, v.i. to box with the hands: to fight with showy action: to dispute:—pr.p. spar′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. sparred.—n. a preliminary sparring, boxing-match, or cock-fight.—ns. Spar′rer; Spar′ring. [O. Fr. esparer (Fr. éparer), to kick out, most prob. Teut.; Low Ger. sparre, a struggling.]

Sparable, spar′a-bl, n. a small nail used by shoemakers.—Also Sper′rable. [Sparrow-bill.]

Spare, spār, v.t. to use frugally: to do without: to save from any use: to withhold from: to forbear from harming, to treat tenderly: to part with willingly.—v.i. to be frugal: to forbear: to be tender: to be forgiving.—adj. sparing: frugal: scanty: lean: superfluous.—n. that which has been saved or stored away: in American bowling, a point made by overturning all the pins with the first two balls.—adv. Spare′ly, in a spare manner: sparingly.—ns. Spare′ness; Spār′er, one who spares or avoids expense; Spare′rib, a piece of pork consisting of ribs with the meat adhering to them.—adj. Spā′ring, scarce: scanty: saving: merciful, forgiving.—adv. Spār′ingly, frugally: not abundantly: with abstinence: seldom: cautiously.—n. Spār′ingness, the quality of being sparing: want of liberality: caution. [A.S. sparian, to spare—spær, spare; Ger. spärlich, frugal.]

Sparganium, spär-gā′ni-um, n. a genus of plants of the order Typhaceæ:, the bur-reeds. [Gr.]

Sparge, spärj, v.t. to sprinkle—(Scot.) Spairge.—n. Spar′ger, a sprinkler. [L. spargĕre, to sprinkle.]

Spargosis, spär-gō′sis, n. great distention of the breasts with milk.—Also Sparganō′sis. [Gr. spargōsis—spargan, to swell.]

Spark, spärk, n. a small ignited particle shot off from a burning body: any small shining body or light: a small portion of anything active or vivid: a gay sprightly person, a lover, a beau.—v.i. to emit sparks: to play the gallant.—adj. Spark′ish, gay, jaunty, showy. [A.S. spearca, a spark; Dut. spark.]

Sparkle, spärk′l, n. a little spark: lustre, brilliance: the presence of carbon dioxide, as in a wine, causing effervescence: the emission of sparks.—v.i. to emit sparks: to shine, glitter: to effervesce with glittering bubbles, or to contain much carbon dioxide, as certain wines.—v.t. to throw out sparklingly.—n. Spark′ler, one who, or that which, sparkles.—adj. Spark′less, not giving out sparks.—adv. Spark′lessly.—n. Spark′let, a small spark.—adj. Spark′ling, giving out sparks: glittering: brilliant: lively.—adv. Spark′lingly, in a sparkling manner: with vivid and twinkling lustre.—n. Spark′lingness, the quality of being sparkling: vivid and twinkling lustre. [A freq. of spark.]

Sparrow, spar′ō, n. an Old World genus of birds of fringilline family.—ns. Sparr′ow-bill, a small shoe-nail, so called from its shape—also Spar′able; Sparr′ow-grass, asparagus; Sparr′ow-hawk, a genus of long-legged, short-winged falcons, like the goshawks, but smaller.—adj. Sparr′ow-tail (see Swallow-tail). [A.S. spearwa; Goth. sparwa, Ice. spörr, Ger. sper-ling.]

Sparry, spär′i, adj. consisting of, or like, spar.—n. Sparr′y-ī′ron, a carbonite of iron, siderite.

Sparse, spärs, adj. thinly scattered: scanty.—adv. Sparse′ly.—n. Sparse′ness.—adj. Spar′sile.—n. Spar′sity. [L. sparsum, pa.p. of spargĕre, to scatter; Gr. speirein, to sow.]

Spartan, spär′tan, adj. of or pertaining to Sparta in Greece: hardy, rigorously severe: fearless.

Sparterie, spär′tėr-i, n. articles made from esparto—mats, nets, ropes, &c.

Spasm, spazm, n. an irregular and violent contraction of muscular parts—involuntary even when the voluntary muscles are concerned. When persistent it is tonic spasm or cramp, catalepsy, tetanus; when the relaxations alternate with the contractions, it is clonic spasm, as in epilepsy, convulsive hysteria, chorea, &c.—n. Spasmod′ic, a medicine for removing spasms.—adjs. Spasmod′ic, -al, relating to, or consisting in, spasms: convulsive.—adv. Spasmod′ically, in a spasmodic manner: in fits.—ns. Spas′modist; Spasmol′ogy, scientific knowledge of spasms.—adj. Spas′tic, relating to spasms, spasmodic.—adv. Spas′tically.—n. Spastic′ity, tendency to spasm.—Spasmodic school, a group of English poets, including P. J. Bailey, Sydney Dobell, and Alexander Smith, marked by overstrained and unnatural sentiment and expression. [Fr. spasme—L. spasmus—Gr. spasmos—spaein, to draw.]

Spat, spat, n. the spawn of shellfish.—v.i. to shed spawn. [From root of spit.]

Spat, spat, n. a slap: a large drop, as of rain: a petty quarrel.—v.t. to slap, to strike lightly.—v.i. to engage in a petty quarrel.

Spatangus, spā-tang′gus, n. the typical genus of Spatangidæ, a family of irregular sea-urchins, the heart-urchins.—n.pl. Spatang′ida, the spatangoid sea-urchins.—adj. Spatang′oid, like a cordate urchin.—n. one of these.—ns.pl. Spatangoi′da, Spatangoi′dēa, the Spatangidæ, an order of petalostichous sea-urchins, generally excluding the clypeastroids or flat sea-urchins. [Gr. spatangēs, a sea-urchin.]

Spatch-cock, spach′-kok, n. a fowl killed and immediately roasted or broiled for some sudden occasion. [Prob. a corr. of despatch and cock.]

Spate, Spait, spāt, n. a sudden flood, as in a stream after heavy rain. [Prob. Ir. speid.]

Spathe, spāth, n. (bot.) a sheathing bract, which encloses one or more flowers, as in the narcissus.—adjs. Spathā′ceous, spathe-bearing; Spāthed, having a spathe.—n. Spathil′la, a secondary or diminutive spathe.—adjs. Spā′those, Spā′thous (bot.), having a spathe or sheath-like bract, bursting longitudinally. [L. spatha—Gr. spathē, a broad blade.]

Spathic, spath′ik, adj. (min.) foliated, lamellar.—adj. Spath′iform, spathic. [Ger. spath, spar.]

Spathura, spā-thū′ra, n. a genus of humming-birds with peculiar tail-feathers expanding into a spatule at the end, and leg-muffs. [Gr. spathē, a blade, oura, a tail.]

Spatial, spā′shal, adj. relating to space.—n. Spātial′ity.—adv. Spā′tially.

Spatilomancy, spā-til′ō-man-si, n. divination by means of animal excrements. [Gr. spatilē, excrement, manteia, divination.]

Spatter, spat′ėr, v.t. to throw out or scatter upon: to scatter about: to sprinkle with dirt or anything moist: to defame.—n. the act of spattering: what is spattered.—n.pl. Spatt′er-dash′es, coverings for the legs, to keep them clean from water and mud, a kind of gaiters.—n. Spatt′er-work, a method of producing designs by covering the surface with the pattern and then spattering colouring matter on the parts exposed. [A freq. of spot.]

Spatula, spat′ū-la, Spattle, spat′l, n. a little spade: a broad kind of knife for spreading plasters.—n. Spat′ulamancy, a method of divination by a sheep's shoulder-blade.—adj. Spat′ulāte, shaped like a spatula.—n. Spat′ule, a spatulate formation.—adjs. Spat′uliform, Spatulig′erous. [L. spatula, spathula, dim. of spatha—Gr. spathē.]

Spavin, spav′in, n. a disease of horses occurring under two different forms—bog-spavin, in which the hock-joint is distended with dark-coloured synovia or joint-oil, and bone-spavin, in which a bony enlargement occurs towards the inside of the hock, at the head of the shank-bone, or between some of the small bones of the hock.—adj. Spav′ined, affected with spavin. [O. Fr. esparvain (Fr. éparvin)—Old High Ger. sparo, sparwe, a sparrow.]

Spawn, spawn, n. the eggs of fish or frogs when ejected: offspring.—adj. containing spawn.—v.t. to produce, as fishes and frogs do their eggs: to bring forth.—v.i. to deposit eggs, as fishes or frogs: to issue, as offspring.—ns. Spawn′er, the female fish from which the spawn is ejected; Spawn′ing; Spawn′ing-bed, -ground, a bed made in the bottom of a stream on which fish deposit their spawn. [O. Fr. espandre, to shed—L. expandĕre, to spread out.]

Spay, spā, v.t. to make an animal barren by destroying its ovaries.—Also Spāve. [L. spado—Gr. spadōn, a eunuch—Gr. spaein, draw out.]

Speak, spēk, v.i. to utter words or articulate sounds: to say: to talk: to converse: to sound: to give expression by any means, to intimate, to hint.—v.t. to pronounce: to converse in: to address: to declare: to express by signs:—pa.t. spoke or spāke; pa.p. spō′ken.—adj. Speak′able, capable of being spoken: (Milt.) having the power of speech.—ns. Speak′-eas′y (U.S.), an illicit dram-shop, shebeen; Speak′er, one who speaks or proclaims: the person who presides in a deliberative or legislative body, as the House of Commons; Speak′ership, the office of Speaker; Speak′ing, the act of expressing ideas in words: discourse.—adj. seeming to speak: natural: used to assist the voice.—adv. Speak′ingly.—ns. Speak′ing-trum′pet, an instrument for enabling the sound of the voice to be conveyed to a greater distance; Speak′ing-tube, a tube communicating from one room to another for speaking through; Speak′ing-voice, the kind of voice used in speaking.—Speak a ship, to hail and speak to some one on board her; Speak fair, to address one in conciliatory terms; Speak for, to speak on behalf of: to be a proof of: to bespeak, engage; Speaking terms, a relationship between two persons not extending beyond the courtesy of verbal salutation, &c.; Speak of, to talk about: to mention, or to be worth mentioning; Speak one's mind, to say frankly what one thinks; Speak out, to assert boldly or loudly; Speak to, to reprove: to attest, testify to; Speak up, to speak out; Speak well for, to witness favourably to.—So to speak, as one might put it, as it were. [A.S. specan (for sprecan); Dut. spreken, Ger. sprechen.]

Spear, spēr, n. a long weapon used in war and hunting, made of a pole pointed with iron: a lance with barbed prongs used for catching fish.—v.t. to pierce or kill with a spear.—ns. Spear′-fish, a kind of carp-sucker—also Sail-fish and Skimback: the bill-fish, a histiophoroid fish related to the swordfish; Spear′-foot, the off or right hind-foot of a horse; Spear′-grass, a name applied to various grasses, esp. those known as meadow-grass, the Kentucky blue-grass: either of two New Zealand plants of the parsley family with long spinous leaflets; Spear′-head, the iron point of a spear; Spear′-lil′y, a plant of one of the species of the Australian genus Doryanthes of the Amaryllideæ, with sword-shaped leaves; Spear′man, a man armed with a spear; Spear′mint, the common garden-mint; Spear′-this′tle, the common thistle; Spear′-wood, one of two Australian trees whose wood makes good spear-shafts; Spear′-wort, the name of several species of Ranunculus with lance-shaped leaves. [A.S. spere; Ger. speer, L. sparus; cf. Spar.]

Special, spesh′al, adj. of a species or sort; particular: distinctive: uncommon: designed for a particular purpose: confined to a particular subject or application.—n. any special or particular person or thing: any person or thing set apart for a particular duty—a constable, a railway-tram, &c.: a newspaper extra, a despatch from a special correspondent.—n. Specialisā′tion, the act or process of specialising: differentiation, as of organs, functions, &c.—v.t. Spec′ialise, to make specifically distinct, to limit to a particular kind of action or use.—v.i. to act in some particular way, to take a particular direction, as to devote one's self especially to some particular branch of study.—ns. Spec′ialism, devotion to some particular study or pursuit; Spec′ialist, one who devotes himself to a special subject.—adj. Specialist′ic.—n. Special′ity, the particular characteristic of a person or thing: a special occupation or object of attention.—adv. Spec′ially.—ns. Spec′ialty, something special or distinctive: any special product, article of sale or of manufacture: any special pursuit, department of study, &c.: a special contract for the payment of money; Specie (spē′shi), gold and silver coin, metallic money (abl. of L. species, kind); Spē′cies, a group of individuals having common marks or characteristics, specialised from others of the same genus to which it is subordinate: a group under a higher class, a kind or sort, a distinct constituent part, an element: an appearance to the senses, an image of an external object presented to the eye or the mind; Spē′cies-mong′er, one who busies himself with classifications only, indifferent to wider biological relations, one who makes distinctions for distinction's sake; Spēcif′ic, a remedy which has a special power in a particular disease: an infallible remedy.—adjs. Spēcif′ic, -al, pertaining to, or constituting, a species: that specifies: peculiar to: produced by some special cause: precise: infallible.—adv. Spēcif′ically.—ns. Spēcif′icalness, Spēcif′icness, the state or quality of being specific.—Special constable (see Constable); Special license (see License); Special pleading (see Plead); Special verdict (see Verdict).—Specific density, the mass of any given substance contained in unit volume; Specific gravity, the weight of any given substance as compared with the weight of an equal bulk or volume of water or other standard substance at the same temperature and pressure; Specific heat (see Heat).

Specify, spes′i-fī, v.t. to mention particularly: to set down as a requisite:—pa.t. and pa.p. spec′ifīed.—v.t. Specif′icate, to specify.—n. Specificā′tion, the act of specifying: any point or particular specified: the description of his invention presented by an applicant for a patent.—Logical specification is the counterpart of generalisation—implying that beings the most like or homogeneous disagree or are heterogeneous in some respect. [O. Fr.,—Low L. specificāre—L. species, kind, facĕre, to make.]

Specillum, spē-sil′um, n. a surgical probe: a lens, eyeglass. [L.,—specĕre, to look.]

Specimen, spes′i-men, n. a portion of anything to show the kind and quality of the whole: a sample, a typical individual: a preparation in natural history, &c., exemplifying anything noticeable in a species or other group. [L. specimen—specĕre, to see.]

Specious, spē′shus, adj. that looks well at first sight: showy: plausible: appearing actual, not merely imaginary.—ns. Spēcios′ity, Spē′ciousness, plausible appearance.—adv. Spē′ciously. [Fr.,—L. speciosus, showy—species, form—specĕre, to see.]

Speck, spek, n. a spot: a blemish: a mark betokening decay: a separate piece or particle, an atom, the least morsel or quantity: a percoid fish of the United States, a darter.—v.t. to spot. [A.S. specca; Low Ger. spakig, spotted with wet.]

Speck, spek, n. fat, lard.—n. Specktioneer′, the chief harpooner in whale-fishing. [A.S. spic, bacon; Ger. speck, Dut. spek, fat.]

Speckle, spek′l, n. a little speck or spot in anything different in substance or colour from the thing itself: (Scot.) kind, sort.—v.t. to mark with speckles.—adj. Speck′led, variegated, piebald.—n. Speck′ledness.—adjs. Speck′less, spotless, perfectly clean; Speck′y, partially spotted.

Spectacle, spek′ta-kl, n. a sight: show, a pageant, exhibition: (pl.) a pair of lenses mounted in frames to assist the sight, aids to mental vision: a marking resembling spectacles, as in the cobra.—adjs. Spec′tacled, wearing spectacles: marked like spectacles, as the bear, cobra, &c.; Spectac′ular, marked by display.—n. Spectacular′ity.—adv. Spectac′ularly. [L. spectaculum—spectāre, -ātum, intens. of specĕre, to look at.]

Spectant, spek′tant, adj. looking forward.—v.t. Spec′tāte, to survey.—n. Spec′tātion. [L. spectans, -antis, pr.p. of spectāre.]

Spectator, spek-tā′tor, n. one who looks on:—fem. Spectā′tress, Spectā′trix.—adj. Spectatō′rial.—n. Spectā′torship, the office or quality of a spectator: (Shak.) the act of beholding.

Spectre, spek′tėr, n. a ghost.—adj. Spec′tral, relating to, or like, a spectre.—n. Spectral′ity, the state of being spectral, a spectral object.—adv. Spec′trally.—n. Spec′tre-bat, a South American leaf-nosed bat or vampire. [L. spectrum, a vision—specĕre, to see.]

Spectrum, spek′trum, n. the image of something seen continued after the eyes are closed: the colours of light separated by a prism, and exhibited as spread out on a screen:—pl. Spec′tra.—n. Spec′trograph, an apparatus for photographing a spectrum.—adjs. Spectrograph′ic, -al.—n. Spectrog′raphy, the art of using the spectrograph.—adj. Spectrolog′ical.—adv. Spectrolog′ically.—ns. Spectrol′ogy, the division of physical science that embraces spectrum analysis: demonology; Spectrom′eter, an instrument like a spectroscope, by means of which the angular deviation of a ray of light in passing through a prism can be accurately measured.—adj. Spectromet′ric.—n. Spec′trophōne, an adaptation of the spectroscope, in which, on the principle of the radiophone, perception of a succession of sounds takes the place of observation by the eye.—adj. Spectrophon′ic.—ns. Spec′tro-polar′iscope, a polariscope combined with a spectroscope; Spec′troscope, an instrument for forming and examining spectra of luminous bodies, so as to determine their composition.—adjs. Spectroscōp′ic, -al.—adv. Spectroscōp′ically.—ns. Spec′troscōpist, one skilled in spectroscopy; Spec′troscōpy, the use of the spectroscope and the study of spectrum analysis. [L.,—specĕre, to see.]

Specular, spek′ū-lar, adj. resembling a speculum: having a smooth reflecting surface: assisting vision, serving for inspection.—Specular iron ore, a variety of hematite, with a brilliant metallic lustre. [L.]

Specularia, spek-ū-lā′ri-a, n. a genus of plants of the bellwort family (Campanulaceæ), including the Venus's-looking-glass.

Speculate, spek′ū-lāt, v.i. to look at or into with the mind: to consider: to theorise: to traffic for great profit.—ns. Speculā′tion, act of speculating: mental view: contemplation: theory: the buying goods, &c., to sell them at an advance, any more or less risky investment of money for the sake of unusually large profits; Spec′ulātist, a speculative philosopher.—adj. Spec′ūlātive, given to speculation or theory: ideal: pertaining to speculation in business, &c.—adv. Spec′ulātively.—ns. Spec′ulātiveness, the state of being speculative; Spec′ulātor, one who engages in mental speculations, or who practises speculation in trade or business of any kind.—adj. Spec′ūlātory, exercising speculation: adapted for spying or viewing.—n. Spec′ulātrix, a female speculator. [L. speculatus, pa.p. of speculāri—specula, a lookout—specĕre, to look.]

Speculum, spek′ū-lum, n. (opt.) a reflector usually made of polished metal: (surg.) an instrument for bringing into view parts otherwise hidden: an ocellus or eye-spot, the mirror of a wing: a lookout place:—pl. Spec′ula. [L.,—specĕre, to look.]

Speech, spēch, n. that which is spoken: language: the power of speaking: manner of speech, oration: any declaration of thoughts: mention: colloquy: conference.—ns. Speech′-craft, the science of language: the gift of speech; Speech′-crī′er, one who hawked the broadsides containing the dying speeches of persons executed, once common; Speech′-day, the public day at the close of a school year.—adj. Speech′ful, loquacious.—ns. Speechificā′tion, the act of making harangues; Speech′ifīer.—v.i. Speech′ify, to make speeches, harangue (implying contempt).—adj. Speech′less, destitute or deprived of the power of speech.—adv. Speech′lessly.—ns. Speech′lessness; Speech′-māk′er, one accustomed to speak in public; Speech′-māk′ing, a formal speaking before an assembly; Speech′-read′ing, the art of following spoken words by observing the speaker's lips, as taught to deaf-mutes. [A.S. spǽc, sprǽc; Ger. sprache.]

Speed, spēd, n. quickness, velocity: success.—v.i. to move quickly, to hurry: to succeed, to fare.—v.t. to despatch quickly: to hasten, as to a conclusion: to cause to advance, to push forward: to give a certain speed to, regulate the speed of: to send off, to put forth, to rid of, to kill: to cause to be relieved (only in passive): to execute: to aid: to make prosperous:—pr.p. speed′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. sped.—n. Speed′er, one who, or that which, promotes speed.—adj. Speed′ful, speedy.—advs. Speed′fully; Speed′ily.—ns. Speed′iness, speed, haste; Speed′-pull′ey, a pulley having different faces of different diameters giving various speeds according to the face the belt passes over; Speed′well (Veronica), a genus of plants of the natural order Scrophulariaceæ, with blue, white, or pink flowers, the leaves of some species used medicinally.—adj. Speed′y, hasty: quick: nimble. [A.S. spéd; Dut. spœd.]

Speir, Speer, spēr, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to ask. [A.S. spyrian, to inquire after, spor, a trace.]

Speiss, spīs, n. the product first obtained (an arsenide of the metal) when arsenical ores are smelted. [Ger. speise.]

Spekboom, spek′bōm, n. a large South African shrub of the purslane family. [Dut.]

Spelæan, Spelean, spē-lē′an, adj. cave-dwelling. [L. spelæum—Gr. spēlaion, a cave.]

Spelding, spel′ding, n. (Scot.) a small fish split and dried in the sun.—Also Spel′drin, Spel′dron.

Spelin, spe-lin′, n. an artificial linguistic system devised by G. Bauer in 1888 for universal use.

Spelk, spelk, n. (prov.) a rod, switch.—v.t. to use a spelk in or upon.

Spell, spel, n. any form of words supposed to possess magical power: fascination.—v.t. to tell or name the letters of: to name, write, or print the proper letters of.—v.i. to form words with the proper letters: to study:—pr.p. spell′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. spelled, spelt.—adjs. Spell′able, capable of being spelled; Spell′-bound, Spell′-stopped (Shak.), entranced, fascinated.—ns. Spell′er, one who spells: one skilled in spelling; Spell′ing, act of spelling or naming the letters of words: orthography; Spell′ing-bee, a competition in spelling; Spell′ing-book, a book for teaching to spell; Spell′-work, that which is wrought by spells or charms: power of magic.—Spell backward, to spell, repeat, or arrange in reverse order: to understand in a contrary sense: to turn wrong-side out, misconstrue one's qualities; Spell baker, to do something difficult, that word being one of the earliest dissyllables in children's books. [A.S. spell, a narrative; Goth. spill, Ice. spjall, a tale.]

Spell, spel, v.t. to take another's place at work:—pr.p. spell′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. spelled.—n. a turn at work: a short period indefinitely: an interval of rest: a bad turn. [A.S. spelian, to act for another; cf. Dut. spelen, Ger. spielen, to play.]

Spelt, spelt, n. a kind of wheat, probably only a race of common wheat, still grown in the mountainous parts of Europe and elsewhere—also called German wheat. [A.S. spelt—Low L. spelta.]

Spence, spens, n. (prov.) a place where provisions are kept: a larder: a pantry.—Also Spense. [O. Fr. despense, a buttery—despendre—L. dispendĕre.]

Spencer, spens′ėr, n. a short over-jacket worn by men or women, named after Earl Spencer (1782-1845).

Spencer, spens′ėr, n. (in ships and barques) a fore-and-aft sail abaft the fore and main masts.

Spencerian, spen-sē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the philosophy of Herbert Spencer (b. 1820).—n. a follower of Spencer.—n. Spencē′rianism, the system of evolutionary cosmology propounded by Herbert Spencer—the so-called synthetic philosophy.

Spend, spend, v.t. to expend or weigh out: to give for any purpose: to consume: to waste: to pass, as time.—v.i. to make expense: to be lost, wasted, or dissipated: to emit milt, semen, &c.:—pr.p. spend′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. spent.—adj. Spen′dable, that may be spent.—ns. Spend′all, a spendthrift; Spen′der; Spen′ding; Spense=Spence (q.v.).—adj. Spent, exhausted: impotent: of fish, exhausted by spawning. [A.S. spendan—L. expendĕre or dispendĕre, to weigh out.]

Spendthrift, spend′thrift, n. one who spends the savings of thrift: a prodigal.—adj. excessively lavish. [Spend and thrift.]

Spenserian, spen-sē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) or his versification, esp. his stanza in The Faerie Queene, a strophe of eight decasyllabic lines and an Alexandrine, having three rhymes, the 1st and 3d, the 2d, 4th, 5th, and 7th, and the 6th, 8th, and 9th.

Sperable, spē′ra-bl, adj. (Bacon) that may be hoped.—adj. Spē′rate, hoped for. [L. sperabilis—sperāre, to hope.]

Spergula, sper′gū-la, n. a genus of polypetalous annuals belonging to the Caryophyllaceæ, with small white or pink flowers—spurry or sandweed.—n. Spergulā′ria, an allied genus, the sand-spurry. [L. spargĕre, to scatter.]

Sperket, spėr′ket, n. a hooked peg for hanging harness upon.—Also Spir′ket.

Sperm, spėrm, n. animal seed: spawn of fishes or frogs: spermaceti.—ns. Sper′maduct, a spermatic duct; Sper′maphore (bot.), a placenta; Sper′mary, the male germ-gland; Spermathē′ca, a spermatic case or sheath—also Spermatothē′ca.—adjs. Spermathē′cal; Spermat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or consisting of, sperm or seed, seminal: connected with the male function, testicular.—v.i. Sper′matise, to yield or to discharge semen.—ns. Sper′matism=Spermism; Sper′matist=Spermist; Spermā′tium, a minute spore within a spermogonium:—pl. Spermā′tia.—adj. Spermatō′al, pertaining to a spermatoon.—n. Sper′matoblast, the germ of a spermatozoon.—adj. Spermatoblas′tic.—ns. Sper′matocele, swelling of the testicle; Sper′matocyst, a seminal vesicle; Spermatocys′tis, inflammation of the seminal vesicles.—adj. Spermatocy′tal.—ns. Sper′matocyte, a mother-cell from which spermatozoids are developed; Spermatogem′ma, a mass of spermatocytes; Spermatogen′esis, the formation of spermatozoa.—adjs. Spermatogenet′ic, Spermatog′enous.—ns. Spermatog′eny, the generation of spermatozoa; Spermatogō′nium, one of the primitive seminal cells that by division form the spermatocytes.—adjs. Sper′matoid, sperm-like; Spermatolog′ical, pertaining to spermatology.—ns. Spermatol′ogist, one versed in spermatology; Spermatol′ogy, the knowledge of the facts about semen; Spermatō′on, the nucleus of a spermatozoon; Spermat′ōphōre, a case which in some Invertebrata encloses the spermatozoa.—adj. Spermatoph′orous.—ns. Spermatorrhē′a, involuntary seminal discharge; Spermatō′vum, a fecundated ovum; Spermatozō′id, Spermatozō′on, one of the male reproductive cells of animals, the physiological complements of the egg-cells or ova:—pl. Spermatozō′a; Sperm′-cell, a spermatozoon: a spermatoblast or a spermatocyte.—adj. Sper′mic=Spermatic—ns. Sper′mism, a seminal discharge: the theory that the male sperm holds the whole germ of the future animal; Sper′mist, one who holds the theory of spermism; Sperm′-nū′cleus, the nucleus of a spermatozoon; Sper′moderm, the whole integument of a seed; Spermogō′nium, the cavity in which, spermatia are produced; Sperm′-oil, oil from the sperm-whale; Spormol′ogy=Spermatology; Spermoph′ōrum, a seminal vesicle.—n.pl. Spermoph′yta, one of the four divisions of the vegetable kingdom including flowering plants.—ns. Sperm′ūle, a sperm-cell; Sperm′-whale, the cachalot, a species of whale from which spermaceti is obtained. [Fr.,—L. sperma—Gr. sperma, spermatos—speirein, to sow.]

Spermaceti, sper-ma-set′i, or-sē′tī, n. a waxy matter obtained mixed with oil from the head of the sperm-whale—purified by draining off the oil and repeatedly washing with hot water and weak boiling potash-lye.—adj. derived from, or yielding, spermaceti.—n. Spermacet′i-whale, the sperm-whale. [L. sperma, cētus, a whale—Gr. kētos.]

Spermophile, sper′mō-fīl, n. a rodent of the genus Spermophilus, a ground-squirrel. [Gr. sperma, seed, philein, to love.]

Sperrylite, sper′i-līt, n. an arsenide of platinum discovered in 1888 in the province of Ontario, Canada.

Spew, Spue, spū, v.t. and v.i. to vomit: to eject with loathing.—ns. Spew′er; Spew′iness, moistness.—adj. Spew′y, boggy. [A.S. spíwan; Dut. spuwen, Ger. speien; also L. spuĕre, Gr. ptyein.]

Sphacelus, sfas′e-lus, n. gangrene.—adjs. Sphac′elate, -d, necrosed.—ns. Sphacelā′tion, Sphacelis′mus, necrosis; Sphacelō′ma, a genus of fungi containing anthracnose. [Gr. sphakelos.]

Sphæridium, sfē-rid′i-um, n. one of the minute spheroidal bodies attached to the ambulacral plates of sea-urchins:—pl. Sphærid′ia. [Gr. sphairidion, dim. of sphaira, a sphere.]

Sphæristerium, sfē-ris-tē′ri-um, n. a tennis-court. [Gr.,—sphaira, a ball.]

Sphagnum, sfag′num, n. a genus of mosses—peat or bog-moss, belonging to the order Sphagnaceæ.—ns. Sphagnol′ogist, one who has studied the foregoing; Sphagnol′ogy, the study of the same.—adj. Sphag′nous. [Gr. sphagnos, moss.]

Sphecius, sfē′shi-us, n. a genus of digger-wasps. [Gr. sphēx, a wasp.]

Sphendone, sfen′dō-nē, n. an ancient Greek form of women's head-band: an elliptical or semi-elliptical auditorium. [Gr., a sling.]

Spheniscus, sfē-nis′kus, n. a genus of penguins, of the family Spheniscidæ, the jackass-penguins.

Sphenodon, sfē′nō-don, n. a genus of South American fossil sloths; a genus of extinct New Zealand lizards.—adj. Sphē′nodont. [Gr. sphēn, a wedge, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Sphenoid, -al, sfē′noid, -al, adj. wedge-shaped: inserted like a wedge, denoting a bone at the base of the skull.—adjs. Spheneth′moid, pertaining to the sphenoid and the ethmoid bone; Sphē′nō-fron′tal, -mā′lar, -pal′atine, -parī′etal, -tem′poral, pertaining to the sphenoid and frontal, malar, palatine, parietal, and temporal bones respectively.—n. Sphē′nogram, a cuneiform character.—adjs. Sphēnograph′ic, -al.—n. Sphēnog′raphy, the art of writing or deciphering cuneiform inscriptions.—adjs. Sphēnot′ic, pertaining to the sphenoid bone and the otic capsule; Sphē′no-tur′binal, sphenoidal and turbinated or whorled. [Gr. sphēn, sphēnos, a wedge, eidos, form.]

Sphere, sfēr, n. a ball or globe: an orb or circle: circuit of motion: province or duty: definite range: rank, position in society: (geom.) a surface every point of which is equidistant from one and the same point, called the centre.—adjs. Sphēr′al; Sphere′less.—ns. Sphere′-met′al (Milt.), metal like that of which the celestial spheres were anciently supposed to be made; Sphere′-mū′sic, the music of the spheres.—adjs. Spher′ic, -al, pertaining to, or like, a sphere.—n. Spherical′ity.—adv. Spher′ically.—ns. Spher′icalness, Spheric′ity, state or quality of being spherical: roundness; Spher′icle, a little sphere; Spher′ics, the geometry and trigonometry of the sphere; Sphē′roid, a body or figure nearly spherical, but not quite so—a species of ellipsoid (prolate spheroid, a slightly lengthened sphere; oblate spheroid, a slightly flattened sphere).—adj. Sphēroi′dal, having the form of a spheroid.—ns. Sphēroidi′city, Sphēroid′ity, the state of being spheroidal; Sphē′romēre, one of the symmetrical segments of a radiate; Sphērom′eter, an instrument for measuring the sphericity of portions of spherical surfaces—for example, lenses; Sphē′rosid′erite, the name given to impure or earthy and frequently concretionary varieties of carbonate of iron.—adj. Spher′ūlar.—ns. Spher′ūle, a little sphere; Spher′ūlite, a radiating spherical group of minute acicular crystals common in silicious volcanic rocks.—adjs. Spherūlit′ic; Sphē′ry, spherical, round: belonging to the celestial spheres. [Fr.,—L. sphæra—Gr. sphaira.]

Sphex, sfeks, n. a genus of hymenopterous insects of the family Sphegidæ, closely allied to the true wasps (Vespidæ). [Gr. sphēx, a wasp.]

Sphincter, sfingk′tėr, n. (anat.) a muscle that contracts or shuts an orifice or opening which it surrounds—around the anus, &c.—adjs. Sphinc′terāte, provided with a sphincter, contracted as if by a sphincter; Sphinctē′rial, Sphincter′ic, relating to a sphincter or its function.—n. Sphincterot′omy, the operation of cutting a sphincter. [Gr. sphingktēr,—sphinggein, to bind tight.]

Sphinx, sfingks, n. a monster of Greek mythology, with the head of a woman and the body of a lioness, that proposed riddles to travellers, and strangled those who could not solve them: an enigmatic or inscrutable person: a hawk-moth: the Guinea baboon. [Gr.,—sphinggein, to throttle.]

Sphragistics, sfrā-jis′tiks, n. knowledge about seals, their age, history, &c. [Gr. sphragistikos, pertaining to seals—sphragis, a seal.]

Sphrigosis, sfri-gō′sis, n. in fruit-trees, excessive growth in wood and leaves at the expense of fruit. [Gr. sphrigan, to be vigorous.]

Sphygmograph, sfig′mō-graf, n. an instrument for ascertaining and recording the form, force, and frequency of the pulse-beat, and the changes it undergoes in certain morbid states.—adj. Sphyg′mic, pertaining to the pulse.—n. Sphyg′mogram, the record made by a sphygmograph.—adj. Sphygmograph′ic.—n. Sphygmog′raphy, the act of taking pulse-tracings.—adj. Sphyg′moid, pulse-like.—ns. Sphygmol′ogy, the science of the pulse; Sphygmōmānom′eter, Sphygmom′eter, an instrument for measuring the tension of blood in an artery; Sphyg′mophone, an instrument by means of which a pulse-beat makes a sound: Sphyg′mōscōpe, an instrument for making arterial pulsations visible; Sphyg′mus, the pulse. [Gr. sphygmos, the pulse, graphein, to write.]

Sphyrna, sfėr′na, n. a genus of hammer-headed sharks.—adj. Sphyr′nine. [Gr. sphyra, a hammer.]

Spica, spī′ka, n. a spiral bandage with reversed turns: (ornith.) a spur.—adjs. Spī′cal, Spī′cāte, -d, arranged in, or having the form of, a spike.—n. Spicā′tum, in ancient masonry, herring-bone work. [L. spicatus, pa.p. of spicāre—spica, ear.]

Spice, spīs, n. an aromatic and pungent vegetable substance used as a condiment and for seasoning food—pepper, cayenne pepper, pimento, nutmeg, mace, vanilla, ginger, cinnamon, cassia, &c.: a characteristic touch or taste, smack, flavour: anything that adds piquancy or interest: an aromatic odour.—v.t. to season with spice: to tincture, vary, or diversify.—ns. Spice′-box, an ornamental box for keeping spices: (coll.) a hot-tempered person; Spice′-bush, an aromatic American shrub of the laurel family; Spice′-cake, a cake flavoured with spice of some kind.—adjs. Spiced, impregnated with a spicy odour: over-scrupulous; Spice′ful, aromatic.—ns. Spī′cer, one who seasons with spice; Spī′cery, spices in general: a repository of spices: spiciness; Spice′-tree, an evergreen tree of the Pacific United States, yielding a fine hard wood—the Mountain-laurel, California-laurel, Olive- or Bay-tree, and Cajeput; Spice′-wood, the spice-bush. [O. Fr. espice (Fr. épice)—Late L. species, kinds of goods, spices—L. species, a particular kind, &c.]

Spick, spik, n. a nail, a spike.—adj. tidy, fresh.—adj. Spick′-and-span, new and fresh, brand-new.—Spick-and-span new, i.e. as new as a spike just made and a chip just split. [Spike, nail.]

Spicknel, spik′nel, n. the baldmoney.—Also Spig′nel. [Prob. spike-nail.]

Spicy, spī′si, adj. producing or abounding with spices: fragrant: pungent: piquant, pointed, racy: showy.—adv. Spī′cily.—n. Spī′ciness.

Spider, spī′dėr, n. an arachnid of the order Araneida, the body divided into two distinct parts—an unsegmented cephalo-thorax, bearing six pairs of appendages, and a soft unsegmented abdomen, at the end of which are the spinnerets from each of which numerous 'spinning-spools' ooze forth the viscid fluid which hardens into the silken thread: a frying-pan with feet, a trivet.—ns. Spī′der-catch′er, the wall-creeper; Spī′der-crab, a spider-like crab, or sea-spider with long thin legs; Spī′der-dīv′er, the little grebe, or dabchick; Spī′derdom, spiders collectively.—adj. Spī′dered, cobwebbed.—n. Spī′der-fly, a pupiparous fly, as a bird-louse, &c.—adj. Spī′der-like, like a spider.—ns. Spī′derling, a young spider; Spī′der-mon′key, an American platyrrine monkey, with long slender legs and tail; Spī′der-stitch, a stitch in lace or netting in which threads are carried diagonally and parallel to each other; Spī′der-wasp, a pompilid wasp which fills its nest with spiders for its young; Spī′der-web, the snare spun by the spider; Spī′der-wheel, in embroidery, a circular pattern with radiating lines; Spī′der-work, lace worked by spider-stitch; Spī′der-wort, any plant of the genus Tradescantia, esp. T. virginica, an American perennial with deep-blue or reddish-violet flowers.—adj. Spī′dery, spider-like. [M. E. spither—A.S. spinnan, to spin; cf. Dan. spinder, Ger. spinne.]

Spiegeleisen, spē′gl-ī-zen, n. a white cast-iron containing from eight to fifteen per cent. of manganese, largely used in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer process. [Ger.,—spiegel—L. speculum, a mirror, Ger. eisen, iron.]

Spiflicate, spif′li-kāt, v.t. (slang) to suffocate, kill: to beat severely, to confound.—n. Spiflicā′tion.

Spigelia, spī-jē′li-a, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Loganiaceæ, containing the Worm-grass and Carolina-pink, the root—Pink-root—being purgative, narcotic, and poisonous, a powerful vermifuge.—adj. Spigē′lian, denoting the lobulus spigelii, one of the lobes of the liver. [From the Belgian Ad. van der Spiegel (1558-1625).]

Spigot, spig′ut, n. a plug for stopping a small hole in a cask. [Gael. spiocaid, W. ysbigod—L. spica.]

Spike, spīk, n. an ear of corn: (bot.) an inflorescence in which sessile flowers, or flowers having very short stalks, are arranged around an axis: a small pointed rod: a large nail.—v.t. to set with spikes: to stop the vent of with a cast-iron spike driven in hard and then broken off, as by soldiers obliged to abandon their own guns or unable to remove those of the enemy which they have captured.—adjs. Spī′cate, Spī′cose, Spī′cous, having spikes or ears, like corn; Spicif′erous, bearing spikes: having spurs; Spī′ciform, having the form of a spike.—n. Spicos′ity, state of being spicous or eared.—adjs. Spic′ūlar, resembling a dart: in the shape of, or having, sharp points; Spic′ūlate, covered with, or divided into, minute points.—n. Spic′ūle (bot.), a little spike—also Spic′ūla: a minute, slender granule or point.—adjs. Spic′ulīform; Spicūlig′enous, Spicūlif′erous, producing spicules; Spic′ūlōse, Spic′ūlous, having spicules.—ns. Spic′ūlum, a spicule; Spike′bill, a merganser, a sawbill: the marbled godwit.—p.adj. Spiked, furnished, fastened, or stopped with spikes.—ns. Spike′-extract′or, an apparatus for drawing out spikes, as from railway-ties; Spike′-fish, a kind of sail-fish; Spike′-grass, one of several American grasses with conspicuous spikelets of flowers; Spike′let, a little spike; Spike′-nail, a spike; Spike′-oil, the oil of spike, a species of lavender; Spike′-plank, a platform before the mizzen-mast of a vessel, used in Arctic voyages.—adj. Spī′ky, furnished with spikes: having a sharp point. [L. spica, an ear of corn.]

Spikenard, spīk′närd, n. an aromatic oil or balsam yielded by an Indian plant, the Nardus, closely allied to valerian: the plant itself. [L. spica nardi.]

Spile, spīl, n. a wooden plug serving as a spigot, a wooden pin or wedge: a spout driven into a sugar-maple tree, a tapping-gouge: a pile, or large timber driven into the ground for a foundation.—v.t. to pierce and provide with a spile: to drive piles into.—n. Spī′ling, building-piles: the edge-curve of a plank or of a strake in a vessel's hull. [Cf. Spill (2).]

Spill, spil, v.t. to allow to run out of a vessel: to shed: to waste: (coll.) to throw from a vehicle or the saddle: to empty the belly of a sail of wind for reefing.—v.i. to be shed: to be allowed to fall, be lost, or wasted:—pa.t. and pa.p. spilled, spilt.—n. a fall, a throw: a downpour.—ns. Spill′er; Spill′ing-line, a rope for spilling the wind out of a square sail to facilitate reefing or furling; Spill′-stream, a stream formed by overflow water, a bayou; Spill′way, a passage for overflow-water from a dam. [A.S. spillan; Dut. spillen, Ice. spilla, to destroy.]

Spill, spil, n. a small peg or pin to stop a hole: a thin strip of wood or twisted paper for lighting a candle, a pipe, &c.—n. Spill′ikin, one of a number of small pieces of wood, ivory, &c. for playing a game with: the game played—also Spil′kin. [A.S. speld, a torch; cf. Ger. spalten, to cleave, Dut. speld, a splinter.]

Spilosite, spil′o-sīt, n. a greenish schistose rock spotted with chlorite, occurring in the Harz—the German Fleckenschiefer. [Gr. spilos, a spot.]

Spilth, spilth, n. spilling, anything spilt or poured out lavishly, excess of supply.

Spin, spin, v.t. to draw out and twist into threads: to draw out a thread as spiders do: to draw out tediously: to cause to whirl rapidly: to fish with a swivel or spoon-bait: to reject at an examination.—v.i. to practise the art or trade of spinning, to perform the act of spinning: to issue in a small or thread-like current: to whirl, to go fast:—pr.p. spin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. spun.—n. a rapid revolving motion, a spurt at high speed.—ns. Spin′ner, one who spins: (Shak.) a spider: a spinneret;

Spin′neret, an organ, or one of the organs, with which insects form their webs.—adj. Spinner′ular.—ns. Spin′nerule, one of the tubules of a spinneret; Spin′nery, a spinning-mill.—adj. Spin′ning, used in spinning.—ns. Spin′ning-house, a place of correction where lewd and incorrigible women were made to spin; Spin′ning-jenn′y, a machine by which a number of threads can be spun at the same time; Spin′ning-mill, a factory where thread is spun; Spin′ning-wheel, a machine for spinning yarn, consisting of a wheel driven by the hand or by a treadle, which drives one or two spindles.—Spin a yarn, to tell a long story; Spin out, to prolong tediously. [A.S. spinnan; Ger. spinnen.]

Spinach, Spinage, spin′āj, n. an esculent vegetable whose thick succulent young leaves are boiled and seasoned, or fried with butter, forming a wholesome dish.—adj. Spinā′ceous. [It. spinace—Low L. spināceus—spina, a thorn.]

Spinal, spīn′al, adj. pertaining to the spine or backbone.—n. Spī′na, a spine, the backbone: one of the quills of a spinet: a barrier dividing the Roman hippodrome longitudinally.—adj. Spin′āte, covered with spines or spine-like processes.—Spinal column, the backbone; Spinal cord, marrow, the main neural axis of every vertebrate.

Spindle, spin′dl, n. the pin from which the thread is twisted: a pin on which anything turns: the fusee of a watch: anything very slender.—v.i. to grow long and slender.—adjs. Spin′dle-legged, -shanked, having long slender legs, like spindles.—ns.pl. Spin′dle-legs, -shanks, long slim legs—hence an over-long and slender person.—adj. Spin′dle-shaped, shaped like a spindle: thickest in the middle and tapering to both ends.—ns. Spin′dle-shell, a spindle-shaped shell; Spin′dle-tree, a shrub whose hard-grained wood was formerly used for making musical instruments and for spindles, and is now for skewers, &c.; Spin′dling, a person or thing too long and slender: a slender shoot.—adj. long and slender.—adj. Spin′dly, disproportionally long and slender. [A.S. spinl—spinnan, to spin; Ger. spindel.]

Spindrift, spin′drift, n. the spray blown from the crests of waves.—Also Spoon′drift.

Spine, spīn, n. a thorn: a thin, pointed spike, esp. in fishes: the backbone of an animal: any ridge extending lengthways: the heart-wood of trees.—adjs. Spined, having spines; Spine′less, having no spine, weak; Spines′cent, somewhat spiny; Spīnif erous, bearing spines or thorns; Spī′niform, shaped like a spine or thorn; Spīnig′erous, bearing spines, as a hedgehog; Spī′nigrade, moving by means of spines, as an echinoderm.—n. Spī′niness.—adjs. Spīnirec′tor, erecting the spine of the muscles of the back; Spīnispir′ular, spiny and somewhat spiral.—ns. Spīnī′tis, inflammation of the spinal cord in the horse, &c; Spin′ney, Spin′ny, a small thicket with underwood.—adjs. Spī′nose, Spī′nous, full of spines: thorny.—ns. Spinos′ity, thorniness; Spin′ūla, Spin′ūle, a minute spine.—adjs. Spin′ūlāte, Spin′ūlōse, Spin′ūlous, covered with spinules or minute spines; Spī′ny, full of spines: thorny: troublesome: perplexed. [O. Fr. espine (Fr. épine)—L. spina, a thorn.]

Spinel, spin′el, or spi-nel′, n. a mineral composed chiefly of magnesia and alumina, and crystallising in octahedra—ruby, or magnesia spinel, reddish; pleonaste, dark green to black; picotite, or chrome spinel, black; gahnite, or zinc spinel, green to brown; hercynite, or iron spinel, black. [Low L. spinellus, dim. of spina, a thorn.]

Spinet, spin′et, n. (mus.) an old-fashioned keyed instrument like the harpsichord. [O. Fr. espinette—It. spinetta, dim. of spina—L. spina, a thorn.]

Spinifex, spin′i-feks, n. porcupine-grass, a very coarse, hard, and spiny grass which grows in tussocks, and in some interior parts of Australia covers hundreds of square miles together.

Spinnaker, spin′ā-kėr, n. a jib-headed sail sometimes carried on the side opposite the mainsail by racing yachts. [Prob. formed from spin.]

Spinozism, spi-nōz′izm, n. the doctrine of Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677), who taught that God is not only the creator, but also the original matter of the universe, which consists of and is a development of Himself.—n. Spinō′zist, a follower of Spinoza.—adj. Spinōzis′tic.

Spinster, spin′stėr, n. an unmarried female: an old maid: (obs.) a woman of loose character, fit for the spinning-house.—ns. Spin′sterdom, the world of old maids collectively; Spin′sterhood, Spin′stership, the state of being a spinster; Spin′stress, one who spins. [Orig. one who spins.]

Spiracle, spir′a-kl, n. a breathing-hole: any minute passage.—adjs. Spirac′ular; Spirac′ulate; Spiraculif′erous; Spirac′uliform.—n. Spirac′ulum:—pl. Spirac′ula. [L. spiraculum, formed as a double dim. from spirāre, to breathe.]

Spiræa, spī-rē′a, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Rosaceæ, containing many species of herbaceous plants and low deciduous shrubs—Dropwort, Meadow-sweet, &c. [L.,—Gr. speiraia, meadow-sweet—speira, a coil.]

Spiral, spī′ral, adj. pertaining to, or like, a spire: winding like the thread of a screw.—n. a spiral line: a curve which continually recedes from a centre about which it revolves: a screw.—n. Spiral′ity.—adv. Spī′rally, in a spiral form or direction.—adj. Spirā′ted, spiral, whorled.

Spirant, spī′rant, n. a consonant which is fricative or continuable—opp. to explosive, esp. v and f, th, dh; by others made to include the sibilants, and the semi-vowels w and y.

Spiranthy, spī-ranth′i, n. the spiral distortion sometimes occurring in the parts of a flower.—adj. Spiranth′ic. [Gr. speira, a spire, anthos, a flower.]

Spiraster, spī-ras′tėr, n. in sponges, a short curved axial rod-like spicule with thick spines. [Gr. speira, spire, astēr, star.]

Spiration, spī-rā′shun, n. a breathing: (theol.) the procession of the Holy Ghost.

Spire, spīr, n. a winding line like the threads of a screw: a curl: a wreath: a tapering body, a slender stalk, a shoot or sprout: any one of various tall grasses, rushes, or sedges—the Marram, Reed canary-grass, &c.: the top or summit of anything: a very acute pyramidal roof in common use over the towers of churches.—v.i. to sprout, shoot up.—v.t. to furnish with a spire.—adjs. Spīred, having a spire; Spir′ulate, spiral in form or arrangement; Spī′ry, of a spiral form: wreathed: tapering like a spire or a pyramid: abounding in spires. [Fr.,—L. spira; Gr. speira, anything wound round or upon a thing; akin to eirein, to fasten together in rows.]

Spiric, spī′rik, adj. like a tore or anchor-ring.—n. a curve, the plane section of a tore.—n. Spir′icle, one of those threads in the hairs on the surface of certain seeds and achenes which uncoil when wet.

Spirifer, spir′i-fėr, n. a brachiopod of the Carboniferous system.—adjs. Spīrif′erine; Spīrif′eroid; Spīrif′erous. [L. spira, a spire, ferre, to bear.]

Spirillum, spī-ril′um, n. a genus of bacteria with cylindrical spirally twisted cells:—pl. Spirill′a.

Spirit, spir′it, n. vital force: the soul: a ghost: mental disposition: enthusiasm, animation, courage, mettle: real meaning: essence, chief quality: a very lively person: any volatile, inflammable liquid obtained by distillation, as brandy: (pl.) intellectual activity: liveliness: persons with particular qualities of mind: mental excitement: spirituous liquors.—v.t. to inspirit, encourage, cheer: to convey away secretly, to kidnap.—ns. Spir′it-blue, an aniline blue obtained from coal-tar; Spir′it-duck, the buffle-head, from its rapid diving.—adj. Spir′ited, full of spirit, life, or fire: animated.—adv. Spir′itedly.—n. Spir′itedness.—adj. Spir′itful.—n. Spir′iting, the office of a spirit or sprite; Spir′itism=Spiritualism; Spir′itist=Spiritualist; Spir′it-lamp, a lamp in which alcohol is burned, generally used for heating.—adj. Spir′itless, without spirit, cheerfulness, or courage: dejected: dead.—adv. Spir′itlessly.—ns. Spir′itlessness, the state of being spiritless: want of animation or energy; Spir′it-lev′el, in surveying, a cylindrical glass tube, slightly convex on one side, and so nearly filled with alcohol that only a small bubble of air remains inside—from the position of the bubble the amount of variation from perfect levelness is determined.—adj. Spir′itous, of the nature of spirit, pure: ardent, spirituous.—ns. Spir′itousness; Spir′it-rap′per, one to whom spirits convey intelligence by raps or knocks; Spir′it-rap′ping.—adjs. Spir′it-stir′ring, rousing the spirit; Spir′itūal, consisting of spirit: having the nature of a spirit: immaterial: relating to the mind: intellectual: pertaining to the soul: holy: divine: relating to sacred things: not lay or temporal.—n. Spiritualisā′tion.—v.t. Spir′itūalise, to make spiritual: to imbue with spirituality: to refine: to free from sensuality: to give a spiritual meaning to.—ns. Spir′itualiser; Spir′itualism, a being spiritual: the philosophical doctrine that nothing is real but soul or spirit: the doctrine that spirit has a real existence apart from matter: the name applied to a varied series of abnormal phenomena purporting to be for the most part caused by spiritual beings acting upon specially sensitive persons or mediums; Spir′itūalist, one who has a regard only to spiritual things: one who holds the doctrine of spiritualism or spiritism.—adj. Spiritūalist′ic, relating to, or connected with, spiritualism.—n. Spiritūal′ity, state of being spiritual: essence distinct from matter.—adv. Spir′itūally.—ns. Spir′itūal-mind′edness, the state of having holy affections; Spir′itūalness, the state or quality of being spiritual.—adj. Spi′ritūelle, showing great grace and delicacy.—n. Spiritūos′ity, spirituous character: immateriality.—advs. Spirit-uō′so, Spiritō′so (mus.), with spirit or animation.—adj. Spir′itūous, possessing the qualities of spirit: containing much alcohol: volatile.—ns. Spir′itūousness, the quality of being spirituous: stimulating quality: ardour: activity; Spir′itus, a breathing, an aspirate: any spirituous preparation; Spir′itworld, the world of disembodied spirits.—adj. Spir′ity (Scot.), full of spirit, spirited.—Spirit of wine, alcohol; Spiritual court, an ecclesiastical court; Spiritus asper, a rough breathing; Spiritus lenis, a soft or smooth breathing.—Animal spirits, constitutional liveliness of spirits; Holy Spirit (see under Holy); The Spirit, the Holy Spirit: the human spirit under the influence of the Holy Spirit. [L. spiritus, a breath—spirāre, to breathe.]

Spirket, spir′ket, n. a space forward and aft between floor-timbers.—n. Spir′ketting, quick-work.

Spirometer, spī-rom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the capacity of the lungs, or the quantity of air that one can breathe out after a forced inspiration.—n. Spī′rograph, an instrument for marking down the breathing movement.—adj. Spīromet′ric.—ns. Spīrom′etry; Spī′rophore, an apparatus for inducing artificial respiration by means of an air-tight case for the body and an air-pump; Spīroph′yton, a genus of fossil algæ found in the Devonian in New York state; Spīrozō′oid, the filamentous defensive zooid of certain hydroids, coiled spirally when not in action. [L. spirāre, to breathe, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Spirula, spir′ū-la, n. a genus of sepioid cuttle-fishes. [L. spīra, a spire.]

Spissated, spis′ā-ted, adj. inspissated, thickened.—n. Spiss′itūde, density. [L. spissāre, -ātum, thicken.]

Spit, spit, n. an iron prong on which meat is roasted: a long piece of land or a narrow shoal running into the sea: a wire or spindle holding a spool in a shuttle.—v.t. to pierce with a spit: to string on a stick and hang up to dry:—pr.p. spit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. spit′ted.—p.adj. Spit′ted, put upon a spit, impaled: shot out to a point.—n. Spit′ter, one who puts meat on a spit: a young deer whose antlers have shot out but not branched. [A.S. spitu; Dut. spit, Ger. spitze.]

Spit, spit, v.t. to throw out from the mouth: to eject with violence.—v.i. to throw out saliva from the mouth: to fall in scattered drops, as rain at the beginning of a shower: to make a spitting sound, like an angry cat:—pr.p. spit′ting; pa.t. spit, spat; pa.p. spit.—n. saliva, spume: a light fall of rain or snow.—ns. Spit′-box, a spittoon; Spit′-curl (coll.), a soap-lock; Spit′fire, a hot-tempered person; Spit′poison, a venomous calumniator.—pa.p. Spit′ted (B.), thrown out from the mouth.—ns. Spit′ter, one who spits; Spit′ting, the act of one who or that which spits: an appearance on the surface of melted silver or platinum allowed to cool slowly, jets of oxygen forming small cones and sometimes throwing up drops of molten metal—also called Sprout′ing; Spit′tle, the moist matter thrown from the mouth: saliva; Spittoon′, a vessel for the convenience of such smokers as spit. [A.S. spittan, also spǽtan; Ice. spýta, Ger. spützen.]

Spitch-cock, spich′-kok, n. an eel split and broiled.—v.t. to split and broil, as an eel. [Spatch-cock.]

Spite, spīt, n. grudge: lasting ill-will: hatred.—v.t. to vex: to thwart: to hate.—adj. Spite′ful, full of spite: desirous to vex or injure: malignant.—adv. Spite′fully.—n. Spite′fulness.—In spite of, in opposition to all efforts of, in defiance of, in contempt of. [Short for despite.]

Spiza, spī′za, n. a genus of fringilline birds, including the United States dickcissel or black-throated bunting, &c.—adj. Spiz′ine. [Gr., a finch.]

Spizella, spi-zel′a, n. a genus of small American finches or sparrows, the chipping-sparrows.—adj. Spizell′ine.

Splanchnic, splangk′nik, adj. relating to the viscera, intestinal.—ns. Splanch′nocœle, a visceral cavity; Splanchnog′raphy, descriptive splanchnology; Splanchnol′ogy, the knowledge of the viscera; Splanch′no-skel′eton, the visceral skeleton; Splanchnot′omy, the anatomy of the viscera. [Gr. splangchnon (pl. splangchna), bowels.]

Splash, splash, v.t. to spatter with water or mud.—v.i. to dabble in water, to dash about water or any liquid.—n. water or mud thrown on anything: a spot of dirt, a daub: a complexion powder.—ns. Splash′board, a guard to keep those in a vehicle from being splashed with mud; Splash′er, one who, or that which, splashes.—adj. Splash′y, splashing: wet and muddy: full of dirty water. [Plash.]

Splatter, splat′ėr, v.i. to spatter water or the like about.—n. Splatt′er-dash, an uproar, commotion.—adj. Splatt′er-faced, flat-faced. [Spatter.]

Splay, splā, v.t. (archit.) to slope or slant: to dislocate, as the shoulder-bone.—adj. turned outward, as in splay-foot, awkward.—n. Splay′-foot, a flat foot turned outward.—adj. Splay′-footed.—n. Splay′-mouth, a wide mouth, a mouth stretched out in grinning.—adj. Splay′-mouthed. [Display.]

Spleen, splēn, n. a soft, pulpy, blood-modifying gland near the large extremity of the stomach, supposed by the ancients to be the seat of anger and melancholy—hence spite: ill-humour: melancholy.—adj. Spleen′ful, displaying spleen, angry, fretful.—adv. Spleen′fully.—adj. Spleen′ish, affected with spleen, fretful, peevish.—adv. Spleen′ishly, in a spleenish manner.—ns. Spleen′ishness, the state of being spleenish; Spleen′-stone, jade or nephrite; Spleen′wort, any fern of the genus Asplenium.—adj. Spleen′y (Shak.), spleenish.—ns. Splēnal′gia, pain in the region of the spleen; Splen′cule, Splen′cūlus, a supplementary spleen; Splēnec′tomist, one who excises the spleen; Splēnec′tomy, excision of the spleen; Splēnectō′pia, displacement of the spleen; Splēn′etic, a splenetic person.—adjs. Splēnet′ic, -al, affected with spleen: peevish: melancholy.—adv. Splēnet′ically.—adj. Splen′ic, pertaining to the spleen.—n. Splēnisā′tion, a diseased condition of the lung, in which its tissue resembles that of the spleen, in softness, &c.—adj. Splēnit′ic.—n. Splēnī′tis, inflammation of the spleen.—adj. Splen′itive, full of spleen, passionate, irritable.—ns. Splen′ocele, a splenic tumour; Splēnog′raphy, the description of the spleen.—adjs. Splē′noid, like the spleen; Splēnolog′ical.—ns. Splēnol′ogy, knowledge about the spleen; Splēnop′athy, disease of the spleen; Splēnot′omy, splenological anatomy.—Splenic fever (see Anthrax). [L. splen—Gr. splēn.]

Splendid, splen′did, adj. magnificent: famous: illustrious: heroic.—adj. Splen′dent, splendid, bright.—adv. Splen′didly.—ns. Splen′didness; Splen′dour, the appearance of anything splendid: brilliance: magnificence. [L. splendidus—splendēre, to shine.]

Splenial, splē′ni-al, adj. acting like a splint: pertaining to the splenium or the splenius.—ns. Splē′nium, the round pad-like posterior border of the corpus callosum; Splē′nius, a large thick muscle on the back of the neck. [Gr. splēnion, bandage.]

Spleuchan, splōōh′an, n. a pouch, a tobacco-pouch.—Also Spleugh′an. [Gael. spliuchan.]

Splice, splīs, v.t. to unite two ends of a rope by interweaving the strands: to join together two pieces of timber by overlapping.—n. act of splicing: joint made by splicing.—Splice the mainbrace (nautical slang), to serve out an allowance of spirits, to fall to drinking. [Old Dut. splissen—splitsen, splijten; cf. Split, and Ger. splissen.]

Spline, splīn, n. in machines, the slot to receive a feather, the feather itself: a long flexible strip of wood or rubber used by draftsmen in laying out railway-curves, &c.—v.t. to fit with a spline.

Splint, splint, n. a small piece of wood split off: a thin piece of padded wood, &c., for keeping a fractured limb in its proper position: a bony enlargement on the horse's leg, between the knee and the fetlock, usually appearing on the inside of one or both forelegs, frequently situated between the large and small canon bones, depending upon concussion—also Splent.—v.t. to confine with splints.—ns. Splint′age, use of splints; Splint′-arm′our, armour made of splints or narrow overlapping plates; Splint′-coal, cannel-coal of slaty structure; Splint′er, a piece of wood, &c., split off.—v.t. and v.i. to split into splinters.—ns. Splint′er-bar, the cross-bar of a coach, supporting the springs; Splint′er-bone, the fibula.—adjs. Splint′er-proof, proof against the splinters of bursting shells; Splint′ery, made of, or like, splinters: apt to splinter. [Sw. splint—splinta, to splinter; cf. Split.]

Split, split, v.t. to cleave lengthwise: to tear asunder violently: to divide: to throw into discord.—v.i. to divide or part asunder: to be dashed to pieces: to divulge secrets: to vote for candidates of opposite parties: to burst with laughter:—pr.p. split′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. split.—n. a crack or rent lengthwise: a schism: a half-bottle of aerated water, a half-glass of spirits: (pl.) the acrobatic feat of going down to the floor with the legs spread out laterally.—adj. Split′-new (Scot.), brand-new.—n.pl. Split′-pease, husked pease split for making pea-soup, &c.—n. Split′ter, one who, or that which, splits: one who splits hairs in argument, &c.: (U.S.) a wheaten cake split and buttered when hot.—adj. Split′ting, very severe: very rapid.—Split on a rock, to meet some unforeseen and disastrous difficulty, to go to ruin; Split one's sides, to laugh immoderately; Split the difference, to divide equally the sum or matter in dispute, to take the mean. [Scand., Dan. splitte, to split; Dut. splijten; Ger. spleissen.]

Splurge, splurj, n. any boisterous display.—v.i. to make such a display.—adj. Splur′gy, given to such.

Splutter, splut′ėr, v.i. to eject drops of saliva while speaking: to scatter ink upon a paper, as a bad pen.—n. bustle.—n. Splutt′erer, one who splutters. [For sprutter, a freq. of sprout, orig. form of spout.]

Spodium, spō′di-um, n. a powder obtained from calcination, as ivory-black, &c.—n. Spode, animal or bone charcoal, of which ornaments may be made.

Spodogenous, spō-doj′e-nus, adj. caused by waste-products, applied esp. to an enlargement of the spleen caused by waste red blood-corpuscles. [Gr. spodos, ashes, genēs, producing.]

Spodomancy, spod′ō-man-si, n. divination by means of ashes.—adj. Spodoman′tic. [Gr. spodos, ashes, manteia, divination.]

Spodumene, spod′ū-mēn, n. a silicate of aluminium and lithium. [Gr. spodoun, to burn to ashes, spodos, ashes.]

Spoffish, spof′ish, adj. fussy, officious—also Spoff′y.—v.i. Spoff′le, to fuss or bustle.

Spoil, spoil, v.t. to take by force: to plunder.—v.i. to practise robbery.—n. prey, plunder: pillage: robbery.—n. Spoil′er, one who spoils, a plunderer.—n.pl. Spō′lia opī′ma, the most valued spoils—taken by a Roman commander from the enemy's commander in single combat; hence supreme rewards or honours generally. [O. Fr. espoille—L. spolium, spoil.]

Spoil, spoil, v.t. to corrupt: to mar: to make useless.—v.i. to decay: to become useless.—ns. Spoil′er, a corrupter; Spoil′-five, a round game of cards played with the whole pack, each one of the three to ten players receiving five cards.—adj. Spoil′ful (Spens.), wasteful, rapacious.—n. Spoils′man, one who looks for profit out of politics. [Same as above word.]

Spoke, spōk, n. one of the bars from the nave to the rim of a wheel.—Put a spoke in one's wheel, to thwart a person by some impediment. [A.S. spáca; Dut. speek, Ger. speiche.]

Spoken, spōk′n, pa.p. of speak, used as adj. in 'civil-spoken,' &c.

Spokeshave, spōk′shāv, n. a carpenter's tool having a plane-bit between two bandies for curved work, &c.

Spokesman, spōks′man, n. one who speaks for another, or for others, an advocate.

Spole, spōl, n. the small wheel near the distaff in the spinning-wheel. [A variant of spool.]

Spoliate, spō′li-āt, v.t. to spoil, to plunder, to pillage.—v.i. to practise robbery.—ns. Spō′liary, the place in a Roman amphitheatre where the bodies of slaughtered gladiators were dragged to be stripped; Spoliā′tion, act of spoiling: robbery.—adj. Spō′liātive, serving to take away or diminish.—n. Spō′liātor, one who spoliates.—adj. Spō′liātory, tending to spoil: destructive.—n. Spō′lium, the property of a beneficed ecclesiastic not transmissible by will. [L. spoliatus, pa.p. of spoliāre—spolium, spoil.]

Spondee, spon′dē, n. in classical poetry, a foot of two long syllables, as fātō.—adjs. Spondā′ic, -al, pertaining to, or consisting of, spondees. [Fr.,—L. spondēus (pes)—Gr. spondeios (pous), (a foot) of two syllables, so called because much used in the slow solemn hymns sung at a spondē or drink-offering—spendein, to pour out, make a libation.]

Spondyl, -e, spon′dil, n. a joint, joining.—ns. Spondylal′gia, pain in the spine; Spondylī′tis, arthritis of a vertebra.—adj. Spon′dylous, vertebral. [Gr. spondylos, a joint.]

Sponge, spunj, n. a fixed, usually marine, animal with pores in the body-wall and without tentacles: the fibrous framework of such, remarkable for its power of sucking up water: any sponge-like substance, as dough before it is kneaded and formed: any cringing hanger-on or parasite, a drunken fellow: an instrument for cleaning cannon after a discharge: the heel of a horse's shoe.—v.t. to wipe with a sponge: to wipe out, absorb up, with a sponge: to wipe out completely: to destroy.—v.i. to suck in, as a sponge: to gain by mean tricks, to live on others by some mean subterfuge or other.—ns. Sponge′cake, a very light sweet cake of flour, eggs, and sugar; Sponge′let, a little sponge.—adjs. Sponge′ous, Spon′giōse, Spongiolit′ic.—n. Spong′er, one who uses a sponge: a person or vessel engaged in fishing for sponges: an apparatus for sponging cloth by means of a perforated adjustable cylinder: a sponge or parasite.—adjs. Spongic′olous, inhabiting sponges; Spong′iform, resembling a sponge: porous.—ns. Spong′iness, porous quality; Spong′ing-house, a bailiff's lodging-house for debtors in his custody before their committal to prison; Spon′giōle, the spongy tissue of a root-tip; Spon′giolite, a fossil sponge spicule.—adj. Spongoid (spong′goid).—ns. Spongologist (spong-gol′ō-jist), one devoted to the study of sponges; Spongology (spong-gol′ō-ji), the knowledge about sponges.—adj. Spong′y, like a sponge, absorptive: of open texture, porous: wet and soft: drunken.—Set a sponge, to leaven a small mass of dough with which to leaven a large quantity; Throw up the sponge, to acknowledge defeat by throwing into the air the sponge with which a boxer is rubbed down between rounds: to give up any contest. [O. Fr. esponge—L. spongia—Gr. sponggia.]

Sponsal, spon′sal, adj. pertaining to a betrothal, a marriage, or a spouse.—n. Spon′sion, the act of becoming surety for another.—adj. Spon′sional. [L.,—spondēre, sponsum, to promise.]

Sponson, spon′son, n. the curve of the timbers and planking towards the outer part of the wing, before and abaft each of the paddle-boxes of a steamer.—Also Spon′sing. [Ety. dub.]

Sponsor, spon′sur, n. one who promises solemnly for another: a surety: a godfather or godmother.—adj. Sponsō′rial.—n. Spon′sorship. [L.,—spondēre, sponsum, to promise.]

Spontaneous, spon-tā′nē-us, adj. of one's free-will: involuntary: acting by its own impulse or natural law: produced of itself or without interference.—ns. Spontanē′ity, Spontā′neousness, the state or quality of being spontaneous.—adv. Spontā′neously.—Spontaneous combustion, a phenomenon that occasionally manifests itself in mineral and organic substances; Spontaneous generation, a term applied to the real or imaginary development of lowly organisms from non-living matter. [L. spontaneus—sponte, of one's own accord.]

Spontoon, spon-tōōn′, n. a weapon somewhat like a halberd, which used to be carried by certain officers of foot. [Fr. sponton—It. spontone—spuntare, to break off the point—puntone—punto, a point—L. pungĕre, punctum, to point.]

Spook, spōōk, n. a ghost.—v.i. to play the spook.—adjs. Spook′ish, Spook′y, like a ghost, haunted by ghosts: sensitive to the dread of ghosts, suggesting the presence of ghosts. [Dut. spook; Ger. (obs.) spuch, Sw. spöke; not related to puck.]

Spool, spōōl, n. a hollow cylinder for winding yarn, &c., upon.—v.t. to wind on spools. [Low Ger. spole, Dut. spoel; Ger. spule.]

Spoom, spōōm, v.i. to scud before the wind.—adj. Spoom′ing (Keats), foaming.

Spoon, spōōn, n. an instrument with a shallow bowl and handle for use in preparing, serving, or in eating food: anything like a spoon or its bowl, as an oar: in golf, a wooden-headed club of varying length, having the face more or less spooned, used in approaching the holes from varying distances.—v.t. to use a spoon upon: to lie spoon fashion with.—v.i. to fish with a spoon-hook: in croquet, to shove or scoop with the mallet: to be foolishly fond, to indulge in endearments openly.—ns. Spoon′-bait, a revolving metallic lure attached to a fishing-line by a swivel, used in trolling for fish; Spoon′bill, a family of birds (Plataleidæ) allied to the Ibididæ, and more distantly to the storks, with a bill long, flat, and broad throughout, and much dilated in a spoon form at the tip; Spoon′-drift, light spray borne on a gale; Spoon′ful, as much as fills a spoon: a small quantity:—pl. Spoon′fuls.—adv. Spoon′ily, in a spoony or silly way.—n. Spoon′meat, food taken with a spoon, such as is given to young children.—adv. Spoon′ways, applied to a way of packing slaves in ships very closely together.—adjs. Spoon′y, Spoon′ey, silly, weakly affectionate, foolishly fond.—n. a simple fellow: one foolishly fond of a sweetheart.—Apostle spoon (see Apostle); Dessert-spoon (see Dessert); Eucharistic spoon, the cochlear or labis; Tablespoon (see Table).—Be spoons on, to be silly in the manifestation of one's love for a woman. [A.S. spón; Ger. span, a chip, Ice. spánn, a chip, a spoon.]

Spoor, spōōr, n. track or trail of an animal, esp. when hunted as game.—n. Spoor′er, one who tracks game by the spoor. [Dut. spoor, a track; cf. Ger. spur, Ice. spor, a track, Scot. speir, to ask.]

Sporadic, -al, spō-rad′ik, -al, adj. scattered—a term specially applied to any disease usually epidemic or contagious, when it attacks only a few persons in a district and does not spread in its ordinary manner.—adv. Sporad′ically.—n. Sporad′icalness. [Gr. sporadikos—sporas, sporados, scattered—speirein, to sow.]

Spore, spōr, n. the reproductive body in flowerless plants like the fern, analogous to the seeds of ordinary flowering plants, but containing no embryo: a germ, a seed, a source of being generally.—adjs. Sporan′gial; Sporangif′erous; Sporan′giform; Sporan′gioid, like a sporangium.—ns. Sporangī′olum, a small sporangium; Sporan′giophōre, the receptacle which bears the sporangia; Sporan′giospōre, one of the peculiar spores of the Myxomycetes; Sporan′gium (pl. Sporan′gia), a spore-case, the sac in which the spores are produced endogenously—also Spore′-case; Spō′ridesm (bot.), a pluricellular body which becomes free like a simple spore, and in which every cell is capable of germinating; Sporidī′olum, a secondary sporidium; Sporid′ium, a secondary spore borne on a promycelium: an ascospore; Sporificā′tion, spore-production; Sporipar′ity, reproduction by means of spores.—adj. Sporip′arous.—ns. Spō′rocarp, a many-celled form of fruit produced in certain lower cryptogams in consequence of a sexual act; Spō′rocyst, the cyst or capsule developed in the process of sporular encystment.—adj. Sporocyst′ic.—ns. Spō′roderm, the wall or covering of a spore; Sporogen′esis, reproduction by means of spores—also Sporog′eny.—adj. Sporog′enous.—n. Sporogō′nium, the sporocarp, capsule or so-called 'moss-fruit' in mosses.—adj. Spō′roid, like a spore.—ns. Sporol′ogist, a botanist who emphasises the spores in classification; Spō′rophore, the part of the thallus which bears spores: the placenta in flowering plants: a sporophyte.—adjs. Sporophor′ic, Sporoph′orous.—ns. Spō′rophyl, the leaf bearing the spores or spore receptacles; Spō′rophyte, the spore-bearing stage in the life-cycle of a plant.—adj. Sporophyt′ic.—ns. Spō′rosac, one of the gonophores of certain hydrozoans in which the medusoid structure is not developed: a redia or spiro-cyst, in Vermes; Sporostē′gium, the so-called fruit of plants in the Characeæ, consisting of the hard brownish spirally-twisted shell or covering of the spore.—adjs. Spō′rous; Spō′rular.—ns. Sporulā′tion, conversion into spores or sporules—also Sporā′tion; Spō′rule, a small spore.—adjs. Sporulif′erous, Spor′uloid. [Gr. sporos, a sowing, seed—speirein, to sow.]

Sporran, spor′an, n. an ornamental pouch worn in front of the kilt by the Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael, sporan.]

Sport, spōrt, v.i. to play: to frolic: to practise field diversions: to trifle.—v.t. to amuse: to make merry: to represent playfully: to spend in sport or display.—n. that which amuses or makes merry: play: mirth: jest: contemptuous mirth: anything for playing with: a toy: idle jingle: field diversion: an animal or plant, or one of its organs, that varies singularly and spontaneously from the normal type.—n. Sport′er, one who sports: a sportsman.—adj. Sport′ful, full of sport: merry: full of jesting.—adv. Sport′fully.—n. Sport′fulness.—adj. Sport′ing, relating to, or engaging in, sports.—adv. Sport′ingly.—adj. Sport′ive, inclined to sport: playful: merry: amorous, wanton.—adv. Sport′ively.—n. Sport′iveness.—adj. Sport′less, without sport or mirth: sad.—n. Sports′man, one who practises, or one skilled in, field-sports.—adj. Sports′man-like.—ns. Sports′manship, practice or skill of a sportsman; Sports′woman, a she-sportsman.—Sport one's oak (see Oak). [Formed by aphæresis from disport.]

Spot, spot, n. a mark made by a drop of wet matter: a blot: a discoloured place: a small part of a different colour: a small extent of space: any particular place: one of the marked points on a billiard-table, from which balls are played (for Centre-spot, Pyramid-spot, &c., see Billiards): one of the dark places on the surface of the sun, &c.: something that soils: a stain on character or reputation.—v.t. to mark with drops of wet: to stain: to discolour: to taint: to tarnish, as reputation: to note or recognise by some point, to detect: to indicate, name:—pr.p. spot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. spot′ted.—adj. Spot′less, without a spot: untainted: pure.—adv. Spot′lessly.—ns. Spot′lessness; Spot′-stroke, a stroke in billiards when the player pockets the red ball from the 'spot,' leaving his own ball in position to repeat the stroke.—adjs. Spot′ted, Spot′ty, marked with spots or discoloured places.—ns. Spot′tedness, the state of being spotted; Spot′ter, one who spots or detects; Spot′tiness, state of being spotty.—Spot-barred game, a game at billiards when the spot-stroke is forbidden to be played more than twice consecutively. [Cf. Dut. spat, Dan. spætte; prob. conn. with spit.]

Spouse, spowz, n. a husband or wife.—adj. Spous′al, pertaining to a spouse, or to marriage: nuptial: matrimonial.—n. usually in pl. nuptials: marriage.—adj. Spouse′less, destitute of a spouse: unmarried. [O. Fr. espouse (Fr. époux, fem. épouse)—L. sponsus, pa.p. of spondēre, to promise in marriage.]

Spout, spowt, v.t. to throw out, as from a pipe: to utter volubly: to pawn, pledge.—v.i. to issue with violence, as from a pipe: to speak volubly, to speechify.—n. the projecting mouth of a vessel from which a stream issues: a pipe for conducting a liquid: a term applied to the blowing or breathing of whales and other cetaceans.—ns. Spout′er, one who, or that which, spouts: a speechifier: a South Sea whale, a skilful whaler; Spout′-hole, an orifice for discharging a liquid, a whale's spiracle.—adj. Spout′less, wanting a spout. [Skeat explains that spout, like speak, has lost an r, thus standing for sprout, the r being preserved in spurt, with nearly the same sense as spout. Sw. sputa for spruta, to squirt; Dut. spuiten.]

Sprack, sprak, adj. vigorous, sprightly.—Also Sprag. [Ice. sprækr, sparkr, sprightly.]

Sprackle, sprak′l, v.i. (Scot.) to clamber up with difficulty.—Also Sprach′le, Sprauch′le. [Ice. spraukla, to sprawl.]

Sprag, sprag, n. a piece of wood used to lock a wheel: a punch-prop in mining.—v.t. to prop, or to stop, by a sprag.

Sprain, sprān, v.t. to overstrain the muscles of a joint.—n. a term employed in surgery to designate a violent stretching of tendinous or ligamentous parts with or without rupture of some of their fibres. [O. Fr. espreindre (Fr. épreindre), to press—L. exprimĕre, to press out.]

Sprat, sprat, n. a fish of the family Clupeidæ, like the herring, but much smaller.—n. Sprat′-weath′er, the dark days of November and December. [Dut. sprot; Ger. sprotte.]

Sprawl, sprawl, v.i. to toss or kick about the limbs: to stretch the body carelessly when lying: to spread ungracefully.—n. a sprawling posture.—n. Sprawl′er. [There is an A.S. spréawlian, to move convulsively; but the word is most probably for sprattle or sprottle—Sw. sprattla, to sprawl; cf. Dan. sprælle, to toss about the limbs.]

Spray, sprā, n. small particles of water driven by the wind, as from the top of waves, &c.—adj. Spray′ey, consisting of spray. [Skeat suggests that the word is from Dut. spreiden, to spread, scatter.]

Spray, sprā, n. a small shoot of a tree.—adj. Spray′ey, branching. [Akin to Ice. sprek, a twig, Dan. sprag; Doublet sprig.]

Spread, spred, v.t. to scatter abroad or in all directions: to stretch: to extend: to overlay: to shoot out, as branches: to circulate, as news: to cause to affect numbers, as a disease: to diffuse: to set with provisions, as a table.—v.i. to extend or expand in all directions: to be extended or stretched: to be propagated or circulated:—pa.t. and pa.p. spread.—n. extent: compass: expansion of parts: that which is spread out, a feast: a cover for a bed or a table.—adj. having a broad surface: shallower than the standard.—adj. Spread′-ea′gle, like an eagle with the wings stretched out, bombastic, boastful.—n. (naut.) a person seized in the rigging, a passenger thus made to pay his entrance forfeit.—ns. Spread′-ea′gleism, a bombastic and frothy patriotism; Spread′er, one who, or that which, spreads, one who publishes or extends: any machine or implement for helping to scatter.—p.adj. Spread′ing.—adv. Spread′ingly, increasingly.—Spread a fleet, to keep more open order. [A.S. sprǽdan; Dut. spreiden, Ger. spreiten.]

Spreagh, spreh, n. plunder.—n. Spreagh′ery, cattle-lifting. [Gael. spreidh, cattle.]

Spred, spred, pa.p. and n. an obsolete form of spread.—Also Spred′den.

Spree, sprē, n. a merry frolic: a drunken bout.—v.i. to carouse. [Prob. Ir. spre, a spark, spraic, vigour.]

Sprent, sprent, adj. sprinkled. [M. E. sprengen (pa.t. sprente)—A.S. sprengan, to cause to spring.]

Sprig, sprig, n. a small shoot or twig: a scion, a young person: an ornament like a spray: one of various small pointed implements, a headless nail: one of the separate pieces of lace fastened on a ground in appliqué lace.—v.t. to embroider with representations of twigs:—pr.p. sprig′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. sprigged.—adj. Sprig′gy, full of sprigs or young branches. [Cf. Ice. sprek, a stick.]

Spright, sprīt, n. the same as Sprite (q.v.).—adj. Spright′ful (Shak.), full of spirit: brisk, gay.—adv. Spright′fully, in a sprightful manner, briskly, vigorously.—n. Spright′fulness, the quality of being sprightful, briskness, liveliness.—adj. Spright′less, destitute of spirit or life: dull: sluggish.—n. Spright′liness.—adj. Spright′ly, airy: full of life: lively: brisk. [Spright=sprite.]

Spring, spring, v.i. to bound: to leap: to rush hastily: to move suddenly by elastic force: to start up suddenly: to break forth: to appear: to issue: to come into existence: (B.) to rise, as the sun.—v.t. to cause to spring up: to start: to produce quickly, cause to act suddenly: to leap over: to explode, as a mine: to open, as a leak: to crack, as a mast: to bend by force, strain: (archit.) to start from an abutment, &c.: to set together with bevel-joints:—pa.t. sprang, sprung; pa.p. sprung.—n. a leap: a flying back with elastic force: elastic power: an elastic body: any active power: that by which action is produced: cause or origin: a source: an outflow of water from the earth: (B.) the dawn: the time when plants begin to spring up and grow, the vernal season—March, April, May: a starting of a plank in a vessel: a crack in a mast.—ns. Spring′al, Spring′ald, an active springy young man, a youth; Spring′-back, an inner false joint on a bound book, springing upward from the true or outer back when the book is opened flat; Spring′-bal′ance, an instrument for determining the weight of a body by the elasticity of a spiral spring; Spring′-beam, a beam of considerable span, without central support, the tie-beam of a truss; in a steamer, a fore-and-aft beam for connecting the two paddle-beams: an elastic bar at the top of a tilt-hammer, jig-saw, &c.; Spring′-beau′ty, the Claytonia Virginica; Spring′-bed, a mattress formed of spiral springs set in a wooden frame; Spring′-bee′tle, an elater; Spring′-board, a board fastened on elastic supports, used to spring from in performing feats of agility; Spring′bok, a beautiful South African antelope, larger than a roebuck [Dut.]; Spring′-box, a box or barrel in which a spring is coiled: the frame of a sofa, &c., in which the springs are set; Spring′-carr′iage, a wheel-carriage mounted on springs; Spring′-cart, a light cart mounted upon springs; Spring′er, a kind of dog of the spaniel class, useful for springing game in copses: one who springs: the bottom stone of an arch; Spring′-gun, a gun having wires connected with its trigger, and so fixed and planted as to be discharged when trespassers stumble against the wire; Spring′-halt, a jerking lameness in which a horse suddenly twitches up his leg or legs; Spring′-hamm′er, a machine-hammer in which the blow is delivered or augmented by the force of a spring; Spring′-head, a fountain-head, source: a head or end-piece for a carriage-spring.—adj. Spring′-head′ed (Spens.), having heads springing afresh.—ns. Spring′-heeled Jack, one supposed capable of leaping a great height or distance in carrying out mischievous or frolicsome tricks; Spring′-hook, an angler's snap-hook or spear-hook: a latch or door-hook with a spring-catch for keeping it fast in the staple: in a locomotive, a hook fixing the driving-wheel spring to the frame; Spring′-house, a house for keeping meat in, or a dairy, built for coolness over a spring or brook; Spring′iness; Spring′ing, the act of springing, leaping, arising, or issuing: (B.) growth, increase: (archit.) the lowest part of an arch on both sides; Spring′-jack, a device for inserting a loop in a main electric line-circuit, a plug being forced between two spring contacts; Spring′-latch, a latch that snaps into the keeper whenever the door is shut; Spring′let, a little spring: a small stream; Spring′-lig′ament, the inferior calcaneoscaphoid ligament of the sole of the foot; Spring′-lock, a lock which fastens by a spring; Spring′-mat′tress=Spring-bed; Spring′-net, a net that closes with a spring; Spring′-pad′lock, a padlock that snaps itself shut; Spring′-pole, a pole whose elasticity serves as a spring; Spring′-sad′dle, a bent iron bar of

form on the top of a railway carriage journal-box, surrounding the arch-bar and supporting the spring; Spring′-search′er, a steel-pronged tool to search for defects in the bore of a gun; Spring′-shack′le, a shackle closed by a spring: a shackle joining one spring of a vehicle with another or with a rigid piece; Spring′-stay (naut.), a smaller stay, placed above the stays as a duplicate if needed; Spring′-stud, a rod passed through the axis of a coil-spring to keep it in place; Spring′-tail, one of an order of primitive wingless insects (Collembola), so called popularly from a peculiar springing fork usually present on the abdomen; Spring′-tide, the periodical excess of the elevation and depression of the tide, after new and full moon, when both sun and moon act in the same direction; Spring′-tide, -time, the season of spring; Spring′-tool, any tool bearing a spring, as a glass-blower's tongs; Spring′-trap, a trap worked by a spring, a mouse-trap, &c.; Spring′-valve, a valve fitted with a spring: a safety-valve connected with a spring-balance; Spring′-wa′ter, water issuing from a spring; Spring′-wheat, wheat sown in the spring, rather than autumn or winter; Spring′-wort, a plant which draws down lightning—perh. the caperspurge.—adj. Spring′y, pertaining to, or like, a spring, elastic, nimble: abounding with springs.—Spring a leak, to commence leaking; Spring a mine, to cause it to explode—often used figuratively; Spring a rattle, to cause a rattle to sound; Spring at, to leap at; Spring forth, to come forward with a leap: to shoot up rapidly; Spring on, or upon, to attack with violence. [A.S. springan; Ger. springen.]

Springe, sprinj, n. a snare with a spring-noose: a gin.—v.t. to catch in a springe. [Prov. Eng. springle—spring; cf. Ger. sprenkel—springen.]

Sprinkle, spring′kl, v.t. to scatter in small drops or particles: to scatter on: to baptise with a few drops of water: to purify.—v.i. to scatter in drops.—n. an aspersorium or utensil for sprinkling.—ns. Sprin′kle, Sprin′kling, a small quantity sprinkled: in book-binding, the mottling of the edges of trimmed leaves by scattering a few drops of colour on them; Sprin′kler. [Freq. formed from A.S. sprengan, the causal of springan, to spring; cf. Ger. sprenkeln.]

Sprint, sprint, n. a short-distance race at full speed.—v.i. to run at full speed—also Sprent.—ns. Sprin′ter, a short-distance runner in races; Sprin′ting; Sprint′-race; Sprint′-run′ner. [Cf. Spurt.]

Sprit, sprit, n. (naut.) a spar set diagonally to extend a fore-and-aft sail. [A.S. spreót, a pole; Dut. and Ger. spriet, a bowsprit; conn. with sprout.]

Sprite, sprīt, n. a spirit: a shade: a ghost: (obs.) frame of mind, disposition.—Also Spright. [A doublet of spirit.]

Sprocket, sprok′et, n. a projection on the periphery of a wheel or capstan for engaging the chain.

Sprout, sprowt, n. a germ or young shoot: (pl.) young shoots from old cabbages.—v.i. to shoot: to push out new shoots.—adj. Sprout′ed, budded.—Brussels sprouts (see Brussels). [According to Skeat, not from A.S. spreótan, nor sprýtan, but from Old Friesic spruta, to sprout, Low Ger. spruten, Dut. spruiten, Ger. spriessen.]

Spruce, sprōōs, adj. smart: neat, dapper: over-fastidious, finical.—n. Prussian leather.—v.t. to smarten.—v.i. to become spruce or smart.—n. Spruce′-fir, or merely Spruce, any tree of the genus Picea of the pine family (Coniferæ), or the wood of such a tree.—adv. Spruce′ly.—n. Spruce′ness.—v.t. Spru′cify, to smarten. [O. Fr. Pruce—Late L. Prussia, Ger. Preussen.]

Spruce-beer, sprōōs′-bēr, n. beer flavoured with a decoction of the young shoots of the spruce-fir. [Ger. sprossen-bier, sprossen, young shoots, Englished as Pruce-beer, i.e. Prussian beer.]

Sprue, sprōō, n. in casting, one of the passages leading to the mould, also the metal which solidifies in it—deadhead.—n. Sprue′-hole, ingate or pouring-hole in a mould.

Spruit, sprōō′it, n. a small head-stream, a stream flowing through a village, dry in summer. [S. Afr. Dut.]

Sprunt, sprunt, v.i. to spring up: sprout, germinate.—n. a steep bit in a road: a rebellious curl, &c.—adv. Sprunt′ly, gaily, bravely.—Sprunt up, to bristle up.

Spry, sprī, adj. vigorous, lively, gay, pert. [Scand.; Sw. prov. sprygg, very active.]

Spud, spud, n. a small narrow spade with a short handle: any short thick thing, a baby's hand, a potato, &c.—adj. Spud′dy, short and fat. [Prob. Scand., Dan. spyd, a spear.]

Spulzie, Spuilzie, spül′yē, n. (Scot.) spoil.—Also Spul′ye, Spul′yie. [Spoil.]

Spume, spūm, n. scum or froth thrown up by liquid: foam.—v.i. to throw up scum: to foam.—adj. Spū′mēous, frothy.—n. Spūmes′cence, frothiness.—adjs. Spūmes′cent, foaming; Spūmif′erous, producing foam.—n. Spū′miness, the quality of being spumy or frothy.—adjs. Spū′mous, Spū′my, consisting of froth: frothy: foamy. [L. spuma—spuĕre to spew.]

Spun, pa.t. and pa.p. of spin.—adj. Spun′-out, unduly lengthened.—n. Spun′-yarn, rope-yarn twisted into a cord.

Spunk, spungk, n. touchwood, tinder, a fungus from which tinder is made, punk, amadou: (Scot.) a small fire, a fiery spark, a lucifer-match: mettle, spirit, pluck.—v.i. to take fire, flame up.—adj. Spunk′y, spirited: fiery-tempered. [Cf. Ir. sponc, tinder, sponge—L. spongia, a sponge—Gr. sponggia.]

Spur, spur, n. an instrument on a horseman's heels, with sharp points for goading the horse: that which goads or instigates: something projecting: the hard projection on a cock's leg: a small range of mountains extending laterally from a larger range.—v.t. to urge on with spurs: to urge onward: to impel: to put spurs on.—v.i. to press forward: to travel in great haste:—pr.p. spur′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. spurred.—v.t. Spur′-gall (Shak.), to gall or wound with a spur.—ns. Spur′-gear, -gear′ing, gearing in which spur-wheels are used.—adj. Spur′-heeled, having a long straight hind-claw.—n. Spur′-leath′er, the strap by which the spur is fastened to the foot.—p.adj. Spurred, wearing spurs: having shoots like spurs: affected with ergot, as rye.—ns. Spur′rer, one who, or that which, spurs; Spur′rier, one who makes spurs; Spur′-roy′al, an ancient English coin, worth fifteen shillings, so called from having a star on one side resembling the rowel of a spur; Spur′-way, a bridle-road; Spur′-whang=Spur-leather; Spur′-wheel (mech.), a wheel with the cogs on the face of the edge like a spur.—adj. Spur′-winged, with a horny spur on the pinion, as with the plovers, &c. [A.S. spora; Ice. spori, Ger. sporn.]

Spurge, spurj, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Euphorbiaceæ, all the species containing a resinous milky juice mostly very acrid.—n. Spurge′-lau′rel, a European evergreen shrub, with yellowish-green flowers, thick leaves, and poisonous berries. [O. Fr. espurge (Fr. épurge)—L. expurgāre, to purge—ex, off, purgāre, to clear.]

Spuriæ, spū′ri-ē, n.pl. the bastard quills forming the alula in birds.

Spurious, spūr′i-us, adj. illegitimate: bastard: not genuine: false: resembling an organ, but without its function, or having the functions of an organ while morphologically different.—adv. Spūr′iously.—n. Spūr′iousness. [L. spurius, false.]

Spurn, spurn, v.t. to drive away as with the foot: to kick: to reject with disdain.—n. disdainful rejection.—n. Spurn′er, one who spurns. [A.S. speornan; cog. with spur.]

Spurry, spur′i, n. a plant of the genus Spergula. [O. Fr. sporrie, of Teut. origin; cf. Ger. spörgel.]

Spurt, spurt, v.t. to spout, or send out in a sudden stream, as water.—v.i. to gush out suddenly in a small stream: to flow out forcibly or at intervals.—n. a sudden or violent gush of a liquid from an opening: a jet: a sudden short effort, a special exertion of one's self for a short time, in running, rowing, &c. [Formerly spirt—Ice. sprettr, a spurt—spretta, to start, to sprout.]

Spurtle, spur′tl, n. (Scot.) a short stick for stirring porridge, broth, &c.—n. Spur′tle-blade, a sword.

Sputter, sput′ėr, v.i. to spit in small drops, as in rapid speaking: to throw out moisture in scattered drops: to speak rapidly and indistinctly, to jabber.—v.t. to throw out with haste and noise: to utter hastily and indistinctly.—n. moist matter thrown out in particles.—n. Sputt′erer, one who sputters. [The freq. of spout (q.v.).]

Sputum, spū′tum, n. spittle, the matter expectorated:—pl. Spū′ta. [L.,—spuĕre, to spit.]

Spy, spī, n. one sent into an enemy's country or camp to find out their strength, &c.: one who keeps a watch on others: one who secretly conveys information.—v.t. to see: to discover, generally at a distance: to discover by close search: to inspect secretly:—pa.t. and pa.p. spied.—ns. Spy′al=Spial; Spy′-craft, Spy′ism, the art or practice of spying; Spy′glass, a small hand-telescope; Spy′-hole, a peep-hole; Spy′-mon′ey, money paid for secret intelligence. [O. Fr. espier—Old High Ger. spehōn; L. specĕre.]

Squab, skwob, adj. fat, clumsy: curt, abrupt: unfledged, newly hatched: shy, coy.—n. a young pigeon, the young of other animals before the hair or feathers are grown: a short stumpy person: a thickly-stuffed cushion, a sofa padded throughout, an ottoman.—v.t. to stuff thickly and sew through, the stitches being concealed by buttons, &c.—v.i. to fall heavily.—adv. flat: heavily, as a fall.—adjs. Squab′bish, thick, heavy; Squab′by, squat.—ns. Squab′-chick, a fledgling; Squab′-pie, a pie made of strips of mutton, onions, and slices of apple. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Sw. dial. sqvapp, a word imitative of a splash, sqvabb, loose flesh, sqvabbig, flabby.]

Squabble, skwob′l, v.i. to dispute in a noisy manner: to wrangle.—n. a noisy, petty quarrel: a brawl.—n. Squabb′ler. [Scand., Sw. dial. skvabbel, a dispute.]

Squad, skwod, n. a small body of men assembled for drill, any small group or company of men.—n. Squad′ron, a body of cavalry, consisting of two troops, or 120 to 200 men: a body of soldiers drawn up in a square: any regularly ranked body, or a group: section of a fleet, commanded by a flag-officer.—p.adj. Squad′roned, formed into squadrons.—Awkward squad, a body of recruits not yet competent in drill, &c. [O. Fr. esquadre—It. squadra, and L. exquadrāre, to make square.]

Squail, skwāl, n. a disc or counter used in the game of squails: (pl.) a parlour-game in which small discs are snapped from the edge of the table to a centre mark called the process: the game of ninepins.—v.i. to throw a stick, &c., at any object.—v.t. to pelt with sticks, &c.—n. Squail′er, a throwing-stick. [A variant of kail.]

Squalid, skwol′id, adj. filthy, foul.—n. Squalid′ity, the state of being squalid: filthiness.—adv. Squal′idly.—ns. Squal′idness; Squal′or, state of being squalid: dirtiness: filthiness. [L. squalidus—squalēre, to be stiff; akin to Gr. skellein, to dry.]

Squall, skwawl, v.i. to cry out violently.—n. a loud cry or scream: a violent gust of wind.—n. Squall′er.—adj. Squall′y, abounding or disturbed with squalls or gusts of wind: gusty, blustering: threatening a squall.—White squall, a tropical whirlwind, coming on without warning other than a small white cloud. [Scand., Sw. sqvala, to gush out.]

Squally, skwawl′i, adj. irregularly woven: having bare patches, of a field of corn, &c. [Prob. the same as scally. Cf. Scall.]

Squaloid, skwā′loid, adj. resembling a Squā′lus or shark.—n. Squā′lid, one of the Squalidæ, a family of sharks.—adj. Squā′liform, having the form of a shark. [L. squalus, a shark.]

Squama, skwā′ma, n. a scale: the bractea of a deciduous spike, any scaly bracted leaf:—pl. Squā′mæ.—n.pl. Squāmā′ta, a division of reptiles, including lizards and serpents.—adjs. Squā′mate, Squā′mous, Squamā′ceous, Squā′mose, covered with, or consisting of, scales: scaly.—ns. Squāme, a scale or squama; Squāmel′la, a small scale.—adjs. Squāmif′erous, Squāmig′erous, bearing squamæ or scales; Squā′miform, Squā′moid, like a scale.—ns. Squāmō′sal, the squamous portion of the temporal bone; Squam′ula, a very small scale—also Squam′ule.—adjs. Squam′ulate, Squam′uliform. [L. squamosus—squama, a scale.]

Squander, skwon′dėr, v.t. to spend lavishly or wastefully: to waste money or powers.—n. Squan′derer.—adv. Squan′deringly, in a squandering manner, by squandering. [Skeat explains as a nasalised form of Lowland Scotch squatter, to splash water about, prov. Eng. swatter, to throw water about. These are frequentatives from Dan. sqvatte, to splash, spurt, squander; Sw. sqvätta, to squirt, Ice. skvetta, to squirt out water.]

Square, skwār; adj. having four equal sides and angles: forming a right angle: having a straight front or an outline formed by straight lines: exact suitable, fitting: true, that does equal justice, fair, honest: even, leaving no balance, settled, as accounts: directly opposed, complete, unequivocal: solid, full, satisfying.—n. that which is square: a square figure: a four-sided space enclosed by houses: a square body of troops: the length of the side of any figure squared: an instrument for measuring right angles: (arith.) the product of a quantity multiplied by itself: due proportion, order, honesty, equity, fairness.—v.t. to form like a square: to form with four equal sides and angles: (arith.) to multiply by itself: to reduce to any given measure or standard, to adjust, regulate: (naut.) to place at right angles with the mast or keel.—v.i. to suit, fit: to accord or agree: to take an attitude of offence and defence, as a boxer.—adj. Square′-built, of a square build or shape.—adv. Square′ly, in a square form or manner.—ns. Square′-meas′ure,

a system of measures applied to surfaces, of which the unit is the square of the lineal unit; Square′ness.—adj. Square′-pierced (her.), designating a charge perforated with a square opening so as to show the field.—n. Squā′rer, one who, or that which, squares: (Shak.) a fighting, quarrelsome person.—adj. Square′-rigged, having the chief sails square, and extended by yards suspended by the middle at right angles to the masts—opposed to Fore-and-aft.—ns. Square′-root, that root which being multiplied into itself produces the given number or quantity; Square′-sail, a four-sided sail extended by yards suspended by the middle at right angles to the mast.—adj. Square′-toed.—n. Square′-toes, an old-fashioned, punctilious person.—adj. Squā′rish.—Square the circle, to determine the area of a circle in square measure.—On the square, honestly. [O. Fr. esquarre (Fr. équerre)—L. ex-quadrāre, to square—quadrus, conn. with quatuor, four.]

Squarrose, skwär′ōs, adj. rough, with projecting or deflexed scales.—adj. Squarr′ulose, diminutively squarrose.

Squarson, skwär′sn, n. one who is both a beneficed clergyman and a squire or land-owner in a parish.—n. Squar′sonage, the residence of such.

Squash, skwosh, v.t. to press into pulp: to crush flat.—v.i. to form a soft mass as from a fall: to make a noise similar to such.—n. a sudden fall or shock of soft bodies: anything soft and easily crushed, anything soft or unripe, as a peascod.—ns. Squash′er; Squash′iness, state of being squashy.—adj. Squash′y, like a squash: muddy. [O. Fr. esquacher (Fr. écacher), to crush—L. ex, out, coactāre, to restrain—cogĕre, coactum, to drive together.]

Squash, skwosh, n. a term loosely used, esp. in the United States, for two or three kinds of gourd, including the pumpkin. [Amer. Ind. asquash (pl. of asq), green.]

Squat, skwot, v.i. to sit down upon the hams or heels: to cower, as an animal: to settle on new land without title:—pr.p. squat′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. squat′ted.—adj. short and thick, dumpy, clumsy.—ns. Squatoc′racy, the squatters of Australia collectively; Squat′ter, a settler on new land without title: one who leases pasture-land from the government; Squat′tiness.—v.i. Squat′tle (Scot.), to squat down.—adj. Squat′ty, very short and thick. [O. Fr. esquatir, to crush—L. ex-, coactus, pa.p. of cogĕre, to drive together.]

Squaw, skwaw, n. an American Indian woman, esp. a wife.—n. Squaw′man, a white man with an Indian wife.

Squeak, skwēk, v.i. to utter a shrill and usually short cry.—n. a sudden, shrill cry.—v.i. Squawk, to utter a harsh cry: (U.S.) to back out in a mean way.—n. a loud squeak.—n. Squeak′er, one who squeaks: a young bird.—adv. Squeak′ingly.—A narrow squeak, a narrow escape. [Imit.; cf. Sw. sqväka, to croak, Ger. quieken, to squeak.]

Squeal, skwēl, v.i. to utter a shrill and prolonged sound: to turn informer.—n. a shrill loud cry.—n. Squeal′er, a young pigeon: an informer. [Scand.; Sw. dial. sqväla, to cry out.]

Squeamish, skwēm′ish, adj. sickish at stomach: easily disgusted or offended: fastidious in taste.—adv. Squeam′ishly.—n. Squeam′ishness. [Scand.; Ice. sveimr, stir; prob. also influenced by qualmish.]

Squeegee, skwē′jē, n. a wooden implement edged with rubber for clearing water away from decks, floors, windows, &c.: a photographer's roller for squeezing the moisture from a print—also Squil′gee.—v.t. to smooth down with a squeegee.

Squeeze, skwēz, v.t. to crush or press between two bodies: to embrace closely: to force through a small hole: to cause to pass: to extort, oppress, harass.—v.i. to push between close bodies: to press: to crowd.—n. act of squeezing: pressing between bodies: an impression of an inscription, &c., made by taking a rubbing.—n. Squeezabil′ity.—adj. Squeez′able.—ns. Squeez′er, one who, or that which, squeezes: (pl.) playing-cards having the number of spots marked in the right-hand corner of each; Squeez′ing, the act of exerting pressure.—adj. Squeez′y, suggesting squeezing, small, contracted. [M. E. queisen—A.S. cwísan.]

Squib, skwib, n. a paper tube filled with combustibles, thrown up into the air burning and bursting: a petty lampoon.—v.t. to aim squibs at: to lampoon.—v.i. to write lampoons: to use squibs: to sound like a squib exploding. [Scand.; Ice. svipa, to flash.]

Squid, skwid, n. a kind of cuttle-fish or calamary: a lure used in trolling for fish.—v.i. to fish with a squid or spoon-bait.

Squiggle, skwig′l, v.i. (U.S.) to squirm, wriggle: (prov.) to rinse out the mouth with a liquid.

Squill, skwil, n. a genus of bulbous-rooted plants of order Liliaceæ, with radical leaves, and flowers in terminal racemes or loose corymbs—the officinal Squill is diuretic and expectorant.—adj. Squillit′ic. [Fr. squille—L. squilla, scilla—Gr. skilla.]

Squinch, skwinch, n. a small stone arch, or series of arches, across an interior angle of a square tower to support the sides of an octagonal spire.

Squint, skwint, adj. looking obliquely: having the vision distorted.—v.i. to look obliquely: to have the vision distorted.—v.t. to cause to squint.—n. act or habit of squinting: an oblique look: distortion of vision: a hagioscope, a narrow aperture cut in the wall of a church (generally about two feet wide) to enable persons standing in the side-chapels, &c., to see the elevation of the host at the high-altar.—n. Squint′-eye, an eye that squints.—adj. Squint′-eyed, looking obliquely: oblique, malignant.—n. Squint′ing, technically Strabismus, a common deformity which may be defined as a want of parallelism in the visual axes, when the patient endeavours to direct both eyes to an object at the same time.—adv. Squint′ingly. [Scand.; Sw. svinka, to shrink, a nasalised form of svika, to fail.]

Squire, skwīr, n. an esquire, a knight's attendant: a beau or gallant: a country gentleman, an owner of land in England, esp. if of old family: (U.S.) one who has been a justice of the peace, &c.—ns. Squire′age, Squire′archy, landed gentry collectively.—adj. Squire′archal.—ns. Squireen′, a gentleman farmer, one almost a squire; Squire′hood, the state or rank of a squire—also Squire′ship.—adjs. Squire′-like, Squire′ly, like or becoming a squire.—ns. Squire′ling, a squire of small possessions; Squireoc′racy, government by the landed classes; Squīr′ess, a squire's wife. [Esquire.]

Squirm, skwirm, v.i. to wriggle or writhe, to climb by wriggling up: to escape with any awkward evasion or lie. [A variant of squir=whir.]

Squirrel, skwir′el, n. a nimble, reddish-brown, rodent little animal with hairy tail and large eyes, mainly of arboreal habit.—ns. Squirr′el-fish, a holocentroid tropical fish; Squirr′el-tail, any one of several grasses of the genus Hordeum, with long hair-like awns: a cap of squirrel-skins, with a tail hanging down behind. [O. Fr. escurel—Low L. scurellus, dim. of L. sciurus—Gr. skiouros—skia, shade, oura, tail.]

Squirt, skwėrt, v.t. to throw out water in a stream from a narrow opening.—n. a small instrument for squirting: a small, quick stream.—n. Squirt′er. [Skeat says the r appears to be intrusive; allied to prov. Eng. squitter, to squirt, and squitter, diarrhœa. From Sw. dial. skvittär, to sprinkle all round, freq. of skwitta, to squirt, Sw. sqvätta, to squirt; cf. Dan. sqvatte, to splash.]

Sraddha, srä′da, n. the offering of rice and flowers to the manes of a deceased ancestor. [Sans.]

Stab, stab, v.t. to wound with a pointed weapon: to wound: to injure secretly, or by slander: to roughen a brick wall with a pick so as to hold plaster: to pierce folded sheets, near their back edges, for the passage of thread or wire.—v.i. to give a stab or a mortal wound:—pr.p. stab′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. stabbed.—n. a wound with a pointed weapon: an injury given secretly.—n. Stab′ber, one who stabs.—adv. Stab′bingly. [Gael. stob, a stake.]

Stabat Mater, stā′bat mā′tėr, n. a Latin hymn on the seven dolours of the Virgin, ascribed to Jacopone da Todi, a 13th-cent. Minorite: a musical setting of this sequence. [Its opening words.]

Stable, stā′bl, adj. that stands firm: firmly established: durable: firm in purpose or character: constant, unchangeable.—ns. Stabil′ity, state of being stable: steadiness; Stā′bleness.—adv. Stā′bly. [Fr.,—L. stabilis—stāre, to stand.]

Stable, stā′bl, n. a building for horses and cattle.—v.t. to put or keep in a stable.—v.i. to dwell in a stable.—ns. Stā′ble-boy, -man, a boy, or man, who attends in a stable; Stā′bler, a stable-keeper; Stā′ble-room, room for stabling horses or cattle; Stā′bling, act of putting into a stable: accommodation for horses and cattle. [O. Fr. estable (Fr. étable)—L. stabulum—stāre, to stand.]

Stablish, stab′lish, v.t. old form of establish.—n. Stab′lishment=Establishment.

Staccato, stak-kä′to, adj. (mus.) with the notes to be played in an abrupt, disconnected manner—opp. to Legato: marked by abrupt emphasis: giving a clear distinct sound to each note.—adj. Staccatis′simo, as staccato as possible. [It., from staccare, for distaccare, to separate.]

Stachys, stā′kis, n. a genus of Labiatæ, containing the Hedge-nettle, the Woundwort, and according to some botanists the Common Betony or Wood Betony. [L.,—Gr. stachys, an ear of corn.]

Stack, stak, n. a large pile of bay, corn, wood, &c.: a number of chimneys standing together: a pyramid formed by a number of muskets with fixed bayonets interlocked and the stocks spread widely apart.—v.t. to pile into a stack: to make up cards for cheating.—ns. Stack′-stand, a frame of wood, iron, or stone, supported on short props, for building a stack upon; Stack′yard, a yard for stacks. [Scand.; Ice. stakkr, a stack of hay.]

Stactometer, stak-tom′e-tėr, n. a tube with a small hole at the bottom for measuring a liquid in drops.—Also Stalagmom′eter. [Gr. staktos, dropping, metron, a measure.]

Stadda, stad′a, n. a double-bladed hand-saw for cutting the teeth of combs.

Staddle, stad′l, n. anything that serves for support: a staff or crutch: a stack-stand: a small tree. [A.S. stathol, foundation; Ger. stadel.]

Stadia, stā′di-a, n. a temporary surveying station: an instrument for measuring distances.—n. Stadiom′eter, a self-recording theodolite.

Stadium, stā′di-um, n. a Greek measure of length, 600 podes=582 English feet, the Greek foot being .971 of an English foot:—pl. Stā′dia.

Stadtholder, stad-hōl′dėr, n. a barbarous English form of the Dutch Stadhouder, 'stead-holder,' of which the French lieu-tenant is a literal translation, Statthalter being the corresponding German.

Staff, staf, n. a stick carried for support or defence: a prop: a long piece of wood: pole: a flagstaff: the long handle of an instrument: a stick or ensign of authority: the five lines and spaces on which music is written: a stanza (the previous meanings have pl. Staffs or Staves, stāvz): a body of skilled officers whose duty it is, under orders from the commanding officers of various grades, to arrange the movements and supply of the various bodies which go to make up an army: a similar body of persons in any undertaking, acting under a manager or chief (the last two meanings have pl. Staffs, stafs).—ns. Staff′-captain, the senior grade in the navigating branch in the British navy; Staff′-coll′ege, a college where military officers are trained in the higher branches of professional knowledge, and prepared for holding staff-appointments; Staff′-corps, a body of intelligent officers and men who performed engineering and siege duties, made reconnaissances, &c. during the wars of Wellington; (Indian) a body of British officers serving on the permanent Indian establishment, appointed from it to do duty with native regiments, &c.; Staff′-dū′ty, the occupation of an officer who serves on a staff, having been detached from his regiment; Staff′-notā′tion, musical notation in which a staff is used, as opposed to the tonic-solfa system; Staff′-sur′geon, a navy surgeon of senior grade; Staff′-sys′tem, a block-system in use on single-line railways in which the station-master gives the engine-driver a staff authorising him to proceed over a given portion. [A.S. stæf; Ice. stafr, Ger. stab.]

Stag, stag, n. the male deer, esp. one of the red deer:—fem. Hind: a speculator who applies for shares or stock in new concerns quoted at a premium, hoping to obtain an allotment and secure a profit without holding the stock, one who sells new securities quoted at a premium before allotment.—v.t. to follow, to dog, to shadow.—v.i. to act as a stag on the stock-exchange.—ns. Stag′-bee′tle, a genus of Lamellicorn beetles, nearly allied to the Scarabees, the males with large projecting mandibles; Stag′-dance, -part′y, a dance or party of men only; Stag′hound, a name applied both to the buck-hound and the Scottish deer-hound. [Ice. steggr, a male animal, stiga, to mount.]

Stage, stāj, n. an elevated platform, esp. in a theatre: the theatre: theatrical representations, the theatrical calling: any place of exhibition or performance: a place of rest on a journey or road: distance between places: degree of progress.—v.t. to represent or place for representation on the stage.—ns. Stage′-coach, a coach that runs regularly with passengers from stage to stage; Stage′-craft, skill in putting a play on the stage; Stage′-door, the actors' entrance to a theatre; Stage′-driv′er, one who drives a stage; Stage′-effect′, theatrical effect; Stage′-fē′ver, a passion to go on the stage; Stage′-fright, nervousness before an audience, esp. for the first time; Stage′-man′ager, one who superintends the production of plays, and has general charge of everything behind the curtain; Stage′-play, a play for representation on a stage; Stage′-play′er, a player on the stage; Stā′ger, a stage-horse: one who has had much experience in anything.—adj. Stage′-struck, sorely smitten with stage-fever.—ns. Stage′-wag′on, a wagon for conveying goods and passengers at fixed times; Stage′-whis′per, a loud whisper, as that of an actor meant to be heard by the audience.—adjs. Stā′gey, Stā′gy, suggesting the stage, theatrical.—ns. Stā′giness; Stā′ging, a structure for workmen in building. [O. Fr. estage (Fr. étage), a story of a house, through a L. form staticus, from stāre, to stand.]

Stagger, stag′ėr, v.i. to reel from side to side: to begin to give way: to begin to doubt: to hesitate.—v.t. to cause to reel: to cause to doubt or hesitate: to shock.—adv. Stagg′eringly.—n. Stagg′ers, a popular term applied to several diseases of horses.—Grass, or Stomach, staggers, an acute indigestion; Mad, or Sleepy, staggers, an inflammation of the brain. [Ice. stakra, to push, freq. of staka, to push.]

Stagirite, Stagyrite, staj′i-rīt, adj. pertaining to Stageira in Macedonia.—n. a native or inhabitant thereof, esp. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.).

Stagnant, stag′nant, adj. stagnating: not flowing: motionless: impure from being motionless: not brisk: dull.—n. Stag′nancy, the state of being stagnant.—adv. Stag′nantly.—v.i. Stag′nate, to cease to flow: to become dull or motionless.—n. Stagnā′tion, act of stagnating: state of being stagnant or motionless: dullness. [L. stagnans, -antis, pr.p. of stagnāre.]

Stahlianism, stäl′i-an-izm, n. the doctrines of Georg Ernst Stahl, a German physician (1660-1734), who held that there exists a mysterious force residing in, but independent of, matter, not only forming the body, but directing it in all its functions—also Stahl′ism.—adj. Stahl′ian.

Staid, stād, adj. steady: sober: grave.—adv. Staid′ly.—n. Staid′ness. [For stayed—stay.]

Stain, stān, v.t. to tinge or colour: to give a different colour to: to impregnate, as a tissue, with some substance whose reaction colours some parts but not others, thus making form or structure plainly visible: to dye: to mark with guilt or infamy: to bring reproach on: to sully: to tarnish.—v.i. to take or impart a stain.—n. a discoloration: a spot: taint of guilt: cause of reproach: shame.—n. Stain′er, one who stains or blots: a dyer.—adj. Stain′less, without or free from stain.—adv. Stain′lessly.—n. Stain′lessness.—Stained glass, glass painted with certain pigments fused into its surface. [Short for distain—O. Fr. desteindre—L. dis-, away, tingĕre, to dye.]

Stair, stār, n. a series of steps for ascending to a higher level: one of such steps: a flight of steps, only in pl.: (Spens.) a degree.—ns. Stair′-car′pet, carpet suitable for stairs; Stair′case, a flight of stairs with balusters, &c.; Stair′-rod, one of a number of metallic rods for holding a stair-carpet in its place.—adv. Down′stairs, in the lower part of a house—opp. to Upstairs.—Back-stairs, adjectively for secret, underhand; Below stairs, in a lower story, in the basement. [A.S. stǽager—stígan, to ascend; Ger. steigen, to climb, Ice. stegi, a step.]

Staith, Stathe, stāth, n. (prov.) the extremity of a line of rails laid on a platform, for discharging coals, &c., into vessels. [A.S. stæth, steth, bank.]

Stake, stāk, n. a strong stick pointed at one end: one of the upright pieces of a fence: a post to which an animal is tied, esp. that to which a martyr was tied to be burned: martyrdom: a tinsmith's anvil: anything pledged in a wager: a prize, anything to gain or lose.—v.t. to fasten, or pierce with a stake: to mark the bounds of with stakes (often with off and out): to wager, to hazard.—ns. Stake′-hold′er, the person with whom the stakes in a wager are deposited; Stake′-net, a form of fishing-net hung on stakes.—At stake, hazarded, in danger. [A.S. staca, a stake.]

Stalactite, sta-lak′tīt, n. a deposit of carbonate of lime, hanging like an icicle from the roof of a cavern, formed by the dripping of water.—adjs. Stalac′tic, -al, Stalactit′ic, -al, having the form or properties of a stalactite; Stalac′tiform, like a stalactite. [Gr. stalaktos—stalazein, to drip.]

Stalagmite, sta-lag′mīt, n. a deposit of carbonate of lime, &c., on the floor of a cavern, usually cylindrical or conical in form, caused by the dripping from the roof of water holding some substance in solution; it is the counterpart to a Stalactite, and both are often fused together, forming a Stalactitic column.—adjs. Stalagmit′ic, -al, having the form of stalagmites.—adv. Stalagmit′ically. [Gr. stalagmos, a dropping—stalazein, to drip.]

Stale, stāl, adj. too long kept: tainted: vapid or tasteless from age, as beer: not new: worn out by age: decayed: no longer fresh, trite: in athletics, over-trained, hence unfit, as in 'gone stale.'—n. anything become stale: urine of cattle, &c.: (Shak.) a whore.—v.t. to render insipid, to make common.—v.i. to make water, as beasts.—adv. Stale′ly.—n. Stale′ness. [Prov. Eng. stale, conn. with Old Dut. stel, old. Skeat makes stale that which reminds one of the stable, tainted, &c.—Sw. stalla, to put into a stall, also to stale (as cattle)—Sw. stall, a stable.]

Stale, stāl, n. something offered or exhibited as an allurement to draw others to any place or purpose: (Spens.) a decoy, a gull: (Shak.) a dupe, laughing-stock.—n. Stall, a thief's assistant. [A.S. stalu, theft—stelan, to steal.]

Stale, stāl, n. the handle of anything, a stalk. [A.S. stæl, stel, a stalk.]

Stalemate, stāl′māt, n. in chess-playing, the position of the king when he cannot move without being placed in check.—v.t. to put into a condition of stalemate: to bring to a standstill.

Stalk, stawk, n. the stem of a plant: the stem on which a flower or fruit grows: the stem of a quill: the handle of anything, the stem: a tall chimney.—p.adj. Stalked, having a stalk.—adjs. Stalk′-eyed, podophthalmous, as a crustacean; Stalk′less, having no stalk; Stalk′y, hard as a stalk: resembling a stalk. [An extension of A.S. stæl, stel (cf. Ice. stilkr, Dan. stilk); cog. with Ger. stiel, which is allied to, perh. borrowed from, L. stilus, a stake.]

Stalk, stawk, v.i. to walk as on stilts: to walk with long, slow steps: to walk behind a stalking-horse: to pursue game by approaching behind covers.—v.t. to approach secretly in order to kill, as deer.—n. a stately step: the pursuit of game by stealthy approach.—ns. Stalk′er, one who stalks, as a deer-stalker: a kind of fishing-net: (pl.) the Gradatores; Stalk′ing, the act of approaching game warily or behind a cover; Stalk′ing-horse, a horse behind which a sportsman hides while stalking game: a mask or pretence. [A.S. stælcan, to walk cautiously, stealc, high; Dan. stalke, to walk with long steps.]

Stalkoes, staw′kōz, n.pl. walking gentlemen. [Ir. stalcaire, a bully.]

Stall, stawl, n. a place where a horse or other animal stands and is fed: a division of a stable for a single animal: a stable: a bench or table on which articles are exposed for sale: one of the seats in churches reserved for the clergy and choir, usually lining the choir or chancel on both sides, also an office entitling one to such a seat, or its stipend: a reserved seat in a theatre, usually one of those in the front division of the parquet—orchestra stalls.—v.t. to put or keep in a stall.—v.i. to inhabit.—n. Stall′age, liberty of erecting stalls in a fair or market: rent paid for this liberty.—adj. Stalled, kept or fed in a stall, fatted.—v.t. Stall′-feed, to feed and fatten in a stall or stable.—ns. Stall′ing (Tenn.) stabling; Stall′inger (prov.), a keeper of a stall; Stall′man, one who keeps a stall for the sale of any article; Stall′-reader, one who stands and reads books at a bookstall. [A.S. steal; Ice. stallr, Ger. stall.]

Stallion, stal′yun, n. an uncastrated male horse, esp. one kept for breeding. [O. Fr. estalon (Fr. étalon)—Late L. equus ad stallum, a horse at stall.]

Stalwart, stawl′wart, adj. stout, strong, sturdy: determined in one's partisanship.—n. a resolute person.—(arch.) Stal′worth.—adv. Stal′wartly.—n. Stal′wartness—(arch.) Stal′worthiness. [M. E. stalworth—A.S. stæl-wyrthe, serviceable. Prob. stathol,foundation, weorth, good, worth.]

Stamen, stā′men, n. one of the male organs of a flower which produce the pollen:—pl. Stā′mens.—adj. Stā′mened, having stamens.—n. Stam′ina (prop. pl.), the principal strength of anything: the firm part of a body which supports the whole.—adjs. Stam′inal, Stamin′ēous, consisting of or possessing stamens: pertaining to, or attached to, the stamen: apetalous, as certain flowers; Stam′inate, -d, having or producing stamens; Staminif′erous, Staminig′erous, bearing or having stamens.—ns. Stam′inode, Staminō′dium, an abortive stamen; Stam′inody, a condition of flowers in which sepals, pistils, &c. are metamorphosed into stamens. [L. stamen (pl. stamina)—stāre, to stand.]

Stammel, stam′el, n. a kind of woollen cloth, dull red in colour: red colour.—adj. made of stammel, or like it in colour. [Earlier stamin—O. Fr. estamine—Low L. stamina—L. stamineus, stamen, a thread.]

Stammer, stam′ėr, v.i. to halt in one's speech, the result of failure in co-ordinate action of certain muscles and their appropriate nerves: to falter in speaking: to stutter.—v.t. to utter with hesitation.—n. hesitation in speech: defective utterance.—ns. Stamm′erer; Stamm′ering.—adv. Stamm′eringly. [A.S. stamor; Dut. stameren.]

Stamnos, stam′nos, n. an ancient Greek short-necked, two-handled wine-vase. [Gr.]

Stamp, stamp, v.t. to strike with the sole of the foot, by thrusting it down: to impress with some mark or figure: to imprint: to fix deeply: to coin: to form: to pound, bray, crush, bruise.—v.i. to step or plant the foot firmly down.—n. the act of stamping: the mark made by pressing something on a soft body: an instrument for making impressions on other bodies: that which is stamped: an official mark put on things chargeable with duty, as proof that the duty is paid: an instrument for cutting materials into a certain shape by a downward pressure: cast, form, character: distinguishing mark, imprint, sign, evidence: a species of heavy pestle, raised by water or steam power, for crushing and pulverising ores: (pl.) stamp-duties: (slang) money, esp. paper money.—ns. Stamp′-act, an act for regulating stamp-duties; Stamp′-collect′or, an officer who collects stamp-duties: one who makes a collection of postage or other stamps; Stamp′-dū′ty, a tax imposed on the paper on which legal documents are written; Stamp′er; Stamp′ing; Stamp′ing-machine′, a machine used for stamping coins, in the stamping of brass-work, or in crushing metallic ores; Stamp′-, Stamp′ing-mill, a crushing-mill for ores; Stamp′-note, a certificate from a custom-house officer for goods to be loaded as freight of a ship; Stamp′-off′ice, an office where stamp-duties are received and stamps issued.—Stamp out, to extinguish, extirpate. [A.S. stempan; Ger. stampfen.]

Stampede, stam-pēd′, n. a sudden fright seizing a herd of horses or other cattle, causing them to run: flight, or any sudden confused movement of a multitude, caused by panic.—v.i. to scamper off in panic. [Sp. estampido, a crash—estampar, to stamp.]

Stanch, stänsh, v.t. to stop the flowing of, as blood: to quench, allay.—v.i. (B.) to cease to flow.—adj. constant: trusty: zealous: sound, strong, firm.—n. Stanch′er.—adj. Stanch′less (Shak.), that cannot be stanched or stopped.—adv. Stanch′ly.—n. Stanch′ness. [O. Fr. estancher (Fr. étancher)—Low L. stancāre, to stanch—L. stagnāre, to be or make stagnant.]

Stanchion, stan′shun, n. an upright iron bar of a window or screen: (naut.) an upright beam used as a support.—v.t. to fasten by means of or to a stanchion.—A Scotch form is Stan′chel. [O. Fr. estançon—estancer, to stop, estance—Low L. stantia—L. stāre, to stand.]

Stand, stand, v.i. to cease to move: to be stationary: to occupy a certain position: to stagnate: to be at rest: to be fixed in an upright position, to be erect, to be on the feet—as opposed to sit, lie, kneel, &c.: to become or remain erect: to have a position or rank: to be in a particular state, to be with relation to something else: to maintain an attitude: to be fixed or firm: to keep one's ground: to remain unimpaired: to endure, to be consistent: to consist: to depend or be supported: to offer one's self as a candidate: to have a certain direction: to hold a course at sea.—v.t. to endure: to sustain: to suffer: to abide by: to be at the expense of, to offer and pay for:—pa.t. and pa.p. stood.—ns. Stand′er; Stand′er-by (Shak.), a spectator; Stand′er-up, one who stands up or who takes a side.—adj. Stand′ing, established: settled: permanent: fixed: stagnant: being erect.—n. continuance: existence: place to stand in: position in society: a right or capacity to sue or maintain an action.—n. Stand′ing-ground, a place on which to stand, any basis or principle on which one rests.—n.pl. Stand′ing-or′ders, the name given to permanent regulations made by either House of Parliament for the conduct of its proceedings, and enduring from parliament to parliament unless rescinded.—ns. Stand′ing-pool (Shak.), a pool of stagnant water; Stand′ing-rig′ging, the ropes in a ship that remain fixed; Stand′ing-room, place in which to stand.—n.pl. Stand′ing-stones, monoliths of unhewn stone, erected singly or in groups.—n. Stand′ish, a standing dish for pen and ink.—adj. Stand′-off, holding others off, reserved—also Stand′-off′ish.—ns. Stand′-off′ishness, a distant, reserved, and haughty manner; Stand′-pipe, a vertical pipe at a reservoir, into which the water is pumped up so as to give it a head: a small pipe inserted into an opening in a water-main: a pipe permitting expansion, as of hot water: a pipe sufficiently high for its contents to be forced into a boiler against the steam-pressure; Stand′-point, a station or position from which objects are viewed: a basis or fundamental principle according to which things are compared and judged; Stand′still, a standing without moving forward: a stop.—adj. Stand′-up, standing erect: done standing, noting a fair boxing-match.—Stand against, to resist; Stand by, to support; Stand fast, to be unmoved; Stand fire, to remain steady under the fire of an enemy—also figuratively; Stand for, to be a candidate for: (naut.) to direct the course towards; Stand from, to direct the course from; Stand in, to cost; Stand in with, to have a secret understanding with, as policemen with publicans; Stand low (print.), to fall short of the standard height; Stand off, to keep at a distance: to direct the course from: (Shak.) to forbear compliance or intimacy; Stand off and on, to sail away from shore and then towards it; Stand on, to continue on the same tack or course: (Shak.) to be satisfied or convinced of; Stand one's ground, to maintain one's position; Stand out, to project, to be prominent: not to comply, to refuse to yield; Stand to, to agree to, adhere to, abide by, maintain; Stand together, to agree, to be consistent with; Stand trial, not to give up without trial; Stand under (Shak.), to undergo, to sustain; Stand up, to rise from a sitting posture; Stand up for, to support or attempt to defend; Stand upon (B.), to attack; Stand up to, to meet face to face, to fulfil manfully; Stand up with, to dance with as a partner; Stand with, to be consistent. [A.S. standan; Goth. standan, Ger. stehen; cf. Gr. histanai, to place, L. stāre, to stand.]

Stand, stand, n. a place where one stands or remains for any purpose: a place beyond which one does not go, the highest or ultimate point: an erection for spectators at races, &c.: the place of a witness in court: something on which anything rests, a frame for glasses, &c.: a stop, obstruction, rest, quiescence: a state of cessation from action, motion, or business: a state of perplexity or hesitation: a difficulty, resistance.—Be at a stand, to stop on account of doubt or difficulty: to hesitate, to be perplexed; Make a stand, to halt and offer resistance; Put to a stand, to stop, arrest.

Standard, stand′ard, n. that which stands or is fixed, as a rule: the upright post of a truss: that which is established as a rule or model: a grade of classification in English elementary schools: a staff with a flag: an ensign of war: one of the two flags of a heavy cavalry regiment: (hort.) a standing shrub or tree, not supported by a wall.—adj. according to some standard: legal: usual: having a fixed or permanent value.—n. Stand′ard-bear′er, the soldier or junior officer who carries the colours: the spokesman or representative of a movement. [O. Fr. estandart—Old High Ger. standan, to stand, with suff. -art.]

Stang, stang, n. a wooden bar, a pole.—Riding the stang, a popular manner of punishing an unpopular man by carrying him astride of a stang. [A.S. stæng, a pole; Dut. stang.]

Stang, stang, v.i. (prov.) to throb with pain—also a Scotch form of sting.

Stanhope, stan′hōp, n. a light open one-seated carriage without a top, formerly with two wheels, now usually with four.

Staniel, stan′yel, n. the kestrel or windhover.—Also Stan′nel, Stan′yel. [A.S. stángella.]

Stank, stangk, n. (Scot.) a ditch, a pool, a tank. [O. Fr. estang, a pond—L. stagnum, a stagnant pool.]

Stannary, stan′ar-i, adj. of or relating to tin mines or works.—n. a tin-mine.—n. Stann′ate, a salt formed with stannic acid and a base.—adjs. Stann′ic, pertaining to, or procured from, tin; Stannif′erous, producing or containing tin.—n. Stann′ine, a mineral of a grayish-black colour, consisting chiefly of sulphur, tin, copper, and iron.—adj. Stann′ous, containing tin.—Stannary courts, courts in Cornwall for the tin-miners. [L. stannum, tin.]

Stanza, stan′za, n. a series of lines or verses connected with and adjusted to each other in a fixed order of sequence as regards length and metrical form: a division of a poem containing every variation of measure in the poem.—adj. Stanzā′ic. [It. stanza, a stop—Low L. stantia—L. stāre, stand.]

Stapelia, sta-pē′li-a, n. a genus of showy fleshy African plants of the milkweed family. [From J. B. van Stapel.]

Stapes, stā′pēz, n. the inmost of the three auditory ossicles, situated in the tympanum.—adjs. Stapē′dial, stirrup-shaped: pertaining to the stapes; Stapedif′erous, having a stapes.—n. Stapē′dius, a stapedial muscle. [Low L. stapes, a stirrup—Old High Ger. stapf, a step.]

Staphyline, staf′i-lin, adj. of the form of a bunch of grapes.—ns. Staph′yle, the uvula; Staphylō′ma, Staphylō′sis, a protrusion of any of the coats of the eye.—adjs. Staphylomat′ic; Staphylō′matous.—ns. Staph′yloplasty, the operation for replacing the soft palate; Staphylor′aphy, the operation of uniting a cleft palate; Staphylot′omy, the amputation of the uvula. [Gr. staphylē, a bunch of grapes, the uvula.]

Staple, stā′pl, n. a settled mart or market: the principal production or industry of a district or country: the principal element: the thread of textile fabrics: unmanufactured material.—adj. established in commerce: regularly produced for market.—n. Stā′pler, a dealer. [O. Fr. estaple—Low Ger. stapel, a heap.]

Staple, stā′pl, n. a loop of iron, &c., for holding a bolt, &c.: the metallic tube to which the reed is fastened in the oboe, &c. [A.S. stapel, a prop—stapan, step; cf. Ger. stapel.]

Star, stär, n. one of the bright bodies in the heavens, except the sun and moon: one of the heavenly bodies shining by their own light, and which keep the same relative position in the heavens: anything star-like or star-shaped: a representation of a star worn as a badge of rank or honour: a person of brilliant or attractive qualities: the chief actor or actress in a dramatic company: (print.) an asterisk (*).—v.t. to set with stars: to bespangle.—v.i. to shine, as a star: to attract attention: to appear as a star-actor (To Star it, esp. on a provincial tour):—pr.p. star′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. starred.—ns. Star′-ap′ple, the fruit of the West Indian tree Chrysophyllum Cainito; Star′-blast′ing, the noxious influence of the stars.—adjs. Star′-blind, so blind as not to see the stars: half-blind; Star′-broi′dered (Tenn.), embroidered with figures in the shape of stars.—ns. Star′-buzz′ard, an American goshawk; Star′-cat′alogue, a list of stars, with their places, magnitudes, &c.—adj. Star′-crossed, not favoured by the stars.—ns. Star′-drift, a common proper motion of a number of fixed stars in the same region of the heavens; Star′-dust, cosmic dust, matter in fine particles falling upon the earth from some outside source, like meteorites; Star′-finch, the redstart; Star′fish (Asteroidea), an Echinoderm, nearly allied to the Brittle-stars (Ophiuroidea) and to the Sea-urchins (Echinoidea); Star′-flow′er, one of various plants with bright star-shaped flowers, the Star-of-Bethlehem: chickweed; Star′-fort, a fort surrounded with projecting angles, like the points of a star; Star′-fruit, a small water-plant of southern Europe, with long-pointed radiating carpels; Star′-gāz′er, an astrologer: an astronomer; Star′-gāz′ing, astrology; Star′-grass, a grass-like plant, with star-shaped, yellow flowers; Star′-hy′acinth, a bulbous-rooted plant, a species of squill, with pinkish purple flowers, found on the coast in the south of England; Star′-jell′y, the common species of nostoc.—adj. Star′less, having no stars visible: having no light from stars.—n. Star′light, light or lustre of the stars.—adjs. Star′-like, resembling a star: radiated like a star: bright, illustrious; Star′lit, lighted by the stars.—ns. Star′-nose, a North American mole; Star′-of-Beth′lehem, a garden plant of the lily family, with bright white star-like flowers: the miraculous star of the Nativity (Matt. ii. 2, 9, 10).—adj. Star′-proof (Milt.), impervious to starlight.—n. Star′-read (Spens.), knowledge of the stars, astrology.—adj. Starred, adorned or studded with stars.—ns. Star′-reed, a South American plant used in Peru against dysentery, &c.; Star′riness.—adj. Star′ry, abounding or adorned with stars: consisting of, or proceeding from, the stars: like, or shining like, the stars.—n. Stars′-and-stripes, the flag of the United States of America, with thirteen stripes alternately red and white, and a blue field containing as many stars as there are states.—adj. Star′-spang′led, spangled or studded with stars.—n. Star′-stone, a variety of corundum which, when cut in a particular way, exhibits a reflection of light in the form of a star.—adj. Star′-strown (Tenn.), strewn or studded with stars.—ns. Star′-this′tle, a species of centaury, so called from its star-like flowers; Star′-wheel, a spur-wheel with V-shaped teeth; Star′wort, a genus of plants nearly allied to the Asters, with star-like flowers. [A.S. steorra; Ger. stern, L. stella (for sterula), Gr. astēr.]

Starboard, stär′bōrd, n. the right-hand side of a ship, to one looking toward the bow.—adj. pertaining to, or lying on, the right side of a ship. [A.S. steórbord—steór, a rudder, bord, a board, the side of a ship. Cf. Board and Larboard.]

Starch, stärch, n. the pure fecula or white farinaceous matter of vegetables, yielding a translucent jelly used for stiffening clothes in the laundry: stiffness, formality.—adj. stiff, rigid, formal.—adj. Starched, stiffened with starch: formal.—adv. Starch′edly.—ns. Starch′edness; Starch′er; Starch′-hy′acinth, a plant allied to the hyacinth, so called from the smell of the flower.—adv. Starch′ily, in a starch or stiff manner: formally.—ns. Starch′iness, the state or quality of being starchy: stiffness of manner: formality; Starch′-su′gar, glucose.—adj. Starch′y, consisting of, or like, starch: stiff: precise. [A special use of adj. stark; cf. Ger. stärke, starch—stark, strong.]

Star-chamber, stär′-chām′bėr, n. a tribunal with a civil and criminal jurisdiction, which met in the old council chamber of the palace of Westminster, abolished in the reign of Charles I. [Probably named from the gilt stars on the ceiling, hardly from the Jewish bonds (called starrs, from Heb. shetar) kept in the council-room.]

Stare, stār, v.i. to look at with a fixed gaze, as in horror, astonishment, &c.: to look fixedly.—v.t. to influence in some way by staring.—n. a fixed look.—ns. Stārēē′, one who is stared at; Stā′rer, one who stares or gazes; Stā′ring, the act of staring.—adv. Stā′ringly, in a staring manner: with a fixed look. [A.S. starian, from a Teut. root seen in Ger. starr, rigid; also in Eng. stern.]

Stark, stärk, adj. stiff: gross: absolute: entire: naked, an abbreviation of Stark′-nā′ked, quite naked, which is really a corr. of M. E. start-naked=tail-naked (A.S. steort, a tail).—adv. absolutely: completely.—v.t. to make stark, as in death.—v.t. Stark′en, to stiffen, to make obstinate.—adv. Stark′ly.—n. Stark′ness, the state or quality of being stark: stiffness; stoutness. [A.S. stearc, hard, strong; cog. Ice. sterk-r, Ger. stark.]

Starling, stärling, n. a genus Sturnus and family Sturnidæ of Passerine birds: (archit.) a ring of piles supporting the pier of a bridge. [Dim. from obs. stare—A.S. stær; Ger. staar, L. sturnus.]

Starost, stär′ost, n. a Polish noble holding a Star′osty or domain by grant of life-estate from the crown. [Pol. starosta, elder—stary, old.]

Start, stärt, v.i. to move suddenly aside: to wince: to deviate: to begin: to proceed: to give way somewhat.—v.t. to cause to move suddenly: to disturb suddenly: to rouse suddenly from concealment: to set in motion: to call forth: to invent or discover: to move suddenly from its place: to loosen: to empty: to pour out.—n. a sudden movement: a sudden motion of the body: a sudden rousing to action: an unexpected movement: a sally: a sudden fit: a quick spring: the first motion from a point or place: the outset.—n. Start′er, one who starts.—adj. Start′ful, apt to start.—adv. Start′ingly (Shak.), by fits or starts.—ns. Start′ing-point, the point from which anything starts, or from which motion begins; Start′ing-post, the post or barrier from which the competitors in a race start or begin the race.—adj. Start′ish, apt to start, skittish.—ns. Start′-up (Shak.), an upstart; Start′uppe (Spens.), a kind of high shoe or half-boot.—Start after, to set out after, to pursue; Start up, to rise suddenly, to come suddenly into notice.—Get, or Have, the start, to begin before another, to obtain an advantage over another. [M. E. sterten; closely akin to Dut. and Low Ger. storten, to plunge, Ger. stürzen.]

Startle, stärt′l, v.i. to start or move suddenly: to feel sudden alarm.—v.t. to excite suddenly: to shock: to frighten.—n. sudden alarm or surprise.—n. Start′ler.—adj. Start′ling, such as to strike with astonishment or alarm.—adv. Start′lingly.—adj. Start′lish, apt to start. [Extension of start.]

Starve, stärv, v.i. to die of hunger or cold: to suffer extreme hunger or want: to be in want of anything necessary, to deteriorate for want of anything essential.—v.t. to kill with hunger or cold: to destroy by want: to deprive of power.—n. Starvā′tion, act of starving: state of being starved.—adj. Starve′ling, hungry: lean: weak.—n. a thin, weak, pining animal or plant. [A.S. steorfan, to die; Dut. sterven, Ger. sterben, to die.]

Stasimon, stas′i-mon, n. an ode sung by the whole chorus, after the parode:—pl. Stas′ima. [Gr.]

Stasimorphy, stas′i-mor-fi, n. any deviation from the normal form of a bodily organ due to arrested development [Gr. stasis, standing.]

Stasis, stā′sis, n. the arrest of the blood in its circulation: one of the sections of a cathisma or portion of the psalter. [Gr.]

Statant, stā′tant, adj. (her.) standing with all the feet on the ground. [L. stāre, to stand.]

State, stāt, n. position: condition: situation: circumstances at any time: the whole body of people under one government: the public: the civil power: estate, one of the orders or classes of men forming the body politic (as nobles, clergy, commonalty): a body of men united by profession: rank, quality: pomp: dignity: style of living: stability, continuance: (pl.) the bodies constituting the legislature of a country: (obs.) a seat of dignity: a stage, condition, as of an etched or engraved plate at one particular stage of its progress.—adj. belonging to the state: public: royal: ceremonial: pompous: magnificent.—v.t. to set forth: to express the details of: to set down fully and formally: to narrate: to set in order: to settle.—adj. Stāt′able, capable of being stated.—ns. State′-craft, the art of managing state affairs; State′-crim′inal, one who commits an offence against the state, as treason.—adj. Stāt′ed, settled: established: fixed: regular.—adv. Stāt′edly.—ns. State′-house, the building in which the legislature of a state holds its sittings; Stāte′liness.—adj. Stāte′ly, showing state or dignity: majestic: grand.—adv. majestically: (Milt.) loftily.—ns. Stāte′ment, the act of stating: that which is stated: a narrative or recital; State′-pā′per, an official paper or document relating to affairs of state; State′-pris′on; State′-pris′oner, a prisoner confined for offence against the state; State′-relig′ion, the establishment or endowment by the government of a country of some particular form of religion; State′room, a stately room in a palace or mansion: principal room in the cabin of a ship; States′-gen′eral, the name given to the representative body of the three orders (nobility, clergy, burghers) of the French kingdom; States′man, a man acquainted with the affairs of government: one skilled in government: one employed in public affairs: a politician: one who farms his own estate, a small landholder.—adj. States′man-like, like a statesman.—adv. States′manly, in a manner becoming a statesman.—n. States′manship.—State socialism, a scheme of government which would entrust to the state the carrying on of the great enterprises of private industry; States of the Church, the former temporal possessions of the popes. [O. Fr. estat (Fr. état)—L. status, from stāre, stātum, to stand.]

Static, -al, stat′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to statics: pertaining to bodies at rest or in equilibrium: resting: acting by mere weight.—adv. Stat′ically.—n. Stat′ics, the science which treats of the action of force in maintaining rest or preventing change of motion. [Gr. statikē (epistēmē, 'science,' being understood)—histēmi.]

Station, stā′shun, n. the place where a person or thing stands: post assigned: position: office: situation: occupation, business: state: rank: condition in life: the place where railway trains come to a stand in order to take up and set down passengers and goods, the buildings erected at such a place for railway business: a regular stopping-place: a stock farm in Australia: a district or branch police-office: the place in India where the group of English officials or the officers of a garrison reside: a recess in a mine-shaft or passage for a pumping-machine: (pl.) in R.C. usage, applied to certain places of reputed sanctity, appointed to be visited as places of prayer, any one of the fourteen (fifteen, or even eleven) images or pictures ranged round a church, starting from one side of the high altar and ending at the other, representing the several stages of the Passion—the whole series the Way of Calvary.—v.t. to assign a station to: to set: to appoint to a post, place, or office.—adj. Stā′tional.—n. Stā′tionariness.—adj. Stā′tionary, pertaining to a station: standing: fixed: settled: acting from, or in, a fixed position (as an engine): not progressing or retrogressing: not improving.—n. Stā′tioner, one who sells paper and other articles used in writing.—adj. Stā′tionery, belonging to a stationer.—n. the articles sold by a stationer.—ns. Stā′tion-house, a temporary place of arrest; Stā′tion-mas′ter, one who has charge of a station, esp. on a railway.—Stationers' Hall, the hall in London belonging to the Company of the Stationers, who enjoyed until the passing of the Copyright Act in 1842 an absolute monopoly of printing and publishing; Stationery Office, an office in London for providing books, stationery, &c. to the government offices at home and abroad, and for making contracts for the printing of government reports and other public papers. [Fr.,—L. statio—stāre, to stand.]

Statistics, sta-tist′iks, n. a collection of facts and figures regarding the condition of a people, class, &c.: the science which treats of the collection and arrangement of facts bearing on the condition—social, moral, and material—of a people.—adjs. Statist′ic, -al, pertaining to, or containing, statistics.—adv. Statist′ically.—n. Statistic′ian, one skilled in statistics. [Coined (as if from a form statistikē) from Gr. statizein, to set up.]

Stative, stā′tiv, adj. standing still, pertaining to a permanent camp: indicating a physical state or reflex action, of certain Hebrew verbs.

Statue, stat′ū, n. a likeness of a human being or animal carved out of some solid substance: an image—(obs.) Stat′ua.—n. Stat′ūary, the art of carving statues: a statue or a collection of statues: one who makes statues: a dealer in statues.—adj. Stat′ued, furnished with statues.—n. Statuette′, a small statue. [Fr.,—L. statua—statuĕre, to cause lo stand—stāre.]

Statuesque, stat-ū-esk′, adj. like a statue.—adv. Statuesque′ly. [Fr.]

Stature, stat′ūr, n. the height of any animal.—adj. Stat′ured, having a certain specified stature. [L. statura.]

Statute, stat′ūt, n. a law expressly enacted by the legislature (as distinguished from a customary law or law of use and wont): a written law: the act of a corporation or its founder, intended as a permanent rule or law.—adj. Stat′ūtable, made by statute: according to statute.—adv. Stat′ūtably.—ns. Stat′ute-book, a record of statutes or enacted laws; Stat′ute-cap (Shak.), a kind of cap enjoined to be worn by a statute passed in 1571 in behalf of the cap-makers; Stat′ute-roll, an enrolled statute.—adj. Stat′ūtory, enacted by statute: depending on statute for its authority. [L. statutum, that which is set up—statuĕre.]

Staunch, stawnsh, adj. firm in principle, pursuit, or support: trusty, hearty, constant, zealous.—adv. Staunch′ly.—n. Staunch′ness. [Stanch.]

Staurolite, stawr′ō-līt, n. a silicate of alumina with ferrous oxide, magnesia, and water, crystallising in trimetric forms, common as twinned cruciform crystals in certain states.—adj. Staurolit′ic.

Stave, stāv, n. one of the pieces of which a cask is made: a staff or part of a piece of music: a stanza.—v.t. to break a stave or the staves of: to break: to burst: to drive off, as with a staff: to delay:—pa.t. and pa.p. stāved or stōve. [By-form of staff.]

Stavesacre, stāvz′ā-kėr, n. a tall larkspur whose seeds yield delphinin for destroying lice. [O. Fr. stavesaigre—Low L. staphisagria—Gr. staphis, dried grapes, agrios, wild.]

Staw, staw, v.i. (prov.) to stand still, become fixed.—v.t. (Scot.) to surfeit, to scunner at.—n. a surfeit.

Stay, stā, v.i. to remain: to abide for any time: to continue in a state: to wait: to cease acting: to dwell: to trust.—v.t. to cause to stand: to stop: to restrain: to delay: to prevent from falling: to prop: to support, rest, rely:—pa.t. and pa.p. stayed, staid.—n. continuance in a place: abode for a time: stand: stop: a fixed state: a standstill: suspension of a legal proceeding: prop, support: (pl.) a kind of stiff inner waistcoat worn by women.—ns. Stay′-at-home, one who keeps much at home—also adj.; Stay′-bolt, a bolt or rod binding together opposite plates; Stay′er, one who, or that which, stops, holds, or supports: a person or animal of good lasting or staying qualities for a race, &c.; Stay′-lace, a lace for fastening a bodice; Stay′-mā′ker, one whose occupation is to make stays.—Stay the stomach, to allay the cravings of hunger for the time. [O. Fr. estayer, estaye—Old Dut. stade, a stay.]

Stay, stā, n. a large strong rope running from the head of one mast to another mast ('fore-and-aft' stay), or to the side of the ship ('back'-stay): the transverse piece in a chain-cable link.—v.t. to support or to incline to one side by means of stays: to put on the other tack, to cause to go about.—v.i. to change tack, to go about, to be in stays.—ns. Stay′sail, a sail extended on a stay; Stay′-tack′le, a large hoisting tackle fixed by a pendant to the mainstay of a ship.—Miss stays (see Miss). [A.S. stæg; Dut. stag, Ger. stag.]

Stayne, stān, v.t. (Spens.) to dim, deface, or disparage. [A form of stain.]

Stead, sted, n. the place which another had or might have: a fixed place of abode: use, help, service, as in 'To stand in good stead.'—n. Steading, the barns, stables, &c. of a farm. [A.S. stede, place; Ger. stadt, statt, place, Dut. stad, a town.]

Steadfast, sted′fast, adj. firmly fixed or established: firm: constant: resolute: steady.—adv. Stead′fastly.—n. Stead′fastness. [A.S. stedefæst, stede, a place, fæst, firm, fast.]

Steady, sted′i, adj. (comp. Stead′ier, superl. Stead′iest) firm in standing or in place: fixed: stable: constant: resolute: consistent: regular: uniform: sober, industrious.—v.t. to make steady: to make or keep firm:—pa.t. and pa.p. stead′ied.—n. a rest or support, as for the hand, a tool, or a piece of work.—adv. Stead′ily.—n. Stead′iness.—adj. Stead′y-gō′ing, of steady habits or action. [A.S. stæððig—stæð, stead, bank; Ger. stätig, continual.]

Steak, stāk, n. a slice of meat (esp. beef) broiled, or for broiling. [Prob. Ice. steik, steikja, to broil.]

Steal, stēl, v.t. to take by theft or feloniously: to take away without notice: to gain or win by address, insidiously, or by gradual means: to snatch: in golf, to hole a long putt by a stealthy stroke—the opposite of Gobble.—v.i. to practise theft: to take feloniously: to pass secretly: to slip in or out unperceived:—pa.t. stōle; pa.p. stōlen.—ns. Steal′er; Steal′ing, the act of taking another's property without his knowledge or consent: stolen property.—adv. Steal′ingly.—Steal a march on, to gain an advantage unperceived. [A.S. stelan; Ger. stehlen, Dut. stelen.]

Stealth, stelth, n. the act of stealing: a secret manner of bringing anything to pass.—adv. Stealth′ily.—n. Stealth′iness.—adj. Stealth′y, done by stealth: unperceived: secret.

Steam, stēm, n. the vapour of water—when dry, invisible and transparent like air, and not to be confused with the semi-liquid cloud which comes from the chimney of a locomotive; when superheated, changing the characteristics of a vapour for those belonging to what is known as a 'perfect gas:' the mist formed by condensed vapour: any vaporous exhalation: energy, force, spirit.—v.i. to rise or pass off in steam or vapour: to move by steam.—v.t. to expose to steam.—ns. Steam′boat, Steam′ship, Steam′-vess′el, a boat, ship, or vessel propelled by steam; Steam′-boil′er, a boiler for generating steam; Steam′-carriage, a carriage moved by steam on common roads; Steam′-chest, -dome, a chamber above a steam-boiler serving as a reservoir for steam; Steam′-crane, a crane worked by a steam-engine; Steam′-dig′ger, a machine for digging the soil by means of steam-power, the soil being thereby much more thoroughly pulverised than by ploughing; Steam′-en′gine, an engine or machine which changes heat into useful work through the medium of steam; Steam′er, a vessel moved by steam: a road-locomotive, &c.: a vessel in which articles are steamed; Steam′-gauge, an instrument for measuring the pressure of steam in a boiler; Steam′-gov′ernor, the governor of a steam-engine; Steam′-gun, a gun projecting a missile by means of steam; Steam′-hamm′er, a hammer consisting of a steam cylinder and piston placed vertically over an anvil, the hammer moved by the action of the steam; Steam′iness, the quality of being vaporous or misty; Steam′-jack′et, a hollow casing surrounding any vessel and into which steam may be admitted; Steam′-launch (see Launch); Steam′-navigā′tion, the propulsion of vessels by steam; Steam′-nav′vy, an excavator operated by steam in the making of docks, canals, &c.; Steam′-pack′et, a steam-vessel plying between certain ports; Steam′-pipe, a pipe for conveying steam; Steam′-plough, a plough or gang of ploughs worked by a steam-engine; Steam′-pow′er, the force of steam when applied to machinery; Steam′-press, a printing-press worked by steam; Steam′-print′ing, printing in which the presses are operated by steam; Steam′-trap, a contrivance for allowing the passage of water while preventing the passage of steam; Steam′-tug, a small steam-vessel used in towing ships; Steam′-whis′tle, an apparatus attached to a steam-engine through which steam is discharged, producing a sound in the manner of a common whistle.—adj. Steam′y, consisting of, or like, steam: full of steam or vapour.—n. Steam′-yacht, a yacht propelled by steam. [A.S. steám; cog. with Dut. stoom.]

Stean, Steen, stēn, n. a stone or earthenware vessel.—n. Stean′ing, the stone or brick lining of a well, &c. [A.S. stæn, stone.]

Stearine, stē′a-rīn, n. one of the fats occurring in animals and plants, the chief constituent of the more solid fats, such as mutton suet.—n. Stē′arāte, a salt formed by the combination of stearic acid with a base.—adj. Stēar′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, stearine.—n. Stēarrhē′a, an abnormal increase of secretion from the oil-glands of the skin.—Stearic acid, an acid abundant in fats. [Gr. stear, steatos, suet—histanai, to make to stand, to fix.]

Steatite, stē′a-tīt, n. soapstone, a compact or massive variety of talc, a hydrous silicate of magnesia, white or yellow, soft and greasy to the touch—used by tailors for marking cloth, and called Briançon Chalk, French Chalk, and Venice Talc.—adj. Stēatit′ic.—ns. Stēatī′tis, inflammation of the fatty tissue; Stē′atocele, a fatty tumour in the scrotum; Stēatō′ma, a fatty encysted tumour.—adj. Stēatom′atous.—n. Stēatop′yga, an accumulation of fat on the buttocks of the Bushmen women.—adj. Stēatop′ygous, fat-buttocked.—n. Stēatō′sis, fatty degeneration of an organ, as the heart. [Gr. steatitēs—stear, steatos, suet.]

Steboy, ste-boi′, interj. a cry in setting on a dog.—Also Hist′aboy.

Steed, stēd, n. a horse or stallion, esp. a spirited horse. [A.S. stéda, from stód, a stud; Ger. stute, a stud-mare, ge-stüte, a stud.]

Steek, stēk, n. (Scot.) a stitch.—v.t. to pierce, to stitch: to close.

Steel, stēl, n. iron combined in varying proportions with carbon for making edged tools: any instrument or weapon of steel: an instrument of steel for sharpening knives on: a strip of steel for stiffening a corset: a piece of steel for striking fire from a flint: extreme hardness: a chalybeate medicine.—adj. made of steel: hard, unfeeling.—v.t. to overlay or edge with steel: to harden: to make obdurate.—adj. Steel′-clad, clad with steel-mail.—ns. Steel′-engraving, the art of engraving pictures on steel plates from which impressions may be taken, the impression or print so taken; Steel′iness, state of being steely, great hardness; Steel′ing, the welding of a steel edge on a cutting instrument; Steel′-pen, a pen-nib made of steel; Steel′-plate, a plate of steel: a plate of polished steel on which a design is engraved, the print taken from such.—adj. Steel′-plāt′ed, plated with steel.—n.pl. Steel′-toys, small articles of steel as buttons, buckles, &c.—n. Steel′-ware, articles made of steel collectively.—adj. Steel′y, made of steel: steel-like. [A.S. stýle; Ger. stahl.]

Steelbow, stēl′bō, n. (Scots law) a term for goods, such as corn, cattle, straw, and implements of husbandry delivered by the landlord to his tenant, by means of which the latter is enabled to stock and labour the farm, and in consideration of which he becomes bound to return articles equal in quantity and quality at the expiration of the lease.

Steelyard, stēl′yärd, n. the Roman balance, an instrument for weighing, consisting of a lever with unequal arms, in using which a single weight or counterpoise is employed, being moved along a graduated beam. [Orig. the yard in London where steel was sold by German merchants.]

Steenbok, stān′bok, n. one of several small African antelopes. [Dut., steen, stone, bok, buck.]

Steenkirk, stēn′kerk, n. a lace cravat loosely worn, so named from the defeat of William III. by Luxembourg at Steenkerke, August 3, 1692.

Steep, stēp, adj. rising or descending with great inclination: precipitous: difficult, excessive, exorbitant.—n. a precipitous place: a precipice.—adj. Steep′-down (Shak.), deep and precipitous.—v.i. Steep′en, to become steep.—ns. Steep′iness, Steep′ness, the state or quality of being steep.—adv. Steep′ly.—adj. Steep′y, steep. [A.S. steáp; Ice. steypthr.]

Steep, stēp, v.t. to dip or soak in a liquid: to imbue.—n. something steeped or used in steeping: a fertilising liquid for seed: rennet.—n. Steep′er, a vessel in which articles are steeped. [Scand., Ice. steypa, to make to stoop, pour out, causal of stúpa, to stoop.]

Steeple, stēp′l, n. a tower of a church or building, ending in a point: the high head-dress of the 14th century.—adj. Steep′led, furnished with a steeple: adorned with, or as with, steeples or towers.—ns. Steep′le-hat, a high and narrow-crowned hat; Steep′le-house, an old Quaker name for the building in which believers meet for worship; Steep′lejack, one who climbs steeples and chimney-stalks to make repairs. [A.S. stýpel, stepel—steáp, steep.]

Steeplechase, stēp′l-chās, n. a horserace run across the open country, over hedges, ditches, walls, and other obstacles.—n. Steep′lechāser, one who rides such.

Steer, stēr, n. a young ox, esp. a castrated one from two to four years old.—n. Steer′ling, a little or young steer. [A.S. steór; Ger. stier.]

Steer, stēr, v.t. to direct with the helm: to guide: to govern.—v.i. to direct a ship in its course: to be directed: to move.—ns. Steer′age, act or practice of steering: the effect of a rudder on the ship: an apartment in the fore-part of a ship for passengers paying a lower rate of fare; Steer′age-way, sufficient movement of a vessel to enable it to be controlled by the helm; Steer′er, Steers′man, a man who steers a ship; Steer′ing; Steer′ing-wheel, the wheel by which the rudder of a ship is turned. [A.S. steóran, stýran, to steer; Ger. steuern.]

Steeve, stēv, n. a spar with a block at the end for packing close certain kinds of cargo: the angle which the bowsprit of a ship makes with the horizon or the line of her keel.—Also Steev′ing.

Steganography, steg-an-og′ra-fi, n. the art of writing in cipher or secret characters.—n. Steganog′raphist, one who writes in cipher. [Gr. steganos, concealed—stegein, to cover, graphein, to write.]

Steganopus, ste-gan′ō-pus, n. a genus of phalaropes with long slender bill.—adjs. Steg′anopod, Steganop′odous, having all four toes webbed, totipalmate.—n.pl. Steganop′odes, an order of swimming birds, with all four toes webbed and a gular pouch—cormorants, frigate-birds, pelicans, gannets. [Gr. steganos, covered, pous, podos, foot.]

Stegnosis, steg-nō′sis, n. constriction of the pores and vessels: constipation.—adj. Stegnot′ic.

Stegocephalous, steg-ō-sef′a-lus, adj. with the head mailed, loricate, cataphract. [Gr. stegein, to cover, kephalē, the head.]

Stegognathous, ste-gog′nā-thus, adj. having a jaw composed of imbricated plates. [Gr. stegein, to cover, gnathos, the jaw.]

Stegopterous, ste-gop′te-rus, adj. roof-winged, keeping the wings deflexed when at rest. [Gr. stegein, to cover, pteron, a wing.]

Stegosaurian, steg-ō-saw′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the Stegosau′ria, an order or suborder of dinosaurs, represented by the families Stegosauridæ and Scelidosauridæ.—n. Stegosau′rus, the typical genus of Stegosauridæ, with enormous bucklers and spines. [Gr. stegein, to cover, sauros, a lizard.]

Steinberger, stīn-ber′gėr, n. an esteemed Rhenish white wine, produced near Wiesbaden.

Steinbock, Steenbok, stēn′bok, n. the name given in German Switzerland to the ibex of the Alps. [Ger. stein, stone, rock, bock, buck, he-goat.]

Stele, stē′lē, n. an upright stone slab or tablet, either sepulchral or on which laws, decrees, &c. are inscribed—also Stē′la.—adj. Stē′lene.—n. Stelog′raphy, the practice of writing on steles. [L.,—Gr. stēlē—histanai, to set, stand.]

Stellar, stel′ar, Stellary, stel′ar-i, adj. relating to the stars: starry.—n. Stellā′ria, a genus of tufted plants of the pink family—the chickweeds or starworts.—adjs. Stell′āte, -d, like a star: radiated; Stelled (Milt.), starry: (Shak.) set or fixed; Stellif′erous, thickly abounding with stars; Stell′iform, star-shaped; Stell′ular, formed like little stars; Stell′ulate (bot.), like a little star. [L. stellaris—stella, a star.]

Stem, stem, n. the ascending axis of a plant, which usually bears leaves and flowers, and maintains communication between the roots and the leaves: the little branch supporting the flower or fruit: a race or family: branch of a family.—n. Stem′-leaf, a leaf growing from the stem.—adj. Stem′less (bot.), wanting a stem, or having it so little developed as to seem to be wanting.—ns. Stem′let, a little or young stem; Stem′ma, a pedigree or family tree: an ocellus.—adjs. Stem′matous; Stemmed. [A.S. stæfn, stefn, stemn, from stæf, a staff; Ger. stab.]

Stem, stem, n. the prow of a ship: a curved piece of timber at the prow to which the two sides of a ship are united.—v.t. to cut, as with the stem: to resist or make progress against: to stop, to check:—pr.p. stem′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. stemmed.—From stem to stern, from one end of a vessel to the other: completely, throughout. [Same word as above.]

Stempel, stem′pel, n. a timber helping to support a platform.—Also Stem′ple.

Stemson, stem′sun, n. an arching piece of compass-timber behind the apron of a vessel, and supporting its scarfs.

Stench, stensh, n. stink: a strong bad odour or smell.—adj. Stench′y. [A.S. stenc; Ger. stank.]

Stencil, sten′sil, n. a plate of metal, &c., with a pattern cut out, which is impressed upon a surface by drawing a brush with colour over it.—v.t. to print or paint by means of a stencil:—pr.p. sten′cilling; pa.t. and pa.p. sten′cilled.—ns. Sten′ciller, one who does stencil-work; Sten′cilling, a method of printing letters or designs, the pattern cut out on a thin plate, and brushed over so as to mark the surface below. [O. Fr. estinceller, estincelle—L. scintilla, a spark.]

Stend, stend, v.i. (prov.) to rear, leap, walk with long strides.—n. a leap.

Stenochrome, sten′ō-krōm, n. a print from a series of pigment-blocks arranged.—n. Sten′ochromy, the art of printing in several colours at one impression. [Gr. stenos, narrow, chrōma, colour.]

Stenography, sten-og′ra-fi, n. art of writing very quickly by means of abbreviations: shorthand.—n. Sten′ograph, a character used in stenography: a stenographic machine.—v.i. to represent by means of stenography.—ns. Stenog′rapher, Stenog′raphist.—adjs. Stenograph′ic, -al. [Gr. stenos, narrow, graphein, to write.]

Stenopaic, sten-ō-pā′ik, adj. having a narrow opening. [Gr. stenos, narrow, opē, an opening.]

Stenosis, sten-ō′sis, n. constriction of the pores and vessels: constipation.—adjs. Stenosed′, contracted morbidly; Stenot′ic, abnormally contracted. [Gr., stenos, narrow.]

Stenotypy, sten′o-tīp-i, n. a system of shorthand representing by ordinary letters shortened signs of words or phrases.—n. Sten′otype, such a symbolic letter or combination of letters.—adj. Stenotyp′ic.

Stent, stent, v.t. (prov.) to stint, restrain.—n. extent, limit, amount of work required. [Stint.]

Stentor, stent′or, n. a very loud-voiced herald in the Iliad, hence any person with a remarkably loud voice: the ursine howler.—adj. Stentō′rian, very loud or powerful. [Gr.]

Step, step, n. a pace: the distance crossed by the foot in walking or running: a small space: degree: one remove in ascending or descending a stair: round of a ladder: footprint: manner of walking: proceeding: action: the support on which the lower end of a mast, or staff, or a wheel rests: (pl.) walk, direction taken in walking: a self-supporting ladder with flat steps.—v.i. to advance or retire by pacing: to walk: to walk slowly or gravely: to walk a short distance: to move mentally.—v.t. to set, as a foot: to fix, as a mast:—pr.p. step′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stepped.—ns. Step′per, one who steps; Step′ping-stone, a stone for stepping on to raise the feet above the water or mud; Step′stone, a door-step.—Step aside, to walk to a little distance, as from company: to err; Step in, or into, to enter easily or unexpectedly; Step out, to go out a little way: to increase the length of the step and so the speed; Step short, to shorten the length of one's step. [A.S. stæpe—stapan, to go; Dut. stap, Ger. stapfe.]

Step-child, step′-chīld, n. one who stands in the relation of a child through the marriage of a parent—also Step′-bairn. So Step′-broth′er; Step′-daugh′ter; Step′-fa′ther; Step′-moth′er, or -dame; Step′-sis′ter; Step′-son.—n. Step′-coun′try, an adopted country. [A.S. steóp-, as in steóp-módor; Ger. stieb-; orig. an adj. sig. bereft.]

Stephane, stef′a-nē, n. an ancient Greek head-dress like a coronet. [Gr.,—stephein, to crown.]

Stephanite, stef′a-nīt, n. a metallic iron-black silver sulph-antimonite.—Also Brittle silver ore and Sulph-antimonite of silver.

Stephanotis, stef-a-nō′tis, n. a genus of shrubby twining plants of the milkweed family. [Gr. stephanos, a crown, ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Steppe, step, n. one of the vast uncultivated plains in the south-east of Europe and in Asia. [Russ. stepe.]

Stercoral, ster′ko-ral, adj. pertaining to excrement—also Ster′corary, Stercorā′ceous.—ns. Ster′coranist, Stercorā′rian, one who held that the sacramental bread was digested and evacuated like other food; Stercorā′rianism; Stercorā′rius, a genus of Laridæ, the dung-hunters or skuas.—v.t. Ster′corate, to manure.

Sterculia, ster-kū′li-a, n. the typical genus of Sterculiaceæ, a family of large trees and shrubs, with mucilaginous and demulcent properties—Gum-tragacanth, &c. [L. stercus, dung.]

Stere, stēr, n. a cubic unit of metric measure—a cubic mètre, equivalent to 35.3156 English cubic feet.—Decastère=10 steres; Decistère=1⁄10 stere. [Fr. stère—Gr. stereos, solid.]

Stereobate, ster′ē-ō-bāt, n. the substructure on which a building is based.—adj. Stereobat′ic. [Gr. stereos, solid, batos, verbal of bainein, to go.]

Stereochromy, ster′ē-ō-krō-mi, n. a process of painting on stone or plaster-work, the colours rendered permanent by a solution of fluoric acid.—n. Stē′reochrome, a picture of this kind.—adj. Stereochrō′mic.—adv. Stereochrō′mically. [Gr. stereos, hard, chrōma, colour.]

Stereoelectric, ster′ē-ō-ē-lek′trik, adj. pertaining to electric currents produced when two solids are brought together at different temperatures.

Stereograph, stē′rē-ō-graf, n. a double photograph for viewing in a stereoscope—also Stē′rēōgram.—adjs. Sterēograph′ic, -al, pertaining to stereography: made according to stereography: delineated on a plane.—adv. Sterēograph′ically.—n. Sterēog′raphy, the art of showing solids on a plane. [Gr. stereos, hard, graphein, to write.]

Stereometer, stē-re-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the specific gravity of bodies solid and liquid.—adjs. Sterēomet′ric, -al.—adv. Sterēomet′rically.—n. Sterēom′etry, the art of measuring the solid contents of solid bodies. [Gr. stereos, hard, metron, measure.]

Stereopticon, ster-ē-op′ti-kon, n. a double magic-lantern, by means of which the one picture appears to dissolve gradually into the other.

Stereoscope, ster′ē-ō-skōp, n. an instrument in which each of two pictures is examined by a separate lens, and the two lenses are inclined so as to shift the images towards one another, and thus to ensure or to facilitate the blending of the two images into one, standing out in relief with solidity.—adjs. Sterēoscop′ic, -al, pertaining to the stereoscope.—adv. Sterēoscop′ically.—ns. Stē′rēoscopist; Sterēos′copy. [Gr. stereos, solid, skopein, see.]

Stereotomy, ster-ē-ot′ō-mi, n. the art of cutting solids into figures by certain sections.—adjs. Sterēo tom′ic, -al. [Gr. stereos, solid, temnein, to cut.]

Stereotrope, ster′ē-ō-trōp, n. an optical contrivance by which an object is brought into relief and made to appear as if in motion. [Gr. stereos, solid, tropē, a turning.]

Stereotype, stē′rē-ō-tīp, n. a solid metallic plate for printing, cast from an impression of movable types, taken on some plastic substance: art of fabricating solid casts in type-metal from pages of movable type.—adj. pertaining to, or done with, stereotypes.—v.t. to make a stereotype of: to print with stereotypes.—p.adj. Stē′reotyped, transferred as letterpress from set-up movable type to a mould, and thence to a metal plate: fixed; unchangeable, as opinions.—ns. Stē′reotyper, Stē′reotypist, one who makes stereotype plates.—adj. Stēreotyp′ic.—ns. Sterēotypog′rapher, a stereotype printer; Stēreotypog′raphy, the art, practice, or business of printing from stereotype plates; Stē′reotypy, the art or employment of making stereotype plates. [Gr. stereos, solid, and type.]

Sterigma, stē-rig′ma, n. (bot.) a stalk or support.—adj. Sterigmat′ic. [Gr. stērigma, a prop.]

Sterile, ster′il, adj. unfruitful: barren: (bot.) producing no pistil, or no spores: destitute of ideas or sentiment.—n. Sterilisā′tion, act of sterilising.—v.t. Ster′ilise, to cause to be fruitless: to destroy bacteria or other micro-organisms in.—ns. Ster′iliser, anything which sterilises; Steril′ity, quality of being sterile: unfruitfulness, barrenness, in regard to reproduction. [O. Fr.,—L. sterilis, barren.]

Sterling, stėr′ling, adj. a designation of British money—pure, genuine, of good quality—also generally, of value or excellence, authoritative. [Orig. the name of a penny; prob. from the Hanse merchants or Easterlings ('men from the east'), from North Germany, who had probably the privilege of coining money in England in the 13th century.]

Stern, stėrn, adj. severe of countenance, manner, or feeling: austere: harsh: unrelenting: steadfast.—adv. Stern′ly.—n. Stern′ness. [A.S. styrne.]

Stern, stėrn, n. the hind-part of a vessel: the rump or tail of an animal.—v.t. to back a boat, to row backward.—ns. Stern′age (Shak.), the steerage or stern of a ship; Stern′board, backward motion of a ship: loss of way in tacking; Stern′-chase, a chase in which one ship follows directly in the wake of another; Stern′-chās′er, a cannon in the stern of a ship.—adj. Sterned, having a stern of a specified kind.—ns. Stern′-fast, a rope or chain for making fast a ship's stern to a wharf, &c.; Stern′-frame, the sternpost, transoms, and fashion-pieces of a ship's stern.—adj. Stern′most, farthest astern.—ns. Stern′port, a port or opening in the stern of a ship; Stern′post, the aftermost timber of a ship which supports the rudder; Stern′sheets, the part of a boat between the stern and the rowers; Stern′son, the hinder extremity of a ship's keelson, to which the sternpost is bolted; Stern′way, the backward motion of a vessel; Stern′-wheel′er (U.S.), a small vessel with one large paddle-wheel at the stern. [Ice. stjórn, a steering.]

Sternum, stėr′num, n. the breast-bone.—adj. Ster′nal.—n. Sternal′gia, pain about the breast-bone, esp. angina pectoris.—adjs. Sternal′gic; Ster′nebral, pertaining to the Ster′nebra or serial segments of which the sternum of a vertebrate is composed.—n. Ster′nite, the ventral portion of the somite of an arthropod.—adjs. Sternit′ic; Sternocost′al, pertaining to, or connected with, the sternum and ribs: denoting those ribs and muscles attached to the sternum. [Gr. sternon, chest.]

Sternutation, stėr-nū-tā′shun, n. the act of sneezing.—adjs. Sternū′tātive, Sternū′tatory, that causes sneezing.—n. a substance that causes sneezing. [L. sternutatio—sternutāre, -ātum, inten. of sternuĕre, -utum, to sneeze.]

Stertorous, stėr′tō-rus, adj. snoring.—adv. Ster′torously.—n. Ster′torousness. [L. stertĕre, to snore.]

Stet, stet, v.t. to restore—generally on proof-sheets, in imperative, with a line of dots under the words to be retained. [L., 'let it stand,' 3d sing. pres. subj. of stāre, to stand.]

Stethiæum, steth-i-ē′um, n. the anterior half of a bird—opp. to Uræum.—n. Stethid′ium, in insects, the thorax. [Gr., stēthos, the breast.]

Stethometer, steth-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the relative mobility of the different sides of the chest in respiration.—n. Steth′ograph, an instrument for marking the respiratory movements of the thorax.—adj. Stethograph′ic. [Gr. stēthos, chest, metron, measure.]

Stethoscope, steth′ō-skōp, n. an instrument for auscultation, consisting of a tubular piece of wood to be applied to the patient's body—in the binaural form with tubes of rubber, &c., to convey the sounds to the physician's ears.—adjs. Stethoscop′ic, -al, pertaining to, or performed by, the stethoscope.—adv. Stethoscop′ically.—ns. Steth′oscopist; Steth′oscopy. [Gr. stēthos, the breast, skopein, to see.]

Stevedore, stēv′e-dōr, n. one who loads and unloads vessels. [A corr. of Sp. estivador, a wool-packer—estivar, to stow—L. stipāre, to press.]

Steven, stē′vn, n. (Spens.) a cry, a loud clamour. [A.S. stefn, the voice.]

Stew, stū, v.t. to simmer or boil slowly with little moisture.—v.i. to be boiled slowly and gently: (slang) to be in a state of worry or agitation: to read hard for an examination.—n. meat stewed: mental agitation: worry: (slang) one who reads hard: a room for bathing purposes: (pl.) a brothel.—ns. Stew′-pan, -pot, a pan, pot, used for stewing. [O. Fr. estuve (étuve), a stove—Old High Ger. stupā (Ger. stube), a heated room.]

Steward, stū′ard, n. one who manages the domestic concerns of a family or institution: one who superintends another's affairs, esp. an estate or farm: the manager of the provision department, &c., at sea: a manager at races, games, &c.: the treasurer of a congregation, a guild or society, &c.—ns. Stew′ardess, a female steward: a female who waits on ladies on shipboard; Stew′ardship, Stew′ardry, office of a steward: management; Stew′artry (Scot.), a stewardship, or the extent of a stewardship—still applied esp. to the county of Kirkcudbright.—Lord High Steward, one of the great officers of state, and anciently the first officer of the crown in England. [A.S. stíg-weard—stigo, a sty, weard, a ward.]

Sthenic, sthen′ik, adj. attended with increased action of the heart: strong, robust: inspiring.—n. Sthenī′a, strength. [Gr. sthenos, strength.]

Stibbler, stib′lėr, n. one who cuts the handfuls left by the reaper: a clerical locum tenens.

Stibium, stib′i-um, n. antimony.—adj. Stib′ial, like antimony.—n. Stib′ialism, poisoning by antimony.—adj. Stib′iāted, impregnated with antimony.—n. Stib′nite, native antimony trisulphide. [Gr.]

Stibogram, stib′ō-gram, n. a graphic record of footprints. [Gr. stibos, a track, gramma, a letter.]

Stich, stik, n. a verse or line of poetry, of whatever measure—used in composition: a row of trees.—ns. Stichā′rion, a Greek vestment like the Western alb; Stichē′ron, a troparion.—adj. Stich′ic, pertaining to a verse.—n. Stich′omancy, divination by the assumed meaning of a verse, text of Scripture, or literary passage taken at random.—adjs. Stichomet′ric, -al, pertaining to stichom′etry, stating the number of lines.—ns. Stichom′etry, measurement of manuscript by lines: a list stating such; Stichomyth′ia, dialogue in alternate lines; Stich′os, a line of ordinary length in measuring a manuscript: a verse or versicle in the usage of the Greek Church. [Gr. stichos, a row—steichein, to ascend.]

Stick, stik, v.t. to stab: to thrust in: to fasten by piercing: to fix in: to set with something pointed: to cause to adhere.—v.i. to hold to: to remain: to stop: to be hindered: to hesitate, to be embarrassed or puzzled: to adhere closely in affection:—pa.t. and pa.p. stuck.—ns. Stick′er, one who kills pigs, &c.: one who sticks to anything; Stick′ing, the act of stabbing; Stick′ing-place, the point at which a thing sticks or stays; Stick′ing-plas′ter, an adhesive plaster for closing wounds; Stick′-in-the-mud, an old fogy; Stick′it-min′ister (Scot.), a licentiate who never gets a pastoral charge.—Stick at, to hesitate: to persist at; Stick by, to be firm in supporting, to adhere closely to; Stick out, to be prominent, project; Stick pigs, to hunt wild hogs on horseback and transfix them with the spear; Stick to, to persevere in holding to; Stick up, to stand up: to waylay and plunder, as a mail-coach by bushrangers; Stick up for, to speak or act in defence of.—Be stuck on (U.S.), to be enamoured of; Stuck up, conceited. [A.S. stecan (assumed); Ger. stechen, Dut. steken; also A.S. stician, Ger. stecken, to set, stick fast.]

Stick, stik, n. a small shoot or branch cut off a tree: a staff or walking-stick: anything in the form of a stick, a cudgel: a piece of printers' furniture used to lock up a form in a chase, a printer's composing-stick: a stiff, stupidly obstinate person.—v.t. to furnish or set with sticks: to arrange in a composing-stick.—n. Stick′-in′sect, a walking-stick or phasmid insect. [A.S. sticca; Ice. stika.]

Stickle, stik′l, v.i. to interpose between combatants: to contend obstinately: to hesitate.—n. a sharp point, a prickle, a spine.—ns. Stick′leback, a small river-fish so called from the spines on its back; Stick′ler, a second or umpire in a duel: an obstinate contender, esp. for something trifling.—adj. Stick′ler-like (Shak.), in the manner of a stickler. [A dim. of stick (n.).]

Stickle, stik′l, adj. high, rapid.—n. a current below a waterfall. [A.S. sticol, steep.]

Sticky, stik′i, adj. that sticks or adheres: adhesive: glutinous.—n. Stick′iness. [Stick.]

Stiff, stif, adj. not easily bent: rigid: not liquid: rather hard than soft: not easily overcome: obstinate: not natural and easy: constrained: formal: hard to overcome, difficult: firm, of prices, &c.: dead, rigid in death: (naut.) keeping upright.—n. (slang) a corpse: negotiable paper: forged paper.—v.t. Stiff′en, to make stiff.—v.i. to become stiff: to become less impressible or more obstinate.—ns. Stiff′ener, one who, or that which, stiffens; Stiff′ening, something used to make a substance more stiff.—adj. Stiff′-heart′ed (B.), obstinate, stubborn.—adv. Stiff′ly.—n. Stiff′-neck, cervical myalgia, true torticollis.—adj. Stiff′-necked, obstinate, hard to move.—ns. Stiff′-neck′edness; Stiff′ness.—Do a bit of stiff, to accept or discount a bill. [A.S. stíf, stiff; Dut. stijf, Dan. stiv.]

Stifle, stī′fl, v.t. to stop the breath of by foul air or other means: to suffocate, smother: to extinguish: to suppress the sound of: to destroy: to suppress, conceal.—v.i. to suffocate.—adj. Stī′fling, close, oppressive. [Scand., Ice. stífla, to choke up; Norw. stivla.]

Stifle, stī′fl, n. the knee-joint on a horse's hind-leg, a disease of his knee-pan. [Perh. stiff.]

Stigma, stig′ma, n. a brand: a mark of infamy: (bot.) the top of a pistil: any special mark: a place on the skin which bleeds periodically:—pl. Stig′mas or Stig′mata.—n. Stigmā′ria, the root of the fossil plant sigillaria, found in the coal-measures.—n.pl. Stig′mata, the marks of the wounds on Christ's body, or marks resembling them, claimed to have been miraculously impressed on the bodies of certain persons, as Francis of Assisi in 1224.—adjs. Stigmat′ic, -al, marked or branded with a stigma: giving infamy or reproach.—adv. Stigmat′ically.—adj. Stigmatif′erous (bot.), stigma-bearing.—n. Stigmatisā′tion, the operation or effect of producing bleeding spots upon the body, as by hypnotism.—v.t. Stig′matise, to brand with a stigma.—n. Stig′matist, one impressed with the stigmata.—adj. Stig′matose, stigmatic: stigmatised.—n. Stigmatō′sis, a form of inflammation of the skin, occurring in spots.—adj. Stigmatyp′ic, pertaining to the making of impressions by means of scorching-hot plates.—ns. Stig′matypy, a species of printing with points, that consists of their arrangement in pictures; Stig′mē (Gr. paleog.), a dot used as a punctuation mark, esp. at the top of the line, equivalent to a period. [L.,—Gr.,—stizein, to mark.]

Stilbite, stil′bīt, n. a pearly and foliated variety of zeolite. [Gr. stilbein, to shine.]

Stile, stīl, n. a step, or set of steps, for climbing over a wall or fence. [A.S. stigel, a step—stígan; cf. Ger. steigen, to mount.]

Stiletto, sti-let′ō, n. a dagger with a slender and narrow blade: a pointed instrument for making eyelet-holes:—pl. Stilett′os.—v.t. to stab with a stiletto:—pr.p. stilett′oing; pa.t. and pa.p. stilett′oed. [It., dim. of stilo, a dagger—L. stilus, a stake.]

Still, stil, adj. silent: motionless: calm, subdued: not sparkling or effervescing: constant.—v.t. to quiet: to silence: to appease: to restrain.—adv. always, constantly: nevertheless, for all that: even yet: after that.—n. calm.—n. Still′-birth, the state of being still-born: anything born without life.—adj. Still′-born, dead when born.—ns. Still′er, one who stills or quiets; Still′-life, the class of pictures representing inanimate objects; Still′ness; Still′-room, an apartment where liquors, preserves, and the like are kept, and where tea, &c., is prepared for the table: a housekeeper's pantry; Still′-stand (Shak.), absence of motion.—adj. Still′y, still: quiet: calm.—adv. silently: gently. [A.S. stille, firm; Dut. stil, Ger. still.]

Still, stil, v.t. to cause to fall by drops: to distil.—n. an apparatus for distillation, consisting essentially of a vessel in which the liquid to be distilled is placed, the vapour being conducted by means of a head or neck to the condenser or worm, where it is cooled by water or other means, and again forms liquid.—adj. Still′iform, drop-shaped. [L. stillāre, to cause to drop—stilla, a drop, or simply a contr. for distil, like sport from disport.]

Stillage, stil′āj, n. a frame on which things are laid.—n. Still′ing, a stand.

Stillicide, stil′i-sīd, n. an urban servitude among the Romans, where a proprietor was not allowed to build to the extremity of his estate, but must leave a space regulated by the charter by which the property was held, so as not to throw the eavesdrop on the land of his neighbour—same as Eavesdrip.—n. Stillicid′ium, a morbid trickling. [L.]

Stilp, stilp, v.i. (Scot.) to go on crutches.—n.pl. Stilp′ers, crutches.

Stilt, stilt, n. one of a pair of props or poles with steps or supports at a sufficient distance from the lower end to allow a man standing on the steps to walk clear of the ground and with longer strides: a widely distributed genus (Himantopus) of wading-birds belonging to the Snipe family, having long slender bills and very long wings and legs—also Stilt′-bird, -plov′er.—v.t. to raise on stilts: to elevate by unnatural means.—adjs. Stilt′ed, Stilt′y, elevated as if on stilts: pompous.—n. Stilt′edness.—Stilted arch, an arch that does not spring directly from the impost, but from horizontal courses of masonry resting on it. [Scand., Sw. stylta; Dut. stelt, a stilt.]

Stilton, stil′ton, n. a rich white cheese—from Stilton in Huntingdonshire.

Stime, stīm, n. (Scot.) a ray of light, a glimmer.—Also Styme. [A.S. scima, a light.]

Stimulant, stim′ū-lant, adj. stimulating: increasing or exciting vital action.—n. anything that stimulates or excites: a stimulating medicine that increases the activity of the vital functions generally, or of one system or organ.—v.t. Stim′ulāte, to prick with anything sharp: to incite: to instigate: (physiol.) to produce increased action in.—n. Stimulā′tion, act of stimulating, or condition of being stimulated.—adj. Stim′ulātive, tending to stimulate.—n. that which stimulates or excites.—ns. Stim′ulātor, one who stimulates:—fem. Stim′ulātress; Stim′ulism, the practice of treating diseases by stimulation; Stim′ūlus, a goad: anything that rouses the mind, or that excites to action: a stimulant:—pl. Stim′ulī. [L. stimulus (for stigmulus)—Gr. stizein, to prick.]

Sting, sting, v.t. to stick anything sharp into, to pain acutely.—v.i. to have a sting: to give pain:—pa.t. and pa.p. stung.—n. the sharp-pointed weapon of some animals: the thrust of a sting into the flesh: anything that causes acute pain: any stimulus or impulse: the point in the last verse of an epigram.—n. Sting′er, one who, or that which, stings.—adv. Sting′ingly, with stinging.—adj. Sting′less, having no sting.—n. Sting′-ray, a genus of cartilaginous fishes, of the order of Rays, and family Trygonidæ, the long tail bearing dorsally a long bi-serrated spine capable of giving an ugly wound. [A.S. stingan; Ice. stinga.]

Stingy, stin′ji, adj. niggardly: avaricious.—adv. Stin′gily.—n. Stin′giness, [Merely sting-y.]

Stink, stingk, v.i. to give out a strong, offensive smell: to have a bad reputation:—pa.t. stank; pa.p. stunk.—n. a disagreeable smell.—ns. Stink′ard, one who stinks: a base fellow: the stinking badger of Java; Stink′-ball, -pot, a ball or jar filled with a stinking, combustible mixture, used in boarding an enemy's vessel; Stink′er, one who, or that which, stinks; Stink′ing.—adv. Stink′ingly, in a stinking manner: with an offensive smell.—ns. Stink′stone, a variety of limestone remarkable for the fetid urinous odour which it emits when rubbed; Stink′-trap, a contrivance to prevent effluvia from drains; Stink′-wood, the wood of a Cape tree, remarkable for its strong offensive smell, durable, taking an excellent polish resembling walnut. [A.S. stincan.]

Stint, stint, v.t. to shorten: to limit: to restrain.—v.i. to cease, stop: to be saving.—n. limit: restraint, restriction: proportion allotted, fixed amount: one of several species of sandpiper, the dunlin.—adj. Stint′ed, limited.—ns. Stint′edness; Stint′er.—adv. Stint′ingly.—adjs. Stint′less; Stint′y. [A.S. styntan—stunt, stupid.]

Stipa, stī′pa, n. a genus of grasses, the feather-grasses. [L. stipa, tow.]

Stipe, stīp, n. (bot.) the base of a frond of a fern: also a stalk, as of a pistil, of a fungus or mushroom, of the leaf of a fern, or even the trunk of a tree.—n. Stī′pel, the stipule of a leaflet.—adj. Stī′pellate, having stipels.—n. Stī′pes, a stipe: a stalk or stem.—adjs. Stī′piform, Stip′itate, Stipit′iform. [Fr.,—L. stipes, a stem.]

Stipend, stī′pend, n. a salary paid for services, esp. to a clergyman in Scotland: settled pay.—adj. Stipend′iary, receiving stipend.—n. one who performs services for a salary, esp. a paid magistrate.—v.t. Stipen′diate, to provide with a salary. [L. stipendium—stips, donation, pendĕre, weigh.]

Stipple, stip′l, v.t. to engrave or form by means of dots or small points, as distinguished from line-engraving:—pr.p. stipp′ling; pa.p. stipp′led.—n. a mode of execution in engraving and miniature-painting, in which the effect is produced by dots instead of lines: in colour-decoration, a gradation or combination of tones or tints serving as a transition between decided colours.—adj. Stipp′led.—ns. Stipp′ler, one who stipples: a coarse brush for stippling; Stipp′ling, stippled work of any kind. [Dut. stippelen, dim. of stippen, to dot.]

Stipulate, stip′ū-lāt, v.i. to contract: to settle terms.—ns. Stipulā′tion, act of stipulating: a contract; Stip′ulātor. [L. stipulāri, -ātus, prob. from old L. stipulus, firm, conn. with stipāre, to press firm.]

Stipule, stip′ūl, n. (bot.) an appendage or lobe at the base of certain leaves, resembling a small leaf: also, a small appendage at the base of petioles, usually softer than the latter—also Stip′ūla.—adjs. Stip′ular, Stip′ūlary; Stip′ūlate, Stip′ūled. [L. stipula, a stalk, dim. of stipes.]

Stir, stėr, v.t. to move: to rouse: to instigate.—v.i. to move one's self: to be active: to draw notice:—pr.p. stir′ring; pa.p. and pa.t. stirred.—n. tumult: bustle.—n. Stir′about, one who makes himself active: oatmeal porridge.—adj. busy, active.—adj. Stir′less, without stir.—n. Stir′rer.—p.adj. Stir′ring, putting in motion: active: accustomed to a busy life: animating, rousing.—Stir up, to instigate the passions of: to put into motion or action: to enliven: to disturb. [A.S. styrian; Dut. storen, Ger. stören, to drive.]

Stirk, stėrk, n. (Scot.) a yearling ox or cow. [A.S. stirc, a heifer—steór, a steer.]

Stirp, stėrp, n. (Bacon) a family, generation, or race:—pl. Stir′pes. [L. stirps, stirpis.]

Stirrup, stir′up, n. a ring or hoop suspended by a rope or strap from the saddle, for a horseman's foot while mounting or riding: a rope secured to a yard, having a thimble in its lower end for reeving a foot-rope.—ns. Stirr′up-cup, a cup taken by one who is departing on horseback; Stirr′up-ī′ron, the ring of iron attached to the stirrup-leather to receive the foot; Stirr′up-leath′er, -strap, the strap of leather that supports a stirrup. [A.S. stigeráp—stígan, to mount, ráp, a rope.]

Stitch, stich, n. a pass of a needle and thread, the part of the thread left in the fabric, a single loop or link: the kind of work produced by stitching—buttonhole-stitch, cross-stitch, &c.: the space between two double furrows: a fastening, as of thread or wire, through the back of a book to connect the leaves: an acute pain, a sharp spasmodic pain, esp. in the intercostal muscles: a bit of clothing, a rag.—v.t. to sew so as to show a regular line of stitches: to sew or unite.—v.i. to practise stitching.—ns. Stitch′er; Stitch′ery (Shak.), needle-work; Stitch′ing, the act of one who stitches: needle-work done in such a way that a continuous line of stitches appears on the surface; Stitch′wort, a genus of slender plants, including the chickweed, so called because once believed to cure 'stitch' in the side. [A.S. stice, a prick; Ger. sticken, to embroider; conn. with stick.]

Stithy, stith′i, n. an anvil: a smith's shop.—v.t. to forge on an anvil. [Ice. stethi; Sw. städ, an anvil.]

Stive, stīv, v.i. (prov.) to stew, to be stifled.—adj. Stī′vy, close, stuffy.

Stiver, stī′vėr, n. a Dutch coin, worth one penny sterling: any small coin. [Dut. stuiver.]

Stoa, stō′a, n. a portico or covered colonnade round a house, market-place, &c.

Stoat, stōt, n. a kind of weasel, called the ermine when in its winter dress.—Also Stote. [Stot.]

Stob, stob, n. a small post for supporting paling: a wedge in coal-mining. [A variant of stub.]

Stoccade, stok-ād′, Stoccado, stok-ā′do, n. a thrust in fencing—(Shak.) Stocca′ta. [It. stoccata, a thrust—stocco, a rapier—Ger. stock, a stick.]

Stock, stok, n. something stuck or thrust in: the stem of a tree or plant: the trunk which receives a graft: a post, a log: anything fixed solid and senseless: a stupid person: the crank-shaped handle of a centre-bit: the wood in which the barrel of a firearm is fixed: the cross-piece of timber into which the shank of an anchor is inserted: the part to which others are attached: the original progenitor: family: a fund, capital, shares of a public debt: store: the cattle, horses, and other useful animals kept on a farm: the liquor or broth obtained by boiling meat, the foundation for soup: a stiff band worn as a cravat, often fastened with a buckle at the back: (pl.) an instrument in which the legs of offenders were confined: the frame for a ship while building: the public funds.—v.t. to store: to supply: to fill: to supply with domestic animals or stock: to refrain from milking cows for 24 hours or more previous to sale.—adj. kept in stock, standing.—ns. Stock′breed′er, one who raises live-stock; Stock′broker, a broker who deals in stocks or shares; Stock′broking, the business of a stockbroker; Stock′-dove, the wild pigeon of Europe; Stock′-ep′ithet, any ordinary and conventional epithet; Stock′-exchange′, the place where stocks are bought and sold: an association of sharebrokers and dealers; Stock′-farm′er, a farmer who rears live-stock, as cattle, &c.; Stock′-feed′er, one who feeds or fattens live-stock; Stock′holder, one who holds stocks in the public funds, or in a company; Stock′-in-trade, the whole goods a shopkeeper keeps on sale: a person's mental resources; Stock′-job′ber; Stock′-job′bery, -job′bing, speculating in stocks; Stock′-list, a list of stocks and current prices regularly issued; Stock′man, a herdsman who has the charge of stock on a sheep-run in Australia; Stock′-mar′ket, a market for the sale of stocks, the stock-exchange; Stock′-pot, the pot in which the stock for soup is kept; Stock′-rid′er, a herdsman on an Australian station; Stock′-sadd′le, a saddle with heavy tree and iron horn; Stock′-stā′tion, a station where stock and cattle are reared; Stock′-whip, a whip with short handle and long lash for use in herding; Stock′work, a deposit in which the ore is distributed all over it; Stock′yard, a large yard with pens, stables, &c. where cattle are kept for slaughter, market, &c.—Take stock, to make an inventory of goods on hand: to make an estimate of; Take stock in, to take a share in, to put confidence in. [A.S. stocc, a stick; Ger. stock.]

Stock, stok, n. a favourite garden-flower. [Orig. called stock-gillyflower, to distinguish it from the stemless clove-pink, called the gillyflower.]

Stockade, stok-ād′, n. a breastwork formed of stakes fixed in the ground.—v.t. to fortify with such. [Fr. estocade—estoc—Ger. stock, stick.]

Stockfish, stok′fish, n, a commercial name of salted and dried cod and other fish of the same family, esp. ling, hake, and torsk.

Stock-gillyflower, stok′-jil′i-flow-ėr, n. a genus of herbaceous or half-shrubby plants of the natural order Cruciferæ, having their flowers in racemes, and generally beautiful and fragrant. [Stock, wood, and gillyflower.]

Stocking, stok′ing, n. a close covering for the foot and lower leg.—ns. Stockinet′, an elastic knitted fabric for under-garments; Stock′inger, one who knits stockings; Stock′ing-frame, a knitting-machine. [From stock, the stockings being the nether-stocks when the long hose came to be cut at the knee.]

Stockish, stok′ish, adj. (Shak.) like a stock, stupid.—n. Stock′ishness, stupidity.—adj. Stock′-still, still as a stock or post.

Stock-tackle, stok′-tak′l, n. tackle used in hoisting an anchor on board ship to keep its stock clear of the ship's side.

Stock-taking, stok′-tāk′ing, n. a periodical inventory made of the stock or goods in a shop or warehouse.

Stocky, stok′i, adj. short and stout, thick-set: having a strong stem.—adv. Stock′ily.

Stodgy, stoj′i, adj. heavy, lumpy: ill put together: indigestible.—v.t. Stodge, to stuff, cram.—n. Stodg′iness.

Stog, stog, v.t. (prov.) to plunge in mire: to probe a pool with a pole. [Related to stock.]

Stoic, stō′ik, n. a disciple of the philosopher Zeno (340-260 B.C.), who opened his school in a colonnade called the Stoa Poikilē ('painted porch') at Athens—later Roman Stoics were Cato the Younger, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius: one indifferent to pleasure or pain.—adjs. Stō′ic, -al, pertaining to the Stoics, or to their opinions; indifferent to pleasure or pain.—adv. Stō′ically.—ns. Stō′icalness; Stō′icism, the doctrines of the Stoics, a school of ancient philosophy strongly opposed to Epicureanism in its views of life and duty: indifference to pleasure or pain. [L. Stoicus—Gr. Stōïkos—stoa, a porch.]

Stoke, stōk, v.i. to stir or tend a fire.—ns. Stoke′-hole, the space about the mouth of a furnace: the space allotted to the stokers: a hole in a reverberatory furnace for introducing a stirring-tool; Stōk′er, one who, or that which, feeds a furnace with fuel. [Dut.,—stoken, to light a fire, stok, a stick.]

Stole, stōl, n. a long robe reaching to the feet: a narrow vestment, usually black silk, fringed at the ends, sometimes coloured according to the seasons, worn by bishops and priests in the Latin Church during mass.—n. Stō′la, the outer garment of the Roman matron: a chorister's surplice: (her.) a bearing showing a fringed scarf. [L. stola—Gr. stolē, a robe—stellein, to array.]

Stolid, stol′id, adj. dull: heavy: stupid: foolish.—n. Stolid′ity, Stol′idness, state of being stolid: dullness of intellect.—adv. Stol′idly. [L. stolidus.]

Stolon, stō′lon, n. a shoot from the root of a plant: a sucker.—adjs. Stō′lonate, Stōlōnif′erous. [L. stolo, a twig.]

Stoma, stō′ma, n. (bot.) one of the minute openings in the epidermis of leaves and tender green stems of plants, subserving the purpose of respiration: (zool.) one of the breathing-holes in the bodies of certain of the articulata:—pl. Stō′mata.—adjs. Stomat′ic; Stomatif′erous.—n. Stomatī′tis, inflammation of the interior of the mouth.—adj. Stō′matode, having a stoma.—ns. Stomatol′ogy, the scientific knowledge of the mouth; Stō′matoscope, an instrument for examining the interior of the mouth. [Gr. stoma, a mouth.]

Stomach, stum′ak, n. the strong muscular bag into which the food passes when swallowed, and where it is principally digested: the cavity in any animal for the digestion of its food: appetite, relish for food, inclination generally: disposition, spirit, courage, pride, spleen.—v.t. to brook or put up with: to turn the stomach of: to resent.—adj. Stom′achal.—ns. Stom′acher, a part of the dress covering the front of the body, generally forming the lower part of the bodice in front, sometimes richly ornamented: a large brooch; Stomach′ic, a medicine for the stomach.—adjs. Stomach′ic, -al, pertaining to the stomach: strengthening or promoting the action of the stomach; Stom′achous (Spens.), angry, stout, obstinate.—ns. Stom′ach-pump, a syringe with a flexible tube for withdrawing fluids from the stomach, or injecting them into it; Stom′ach-stag′gers, a disease in horses due to a paralytic affection of the stomach. [O. Fr. estomac—L. stomachus—Gr. stomachos, the throat, stomach—stoma, a mouth.]

Stomatopod, stō′ma-to-pod, n. one of the Stomatop′oda, an order of marine crustaceans, having most of their seven or eight pair of legs near the mouth. [Gr. stoma, mouth, pous, podos, foot.]

Stone, stōn, n. a hard mass of earthy or mineral matter, the hard material of which rock consists: a piece of rock of a certain size or form, or for a particular purpose, as grindstone, millstone, &c.: a precious stone or gem, a crystal mirror: a tombstone: a concretion formed in the bladder: a hard shell containing the seed of some fruits: a standard weight of 14 lb. avoirdupois (other stones occur, as that of 24 lb. for wool, 22 lb. for hay, 16 lb. for cheese, &c.): torpor and insensibility.—adj. made of stone, or of stoneware.—v.t. to pelt with stones: to free from stones: to wall with stones.—n. Stone′-age, the condition of a people using stone as the material for the cutting-tools and weapons which, in a higher condition of culture, were made of metals.—adj. Stone′-blind, as blind as a stone, perfectly blind.—ns. Stone′-boil′ing, a primitive method of making water boil by putting hot stones in it; Stone′-bow, a crossbow for shooting stones: a children's catapult; Stone′-brash, a soil made up of finely-broken rock; Stone′-break, the meadow-saxifrage; Stone′-break′er, one who, or that which, breaks stones, a stone-crushing machine; Stone′-bruise, a bruise caused by a stone, esp. on the sole of the foot from walking barefooted; Stone′-cast, Stone's′-cast, Stone′-shot, Stone's′-throw, the distance which a stone may be thrown by the hand; Stone′chat, Stone′chatter, Stone′clink, one of the most common of the British Turdidæ, smaller than the redbreast—the Wheat-ear is the true stonechat.—n.pl. Stone′-cir′cles, or Circles of Standing Stones, popularly but erroneously called Druidical Circles in Britain, and Cromlechs in France, consist of unhewn stones set up at intervals round the circumference of a circular area usually of level ground.—n. Stone′-coal, mineral coal, as opposed to charcoal: any hard coal, anthracite.—adj. Stone′-cold, cold as a stone.—n. Stone′-col′our, the colour of stone, grayish.—adj. Stone′-col′oured.—ns. Stone′-cor′al, massive coral, as distinguished from branching or tree coral; Stone′crop, the wall-pepper, Sedum acre; Stone′-curlew, a large species of plover; Stone′-cut′ter, one whose occupation is to hew stone; Stone′-cut′ting, the business of hewing and carving stones for walls, monuments, &c.—adjs. Stoned, containing stones; Stone′-dead, lifeless; Stone′-deaf, quite deaf.—ns. Stone′-dress′er, one who prepares stones for building; Stone′-fal′con, a species of hawk or falcon which builds its nest among the rocks; Stone′-fly, a genus of insects typical of the order Plecoptera—several species are native to Britain, and furnish good lures to anglers; Stone′-fruit, a fruit whose seeds are enclosed in a hard kernel; Stone′-ham′mer, a hammer for breaking stones.—adjs. Stone′-hard (Shak.), as hard as a stone; Stone′-heart′ed (Shak.), hard-hearted, cruel, pitiless.—ns. Stone′horse, a stallion; Stone′-lil′y, the popular name of an Encrinite; Stone′-mā′son, a mason who works with stone; Stone′-mill, a machine for breaking stone; Stone′-oil, rock-oil, petroleum; Stone′-pine, a Mediterranean nut-pine; Stone′-plov′er, the stone-curlew; Stō′ner, one who strikes or kills with stones; Stone′-rag, -raw, a lichen, Parmelia saxatilis; Stone′-snipe, the greater tell-tale or long-legged tattler, a common North American bird.—adj. Stone′-still (Shak.), as still as a stone, motionless.—ns. Stone′ware, a coarse kind of potter's ware baked hard and glazed; Stone′-work, mason-work.—adv. Stō′nily.—n. Stō′niness, the state of being stony or abounding with stones: hardness of heart or mind.—adjs. Stō′ny, made of, or resembling, stone: abounding with stones: hard: pitiless: obdurate: (B.) rocky; Stō′ny-heart′ed, hard-hearted, cruel, pitiless.—Leave no stone unturned, to do everything that can be done in order to secure the effect desired; Mark with a white stone, to mark as particularly fortunate. [A.S. stán; Ger. stein, Dut. steen.]

Stook, stook, n. (Scot.) a full shock of corn-sheaves, generally twelve, as set up in the field.—v.t. to set up in stooks, as sheaves—also Stouk.—n. Stook′er, one who sets up the corn in stooks. [Cf. Low Ger. stuke, a bundle.]

Stool, stōōl, n. a seat without a back: a low bench for the feet or for kneeling on: the seat used in evacuating the bowels: the act of evacuating the bowels, also that which is evacuated: a root of any kind from which sprouts shoot up: a portable piece of wood to which a pigeon is fastened as a decoy for wild birds.—n. Stool′-pi′geon, a decoy-pigeon: a gambler's decoy.—Stool of repentance, same as Cutty-stool (q.v.).—Fall between two stools, to lose both of two things between the choice of which one was hesitating. [A.S. stól, Ger. stuhl; cf. Ger. stellen, to place.]

Stoop, stōōp, v.i. to bend the body: to lean forward: to submit: to descend from rank or dignity: to condescend: to swoop down on the wing, as a bird of prey.—v.t. to cause to incline downward.—n. the act of stooping: inclination forward: descent: condescension: a swoop.—adj. Stooped, having a stoop, bent.—n. Stoop′er, one who stoops.—p.adj. Stoop′ing.—adv. Stoop′ingly. [A.S. stúpian; Old Dut. stuypen, Ice. stúpa.]

Stoop, stōōp, n. (Shak.) a vessel of liquor, a flagon: liquor for drinking: a basin for holy water. [A.S. stoppa, a cup—steáp, a cup; Low Ger. stoop.]

Stoop, stōōp, n. an open platform before the entrance of a house. [Dut. stoep.]

Stoor, stōōr, adj. (obs.) great, formidable: stiff, harsh, austere.—Also Stour. [A.S. stór, great.]

Stoor, stōōr, n. dust in motion—hence commotion, bustle: a gush of water.—v.t. to stir up, to pour out.—adj. Stoor′y, dusty. [A.S. stýrian, to stir.]

Stop, stop, v.t. to stuff or close up: to obstruct: to render impassable: to hinder from further motion, progress, effect, or change: to restrain, repress, suppress, suspend: to intercept: to apply musical stops to: to regulate the sounds of a stringed instrument by shortening the strings with the fingers: (naut.) to make fast.—v.i. to cease going forward: to cease from any motion or action, to stay, tarry: to leave off: to be at an end: to ward off a blow:—pr.p. stop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stopped.—n. act of stopping: state of being stopped: hinderance: obstacle: interruption: (mus.) one of the vent-holes in a wind instrument, or the place on the wire of a stringed instrument, by the stopping or pressing of which certain notes are produced: a mark used in punctuation: an alphabetic sound involving a complete closure of the mouth-organs: a wooden batten on a door or window-frame against which it closes: a stop-thrust in fencing.—ns. Stop′-cock, a short pipe in a cask, &c., opened and stopped by turning a cock or key; Stop′-gap, that which fills a gap or supplies a deficiency, esp. an expedient of emergency; Stop′-mō′tion, a mechanical arrangement for producing an automatic stop in machinery, as for shutting off steam, &c.; Stop′page, act of stopping: state of being stopped: an obstruction; Stop′per, one who stops: that which closes a vent or hole, as the cork or glass mouthpiece for a bottle: (naut.) a short rope for making something fast.—v.t. to close or secure with a stopper.—ns. Stop′ping, that which fills up, material for filling up cracks, &c., filling material for teeth: Stop′ping-out, the practice in etching of covering certain parts with a composition impervious to acid, to keep the acid off them while allowing it to remain on the other parts to mark them more; Stop′-watch, a watch whose hands can be stopped to allow of time that has elapsed being calculated more exactly, used in timing a race, &c. [M. E. stoppen—O. Fr. estouper (Ice. stoppa, Ger. stopfen, to stuff); all from L. stupa, the coarse part of flax, tow.]

Stope, stōp, v.t. to excavate, to remove the contents of a vein.—n. an excavation for this purpose.—n. Stō′ping.

Stopple, stop′l, n. that which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel: a cork or plug.—v.t. to close with a stopple.

Storax, stō′raks, n. a resin resembling benzoin, obtained from the stem of Styrax officinalis, a native of Greece and the Levant, formerly used as a stimulating expectorant.—Liquid storax, liquidambar. [L.,—Gr. styrax.]

Store, stōr, n. a hoard or quantity gathered: abundance: a storehouse: any place where goods are sold: (pl.) supplies of provisions, ammunition, &c. for an army or a ship.—v.t. to gather in quantities: to supply: to lay up in store: to hoard: to place in a warehouse.—adj. Stō′rable, capable of being stored.—ns. Stō′rage, the placing in a store: the safe-keeping of goods in a store: the price paid or charged for keeping goods in a store; Store′-farm (Scot.), a stock-farm, a cattle-farm; Store′-farm′er; Store′house, a house for storing goods of any kind: a repository: a treasury; Store′-keep′er, a man who has charge of a store: one who owns a store: (U.S.) any unsaleable article; Stō′rer, one who stores; Store′room, a room in which things are stored: a room in a store; Store′-ship, a vessel used for transporting naval stores.—In store (Shak.), in hoard for future use, ready for supply; Set store by, to value greatly. [O. Fr. estor, estoire—L. instaurāre, to provide.]

Stork, stork, n. a long-necked and long-legged wading-bird nearly allied to the heron, spoonbill, and ibis—the Common stork or White stork (Ciconia alba) about 3½ feet long, migratory in habit, common in Holland and northern Germany, often semi-domesticated, nesting on the tops of houses, &c.—n. Stork's′-bill, any plant of the genus Erodium, esp. the heron's-bill: a plant of the genus Pelargonium. [A.S. storc; Ger. stork.]

Storm, storm, n. a violent commotion of the atmosphere producing wind, rain, &c.: a tempest: a fall of snow, a prolonged frost: an outbreak of anger, or the like: violent agitation of society: commotion: tumult: calamity: (mil.) an assault.—v.i. to raise a tempest: to blow with violence: to be in a violent passion.—v.t. to attack by open force: to assault.—n. Storm′-ā′rea, the area covered by a storm.—adjs. Storm′-beat, -beat′en, beaten or injured by storms.—ns. Storm′-belt, a belt of maximum storm frequency; Storm′-bird, a petrel.—adj. Storm′bound, delayed by storms.—ns. Storm′-card, a sailors' chart showing from the direction of the wind the ship's position in relation to a storm-centre, and accordingly the proper course to be shaped; Storm′-cen′tre, the position of lowest pressure in a cyclonic storm; Storm′-cock, the fieldfare: the mistle-thrush; Storm′-cone, a cone of canvas stretched on a frame 3 feet high as a storm-signal; Storm′-door, an outer supplementary door to shelter the interior of a building; Storm′-drum, a canvas cylinder extended on a hoop 3 feet high by 3 feet wide, hoisted in conjunction with the cone as a storm-signal.—adj. Storm′ful, abounding with storms.—ns. Storm′fulness; Storm′-glass, a tube containing a solution of camphor, the amount of the precipitate varying with the weather; Storm′-house, a temporary shelter for men working on a railway, &c.; Storm′iness; Storm′ing-par′ty, the party of men who first enter the breach or scale the walls in storming a fortress.—adj. Storm′less, without storms.—ns. Storm′-sail, a sail of the strongest canvas, for stormy weather; Storm′-sig′nal, a signal displayed on seacoasts, &c., to intimate the approach of a storm by the cone and drum, or by flags and lanterns in the United States; Storm′-stay, a stay on which a storm-sail is set.—adjs. Storm′-stayed, hindered from proceeding by storms; Storm′-tossed, tossed about by storms: much agitated by conflicting passions.—ns. Storm′-wind, a wind that brings a storm, a hurricane; Storm′-win′dow, a window raised above the roof, slated above and at the sides.—adj. Storm′y, having many storms: agitated with furious winds: boisterous: violent: passionate. [A.S. storm; Ice. stormr; from root of stir.]

Stornello, stor-nel′ō, n. an Italian kind of improvised folk-song:—pl. Stornell′i. [It.]

Storthing, stōr′ting, n. the legislative assembly of Norway. [Norw. stor, great, thing, assembly.]

Story, stō′ri, n. history or narrative of incidents in their sequence: an account, report, statement: an anecdote: the plot of a novel or drama: a lie, a fib, a fictitious narrative.—v.t. to tell or describe historically, to relate: to adorn with sculptured or painted scenes from history.—v.i. to relate.—adjs. Storiā′ted, decorated with elaborate ornamental designs; Stō′ried, told or celebrated in a story: having a history: interesting from the stories belonging to it: adorned with scenes from history.—ns. Storiol′ogist, one learned in the comparative study of folk-tales; Storiol′ogy, the scientific study of folk-tales; Stō′ry-book, a book of stories or tales true or fictitious; Stō′ry-tell′er, one who relates tales, a liar; Stō′ry-tell′ing, act of relating stories: lying. [A short form of history.]

Story, Storey, stō′ri, n. a division of a house reached by one flight of stairs: a set of rooms on the same floor.—The upper story, the brain. [O. Fr. estoree—estorer—L. instaurāre, to build.]

Stound, stownd, n. (Spens.) a stunning influence, a blow, amazement: a shooting pain: a noise: sorrow, grief, mishap: effort.—v.t. to stun, astound. [A contr. of astound.]

Stound, stownd, n. (Spens.) a moment of time: time, season, hour. [A.S. stund.]

Stour, stowr, n. a tumult, battle, assault: a paroxysm. [O. Fr. estour, tumult.]

Stout, stowt, adj. strong: robust: corpulent: resolute: proud: (B.) stubborn.—n. extra strong porter.—adj. Stout′-heart′ed, having a brave heart.—adv. Stout′-heart′edly.—n. Stout′-heart′edness.—adv. Stout′ly.—n. Stout′ness (B.), stubbornness. [O. Fr. estout, bold—Old Dut. stolt, stout; Ger. stolz, bold.]

Stouthrief, stowth′rēf, n. (Scots law) theft attended with violence—also Stouth′rie.—n. Stouth′-and-routh (Scot.), plenty, abundance.

Stove, stōv, n. an apparatus with a fire for warming a room, cooking, &c.: a pottery-kiln: an oven for heating the blast of a blast-furnace: a drying-room.—v.t. to heat or keep warm.—ns. Stove′-pipe, a metal pipe for carrying smoke from a stove to a chimney-flue; Stove′pipe-hat, a high silk hat; Stove′-plant, a plant cultivated in a stove; Stove′-plate, a lid or plate covering one of the holes in a cooking-stove. [A.S. stofa; Ger. stube.]

Stover, stōv′ėr, n. (Shak.) fodder for cattle. [O. Fr. estover, necessity—estover, estoveir, to fit.]

Stow, stō, v.t. to place: to arrange: to fill by packing things in: (slang) to put away out of sight: to be silent about.—ns. Stow′age, act of placing in order: state of being laid up: room for articles to be laid away: money paid for stowing goods; Stow′away, one who hides himself in an outward-bound vessel in order to get a passage for nothing; Stow′down, the process of stowing down in a ship's hold; Stow′er, one who stows; Stow′ing, in mining, rubbish thrown into the cavities out of which the ore, coal, &c. have been taken. [M. E. stowen, to place—A.S. stów, a place; cf. Dut. stuwen, to stow, to push, Ger. stauen, to pack.]

Strabismus, strā-bis′mus, n. squint.—adjs. Strabis′mal, Strabis′mic, -al.—ns. Strabismom′eter, Strabom′eter, an instrument for measuring strabismus; Strabot′omy, the surgical operation for the cure of squinting, by the division of the muscle or muscles that distort the eyeball. [Gr.,—strabos, squinting—strephein, to twist.]

Straddle, strad′l, v.i. to stride or part the legs wide: to stand or walk with the legs far apart: to seem favourable to both sides in any question that divides opinion into parties, to trim with regard to any controversy.—v.t. to stand or sit astride of.—n. act of straddling: an attempt to fill a non-committal position: a stock-transaction in which the buyer obtains the privilege of either a put or a call: a vertical mine-timber supporting a set.—adv. astride.—adj. Stradd′le-legged, having the legs wide apart. [A freq. from A.S. strǽd, pa.t. of strídan, stride.]

Stradivarius, strad-i-vā′ri-us, n. a violin, esp. one made by the famous Antonio Stradivari (1649-1737) of Cremona.

Strae, strā, n. (Scot.) straw.—Strae death, death in one's bed from natural causes, as opposed to death by accident, by violence, by the rope, &c.

Straggle, strag′l, v.i. to wander from the course: to ramble: to stretch beyond proper limits: to be dispersed.—ns. Stragg′ler, one who straggles from the course: a wandering fellow: a vagabond: a migratory animal found away from its usual range; Stragg′le-tooth, a misshapen or misplaced tooth.—adv. Stragg′lingly, in a straggling manner.—n. Straggl′ing-mon′ey, money paid for apprehending deserters and men absent without leave: money deducted from the wages of such absentees.—adj. Stragg′ly, straggling, spread out. [For strackle, freq. of M. E. straken—A.S. strícan, to go.]

Stragulum, strag′ū-lum, n. the mantle or pallium in ornithology. [L., a cover.]

Straight, strāt, adj. direct: being in a right line: not crooked: nearest: upright: free from disorder: honourable, fair: unqualified, out-and-out: consisting of a sequence at poker: (slang) undiluted, neat, as a dram of whisky, &c., direct, authoritative, reliable.—adv. immediately: in the shortest time.—v.t. to straighten.—n. Straight′-arch, an arch in the form of two sides of an isosceles triangle.—adjs. Straight′away, straight forward; Straight′-cut, cut lengthwise of the leaf, of tobacco.—n. Straight′-edge, a narrow board or piece of metal having one edge perfectly straight for applying to a surface to ascertain whether it be exactly even.—v.t. Straight′en, to make straight.—ns. Straight′ener, one who, or that which, straightens; Straight′-face, a sober, unsmiling face.—adv. Straight′forth directly: henceforth.—adj. Straightfor′ward, going forward in a straight course: honest: open: downright.—adv. Straightfor′wardly.—n. Straightfor′wardness, direction in a straight course: undeviating rectitude.—adv. Straight′ly, tightly: closely.—n. Straight′ness, narrowness: tightness.—adjs. Straight′-out, out-and-out; Straight′-pight (Shak.), straight, erect.—adv. Straight′way, directly: immediately: without loss of time. [A.S. streht, pa.p. of streccan, to stretch.]

Strain, strān, v.t. to stretch tight: to draw with force: to exert to the utmost: to injure by overtasking: to make tight: to constrain, make uneasy or unnatural: to press to one's self, to embrace: to pass through a filter.—v.i. to make violent efforts: to filter.—n. the act of straining: a violent effort: an injury inflicted by straining, esp. a wrenching of the muscles: a note, sound, or song, stretch of imagination, &c.: any change of form or bulk of a portion of matter either solid or fluid, the system of forces which sustains the strain being called the stress: mood, disposition.—ns. Strain′er, one who, or that which, strains: an instrument for filtration: a sieve, colander, &c.; Strain′ing, a piece of leather for stretching as a base for the seat of a saddle.—Strain a point, to make a special effort: to exceed one's duty; Strain at, in Matt. xxiii. 24, a misprint for Strain out. [O. Fr. straindre—L. stringĕre, to stretch tight. Cf. String and Strong.]

Strain, strān, n. race, stock, generation: descent: natural tendency, any admixture or element in one's character.—n. Strain′ing-beam, a tie-beam uniting the tops of the queen-posts. [M. E. streen—A.S. gestréon, gain; confused in M. E. with the related M. E. strend—A.S. strynd, lineage.]

Strait, strāt, adj. difficult: distressful: (obs. strict, rigorous: narrow, so in B.).—n. a narrow pass in a mountain, or in the ocean between two portions of land: difficulty, distress.—v.t. to stretch, tighten: to distress.—v.t. Strait′en, to make strait or narrow: to confine: to draw tight: to distress: to put into difficulties.—adjs. Straight′-heart′ed, stingy; Strait′-laced, rigid or narrow in opinion.—adv. Strait′ly, narrowly: (B.) strictly.—ns. Strait′ness, state of being strait or narrow: strictness: (B.) distress or difficulty; Strait′-waist′coat, Strait′-jack′et, a dress made with long sleeves, which are tied behind, so that the arms are confined. [O. Fr. estreit, estrait (Fr. étroit)—L. strictus, pa.p. of stringĕre, to draw tight.]

Strake, strāk, n. one breadth of plank in a ship, either within or without board, wrought from the stem to the sternpost: the hoop or tire of a wheel; (obs.) a bushel: the place where ore is assorted on a mine floor.—Also Straik. [A variant of streak.]

Stramash, stra-mash′, n. (Scot.) a tumult, disturbance.—v.t. to beat, destroy.

Strammel, stram′el, n. straw.—adj. Stramin′eous, strawy, light like straw.

Stramonium, strā-mō′ni-um, n. a common narcotic weed of the Nightshade family, called also the Thorn-apple, Stink-weed, and Jimson-weed—Datura Stramonium: a drug prepared from its seeds and leaves, resembling belladonna, good in asthma.—Also Stram′ony.

Strand, strand, n. the margin or beach of the sea or of a lake: (Scot.) a rivulet, a gutter.—v.t. to run aground: to be stopped.—v.i. to drift or be driven ashore.—p.adj. Strand′ed, driven on shore: left helpless without further resource. [A.S. strand; Ger. strand, Ice. strönd, border.]

Strand, strand, n. one of the strings or parts that compose a rope.—v.t. to break a strand: to form by uniting strands. [Dut. streen, a skein; Ger. strähne.]

Strange, strānj, adj. foreign: belonging to another country: not formerly known, heard, or seen: not domestic: new: causing surprise or curiosity, marvellous: unusual, odd: estranged, reserved: unacquainted with, unversed: not lawfully belonging to one.—adv. Strange′ly.—ns. Strange′ness; Strān′ger, a foreigner: one from homed: one unknown or unacquainted: a guest or visitor: one not admitted to communion or fellowship: a popular premonition of the coming of a visitor by a bit of stalk in a cup of tea, guttering in a candle, &c.—Strange woman, a whore. [O. Fr. estrange (Fr. étrange)—L. extraneus—extra, beyond.]

Strangle, strang′gl, v.t. to compress the throat so as to prevent breathing and destroy life: to choke: to hinder from birth or appearance: to suppress.—n. Strang′ler.—n.pl. Strang′les, a contagious eruptive disorder peculiar to young horses.—n. Strang′le-weed, the dodder, the broom-rape.—v.t. Strang′ulate, to strangle: to compress so as to suppress or suspend function.—p.adj. Strang′ulated, having the function stopped by compression: constricted, much narrowed.—n. Strangulā′tion, act of strangling: compression of the throat and partial suffocation: the state of a part abnormally constricted. [O. Fr. estrangler (Fr. étrangler)—L. strangulāre, -ātum—Gr. strangaloein, to strangle, strangos, twisted.]

Strangury, strang′gū-ri, n. painful retention of, or difficulty in discharging, urine.—adj. Strangū′rious. [L. stranguria—Gr. strangx, a drop, from stranggein, to squeeze, ouron, urine.]

Strap, strap, n. a narrow strip of cloth or leather: a razor-strop: an iron plate secured by screw-bolts, for connecting two or more timbers: (naut.) a piece of rope formed into a circle, used to retain a block in its position: (slang) credit, esp. for liquor.—v.t. to beat or bind with a strap: to strop, as a razor: (Scot.) to hang:—pr.p. strap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. strapped.—n. Strap′-game, the swindling game better known as Prick-the-garter, Fast-and-loose.—n.pl. Strap′-mounts, the buckles, &c., fitted on leather straps.—ns. Strap′-oil, a thrashing; Strap′per, one who works with straps, esp. one who harnesses horses: something big, a tall large person; Strap′ping, the act of fastening with a strap: materials for straps: a thrashing.—adj. tall, handsome.—adj. Strap′-shaped, shaped like a strap, ligulate.—n. Strap′-work (archit.), ornamentation consisting of crossed and interlaced fillets or bands. [Orig. strop, from A.S. stropp—L. struppus; cf. Gr. strophos, a twisted band.]

Strappado, strap-ā′do, n. (Shak.) a punishment which consisted in pulling the victim to the top of a beam and letting him fall so as to break his bones.—v.t. (Milt.) to torture or punish by the strappado. [It. strappata—strappare, to pull.]

Stratagem, strat′a-jem, n. an artifice, esp. in war: a plan for deceiving an enemy or gaining an advantage: any artifice generally.—adjs. Strateget′ic, -al, Strateg′ic, -al, pertaining to, or done by, strategy.—adv. Strateget′ically.—ns. Strateget′ics, Strat′egy, generalship, or the art of conducting a campaign and manœuvring an army: artifice or finesse generally.—adv. Strateg′ically.—n. Strat′egist, one skilled in strategy. [Fr.,—L. stratagema—Gr. stratēgēma—stratēgos, a general—stratos, an army, agein, to lead.]

Strath, strath, n. in Scotland, an extensive valley through which a river runs. [Gael. srath, a valley—L. strata, a street.]

Strathspey, strath′spā, n. a Scotch dance, allied to and danced alternately with the reel, differing from it in being slower, and abounding in the jerky motion of dotted notes and semiquavers (when the latter precede the former it constitutes the Scotch snap), while the reel is almost entirely in smooth, equal, gliding motion: the music for a strathspey, or its movement. [Strathspey, valley of the Spey.]

Stratify, strat′i-fī, v.t. to form or lay in strata or layers:—pr.p. strat′ifying; pa.t. and pa.p. strat′ifīed.—adj. Stratic′ulate, arranged in thin layers.—n. Stratificā′tion, act of stratifying: state of being stratified: process of being arranged in layers.—adj. Strat′iform, in the form of strata. [Fr. stratifier—L. stratum, facĕre, to make.]

Stratiotes, strat′i-ō-tēz, n. the water-soldier. See under Soldier. [Gr. stratiōtes, a soldier.]

Stratocracy, strā-tok′ra-si, n. military despotism. [Gr. stratos, an army, kratein, to rule.]

Stratography, strā-tog′ra-fi, n. description of an army and whatever pertains to it.—adjs. Stratograph′ic, -al.—adv. Stratograph′ically. [Gr. stratos, an army, graphein, to write.]

Stratum, strā′tum, n. a bed of earth or rock formed by natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers: any bed or layer:—pl. Strā′ta.—adj. Strat′iform, formed like strata.—ns. Stratig′rapher, Stratig′raphist, a student of stratigraphical geology.—adjs. Stratigraph′ic, -al, concerned with the relative position of the strata forming the earth's crust.—adv. Stratigraph′ically.—n. Stratig′raphy, the order and position of the stratified groups: the study or description of these, descriptive geology.—adj. Strā′tose, arranged in layers, stratified.—n.pl. Strat′ūla. thin layers in rock-strata. [L. stratum—sternĕre, stratum, to spread out.]

Stratus, strā′tus, n. the fall or night-cloud, the lowest of clouds, a widely-extended horizontal sheet, of varied thickness.—ns. Strā′to-cir′rus, better Cirro-stratus (see Cirrus); Strā′to-cū′mulus, better Cumulo-stratus (see Cumulus). [L. stratus, a coverlet—sternĕre, stratum, to spread.]

Straunge, strawnj. adj. (Spens.), same as Strange: foreign, borrowed.

Stravaig, stra-vāg′, v.i. (Scot.) to wander about idly.—n. Stravaig′er. [Cf. Extravagant.]

Straw, straw, n. the stalk on which corn grows, and from which it is thrashed: a quantity of these when thrashed: anything worthless, the least possible thing.—ns. Straw′berry, the delicious and fragrant fruit of any of the species of the genus Fragaria, the plant itself; Straw′berry-leaf, a symbolic ornament on the coronets of dukes, marquises, and earls—in pl. a dukedom; Straw′berry-mark, a soft reddish nævus or birth-mark; Straw′berry-tree, a species of Arbutus, which produces a fruit resembling the strawberry; Straw′-board, a kind of mill-board or thick card-board, made of straw after it has been boiled with lime or soda to soften it; Straw′-col′our, the colour of dry straw, a delicate yellow.—adj. Straw′-col′oured, of the colour of dry straw, of a delicate yellowish colour.—ns. Straw′-cut′ter, an instrument for chopping straw for fodder; Straw′-embroi′dery, embroidery done by sewing straw on net; Straw′-house, a house for holding thrashed straw; Straw′ing (slang), the sale of straws on the streets in order to cover the giving to the purchaser of things forbidden to be sold, as indecent books, &c.; Straw′-plait, a narrow band of plaited wheat-straw, used in making straw hats, bonnets, &c.; Straw′-stem, the fine stem of a wine-glass pulled out from the material of the bowl, instead of being attached separately: a wine-glass having such a stem.—adj. Straw′y, made of, or like, straw.—Man of straw (see under Man). [A.S. streaw; Ger. stroh, from the root of strew.]

Stray, strā, v.i. to wander: to go from the enclosure, company, or proper limits: to err: to rove: to deviate from duty or rectitude.—v.t. (Shak.) to cause to stray.—n. a domestic animal that has strayed or is lost: a straggler, a waif, a truant: the act of wandering.—adj. Strayed, wandering, astray.—ns. Stray′er, one who strays, a wanderer; Stray′ling, a little waif or stray. [O. Fr. estraier, to wander—estree, a street—L. strata, a street.]

Strayne, strān, v.t. (Spens.) to stretch out, to embody or express in strains. [Strain.]

Streak, strēk, n. a line or long mark different in colour from the ground, a band of marked colour of some length, a stripe: a slight characteristic, a trace, a passing mood: (min.) the appearance presented by the surface of a mineral when scratched: a strake or line of planking: a short piece of iron forming one section of a pieced tire on the wheel of an artillery-carriage.—v.t. to form streaks in: to mark with streaks.—adj. Streaked, streaky, striped: (U.S.) confused.—n. Streak′iness.—adj. Streak′y, marked with streaks, striped: uneven in quality. [A.S. strica, a stroke—strícan, to go, Ger. strich; cf. Strike. Skeat makes it Scand., Sw. strek, Dan. streg, a dash.]

Streak, strēk, v.t. (Scot.) to lay out a corpse for burial.—v.i. to stretch out.

Stream, strēm, n. a current of water, air, or light, &c.: anything flowing out from a source: anything forcible, flowing, and continuous: drift, tendency.—v.i. to flow in a stream: to pour out abundantly: to be overflown with: to issue in rays: to stretch in a long line.—v.t. to discharge in a stream: to wave.—ns. Stream′er, an ensign or flag streaming or flowing in the wind: a luminous beam shooting upward from the horizon; Stream′-gold, placer-gold, the gold of alluvial districts; Stream′-ice, pieces of drift ice swept down in a current; Stream′iness, streamy quality; Stream′ing, the working of alluvial deposits for the ores contained.—adj. Stream′less, not watered by streams.—ns. Stream′let, Stream′ling, a little stream; Stream′-tin, disintegrated tin-ore found in alluvial ground.—adj. Stream′y, abounding in streams: flowing in a stream. [A.S. streám; Ger. straum, Ice. straumr.]

Street, strēt, n. a road in a town lined with houses, broader than a lane: those who live in a street: the part of the street for vehicles: the body of brokers.—ns. Street′age, toll for the use of a street; Street′car, a passenger-car on the streets of a city, drawn by horses, cable traction, or electricity; Street′-door, the door of a house which opens upon a street; Street′-rail′road, a railroad or tramway constructed on a public street; Street′-sweep′er, one who, or that which, sweeps the streets clean; Street′-walk′er, a whore who prowls about the streets; Street′-ward, an officer who formerly took care of the streets; Street′-way, the roadway. [A.S. strǽt (Dut. straat, Ger. strasse, It. strada)—L. strata (via), a paved (way), from sternĕre, stratum, to strew.]

Streight, strāt, adj. (Spens.) narrow, strict, close.—adv. strictly, closely.—n. same as Strait.—adv. Streight′ly=Straitly.—n. Streight′ness=Straitness.

Strelitz, strel′its, n. one of the ancient Muscovite guards, a kind of hereditary standing army, abolished by Peter the Great.

Strelitzia, strel-it′si-a, n. a genus of South African plants of the banana family, with large showy flowers—Strelitzia Reginæ, also Queen-plant, Bird-of-Paradise flower—with fine orange and purple flowers. [From Queen Charlotte, wife of George III., of the house of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.]

Strength, strength, n. quality of being strong: power of any kind, active or passive: force, vigour, violence: solidity or toughness: power to resist attack: excellence, boldness of conception or treatment: the required consistency or degree of the essential element in any compound: intensity: brightness: validity: vigour of style or expression: security: amount of force: potency of liquors: available force or support: a fortification, stronghold.—v.t. Strength′en, to make strong or stronger: to confirm: to encourage: to increase in power or security.—v.i. to become stronger.—n. Strength′ener, one who, or that which, supplies strength.—adjs. Strength′ening, invigorating; Strength′less, without strength.—On the strength, on the muster-rolls of; On, or Upon, the strength of, in reliance upon.—Proof-strength (see under Proof). [A.S. strengthu—strang, strong.]

Strenuous, stren′ū-us, adj. active: vigorous: urgent: zealous: bold: necessitating exertion.—n. Strenuos′ity, strenuousness: a straining after effect.—adv. Stren′uously.—n. Stren′uousness. [L. strenuus, akin to Gr. strēnēs, strong.]

Strepent, strep′ent, adj. (rare) noisy. [L. strepĕre, to make a noise.]

Strepera, strep′e-ra, n. an Australian genus of corvine passerine birds, the crow-shrikes.—adj. Strep′erine. [L. strepĕre, to make a noise.]

Strephon, stref′on, n. a love-sick shepherd in Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia, hence a love-sick swain generally.—n. Streph′onade, a love-song.

Strepitoso, strep-i-tō′zō, adv. (mus.) in a loud, boisterous manner.

Stress, stres, n. force: pressure: urgency: strain: violence, as of the weather: the relative loudness or emphasis with which certain syllables are pronounced, accent: weight, importance: (mech.) force exerted in any direction or manner between two bodies—the greatest stress which a substance will bear without being torn asunder being its ultimate strength.—v.t. to constrain: lay stress on: to emphasise. [O. Fr. estrecir, from L. strictus, stringĕre, to draw tight.]

Stretch, strech, v.t. to extend: to draw out: to expand: to reach out: to exaggerate, strain, or carry further than is right: to cause to lie at full length: (slang) to hang.—v.i. to be drawn out: to be extended: to extend without breaking: to exaggerate.—n. act of stretching: effort: struggle: reach: extension: state of being stretched: utmost extent of meaning: course: one single uninterrupted sitting, turn, &c.: (slang) a year's imprisonment.—ns. Stretch′er, anything used for stretching, as gloves, hats, &c.: a frame on which a painter's canvas is stretched by means of wedges forced into the corners: a frame for carrying the sick or dead: a footboard for a rower; Stretch′er-bond, a method of building in which bricks or stones are laid lengthwise in successive courses, the joints of the one falling at the middle of that above and below; Stretch′ing-course, a course of bricks or stones having all the faces outward; Stretch′ing-frame, a machine for stretching cotton rovings before being spun into yarn: a frame on which starched fabrics are dried; Stretch′ing-ī′ron, a currier's tool for dressing leather.—adj. Stretch′y, apt to stretch too much: liable to stretch one's self from weariness. [A.S. streccan—strec, stræc, strong; cf. Ger. strack, straight.]

Strew, strōō, v.t. to spread by scattering: to scatter loosely:—pa.p. strewed or strewn.—ns. Strew′ing, act of scattering or spreading over: anything fit to be strewed: (Shak.) litter for cattle; Strew′ment (Shak.), anything strewed or scattered in decoration. [A.S. streowian; Ger. streuen, L. sternĕre.]

Stria, strī′a, n. a stripe or streak, a small channel or thread-like line running parallel to another: (archit.) one of the fillets between the flutes of columns, &c.:—pl. Strī′æ (ē).—v.t. Strīāte′, to score, stripe.—adjs. Strī′āte, -d, marked with striæ or small parallel channels.—ns. Strīā′tion; Strīā′tum, the corpus striatum, the great ganglion of the fore-brain; Strī′ature, mode of striation. [L. stria, a streak, striāre, -ātum, to furrow.]

Strich, Strick, strik, n. (Spens.) the screech-owl. [L. strix, strigis.]

Stricken, strik′n (B.), pa.p. of strike.—Stricken in years, advanced in years.—A stricken hour, an hour as marked by the clock.

Strickle, strik′l, n. a straight-edge for levelling the top of a measure of grain: a template.—Also Strick′ler.

Strict, strikt, adj. exact: extremely nice: observing exact rules, regular: severe: restricted, taken strictly: thoroughly accurate: tense, stiff: closely intimate: absolute, unbroken: constricted.—n. Stric′tion.—adv. Strict′ly, narrowly, closely, rigorously, exclusively.—ns. Strict′ness; Strict′ure (surg.), an unnatural contraction, either congenital or acquired, of a mucous canal, such as the urethra, œsophagus, or intestine: an unfavourable criticism: censure: critical remark. [L. strictus, pa.p. of stringĕre, to draw tight. Cf. Strain and Stringent.]

Stride, strīd, v.i. to walk with long steps: to straddle.—v.t. to pass over at a step: to bestride, ride upon:—pa.t. strōde (obs. strid); pa.p. strid′den.—n. a long step, the space passed over in such. [A.S. strídan, to stride; Ger. streiten, strive.]

Strident, strī′dent, adj. creaking, grating, harsh.—adv. Strī′dently.—n. Strī′dor, a harsh sound.—adj. Strid′ūlant, strident.—n.pl. Stridūlan′tia, a group of hemipterous insects, the cicadas.—v.i. Strid′ūlate, to make a stridulous sound.—ns. Stridūlā′tion, the act of stridulating; Strid′ūlātor, an insect which emits such a sound.—adjs. Strid′ūlātory, stridulant; Strid′ūlous, emitting a harsh creaking sound. [L. stridens, -entis, pr.p. of stridēre, to creak.]

Strife, strīf, n. contention for superiority: struggle for victory: contest: discord.—adj. Strife′ful (Spens.), full of strife, contentious, discordant—also Strif′ful. [M. E. strif—O. Fr. estrif—Scand., Ice. strith, strife; Ger. streit, Dut. strijd, strife.]

Strig, strig, n. the footstalk of a flower or leaf.—v.t. to strip this off.

Striga, strī′ga, n. (bot.) a sharp bristle or hair-like scale: a stripe, stria: the flute of a column:—pl. Strī′gæ.—adjs. Strī′gate, Strī′gose, having strigæ: streaked; Strig′ilose, minutely strigose. [L. striga, a furrow—stringĕre, to contract.]

Striges, strī′jez, n.pl. the owls or Strigidæ, a sub-order of Raptores.—adj. Strig′ine, owl-like. [L. strix, strigis, an owl.]

Strigil, strij′il, n. a flesh-scraper. [L. strigilis, a scraper—stringĕre, to contract.]

Strigilis, strij′i-lis, n. an organ for cleaning the antennæ on the first tarsal-joint of a bee's foreleg.

Strigops, strī′gops, n. a genus containing the kakapo or nocturnal New Zealand parrot, the owl-parrots. [L. strix, strigis, owl, Gr. ōps, face.]

Strike, strīk, v.t. to give a blow to: to hit with force, to smite: to pierce: to dash: to stamp: to coin: to thrust in: to cause to sound: to let down, as a sail: to ground upon, as a ship: to punish: to affect strongly: to affect suddenly with alarm or surprise: to make a compact or agreement, to ratify: to take down and remove: to erase (with out, off): to come upon unexpectedly: to occur to: to appear to: to assume: to hook a fish by a quick turn of the wrist: (slang) to steal: (B.) to stroke.—v.i. to give a quick blow: to hit: to dash: to sound by being struck: to touch: to run aground: to pass with a quick effect: to dart: to take root: to lower the flag in token of respect or surrender: to give up work in order to secure higher wages or the redress of some grievance: (U.S.) to do menial work for an officer: to become saturated with salt: to run, or fade in colour:—pa.t. struck; pa.p. struck (obs. strick′en).—n. act of striking for higher wages: (geol.) the direction of the outcrop of a stratum—the line which it makes when it appears at the surface of the earth, always being at right angles to the dip of the bend: (U.S.) any dishonest attempt to extort money by bringing in a bill in the hope of being bought off by those interested: full measure, esp. of malt: the whole coinage made at one time: an imperfect matrix for type: the metal plate into which a door-latch strikes as the door closes: the crystalline appearance of hard soaps.—ns. Strike′-pay, an allowance paid by a trades-union to men on strike; Strīk′er, one who, or that which, strikes: a green-hand on shipboard.—adj. Strīk′ing, affecting: surprising: forcible: impressive: exact.—adv. Strīk′ingly.—n. Strīk′ingness, quality of being striking, or of affecting or surprising.—Strike a balance, to bring out the relative state of a debtor and creditor account; Strike a tent, to take it down; Strike down, to prostrate by a blow or by illness; Strike for, to start suddenly for; Strike from, to remove with a stroke; Strike hands (B.), to become surety for any one; Strike home, to strike right to the point aimed at; Strike in, to enter suddenly: to interpose; Strike into, to enter upon suddenly, to break into; Strike off, to erase from an account, to deduct: to print: to separate by a blow; Strike oil, to find petroleum when boring for it: to make a lucky hit; Strike out, to efface: to bring into light: to direct one's course boldly outwards: to strike from the shoulder: to form by sudden effort; Strike sail, to take in sail: to stop; Strike up, to begin to beat, sing, or play; Strike work, to cease work. [A.S. strícan; Ger. streichen, to move, to strike.]

String, string, n. a small cord or slip of anything for tying, small cord, twine: a ribbon: nerve, tendon, a vegetable fibre: the chord (slender piece of wire or catgut stretched) of a musical instrument: (pl.) stringed instruments collectively: a cord on which things are filed, a succession or series of things: a drove of horses: in billiards, the buttons strung on a wire by which the score is kept, the score itself: an expedient, object in view or of pursuit: the highest range of planks in a ship's ceiling.—v.t. to supply with strings: to put in tune: to put on a string: to make tense or firm: to take the strings off.—v.i. to stretch out into a long line: to form itself into strings: at billiards, to drive the ball against the end of the table and back, in order to determine which player is to open the game:—pa.t. and pa.p. strung.—ns. String′-band, a band composed chiefly of stringed instruments; String′-board, a board which faces the well-hole of a staircase, and receives the ends of the steps; String′-course, a projecting horizontal course or line of mouldings running quite along the face of a building.—adj. Stringed, having strings.—ns. String′er, one who, or that which, strings: a lengthwise timber on which a rail is fastened resting on a transverse cross-tie or sleeper: any main lengthways timber in a bridge or other building: a small screw-hook to which piano-strings are sometimes attached: (naut.) a shelf-piece, an inside horizontal plank, supporting beam-ends, any heavy timber similarly carried round a vessel to strengthen her for special heavy service, as whaling, &c.; String′iness.—adj. String′less, having no strings.—ns. String′-or′gan, a reed-organ having a graduated set of vibrators or free reeds connected by rods which cause to vibrate corresponding wires or strings stretched over a sounding-board; String′-pea, a pea with edible pods; String′-piece, a supporting timber forming the edge of the framework of a floor or staircase, &c.; String′-plate; a metal plate bearing the spring-block of a pianoforte.—adj. String′y, consisting of strings or small threads: fibrous: capable of being drawn into strings.—n. String′y-bark, one of a class of Australian gum-trees with very fibrous bark.—Harp upon one string (see under Harp); Have one on a string, to gain complete influence or control over some one: to place a person under great anxiety; Have two strings to one's bow, to have more than one expedient for attaining the object in view. [A.S. strenge, cord—strang, strong; Dut. streng, Ice. strengr, Ger. strang; conn. with L. stringĕre, to draw tight.]

Stringent, strin′jent, adj. binding strongly: urgent.—n. Strin′gency, state or quality of being stringent: severe pressure.—advs. Stringen′do (mus.) hastening the time; Strin′gently, in a stringent manner.—n. Strin′gentness. [L. stringens, -entis, pr.p. of stringĕre.]

Stringhalt, string′hawlt, n. a peculiar catching up of a horse's limbs, usually of one or both hind-limbs, a variety of chorea or St Vitus's dance.

Strinkle, string′kl, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to sprinkle sparingly.—n. Strink′ling. [Sprinkle.]

Strip, strip, v.t to pull off in strips or stripes: to tear off: to deprive of a covering: to skin, to peel, to husk: to make bare: to expose: to remove the overlying earth from a deposit: to deprive: to impoverish or make destitute: to plunder: to press out the last milk at a milking: to press out the ripe roe or milt from fishes, for artificial fecundation: to separate the leaves of tobacco from the stems.—v.i. to undress: to lose the thread, as a screw: to come off:—pr.p. strip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stripped.—n. a long narrow piece of anything (cf. Stripe).—ns. Strip′leaf, tobacco which has been stripped of the stalks before packing; Strip′per, one who, or that which, strips.—n.pl. Strip′pings, the last milk drawn from a cow at a milking.—Strip off, to pull or take off: to cast off. [A.S. strýpan; Ger. streifen.]

Stripe, strīp, n. a blow, esp. one made with a lash, rod, &c.: a wale or discoloured mark made by a lash or rod: a line, or long narrow division of a different colour from the ground: kind, particular sort: striped cloth.—v.t. to make stripes upon: to form with lines of different colours.—adjs. Strīped, having stripes of different colours; Strī′py, stripelike. [Old Dut. strijpe, a stripe in cloth; Dut. streep, Low Ger. stripe, Ger. streif.]

Strive, strīv, v.i. to make efforts (with with, against, for): to endeavour earnestly: to labour hard: to struggle, to fight: to contend: to aim:—pa.t. strōve; pa.p. striv′en.—ns. Strīv′er; Strīv′ing.—adv. Strīv′ingly, with striving, struggles, or earnest efforts. [O. Fr. estriver—estrif, strife—Scand., Ice. strídh, strife.]

Strix, striks, n. a genus typical of Strigidæ. [L. strix—Gr. strix, a screech-owl.]

Strob, strob, n. the angular velocity of one radian per second.—adj. Strob′ic, seeming to spin. [Gr. strobos—strephein, to twist.]

Strobila, stro-bī′la, n. a discomedusan at the stage succeeding the scyphistoma: a segmented tapeworm.—adj. Strobilā′ceous.—v.i. Strob′ilate.—n. Strobilā′tion. [Gr. strobilē, a twisted plug of lint.]

Strobile, strob′il, n. (bot.) a cone—also Strob′ilus.—adjs. Strobilif′erous; Strobil′iform; Strob′iline; Strob′iloid.

Stroboscope, strob′ō-skōp, n. an apparatus for observing periodic motion by throwing light at intervals on the rotating body.—adj. Stroboscop′ic. [Gr. strobos, a turning, skopein, to see.]

Stroke, strōk, n. a blow: a sudden attack: calamity: the sound of a clock: a dash in writing: the sweep of an oar in rowing, the aftmost oar of a boat: the movement of the piston of a steam-engine: the touch of a pen or pencil: any characteristic feature: an effective action, a feat, a masterly effort: a mental act, the action of any faculty of the mind.—v.t. and v.i. to act as stroke for, to row the stroke-oar of a boat.—n. Stroke′-oar, the aftmost oar in a boat, or its rower, whose stroke leads the rest. [A.S. strác, pa.t. of strícan, to strike.]

Stroke, strōk, v.t. to rub gently in one direction: to rub gently in kindness.—ns. Strōk′er; Strōk′ing. [A.S. strácian, a causal of strícan, as above; cf. Ger. streicheln, to stroke, from streichen, to rub.]

Stroll, strōl, v.i. to ramble idly or leisurely: to wander on foot.—n. a leisurely walk: a wandering on foot.—n. Stroll′er. [Skeat explains as formerly stroule, stroyle, a contracted form, as if for strugle. Freq. of Dan. stryge, to stroll, Sw. stryka, to stroke, also to ramble. Allied to strike.]

Stroma, strō′ma, n. the subtentacular tissue or substance of an organ or cell: in fungi, the substance in which the perithecia are immersed: the solid mass left after all liquid is expressed from protoplasm.—adjs. Stromat′ic; Strō′matiform; Strō′matous. [Gr. strōma, a covering.]

Stromatology, strōm-a-tol′ō-ji, n. the history of the formation of the stratified rocks. [Gr. strōma, a covering, logos, discourse.]

Strombus, strom′bus, n. a genus of marine gasteropods, typical of the family Strombidæ, their shells, often called conch-shells, frequently used as decorative objects and in the manufacture of cameos. [Gr. strombos, a pine-cone.]

Strong, strong, adj. firm: having physical power: hale, healthy: able to endure: solid: well fortified: having wealth or resources: moving with rapidity: impetuous: earnest: having great vigour, as the mind: forcible: energetic, determined, positive: affecting the senses, as smell and taste, forcibly offensive or intense in quality, pungent: loud, stentorian: hard, indigestible: having a quality in a great degree: intoxicating, rich in alcohol: bright: intense: well established, firm, steadily going upward without fluctuation: (gram.) inflecting by a change of radical vowel instead of by syllabic addition.—n. Strong′hold, a place strong to hold out against attack: a fastness or fortified place: a fortress.—adj. Strong′-knit, firmly jointed or compacted.—adv. Strong′ly.—adj. Strong′-mind′ed, having a vigorous mind: unfeminine, applied to women who unsex themselves to obtain the freedom of men.—ns. Strong′-mind′edness; Strong′-room, a firmly secured place where valuables are stored; Strong′-wa′ter, ardent spirits.—Strong escape (Shak.), an escape accomplished by strength. [A.S. strang, strong; Ice. strangr, Ger. streng, tight.]

Strongyle, stron′jil, n. a strongyloid nematode worm.—adj. Stron′gyloid. [Gr. strongylos, round.]

Strontium, stron′shi-um, n. a yellowish, ductile, malleable metal somewhat harder than lead, existing as a carbonate in the mineral Strontianite (first found in 1790 near Strontian in Argyllshire), and as a sulphate in the mineral known as Celestine.—ns. Stron′tia, the oxide of strontium—also Stron′tian; Stron′tianite, carbonate of strontia.

Strop, strop, n. a strip of leather, or of wood covered with leather, &c., for sharpening razors.—v.t. to sharpen on a strop:—pr.p. strop′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. stropped. [Older form of strap.]

Strophanthus, strō-fan′thus, n. a genus of tropical African and Asiatic plants of order Apocynaceæ, often climbers, the seeds of several species in Africa yielding arrow-poison, those of S. hispidus yielding an extremely poisonous bitter principle, Strophan′thin, whose medicinal action is very similar to that of Digitalis. [Gr. strophos, twisted band, anthos, flower.]

Strophe, strōf′e, n. in the ancient drama, the song sung by the chorus while dancing towards one side of the orchestra, to which its reverse, the antistrophe, answers.—adj. Stroph′ic. [Gr.]

Strophiole, strof′i-ōl, n. (bot.) an aril-like appendage growing from the raphe in the fruits of Viola, &c.—adjs. Stroph′iolate, -d. [Gr. strophion, dim. of strophos, a twisted band.]

Strossers, stros′ėrz, n. (Shak.) trousers. [A form of trossers=trousers.]

Strout, strowt, v.t. (Bacon) to strut, to cause to project or swell out.

Structure, struk′tūr, n. manner of building: construction: a building, esp. one of large size: arrangement of parts or of particles in a substance: manner of organisation: an organic form.—adj. Struc′tūral, morphological.—n. Structūralisā′tion.—adv. Struc′tūrally, in a structural manner.—adjs. Struc′tured, having a certain structure; Struc′tureless.—adv. Struc′turely, in structure, by construction.—n. Struc′tūrist, one who rears structures. [L. structura—struĕre, structum, to build.]

Struggle, strug′l, v.i. to make great efforts with contortions of the body: to make great exertions: to contend: to labour in pain: to be in agony or distress.—n. a violent effort with contortions of the body: great labour: agony.—n. Strugg′ler, one who struggles, strives, or contends. [Skeat explains M. E. strogelen as a weakened form of an assumed strokelen, a freq. verb, from Ice. strok-, stem of strokinn, pa.p. of strjúka, to strike; cf. Ice. strokka, to churn, also Sw. stryka, to strike.]

Struldbrug, struld′brug, n. one of a class of immortals in Gulliver's Travels, born with a special mark in the forehead, kept by the public after eighty.

Strum, strum, v.t. to play on (as a musical instrument) in a coarse, noisy manner:—pr.p. strum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. strummed. [A variant of thrum.]

Struma, strōō′ma, n. scrofula:—pl. Stru′mæ.—adjs. Strumat′ic, Stru′mous, having scrofula: scrofulous—also Strumōse′; Strumif′erous, bearing strumæ or swellings; Stru′miform, having the form of a struma.—ns. Strumī′tis, inflammation of the thyroid gland; Strumō′sis, production of struma; Stru′mousness. [L. strumosus—struma, scrofula.]

Strumpet, strum′pet, n. a whore.—adj. like a strumpet: inconstant: false.—v.t. to make a strumpet of: to call a strumpet. [O. Fr. strupe, stupre—L. stuprum, dishonour, struprāre, to debauch.]

Strut, strut, v.i. to walk in a pompous manner: to walk with affected dignity:—pr.p. strut′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. strut′ted.—n. a proud step or walk: affectation of dignity in walking.—n. Strut′ter, one who struts.—adv. Strut′tingly, in a strutting manner. [Scand., Dan. strutte, to strut; Low Ger. strutt, rigid; Ger. strotzen, to be puffed up.]

Strut, strut, n. a support for a rafter: an instrument for adjusting the plaits of a ruff.—v.t. to brace.

Struthio, strōō′thi-ō, n. the sole genus of Struthionidæ, the African ostriches.—adjs. Stru′thionine, Stru′thious. [L.,—Gr. strouthiōn, an ostrich.]

Strychnine, strik′nin, n. a poisonous alkaloid occurring in crystals, intensely bitter, colourless and inodorous, obtained from the seeds of nux vomica—also Strych′nia.—adj. Strych′nic.—ns. Strych′ninism, the condition produced by a poisonous dose of strychnine; Strych′nism, the morbid state of the spinal cord produced by strychnine. [Gr. strychnos, a kind of nightshade.]

Stub, stub, n. the stump left after a tree is cut down: anything short and thick, a stump or truncated end of anything, a worn horse-shoe nail, esp. in pl.: the counterfoil in a cheque-book, &c.—v.t. to take the stubs or roots of from the ground: to cut to a stub: to strike against a stub:—pr.p. stub′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. stubbed.—adj. Stubbed, short and thick like a stump: blunt: obtuse.—ns. Stub′bedness; Stub′biness, state of being stubby: stubbedness.—adj. Stub′by, abounding with stubs: short, thick, and strong.—ns. Stub′-ī′ron, that worked up from stubs for gun-barrels; Stub′-nail, a short thick nail. [A.S. styb; Dut. stobbe, Ice. stubbi.]

Stubble, stub′l, n. the stumps or root-ends of the stalks of corn left in the ground by the reaper or mower: anything like this, as a bristly beard, &c.: the sugar-cane in the field after the first year.—adjs. Stubb′led, covered with stubble; Stubb′le-fed, fed on the natural grass growing among stubble.—ns. Stubb′le-goose, or Harvest-goose, the greylag goose; Stubb′le-rake, a rake with long teeth for raking stubble together.—adj. Stubb′ly, stubbled: having stubble: covered with stubble. [O. Fr. estouble, prob. Teut. (Old High Ger. stupfila), or directly from L. stipula, dim. of stipes, a stalk.]

Stubborn, stub′orn, adj. immovably fixed in opinion: obstinate: persevering: steady: stiff: inflexible: hardy: not easily melted or worked.—v.t. (Keats) to make stubborn.—adv. Stubb′ornly.—n. Stubb′ornness.—adj. Stubb′orn-shaft′ed, having strong shafts or trunks. [A.S. styb, a stub.]

Stucco, stuk′ō, n. a plaster of lime and fine sand, &c., used as a coating for walls, for decorations, &c.: work done in stucco.—v.t. to face or overlay with stucco: to form in stucco.—n. Stucc′ōer, one who works or deals in stucco. [It. stucco; from Old High Ger. stucchi, a crust, a shell.]

Stuck, stuk, pa.t. and pa.p. of stick.—adj. Stuck′-up, affectedly vain, self-important.

Stud, stud, n. a collection of breeding horses and mares, also the place where they are kept: a collection of horses for racing or hunting, also of other animals, even of dogs in America.—ns. Stud′-book, a record of the pedigrees of famous animals, esp. horses; Stud′-farm, a farm where horses are bred; Stud′-groom, a groom at a stud, esp. the head-groom; Stud′-horse, a stallion. [A.S. stód; Ger. gestüt.]

Stud, stud, n. a nail with a large head: an ornamental double-headed button worn in a cuff or shirt-front: one of the intermediate posts in a partition to which laths are nailed: a cross-piece in the links of a chain-cable for strengthening: a small pin in a watch: a trunk, stem.—v.t. to adorn with knobs: to set thickly, as with studs:—pr.p. stud′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. stud′ded.—ns. Stud′-bolt, a bolt with a thread on each end, screwed into a fixed part at one end, receiving a nut upon the other; Stud′ding-sail, a narrow sail set temporarily at the outer edges of a square sail when the wind is light—also Scudding-sail; Stud′dle, a prop supporting a platform in a mine; Stud′-work, brickwork walls between studs: studded leather armour. [A.S. studu, a post.]

Student, stū′dent, n. one who studies, a scholar at a higher school, college, or university: one devoted to the study of any subject: a man devoted to books.—ns. Stū′dentry, students collectively; Stū′dentship, an endowment for a student in a college.

Studio, stū′di-o, n. the workshop of an artist or photographer:—pl. Stū′dios. [It.]

Studious, stū′di-us, adj. given to study: thoughtful: diligent: careful (with of): studied: deliberately planned: favourable for study or meditation.—adv. Stū′diously.—n. Stū′diousness.

Study, stud′i, v.t. to bestow pains upon: to apply the mind to: to examine closely, in order to learn thoroughly: to form and arrange by thought: to con over.—v.i. to apply the mind closely to a subject: to try hard: to muse, meditate, reflect: to apply the mind to books:—pa.t. and pa.p. stud′ied.—n. a setting of the mind upon a subject, earnest endeavour, application to books, &c.: absorbed attention: contrivance: any object of attentive consideration: any particular branch of learning: a room devoted to study: a first sketch from nature, a drawing or painting hastily done to facilitate later and more elaborate work, a student's exercise in painting or sculpture: a composition in music intended to help in acquiring mechanical facility: in theatrical phrase, one who commits a part to memory.—adj. Stud′ied, qualified by, or versed in, study: learned: planned with study or deliberation: premeditated.—adv. Stud′iedly, in a studied or premeditated manner.—n. Stud′ier, one who studies. [O. Fr. estudie (Fr. étude)—L. studium, zeal; Gr. spoudē, zeal.]

Stufa, stōōf′a, n. a jet of steam issuing from a fissure in the earth. [It.]

Stuff, stuf, n. materials of which anything is made: that which fills anything: essence, elemental part: textile fabrics, cloth, esp. when woollen: something trifling, worthless, or contemptible: a melted mass of turpentine, tallow, &c. used for paying masts, planks, &c.: a medicinal mixture: boards for building: (slang) money: worthless matter: possessions generally, esp. household furniture, &c.—v.t. to fill by crowding: to fill very full: to press in: to crowd: to cram, as with nonsense or lies: to obstruct: to cause to bulge out by filling: to fill with seasoning, as a fowl: to fill the skin of a dead animal, so as to reproduce its living form.—v.i. to feed gluttonously: to practise taxidermy.—ns. Stuff′er, one who stuffs, esp. the skins of animals; Stuff′-gown, a gown of stuff, not silk, esp. that of a junior barrister; Stuff′ing, that which is used to stuff or fill anything—straw, sawdust, feathers, hair, &c.: relishing ingredients put into meat, poultry, &c. in cooking; Stuff′ing-box, a contrivance for keeping a piston-rod, &c., air-tight or water-tight by means of closely-fitting packing, while allowing it free motion. [O. Fr. estoffe (Fr. étoffe)—L. stuppa, tow.]

Stuffy, stuf′i, adj. badly ventilated, musty: causing difficulty in breathing: (Scot.) stout: sturdy: (slang) sulky.—n. Stuff′iness. [O. Fr. estouffer, to choke—estoffe, stuff.]

Stultify, stul′ti-fī, v.t. to make a fool of: to cause to appear foolish: to destroy the force of one's argument by self-contradiction: (law) to allege or prove to be of unsound mind:—pa.t. and pa.p. stul′tified.—ns. Stultificā′tion, act of stultifying or making foolish; Stul′tifier, one who stultifies or makes a fool of; Stultil′oquence, Stultil′oquy, foolish talk or discourse, babbling.—adj. Stultil′oquent.—adv. Stultil′oquently. [L. stultus, foolish, facĕre, to make.]

Stum, stum, n. must, grape-juice unfermented: new wine used to revive dead or vapid wine: a mixture used to impart artificial strength, &c., to weak beer or wine: wine revived by the addition of stum or by a second fermentation.—v.t. to renew or doctor with stum: to fume, as a cask of liquor, with burning sulphur. [Dut. stom, must—stom, mute; Ger. stumm, dumb.]

Stumble, stum′bl, v.i. to strike the feet against something, to trip in walking: to light on by chance (with upon): to slide into crime or error.—v.t. to cause to trip or stop: to puzzle.—n. a trip in walking or running: a blunder: a failure.—ns. Stum′bler, one who stumbles; Stum′bling-block, -stone, a block or stone over which one would be likely to stumble: a cause of error.—adv. Stum′blingly.—adj. Stum′bly, apt to stumble. [Skeat explains the b as excrescent, the M. E. stomblen, stomelen, stumlen, also stomeren being from Ice. stumra, to stumble. It is thus a doublet of stammer.]

Stump, stump, n. the part of a tree left in the ground after the trunk is cut down: the part of a body remaining after a part is cut off or destroyed: (cricket) one of the three sticks forming a wicket.—v.t. to reduce to a stump, to truncate, to cut off a part of: to strike unexpectedly, as the foot against something fixed: (cricket) to knock down the wickets when the batsman is out of his ground: to bring to a stop by means of some obstacle or other, to defeat, ruin: (U.S.) to challenge to do something difficult: to make stump-speeches throughout a district, constituency, &c.: (slang) to pay down, hand over (with up).—v.i. to walk along heavily: to make stump-speeches.—ns. Stump′er, one who stumps; Stump′-or′ator, one who harangues the multitude from a temporary platform, as the stump of a tree: a speaker who travels about the country, and whose appeals are mainly to the passions of his audience; Stump′-or′atory; Stump′-speech, an impromptu speech delivered on any improvised platform, any speech made all round a district by some frothy agitator.—adj. Stump′y, full of stumps, short and thick.—n. (slang) cash.—Stump out (cricket), to put out by knocking down the stump or wicket. [Ice. stumpr; Ger. stumpf, nasalised form of stub.]

Stun, stun, v.t. to stupefy or astonish with a loud noise, or with a blow: to surprise completely: to amaze:—pr.p. stun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. stunned.—n. a stroke, shock, stupefying blow.—ns. Stun′ner, a person or an action that strikes with amazement; Stun′ning, stupefaction.—adj. very striking, astonishing.—adv. Stun′ningly. [A.S. stunian, to make a din—stun, a din.]

Stundist, stun′dist, n. one of a body of Russian dissenters who reject forms and ceremonies, and base their faith and practice on the Bible alone.—n. Stun′dism, the doctrines of the Stundists. [Ger. stunde, an hour, from their stated meetings for Bible-reading.]

Stunt, stunt, v.t. to hinder from growth, to dwarf, check.—n. a check in growth: an animal whose growth is stunted.—adj. Stunt′ed, dwarfed.—n. Stunt′edness, state of being stunted. [A.S. stunt, blunt; Ice. stuttr, short.]

Stupa, stū′pa, n. a Buddhist monument: a dagoba or shrine of Buddha. [Sans.]

Stupe, stūp, n. a fomentation, or rather the tow or cloth dipped in it, and used in its application.—v.t. to treat with a stupe.—adjs. Stū′pēous, covered with long loose filaments or scales—also Stū′pōse; Stū′pulōse, finely stupose. [L.,—Gr. stuppē, tow.]

Stupefy, stū′pe-fī, v.t. to make stupid or senseless: to deaden the perception: to deprive of sensibility:—pa.t. and pa.p. stū′pefied.—adj. Stūpefā′cient, stupefying.—n. anything that stupefies, a narcotic drug.—n. Stūpefac′tion, the act of making stupid or senseless: insensibility: stupidity.—adj. Stūpefac′tive, causing stupefaction or insensibility.—ns. Stū′pefīedness; Stū′pefīer.—adj. Stū′pent, struck with stupor. [L. stupēre, to be struck senseless, facĕre, to make.]

Stupendous, stū-pen′dus, adj. wonderful, amazing, astonishing for its magnitude, force, enormity.—adv. Stūpen′dously.—n. Stūpen′dousness. [L. stupendus.]

Stupid, stū′pid, adj. struck senseless: insensible: deficient or dull in understanding: formed or done without reason or judgment: foolish: unskilful.—ns. Stupe (coll.), a stupid person; Stūpid′ity, Stū′pidness.—adv. Stū′pidly. [Fr.,—L. stupidus.]

Stupor, stū′por, n. the state of being struck senseless: suspension of sense either complete or partial: insensibility, intellectual or moral: excessive amazement or astonishment.—adj. Stū′porous.

Stuprum, stū′prum, n. forcible violation of chastity: rape.—v.t. Stū′prāte, to ravish.—n. Stūprā′tion. [L.,—stuprāre, -ātum, to debauch.]

Sturdy, stur′di, adj. (comp. Stur′dier, superl. Stur′diest) resolute: firm: forcible: strong: robust: stout: (obs.) stubborn or obstinate.—adv. Stur′dily.—n. Stur′diness. [O. Fr. estourdi, pa.p. of estourdir (Fr. étourdir), It. stordire, to stun; acc. to Diez, through an assumed Low L. form from L. torpidus, stupefied.]

Sturdy, stur′di, n. the gid, a disease affecting young sheep with staggering and stupor, caused by a species of tapeworm in the brain.—adj. Stur′died.

Sturgeon, stur′jun, n. a genus of large Ganoid fishes, yielding palatable flesh, caviare from their roe, isinglass from their air-bladders. [O. Fr. esturgeon, from Old High Ger. sturjo—stōren, to spread.]

Sturnidæ, stur′ni-dē, n.pl. a family of oscine passerine birds, its representative genus, Stur′nus, the starlings.—adjs. Stur′niform; Stur′noid.

Sturt, sturt, n. strife, wrath, vexation.—v.t. and v.i. to vex, annoy: start with fear.

Stutter, stut′ėr, v.i. to hesitate in speaking: to stammer.—n. the act of stuttering: a hesitation in speaking.—n. Stutt′erer, one who stutters.—adj. Stutt′ering, hesitating in speaking: stammering.—adv. Stutt′eringly. [A freq. of obs. stut, to stutter, M. E. stoten—Ice. stauta; cog. with Ger. stossen.]

Sty, stī, n. a small inflamed tumour on the eyelid. [A.S. stígend, from stígan, to step up.]

Sty, stī, n. an enclosure for swine: any place extremely filthy, any place of gross debauchery. [A.S. stígo; Ger. steige.]

Stygian, stij′i-an, adj. relating to Styx, one of the rivers of Hades, across which Charon ferries the shades of the departed: hellish, infernal, deadly, impenetrable. [L.,—Gr. stygein, to hate.]

Style, stīl, n. anything long and pointed, esp. a pointed tool for engraving or writing: manner of writing, mode of expressing thought in language: the distinctive manner peculiar to an author: characteristic or peculiar mode of expression and execution (in the fine arts): title: mode of address: practice, esp. in a law-court: manner: form: fashion: mode of reckoning time—Old Style, when the system follows the Julian calendar, as still in Russia, and in England before 2d September 1752; New Style, when the system follows the Gregorian calendar (eleven days were omitted, thus the 3d September became the 14th): the pin of a dial: (bot.) the middle portion of the pistil, between the ovary and the stigma (see Pistil).—v.t. to entitle in addressing or speaking of: to name or designate.—adjs. Sty′lar, pertaining to the pin of a dial; Sty′late, like a style, styliform.—n. Sty′let, a stiletto: the perforator of a trocar, a probe: a little style.—adjs. Sty′letiform, shaped like a stylet; Stylif′erous, having a style, stylate; Sty′liform, style-shaped; Sty′lish, displaying style: fashionable: showy: pretending to style.—adv. Sty′lishly.—ns. Sty′lishness; Sty′list, one with a distinctive and fine literary style.—adj. Stylist′ic.—adv. Stylist′ically.—adj. Sty′loid, resembling a style or pen.—n. Sty′lus, a style, pen. [Fr.,—L. stilus.]

Stylite, stī′līt, n. one of an early class of anchorets who lived unsheltered on the tops of pillars—Simeon Stylites (c. 390-459) is said to have lived thirty years on such. [Gr. stylitēs—stylos, a pillar.]

Stylobate, stī′lō-bāt, n. the substructure of a temple beneath the columns. [Gr. stylobatēs—stylos, a column, bainein, to go.]

Stylography, stī-log′ra-fi, n. a mode of writing or tracing lines with a style or pointed instrument on prepared paper, cards, or tablets.—n. Styl′ograph, a stylographic pen, a pencil-like pen from which ink is fed to a tubular writing-point through which runs a needle which when pressed on the paper releases the ink.—adj. Stylograph′ic.—adv. Stylograph′ically. [Gr. stylos, a style, graphein, to write.]

Stymie, stī′mi, n. in golf, a position on the putting-green when the ball of one player lies between that of his opponent and the hole.

Styptic, stip′tik, adj. drawing together: astringent: that stops bleeding.—n. an agent employed in surgery for the purpose of checking the flow of blood by application to the bleeding surface: an astringent medicine.—n. Styptic′ity. [Fr.,—L. stypticus—Gr. styptikos—styphein, to contract.]

Styrax, stī′raks, n. a genus of plants abounding in resinous and aromatic substances, one species of which produces storax, another benzoin. [L.—Gr.]

Suasion, swā′zhun, n. the act of persuading or advising: advice.—adj. Suā′sive, tending to persuade: persuasive.—adv. Suā′sively.—n. Suā′siveness. [Fr.,—L. suasio—suadēre, to advise.]

Suave, swāv, or swäv, adj. pleasant: agreeable.—adv. Suāve′ly.—n. Suav′ity. [Fr.,—L. suavis, sweet.]

Sub, sub, n. (coll.) a subordinate, a subaltern: subsist money, being a part of a man's wages paid to him while the work is going on.

Subabdominal, sub-ab-dom′i-nal, adj. situated below the abdominal region, in the lower part of the abdomen.

Subacid, sub-as′id, adj. moderately acid, not unpleasantly sour: somewhat sharp or biting.—n. Subacid′ity.—adj. Subacid′ulous, moderately acidulous.

Subaerial, sub-ā-ē′ri-al, adj. beneath the sky: in the open air.—n. Subāē′rialist, one who ascribes the greater inequalities in the earth's surface to atmospheric influences.—adv. Subāē′rially.

Subagent, sub-āj′ent, n. one employed by an agent to transact business in his stead.

Subahdar, sōō′ba-där, n. under the Mogul government, the title of the governor of a province (Su′bah): now a native officer ranking as a captain under European officers.—n. Su′bahdary, the office or jurisdiction of such.

Subalpine, sub-al′pīn, adj. belonging to a mountainous region next below alpine—i.e. near but not below the timber-line, alpestrine.

Subaltern, sub′al-tėrn, or sub-al′tėrn, adj. inferior: subordinate.—n. a subordinate: an officer in the army under the rank of captain: (logic) a specific class as included under a general one, or a particular statement as deducible from a universal one.—adjs. Subalter′nant, universal as opposed to particular; Subalter′nate, succeeding by turns: subordinate.—n. a particular proposition or a species, as opposed to a universal proposition or a genus.—n. Subalternā′tion. [Fr.,—Low L. subalternus—L. sub, under, alternus, one after the other, alter, the other.]

Subapostolic, sub-ap-os-tol′ik, adj. pertaining to the period just after that of the apostles—that of Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hermas, Ignatius, Papias, and Polycarp. Just after these follow Justin Martyr, Irenæus, Clement of Alexandria, &c.

Subaqueous, sub-ā′kwe-us, adj. lying under water: formed under water: living under water.—adj. Subaquat′ic, subaqueous: partially aquatic.

Subarborescent, sub-ar-bor-es′ent, adj. somewhat arborescent or tree-like.

Subarrhation, sub-ar-ā′shun, n. the ancient custom of betrothal by gift of pledges. [L. sub, under, arrha, earnest-money.]

Subaxillary, sub-aks′i-lar-i, adj. below the armpit: under the axil or angle formed by a branch or leaf.

Subbing, sub′ing, n. (print.) the act of working as a substitute: the practice of advancing part of the wages while the work is going on.

Subcarbonate, sub-kär′bon-āt, n. a carbonate containing more than one equivalent of the base for each equivalent of carbonic acid.

Subclavian, sub-klā′vi-an, adj. under the clavicle or collar-bone.—Also Subclavic′ular.

Subcommittee, sub′ko-mit-ē, n. an under-committee: a division of a committee.

Subconscious, sub-kon′shus, adj. faintly conscious, applying to perceptions which are without consciousness or memory.—adv. Subcon′sciously.—n. Subcon′sciousness.

Subcontinuous, sub-kon-tin′ū-us, adj. nearly continuous, with but slight interruptions.

Subcontract, sub-kon′trakt, n. a contract subordinate to another contract, as for the subletting of work.—v.i. Subcontract′.—adj. Subcontract′ed.—n. Subcontract′or.

Subcontrary, sub-kon′tra-ri, adj. contrary in an inferior degree: (geom.) said of a section of an oblique cone on a circular base, which section is itself a circle: (logic) denoting the opposition of two subalternate propositions.—n. a subcontrary proposition.—n. Subcontrarī′ety.

Subcrepitant, sub-krep′i-tant, adj. slightly crepitant.—n. Subcrepitā′tion.

Subculture, sub-kul′tūr, n. in bacteriology, a culture derived from a previous one.

Subcutaneous, sub-kū-tā′ne-us, adj. under the skin.—Subcutaneous syringe, a syringe for injecting substances beneath the skin.

Subdeacon, sub-dē′kn, n. a member of the order of the ministry next below that of deacon, preparing the vessels, &c., at the eucharist.—ns. Subdea′conry, Subdea′conship, Subdiac′onate.

Subdean, sub-dēn′, n. an assistant or substitute dean.—n. Subdean′ery.

Subdentate, sub-den′tāt, adj. imperfectly dentate, having indistinct teeth.

Subderivative, sub-dē-riv′a-tiv, n. a word derived from the derivative, rather than directly from the primitive word.

Subdivide, sub-di-vīd′, v.t. to divide into smaller divisions: to divide again.—v.i. to be subdivided: to separate.—adj. Subdivī′sible.—n. Subdivi′sion, the act of subdividing: the part made by subdividing.—adjs. Subdivi′sional; Subdivī′sive.

Subdominant, sub-dom′i-nant, n. (mus.) the tone next below the dominant.

Subduct, sub-dukt′, v.t. to take away, to withdraw—also Subduce′.—n. Subduc′tion. [L. sub, under, ducĕre, ductum, to lead.]

Subdue, sub-dū′, v.t. to conquer: to bring under dominion: to render submissive: to tame: to soften.—adj. Subdū′able.—n. Subdū′al, the act of subduing.—adj. Subdued′, toned down.—ns. Subdued′ness; Subdue′ment (Shak.), conquests; Subdū′er. [O. Fr. souduire—L. sub, under, ducĕre, to lead.]

Subduple, sub′dū-pl, adj. in the ratio of one to two.—adj. Subdū′plicate, expressed by the square root.

Subeditor, sub-ed′i-tur, n. an under or assistant editor.—adj. Subeditō′rial.—n. Subed′itorship.

Suberic, sū-bėr′ik, adj. relating to, or extracted from, cork.—n. Sū′berāte, a salt of suberic acid.—adj. Sūbē′rēous.—ns. Sū′berine, the pure cellular tissue of cork; Sūberisā′tion.—v.t. Sū′berise, to render corky.—adjs. Sū′berose, Sū′berous, of the nature of cork, cork-like. [L. suber, the cork-tree.]

Suberose, sub-e-rōs′, adj. appearing as if somewhat gnawed. [L. sub, under, erosus—e, out, rodĕre, rosum, to gnaw.]

Subfamily, sub′fam-i-li, n. a primary division of a family, of one or more genera.

Subfeu, sub-fū′, v.t. to make subinfeudation of.—n. Subfeudā′tion=Subinfeudation (q.v.).—adj. Subfeud′atory.

Subflora, sub′flō-ra, n. a more local flora included within one of wider range.

Subfusc, Subfusk, sub-fusk′, adj. somewhat dark, dusky, tawny.—Also Subfus′cous.

Subgens, sub-jenz′, n. the sociological division of a people next below the gens or clan:—pl. Subgen′tes.

Subgenus, sub-jē′nus, n. a primary division of a genus including one or more species with common characters.—adj. Subgener′ic.—adv. Subgener′ically.

Subglacial, sub-glā′shal, adj. belonging to the under side of a glacier: under a glacier.

Subhastation, sub-has-tā′shun, n. a sale under the lance—a Roman method of auction. [L. sub, under, hasta, a lance.]

Subimago, sub′i-mā-gō, n. a stage in the metamorphosis of certain insects, between the pupa and the imago.—Also Pseudimago.

Subindicate, sub-in′di-kāt, v.t. to indicate by a hint.—n. Subindicā′tion.—adj. Subindic′ātive, suggestive.

Subinfeudation, sub-in-fū-dā′shun, n. the right enjoyed by the inferior lord, in imitation of his superiors, of making similar grants of portions of his land to others, to be held by them as his vassals.—adjs. and ns. Subfeud′atory, Subinfeud′atory.

Subinspector, sub′in-spek-tor, n. a subordinate or assistant inspector.—n. Sub′inspectorship.

Subintrant, sub-in′trant, adj. with paroxysms succeeding one another so fast as to be almost continuous.

Subirrigation, sub-ir-i-gā′shun, n. irrigation by means of channels below the surface.

Subitamente, sub-it-a-men′te, adv. (mus.) suddenly.—Also Sub′ito. [It.]

Subitaneous, sub-i-tā′ne-us, adj. (obs.) sudden.—n. Subitā′neousness.

Subjacent, sub-jā′sent, adj. lying under or below: being in a lower situation.—n. Subjā′cency. [L. subjacens—sub, under, jacēre, to lie.]

Subject, sub′jekt, adj. under the power of another: liable, prone, disposed: exposed: subordinate, tributary: subservient.—n. one under the power of another: one under allegiance to a sovereign: that on which any operation is performed: that which is treated or handled: (anat.) a dead body for dissection: a person supposed to be peculiarly sensitive to hypnotic influence: that which it is the object of the artist to express, the scheme or idea of a work of art: a picture representing action and incident: that of which anything is said or of which a discourse treats, bringing many things under a common head: the mind, regarded as the thinking power, in contrast with the object, that about which it thinks: topic: matter, materials: the general plan of any work of art.—v.t. Subject′, to throw or bring under: to bring under the power of: to make subordinate or subservient: to subdue: to enslave: to expose or make liable to: to cause to undergo.—n. Subjec′tion, the act of subjecting or subduing: the state of being subject to another.—adj. Subject′ive, relating to the subject: derived from one's own consciousness: denoting those states of thought or feeling of which the mind is the conscious subject—opp. to Objective.—adv. Subject′ively.—n. Subject′iveness.—v.t. Subject′ivise.—ns. Subject′ivism, a philosophical doctrine which refers all knowledge to, and founds it upon, subjective states; Subject′ivist, one who holds to subjectivism.—adj. Subjectivist′ic.—adv. Subjectivist′ically.—ns. Subjectiv′ity, state of being subjective: that which is treated subjectively; Sub′ject-matter, a tautological compound for subject, theme, topic; Sub′ject-ob′ject, the immediate object of cognition, or the thought itself; Sub′jectship, the state of being subject. [Fr. sujet—L. subjectus—sub, under, jacĕre, to throw.]

Subjoin, sub-join′, v.t. to join under: to add at the end or afterwards: to fix or annex.—ns. Subjoin′der, a remark following on another; Sub′joint, a secondary joint.

Subjugate, sub′jōō-gāt, v.t. to bring under the yoke: to bring under power or dominion: to conquer.—ns. Subjugā′tion; Sub′jugātor. [L. sub, under, jugum, a yoke.]

Subjunctive, sub-jungk′tiv, adj. subjoined: added to something: denoting that mood of a verb which expresses condition, hypothesis, or contingency.—n. the subjunctive mood. [L. sub, under, jungĕre, to join.]

Subkingdom, sub-king′dum, n. a subordinate kingdom: a division of a kingdom: a subdivision.

Sublapsarian, sub-laps-ā′ri-an, adj. relating to the sublapsarians or to their doctrines.—n. one of a class of moderate Calvinists, who hold that God merely permitted the fall of Adam, without preordaining it.—n. Sublapsā′rianism. [L. sub, under, lapsus, fall.]

Sublate, sub-lāt′, v.t. to deny—opp. to Posit: to remove.—n. Sublā′tion.—adj. Sub′lātive.

Sublease, sub-lēs′, n. an under-lease or lease by a tenant to another.—n. Sub′lessee, the holder of a sublease.

Sublet, sub-let′, v.t. to under-let or lease, as by one himself a tenant to another.

Sublevate, sub′lē-vāt, v.t. to raise, excite—also Sol′levate.—n. Sublēvā′tion. [L. sublevāre, -ātum, to lift up.]

Sublibrarian, sub-līb-rā′ri-an, n. one who acts as an assistant to a librarian.

Sublieutenant, sub-lef-ten′ant, n. formerly mate, or passed midshipman, the intermediate rank in the navy between midshipman and lieutenant.—Second lieutenant, the rank given to officers on first joining the army, corresponding to the former Cornet and Ensign.

Sublimate, sub′lim-āt, v.t. to elevate: to refine and exalt: to purify by raising by heat into vapour which again becomes solid.—n. the product of sublimation.—adj. Sublī′mable.—n. Sublimā′tion, the act of purifying by raising into vapour by heat and condensing by cold: elevation: exaltation.—adj. Sub′limātory.—n. a vessel used in sublimation. [L. sublimāre, -ātum, to lift up.]

Sublime, sub-līm′, adj. high: lofty: majestic: awakening feelings of awe or veneration.—n. that which is sublime: the lofty or grand in thought or style (The sublime): the emotion produced by sublime objects.—v.t. to exalt: to dignify, to ennoble: to improve: to purify, to bring to a state of vapour by heat and condense again by cold.—v.i. to be sublimed or sublimated.—adv. Sublime′ly, in a sublime manner: loftily: with elevated conceptions.—ns. Sublime′ness, Sublim′ity, loftiness: elevation: grandeur: loftiness of thought or style: nobleness of nature or character: excellence. [L. sublimis, high, ety. dub.; perh. sub-limen, up to the lintel.]

Subliminal, sub-lim′i-nal, adj. beneath the level of consciousness, latent. [L. sub, under, limen, liminis, the door.]

Sublineation, sub-lin-e-ā′shun, n. an underlining, as of a word or words.

Sublunar, sub-lū′nar, adj. under the moon: earthly: belonging to this world—also Sub′lunary.—adj. Sublū′nate, approaching the form of a crescent.

Submarine, sub-ma-rēn′, adj. under, or in, the sea.—Submarine boat, one capable of being propelled under water, esp. for carrying and firing torpedoes.—Submarine mine, a mass of explosives sunk in the sea.

Submental, sub-men′tal, adj. under the chin. [L. sub, under, mentum, the chin.]

Submerge, sub-mėrj′, Submerse, sub-mėrs′, v.t. to plunge under water: to overflow with water: to drown.—v.i. to sink under water.—ns. Submerg′ence, Submer′sion.—adjs. Submerged′, Submersed′, being or growing under water. [L. submergĕre, -mersum—sub, under, mergĕre, to plunge.]

Submit, sub-mit′, v.t. to refer to the judgment of another: to surrender to another.—v.i. to yield one's self to another: to surrender: to yield one's opinion: to be subject:—pr.p. submit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. submit′ted.—adj. Submiss′ (Milt.), cast down, prostrate.—n. Submis′sion, act of submitting or yielding: acknowledgment of inferiority or of a fault: humble behaviour: resignation.—adj. Submis′sive, willing or ready to submit: yielding: humble: obedient.—adv. Submis′sively, humbly—(obs.) Submiss′ly.—n. Submis′siveness. [L. submittĕre—sub, under, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Submontane, sub-mon′tān, adj. situated at the foot of a mountain or range.

Submultiple, sub-mul′ti-pl, n. a number or quantity which is contained in another an exact number of times, an aliquot part.

Subneural, sub-nū′ral, adj. situated beneath a main neural axis or nervous cord.

Subnormal, sub-nor′mal, adj. less than normal.—n. Subnormal′ity.

Subobscure, sub-ob-skūr′, adj. somewhat obscure.—adv. Subobscure′ly.

Suboccipital, sub-ok-sip′i-tal, adj. situated behind the occiput, or on the under surface of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Suboctave, sub′ok-tāv, adj. existing in the proportion of 1 to 8.—n. an eighth part: (mus.) the octave below a given tone.

Suboperculum, sub-ō-per′kū-lum, n. a bone of the gill-cover below and partly behind the operculum.—adj. Suboper′cular.

Suborder, sub-or′dėr, n. a subdivision in an order.—adj. Subor′dinal.

Subordinary, sub-or′di-nā-ri, n. (her.) one of a class of armorial charges less honourable than the ordinaries—the bordure, orle, bend sinister, &c.

Subordinate, sub-or′di-nāt, adj. lower in order, rank, nature, power, &c.: descending in a regular series.—n. one in a lower order or rank: an inferior.—v.t. to place in a lower order: to consider of less value: to make subject.—ns. Subor′dinacy, Subor′dinance, the state of being subordinate.—adv. Subor′dinately.—ns. Subor′dinateness; Subordinā′tion, act of subordinating or placing in a lower order: state of being subordinate: inferiority of rank or position; Subordinā′tionism, the doctrine of the inferiority of the second and third Persons of the Trinity to the first.—adj. Subor′dinātive, tending to, or expressing, subordination. [L. sub, under, ordo, ordinis, order.]

Suborn, sub-orn′, v.t. to cause to commit a perjury: to procure indirectly.—ns. Subornā′tion, act of causing a person to take a false oath: crime of procuring any one to do a bad action; Suborn′er. [L. subornāre—sub, under, ornāre, to adorn.]

Subpanation, sub-pā-nā′shun, n. the doctrine that the body and blood of Christ are locally and materially present in the eucharist under the form of bread and wine. [L. sub, under, panis, bread.]

Subperitoneal, sub-per-i-tō-nē′al, adj. situated under the peritoneum.

Subpœna, Subpena, sub-pē′na, n. a writ commanding the attendance of a person in court under a penalty.—v.t. to serve with a writ of subpœna. [L. sub, under, pœna, punishment.]

Subprefect, sub-prē′fekt, n. an assistant or deputy-prefect, esp. the official in France charged with the administration of the arrondissement under the prefect of the department.—n. Sub′prēfecture, the office or jurisdiction of a subprefect.

Subprior, sub′prī-or, n. the vicegerent, deputy, or assistant of a prior.

Subprovince, sub′prov-ins, n. a prime division of a province: in zoogeography, a division subordinate to a subregion.

Subregion, sub′rē-jun, n. a subdivision of a region, esp. of fauna in zoogeography.—adj. Subrē′gional.

Subreption, sub-rep′shun, n. a procuring of some advantage by fraudulent concealment, esp. in Scots law, the gaining of a gift of escheat by concealing the truth: false inference due to misrepresentation.—adj. Subrep′tive, surreptitious, noting conceptions arising out of obscure and unconscious suggestions of experience.

Subrogation, sub-rō-gā′shun, n. the succession or substitution of one person or thing by or for another, in regard to a legal claim, &c.

Subsacral, sub-sā′kral, adj. situated on the anterior or ventral surface of the sacrum.

Subscapular, sub-skap′ū-lar, adj. beneath the scapula.—n. a subscapular vessel or nerve.

Subscribe, sub-skrīb′, v.t. to write underneath: to give consent to something written, or to attest, by writing one's name underneath: to sign one's name: to promise to give or pay, or to take, as a copy of a book, by attaching one's name: to attest by attaching one's signature.—v.i. to promise a certain sum by setting one's name to a paper: to enter one's name for anything.—adj. Subscrīb′able, capable of being subscribed.—n. Subscrīb′er.—adj. Sub′script, written underneath.—n. Subscrip′tion, act of subscribing: a name subscribed: a paper with signatures: consent by signature: sum subscribed. [L. subscribĕre—sub, under, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Subsecive, sub′sē-siv, adj. left over, remaining, extra. [L. subsecivus—sub, under, secāre, to cut.]

Subsequent, sub′sē-kwent, adj. following or coming after.—ns. Sub′sequence, Sub′sequency, state of being subsequent.—adv. Sub′sequently. [L. subsequens, -entis, pr.p. of subsequi—sub, under, after, sequi, to follow.]

Subserous, sub-sē′rus, adj. somewhat serous or watery: below a serous membrane.

Subserve, sub-sėrv′, v.t. to serve subordinately or instrumentally: to help forward.—ns. Subser′vience, Subser′viency, state of being subservient: anything that promotes some purpose.—adj. Subser′vient, subserving: serving to promote: subject: submissive.—adv. Subser′viently. [L. subservīre—sub, under, servīre, to serve.]

Subside, sub-sīd′, v.i. to settle down: to settle at the bottom: to fall into a state of quiet: to sink to a lower level: (coll.) to cease talking, to take a less prominent place.—ns. Subsī′dence (also Sub′sidence), Subsī′dency, act or process of subsiding, settling, or sinking. [L. subsidĕre—sub, down, sidĕre, to settle.]

Subsidy, sub′si-di, n. assistance: aid in money: a sum of money paid by one state to another for assistance in war.—adv. Subsid′iarily.—adj. Subsid′iary, furnishing a subsidy, help, or additional supplies: aiding.—n. one who, or that which, aids or supplies: an assistant.—v.t. Sub′sidīse, to furnish with a subsidy, grant, or regular allowance: to purchase the aid of, to buy over.—Subsidiary troops, mercenaries. [Fr.,—L. subsidium, orig. troops stationed behind in reserve, aid—sub, under, sidĕre, to settle.]

Subsist, sub-sist′, v.i. to have existence: to remain, continue, inhere: to have the means of living.—n. Subsist′ence, state of being subsistent: real being: means of supporting life: livelihood.—adjs. Subsist′ent, subsisting: having real being: inherent; Subsisten′tial.—n. Subsist′er. [Fr.,—L. subsistĕre, to stand still—sub, under, sistĕre, to stand.]

Subsoil, sub′soil, n. the under soil: the bed or stratum of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.—v.t. to turn up the subsoil of.—n. Sub′soiler.

Subspecies, sub-spē′shēz, n. a division of a species, a geographical variety.—adj. Subspecif′ic.—adv. Subspecif′ically.

Subspherical, sub-sfer′i-kal, adj. not perfectly spherical.—adv. Subspher′ically.

Subspinous, sub-spī′nus, adj. somewhat spinous: under the spinal column, or a spinous process.

Subspiral, sub-spī′ral, adj. somewhat spiral: indistinctly marked with a spiral line.

Substage, sub′stāj, n. an attachment below the stage of the compound microscope, to support the achromatic condenser, &c.

Substance, sub′stans, n. that in which qualities or attributes exist, the existence to which qualities belong: that which constitutes anything what it is: the essential part: body: matter: property: foundation, ground, confidence. [L. substantia—substāre, to stand under—sub, under, stāre, to stand.]

Substantial, sub-stan′shal, adj. belonging to or having substance: actually existing: real: solid: having substance or strength: lasting, likely to be permanent: strong, stout, bulky: corporeal, material: having property or estate: considerable, pretty wealthy: conforming to what is essential: involving the essential rights or merits of.—v.t. Substan′tialīse, to give reality to.—ns. Substan′tialism, the theory that there is a real existence or substratum underlying the phenomena of consciousness; Substantial′ity.—adv. Substan′tially.—n. Substan′tialness.—n.pl. Substan′tials, essential parts.—v.t. Substan′tiāte, to make substantial: to prove or confirm.—n. Substantiā′tion.—adjs. Substantī′val; Sub′stantive, expressing existence: real: of real, independent importance.—n. (gram.) the part of speech denoting something that exists: a noun.—adv. Sub′stantively.—n. Sub′stantiveness.—v.t. Sub′stantivise. [Fr. substantiel—L. substantialis—substantia.]

Substitute, sub′sti-tūt, v.t. to put in place of another.—n. one who, or that which, is put in place of another.—adj. put instead of another.—n. Substitū′tion, act of substituting or putting in place of another: (Shak.) the office of a substitute: the use of one word for another, syllepsis: (alg.) the replacing one quantity by another which is equal to it but differently expressed: (chem.) the replacement of one or more equivalents of a body by a like number of equivalents of another.—adjs. Substitū′tional, Substitū′tionary.—adv. Substitū′tionally.—adj. Sub′stitūtive. [L. substituĕre, -ūtum—sub, under, statuĕre, to set.]

Substratum, sub-strā′tum, n. an under stratum or layer, a fundamental element: the substance in which qualities exist.

Substructure, sub′struk-tūr, n. an under structure or building: foundation.—v.t. Substruct′, to build beneath.—n. Substruc′tion.—adj. Substruc′tural.

Substyle, sub′stīl, n. the right line on which the style or gnomon of a dial is erected.—adj. Sub′stylar.

Subsultive, sub-sul′tiv, adj. bounding, moving by sudden leaps or starts, or by twitches.—adv. Subsul′torily.—n. Subsul′tus, a convulsive movement.

Subsume, sub-sūm′, v.t. to place any one cognition under another as belonging to it, as 'All horses are animals'—the minor premise is a Subsump′tion under the major.—adj. Subsump′tive.

Subtangent, sub′tan-jent, n. (geom.) the part of the axis of a curve contained between the tangent and the ordinate.

Subtemperate, sub-tem′pėr-āt, adj. pertaining to the colder parts of the temperate zone.

Subtenant, sub-ten′ant, n. a tenant who hires or leases from one who is also a tenant.—n. Subten′ancy.

Subtend, sub-tend′, v.t. to extend under or be opposite to.—n. Subtense′ (geom.), a line subtending or stretching across.

Subterfuge, sub′tėr-fūj, n. that to which one resorts for escape or concealment: an artifice to escape censure or the force of an argument: evasion. [Fr.,—L. subterfugĕre—subter, under, fugĕre, to flee.]

Subternatural, sub-tėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. less than, or below, the natural.

Subterposition, sub-tėr-pō-zish′un, n. the state of lying under something else.

Subterranean, sub-te-rā′nē-an, adj. under the earth or ground—also Subterrā′neous, Subterrēne′, Subterres′trial.—adv. Subterrā′neously. [L. sub, under, terra, the earth.]

Subthoracic, sub-thō-ras′ik, adj. situated below the thorax: nearly thoracic in position.

Subtile, sub′til, adj. delicately constructed: fine: thin or rare: piercing: shrewd.—adv. Sub′tilely.—ns. Sub′tileness; Subtilisā′tion.—v.t. Sub′tilise, to make subtile, thin, or rare: to spin into niceties.—v.i. to make nice distinctions: to refine in argument.—ns. Sub′tilism, the quality of being subtile; Sub′tilty, state or quality of being subtile: fineness: extreme acuteness: cunning. [L. subtilis—sub, under, tela, a web.]

Subtitle, sub′tī-tl, n. an additional or second title to a book, a half-title.

Subtle, sut′l (B. Sub′til), adj. subtile in a figurative sense: acute, quick to discern or discriminate: insinuating, sly, artful: cunningly devised, ingenious.—ns. Subt′leness, Subt′lety, quality of being subtle: artfulness: shrewdness: extreme acuteness.—adj. Subt′le-wit′ted, sharp-witted.—adv. Subt′ly (B. Sub′tilly), ingeniously, cleverly: artfully, deceitfully. [Contr. of subtile.]

Subtract, sub-trakt′, v.t. to take away a part from the rest: to take one number or quantity from another to find their difference.—ns. Subtrac′ter; Subtrac′tion, the act or operation of subtracting: the taking a less number or quantity from a greater.—adj. Subtract′ive, subtracting: tending to subtract or lessen.—n. Sub′trahend, the sum or number to be subtracted from another. [L. sub, under, trahĕre, tractum, to draw away.]

Subtribe, sub′trīb, n. a section or division of a tribe.—adj. Sub′trībal.

Subtropical, sub-trop′i-kal, adj. approaching the tropical or torrid zone in temperature: bordering on tropical regions.—Also Subtrop′ic.

Subtype, sub′tīp, n. a type included in another and more general one.—adj. Subtyp′ical.

Subucula, sū-buk′ū-la, n. a man's under-garment or shirt: in the early English church, a kind of cassock worn under the alb.

Subulate, sū′bū-lāt, adj. awl-shaped.—Also Sū′būlāted, Sū′būliform. [L. subula, an awl.]

Subulicorn, sū′bū-li-korn, adj. with subulate antennæ.—n.pl. Sūbūlicor′nia, a division of neuroptera, including dragon-flies, May-flies, &c.

Subungulate, sub-ung′gū-lāt, adj. hoofed, but with several digits.—n. a member of the Subungulata, as the elephant or the hyrax.—n.pl. Subungūlā′ta, a division of hoofed mammals, esp. those having the carpal bones primitive.

Suburb, sub′urb, Suburbs, sub′urbz, n. the district which is near but beyond the walls of a city: the confines, outskirts.—adj. Subur′ban, situated or living in the suburbs.—n. one living in a suburb.—n. Subur′banism, the state of being suburban.—adj. Suburbicā′rian, being near the city, esp. of the provinces of Italy forming the ancient diocese of Rome. [L. suburbium—sub, under, near, urbs, a city.]

Subvene, sub-vēn′, v.i. to occur so as to effect a result.—n. Subven′tion, act of coming to relief, support: a government aid or subsidy. [L. sub, under, venīre, ventum, to come.]

Subvert, sub-vėrt′, v.t. to turn upside down: to overthrow from the foundation: to ruin utterly: to corrupt.—n. Subver′sion, act of subverting or overthrowing from the foundation: entire overthrow: ruin.—adjs. Subver′sionary, Subver′sive, tending to subvert, overthrow, or destroy.—p.adj. Subverst′ (Spens.), subverted, overturned.—n. Subvert′er.—adj. Subvert′ible. [L. sub, under, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Subvirate, sub′vi-rāt, n. one of stunted or imperfectly developed manhood.

Subway, sub′wā, n. an underground way for traffic under railways, &c., or for water-pipes, gas-pipes, sewers, &c.

Subzonal, sub-zō′nal, adj. somewhat zonal: lying below a zone or girdle.

Succedaneous, suk-sē-dā′ne-us, adj. acting as a succedaneum: supplying the place of something else: being a substitute.—n. Succedā′neum, one who, or that which, comes in the place of another; a substitute. [L. succedaneus—succedĕre.]

Succeed, suk-sēd′, v.t. to come after, to follow up or in order: to follow: to take the place of.—v.i. to follow in order: to take the place of: to obtain one's wish or accomplish what is attempted: to end with advantage.—adjs. Succeed′able, capable of success; Succeed′ant (her.), following one another.—ns. Succeed′er, one who succeeds: a successor; Success′, act of succeeding or state of having succeeded: the prosperous termination of anything attempted: one who, or that which, succeeds, a successful person or affair.—adj. Success′ful, resulting in success: having the desired effect or termination: prosperous.—adv. Success′fully.—ns. Success′fulness, state of being successful: success; Succes′sion, act of succeeding or following after: series of persons or things following each other in time or place: series of descendants: race: (agri.) rotation, as of crops: right to take possession: in Roman and Scots law, the taking of property by one person in place of another.—adj. Succes′sional, existing in a regular succession or in order.—adv. Succes′sionally.—n. Succes′sionist, one who regards only that priesthood as valid which can be traced in a direct line of succession from the apostles.—adj. Succes′sive, following in succession or in order.—adv. Succes′sively.—n. Succes′siveness.—adj. Success′less, without success: unprosperous.—ns. Succes′sor, one who succeeds or comes after: one who takes the place of another; Succes′sorship.—adj. Succes′sory.—Succession duty, a tax imposed on any succession to property, varying with the degree of relationship.—Apostolical succession (see Apostle). [L. succedĕre—sub, up, cedĕre, to go.]

Succentor, suk-sen′tor, n. a subcantor: the bass soloist in a choir. [L. succinĕre—sub, under, canĕre, to sing.]

Succiduous, suk-sid′ū-us, adj. on the point of falling. [L.,—succidĕre—sub, under, cadĕre, to fall.]

Succiferous, suk-sif′e-rus, adj. producing sap. [L. succus, juice, ferre, to bear.]

Succin, suk′sin, n. amber.—n. Suc′cinate, a salt of succinic acid.—adj. Succin′ic, of, relating to, or drawn from amber.—n. Suc′cinite, amber.—adj. Suc′cinous, pertaining to amber.—Succinic acid, a natural constituent of amber, pine-resins, leaves of lettuce, and wormwood, &c. [L. succinum, amber.]

Succinct, suk-singkt′, adj. short: concise.—adv. Succinct′ly.—ns. Succinct′ness; Succinctō′rium, a band embroidered with an Agnus Dei, worn hanging from the girdle by the pope on some occasions. [L. succinctus—sub, up, cingĕre, to gird.]

Succivorous, suk-siv′ō-rus, adj. feeding on the sap of plants.—adj. Succose (suk′ōs), full of juice.

Succotash, suk′o-tash, n. a dish consisting of a stew of green Indian corn and beans. [Amer. Ind.]

Succour, suk′ur, v.t. to assist: to relieve.—n. aid: relief.—n. Succ′ourer.—adj. Succ′ourless, destitute of succour. [L. succurrĕre, to run up to—sub, up, currĕre, to run.]

Succubus, suk′ū-bus, n. a demon in female form who consorts with men in their sleep—also Succ′uba.—v.t. Succ′ubāte, to have carnal knowledge of a man by this means.—adj. Succ′ubine, pertaining to a succubus. [L. succuba, a whore, succumbĕre, to lie down.]

Succulent, suk′ū-lent, adj. full of juice or moisture: not dry or barren.—ns. Succ′ūlence, Succ′ūlency.—adv. Succ′ūlently. [L. succulentus—succus, juice—sugĕre, to suck.]

Succumb, suk-kum′, v.i. to lie down under: to sink under: to yield, to submit, to die. [L. sub, under, cumbĕre, to lie down.]

Succursal, suk-ur′sal, adj. subsidiary, of the relation of a minor church to a cathedral, &c.

Succussive, suk-kus′iv, adj. characterised by a shaking motion, as that of an earthquake.—v.t. Succuss′, to shake suddenly.—ns. Succussā′tion, a shaking; Succus′sion, a shaking, a shock: a shaking of the thorax to detect pleural effusion. [L. succutĕre, succussum, to shake below—sub, under, quatĕre, to shake.]

Such, such, adj. of the like kind: of that quality or character mentioned.—pron. denoting a particular person or thing, as in such and such.—adv. Such′wise, in such a manner.—Such and such, Such or such, this or that, some, indefinitely; Such like (B.)=Such. [A.S. swylc, from swa, so, and líc, like, cog. with Goth. swaleiks.]

Suck, suk, v.t. to draw in with the mouth: to draw milk from with the mouth: to imbibe: to drain.—v.i. to draw with the mouth: to draw the breast: to draw in.—n. act of sucking: milk drawn from the breast: (slang) a short drink, esp. a dram of spirits.—n. Suck′er, one who, or that which, sucks, a sucking-pig: one of various kinds of fish: the organ by which an animal adheres to other bodies: the piston of a suction-pump: a shoot rising from a subterranean stem: a leather disc to the middle of which a string is attached, used by children as a toy: a parasite, toady, sponge: a hard drinker: (U.S.) a native of Illinois.—v.t. to strip off suckers from: to provide with suckers.—n. Suck′et, a sugar-plum.—adj. Suck′ing, still nourished by milk: young and inexperienced.—ns. Suck′ing-bot′tle, a bottle of milk used for infants as a substitute for the breast; Suck′ing-fish, a name sometimes given to the Remora or Echineis, which has a dorsal sucker, and to other fishes which have a sucker formed by the union of the ventral fins, as the Lumpsucker.—Suck in, to draw in, imbibe, absorb (n. a fraud); Suck out, to draw out with the mouth; Suck the monkey (see Monkey); Suck up, to draw up into the mouth. [A.S. súcan, súgan; Ger. saugen.]

Sucken, suk′n, n. (Scots law) the district round a mill, the tenants farming which must grind their corn therein.—n. Suck′ener, a tenant so bound. [Soken.]

Suckle, suk′l, v.t. to give suck to: to nurse at the breast.—n. Suck′ler, a mammal that suckles its young, a suckling.—n.pl. Suck′lers, red clover.—n. Suck′ling, a young child or animal being nursed at the breast.—adj. sucking. [Dim. of suck.]

Sucrose, sū′krōs, n. the white crystalline compound known variously as cane-sugar, beet-sugar, maple-sugar.

Suction, suk′shun, n. act or power of sucking: act of drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air.—n. Suc′tion-pump, the common house-pump—not the force-pump.—adj. Suctō′rial, adapted for sucking: living by sucking—also Suctō′rious.

Sudamina, sū-dam′i-na, n.pl. also called Military eruption, one of the vesicular diseases of the skin almost always occurring in association with febrile disorders, particularly acute rheumatism.—adj. Sudam′inal. [L. sudāre, to sweat.]

Sudatory, sū′da-tor-i, adj. sweating.—n. a sweating-bath.—ns. Sūdā′rium, a cloth for wiping off sweat, esp. that of St Veronica on which the features of Jesus on His way to the Cross were miraculously impressed—also Sū′dary; Sūdā′tion, excessive sweating; Sūdatō′rium, a sweating-bath. [L. sudatorius—sudāre, -ātum.]

Sudden, sud′en, adj. unexpected: hasty: abrupt.—adv. Sud′denly.—n. Sud′denness, (Scot.) Sud′denty.—On a sudden, Of a sudden, suddenly, sooner than was expected. [O. Fr. sodain—L. subitaneus, sudden—subitus, coming stealthily—sub, up, īre, ītum, to go.]

Sudorific, sū-dor-if′ik, adj. causing sweat.—n. a medicine producing sweat: a diaphoretic.—n. Sū′dor, sweat.—adjs. Sū′doral; Sūdorif′erous. [L. sudor, sweat, facĕre, to make.]

Sudra, sū′dra, n. a member of the fourth and lowest of the Hindu castes. [Hind.,—Sans. çūdra.]

Suds, sudz, n.pl. boiling water mixed with soap. [A.S. soden, pa.p. of seóthan, to seethe; cog. with Ger. sod—sieden.]

Sue, sū, v.t. to prosecute at law: to seek after, to try to win.—v.i. to make legal claim: to make application: to entreat: to demand (with for).—Sued, (naut.) to be left high and dry.—n. Sū′ing, the act of bringing a legal suit: wooing.—Sue out, to petition for and take out. [M. E. suen—O. Fr. sevre, suir (Fr. suivre)—L. sequi, secutus, to follow.]

Suède, swād, n. undressed kid—often adj., as 'suède gloves.' [Fr. Suède, Swede.]

Suet, sū′et, n. a solid fatty tissue, accumulating about the kidneys and omentum of the ox, sheep, &c.—adj. Sū′ety. [O. Fr. seu (Fr. suif)—L. sebum, fat.]

Suffer, suf′ėr, v.t. to undergo: to endure: to be affected by: to permit.—v.i. to feel pain or punishment: to sustain loss: to be injured.—adj. Suff′erable, that may be suffered: allowable.—n. Suff′erableness.—adv. Suff′erably.—ns. Suff′erance, state of suffering: endurance: permission: toleration; Suff′erer; Suff′ering, distress, loss, or injury. [L. sufferre—sub, under, ferre, to bear.]

Suffete, suf′ēt, n. one of the suffetes or chief administrative officials of ancient Carthage. [L. sufes, -ĕtis—Punic; cf. Heb. shôphet, a judge.]

Suffice, suf′fīs, v.i. to be enough: to be equal to the end in view.—v.t. to satisfy.—n. Suffi′ciency, state of being sufficient: competence: ability: capacity: conceit.—adj. Suffi′cient, sufficing: enough: equal to any end or purpose: competent.—adv. Suffi′ciently.—n. Suf′fisance (Spens.), sufficiency. [Fr.,—L. sufficĕre, to take the place of—sub, under, facĕre, to make.]

Suffioni, suf-ē-ō′ni, n.pl. a name given to the exhalations of hot sulphurous vapours, which are common in volcanic regions. [It.]

Suffix, suf′iks, n. a particle added to the root of a word.—v.t. Suffix′, to add a letter or syllable to a word to mark different notions and relations.—adj. Suff′ixal.—n. Suffix′ion. [L. suffixus, sub, under, figĕre, to fix.]

Sufflaminate, suf-flam′i-nāt, v.t. (obs.) to impede. [L. sufflamināre, -ātum—sufflāmen, a clog.]

Sufflate, suf-flāt′, v.t. to blow up, inflate.—n. Sufflā′tion. [L. sufflāre, -ātum.]

Suffocate, suf′ō-kāt, v.t. to choke by stopping the breath: to stifle:—pa.p. suff′ocāted.—p.adj. (Shak.) suffocated.—p.adj. Suff′ocāting, choking.—adv. Suff′ocātingly.—n. Suffocā′tion, act of suffocating: state of being suffocated.—adj. Suff′ocātive, tending to suffocate. [L. suffocāre, -ātum—sub, under, fauces, the throat.]

Suffragan, suf′ra-gan, adj. assisting.—n. a coadjutor-bishop: any bishop in relation to his metropolitan.—n. Suff′raganship.

Suffrage, suf′rāj, n. a vote: a vote in approbation of any proposal, hence approval, assent: testimony, witness: any short intercessory prayer.—n. Suff′ragist, one who votes: one holding particular opinions about the right of voting. [L. suffragium, saffragāri, to vote for.]

Suffrago, suf-frā′gō, n. the joint between the tibia and tarsus, as the hock of a horse's hind-leg, the heel of a bird.—adj. Suffrag′inous. [L. suffrago, the hock—sub, under, frangĕre, to break.]

Suffrutescent, suf-rōō-tes′ent, adj. somewhat woody at the base.—n. Suff′rutex, an under-shrub, a herb with permanent woody base.—adj. Suffru′ticōse, shrubby at base, small with woody stem—also Suffru′ticous.—adj. Suffrutic′ūlose, somewhat fruticulose. [L. sub, under, frutex, a shrub.]

Suffulted, su-ful′ted, adj. gradually blending into another colour. [L. suffulcīre, suffultum, to support.]

Suffumigate, suf-fū′mi-gāt, v.t. to apply fumes to.—n. Suffumigā′tion, the act of fumigating or burning perfumes.

Suffuse, suf-fūz′, v.t. to pour underneath: to overspread or cover, as with a fluid.—n. Suffū′sion, act or operation of suffusing: state of being suffused: that which is suffused. [L. sub, underneath, fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Sufism, sū′fizm, n. a form of pantheistic mysticism within Islam.—ns. Sū′fi, Sō′fi, one of such mystics.—adjs. Sū′fic, Sufis′tic. [Ar. sūfi—Gr. sophos, wise.]

Sugar, shoog′ar, n. a sweet substance obtained chiefly from a kind of cane: anything sugary, honeyed words, flattery.—v.t. to sprinkle or mix with sugar: to compliment.—ns. Sug′ar-bak′er, a sugar-refiner; Sug′ar-beet, any one of several varieties of the common garden beet, grown for sugar; Sug′ar-can′dy, sugar candied or in large crystals; Sug′ar-cane, the saccharine grass (Saccharum officinarum) from which sugar is chiefly obtained.—adj. Sug′ar-coat′ed, coated with sugar.—p.adj. Sug′ared, sweetened with sugar.—ns. Sug′ar-gum, a large Australian eucalyptus yielding good timber, with sweetish foliage; Sug′ar-house, a factory where sugar is made; Sug′ariness, state or quality of being sugary or sweet; Sug′ar-loaf, a loaf or mass of sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone; Sug′ar-mā′ple, the hard maple; Sug′ar-mill, a machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar-cane; Sug′ar-mite, a mite infesting unrefined sugar; Sug′ar-plum, a species of sweetmeat made up in small ornamental balls or lumps like a plum: any very pleasing piece of flattery; Sug′ar-refī′ner, one who refines raw sugar; Sug′ar-refī′nery.—n.pl. Sug′ar-tongs, an implement for lifting pieces of sugar at table.—adj. Sug′ary, sweetened with, tasting of, or like sugar: fond of sweets.—Sugar of lead, acetate of lead. [Fr. sucre—Sp. azucar—Ar. assokhar—Pers. shakar—Sans. carkarā, sugar, orig. grains of sand, applied to sugar because occurring in grains.]

Suggest, suj-jest′, v.t. to introduce indirectly to the thoughts: to hint.—v.i. to make suggestions.—ns. Sugges′ter; Suggestibil′ity, capability of being suggested.—adj. Sugges′tible.—n. Sugges′tion, act of suggesting: hint: proposal: incitement, temptation: (law) information without oath, not being pleadable: the act of exercising control over a hypnotised subject by communicating some belief or impulse by means of words or gestures, also the idea so suggested; Sugges′tionism, the theory that hypnotic effects are entirely due to the action of suggestion upon weak persons; Sugges′tionist, one who holds this view.—adj. Sugges′tive, containing a hint: fitted to suggest: pertaining to hypnotic suggestion.—adv. Sugges′tively.—ns. Sugges′tiveness, state of being suggestive; Sugges′tor; Sugges′tress; Sugges′tum, a raised platform. [L. sub, under, gerĕre, gestum, to carry.]

Suggil, suj′il, v.t. (obs.) to beat black and blue—also Sugg′ilāte.—n. Suggilā′tion, a livid mark, a blow. [L. sugillatio.]

Suicide, sū′i-sīd, n. one who dies by his own hand: self-murder.—adj. Sūicī′dal, pertaining to, or partaking of, the crime of suicide.—adv. Sūicī′dally.—n. Su′icidism, a tendency towards suicide. [Coined from L. sui, of himself, cædĕre, to kill.]

Suidæ, sū′i-dē, n.pl. a family of even-toed, non-ruminant Ungulates, including pigs, hogs, or boars, the Babiroussa, and the wart-hogs (Phacochœrus).—adjs. Sū′iform, like the Suidæ; Sū′illine, swinish.

Suit, sūt, n. act of suing: an action at law: a petition: a series: a set: a number of things of the same kind or made to be used together, as clothes or armour: courtship.—v.t. to fit: to become: to please.—v.i. to agree: to correspond.—p.adj. Suit′ed (Shak.), dressed, clothed.—ns. Suit′ing, cloth suitable for making suits of clothes, usually in pl.; Suit′or, one who sues in love or law: a petitioner: a wooer:—fem. Suit′ress.—v.i. to play the suitor.—adj. Suit′orcide, suitor-killing. [Fr.,—Low L. secta, a suit—L. sequi, to follow.]

Suitable, sūt′a-bl, adj. that suits: fitting: agreeable to: adequate.—ns. Suitabil′ity, Suit′ableness.—adv. Suit′ably.

Suite, swēt, n. a train of followers or attendants: a regular set, particularly of rooms: a series of dances arranged for instruments in the same or relative keys, and usually preceded by a prelude: a sequel. [Fr. Cf. Suit.]

Suivez, swē-vā′, n. (mus.) a direction to the accompanist to adapt his time and style to the soloist. [Fr., 'follow.']

Sujee, sōō′jē, n. fine flour made from the heart of the wheat, for English tables in India—Also Soo′jee, Sou′jee. [Hind. sūjī.]

Sulcate, -d, sul′kāt, -ed, adj, furrowed, grooved.—n. Sulcā′tion.—adj. Sul′ciform.—n. Sul′cus:—pl. Sul′ci. [L. sulcus, a furrow.]

Sulk, sulk, v.i. to be sullen.—adv. Sulk′ily, in a sulky, sullen, or morose manner.—n. Sulk′iness.—n.pl. Sulks, a fit of sullenness.—adj. Sulk′y, silently sullen.—n. a light two-wheeled vehicle for one person, sometimes having no body. [A.S. solcen, slow—seolcan, to be slow.]

Sullage, sul′āj, n. the floating scum on molten metal: silt: anything which sullies.

Sullen, sul′en, adj. gloomily angry and silent: malignant, baleful: dark: dull.—adv. Sull′enly.—n. Sull′enness.—n.pl. Sull′ens, sullen fits. [O. Fr. solain—L. solus, alone.]

Sully, sul′i, v.t. to soil: to spot: to tarnish.—v.i. to be soiled:—pa.t. and pa.p. sull′ied.—n. spot: tarnish. [A.S. sylian, to defile—sol, mud.]

Sulphur, sul′fur, n. a yellow mineral substance, very brittle, fusible, and inflammable: brimstone.—n. Sul′phate, a salt formed by sulphuric acid with a base.—v.t. to form a deposit of lead sulphate on.—adj. Sulphat′ic.—ns. Sul′phatile, native sulphuric acid; Sul′phide, a combination of sulphur with a metal; Sul′phite, a salt formed by sulphurous acid.—v.t. Sul′phūrāte, to combine with, or subject to, the action of sulphur.—ns. Sulphūrā′tion, the act or operation of subjecting to the action of sulphur or sulphurous acid; Sulphurā′tor, an apparatus for sulphurating.—adj. Sulphū′rēous, consisting of, containing, or having the qualities of sulphur.—adv. Sulphū′reously.—ns. Sulphū′reousness; Sul′phūret, a combination of sulphur with an alkali, earth, or metal.—adjs. Sul′phūretted, having sulphur in combination; Sulphū′ric, pertaining to, or obtained from, sulphur: denoting a certain well-known strong acid, formerly called oil of vitriol; Sul′phūrous, pertaining to, resembling, or containing sulphur: denoting the pungent acid given out when sulphur is burned in air; Sul′phury, partaking of the qualities of sulphur.—Sulphuretted hydrogen, a compound of sulphur and hydrogen, stinking and noxious; Sulphurous acid, an acid formed by one equivalent of sulphur combined with two of oxygen. [L. sulphur; said to be conn. with Sans. çulvāri.]

Sultan, sul′tan, n. a Mohammedan sovereign, esp. the supreme head of the Ottoman empire: a purple or hyacinthine gallinule, or porphyrio: a small white variety of the domestic hen:—fem. Sultana (sul-tä′na), the mother, a wife, or a daughter of a sultan—also Sul′taness.—ns. Sultana (sul-tä′na), a king's mistress: a kind of viol: an old form of necklace: a small kind of raisin; Sul′tanate, the authority or jurisdiction of a sultan.—adj: Sultan′ic.—n. Sul′tanship. [Ar. sultān, victorious, a ruler.]

Sultry: sul′tri, adj. sweltering: very hot and oppressive: close.—adv. Sul′trily.—n. Sul′triness. [Another form is sweltry, from root of swelter.]

Sum, sum, n. the amount of two or more things taken together: the whole of anything: a quantity of money: a problem in arithmetic: chief points: substance or result of reasoning: summary: height: completion.—v.t. to collect into one amount or whole: to count: to bring into a few words:—pr.p. sum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. summed.—adj. Sum′less, not to be summed or counted: incalculable.—ns. Sum′mer, one who sums; Sum′ming, the act of one who sums, arithmetic; Sum′ming-up, a recapitulation or review of the leading points, a judge's summary survey of the evidence given to a jury before it withdraws to consider its verdict; Sum′mist, one who makes a summary, esp. a theological compendium. [Fr.,—L. summa—summus, supremus, highest, superl. of superus, on high—super, above.]

Sumac, Sumach, sū′mak, n. a genus of small trees and shrubs of the natural order Anacardiaceæ—the leaves of some species used in dyeing. [Fr. sumac—Sp. zumaque—Ar. summāq.]

Sumerian, sū-mē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Sumir, one of the two divisions of ancient Babylonia.

Summary, sum′a-ri, adj. summed up or condensed: short: brief: compendious: done by a short method.—n. an abstract, abridgment, or compendium.—adv. Summ′arily.—n. Summ′ariness.—v.t. Summ′arise, to present in a summary or briefly.—ns. Summ′arist; one who summarises; Summ′ūla, a brief educational text-book.—Summary diligence (Scots law), the process by which execution may proceed without the need of further application to the court, in the case of bonds and other instruments registered for execution.

Summation, sum-ā′shun, n. act of summing or forming a total amount: an aggregate.—adjs. Summā′tional, Summ′ative.

Summer, sum′ėr, n. the second and warmest season of the year—June, July, August.—v.i. to pass the summer.—v.t. to keep through the summer.—adj. Summ′er-dried, dried by the heat of summer.—n. Summ′er-duck, a beautiful North American duck.—adj. Summ′er-fall′ow, lying fallow during the summer.—ns. Summ′er-house, a house in a garden used in summer: a summer residence; Summ′ering, a kind of early apple.—adv. Summ′er-like.—adj. Summ′erly, warm and bright like summer.—ns. Summ′er-shine, the summer colour of a bird, insect, &c.; Summ′er-tide, Summ′er-time, the summer season.—adj. Summ′ery, like summer.—Indian summer (see Indian); St Luke's, St Martin's, summer (see Saint). [A.S. sumer, sumor; Dut. zomer, Ger. sommer.]

Summer, sum′ėr, n. the first stone laid over columns or pilasters to form a cross vault: the central beam of a floor which receives the joists: any large piece of timber supported on two strong piers or posts, and serving as a lintel to a door, window, &c.; (obs.) a pack-horse, a sumpter-horse. [Sumpter.]

Summit, sum′it, n. the highest point or degree: the top.—adj. Summ′itless, having no summit or top.—n. Summ′it-lev′el, the highest level. [O. Fr. som, the top of a hill—L. summum, highest.]

Summon, sum′un, v.t. to call with authority: to command to appear, esp. in court: to rouse to exertion.—ns. Summ′oner; Summ′ons, a summoning or an authoritative call: a call to appear, esp. in court: a call to surrender.—v.t. to serve with a summons. [O. Fr. somoner—L. summonēre—sub, secretly, monēre, to warn.]

Sump, sump, n. a round pit of stone lined with clay, for receiving metal on its first fusion or reduction: the reservoir at the lowest point of a mine, from which the water is pumped: (prov.) a bog, a puddle. [Dut. somp; Ger. sumpf.]

Sumph, sumf, n. (prov.) a blockhead, a soft sheepish fellow.—adj. Sumph′ish.—n. Sumph′ishness.

Sumpit, sum′pit, n. the poisoned arrow thrown from the Sum′pitan, or Malay blow-gun.

Sumpsimus, sump′si-mus, n. a correct expression displacing an incorrect but common one (see Mumpsimus). [L., 1st pers. pl. perf. indic. of sumĕre, to take.]

Sumpter, sump′tėr, n. a horse for carrying burdens. [With inserted p from O. Fr. somier—Low L. sagmarius—Gr. sagma, a pack-saddle—Gr. sattein, to pack.]

Sumptuary, sumpt′ū-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or regulating expense, as in Sumptuary Laws, which sought to prevent extravagance in banquets, dress, &c. [L. sumptuarius—sumĕre, sumptum, to take, contr. of sub, up, emĕre, to buy.]

Sumptuous, sumpt′ū-us, adj. costly: magnificent.—ns. Sumptūos′ity, Sumpt′ūousness.—adv. Sumpt′ūously. [L. sumptuosus, costly—sumptus, cost.]

Sun, sun, n. the body which is the source of light and heat to our planetary system: a body which forms the centre of a system of orbs: that which resembles the sun in brightness or value: the sunshine: a revolution of the earth round the sun, a year: sunrise, day: (her.) a bearing representing the sun.—v.t. to expose to the sun's rays.—v.i. to become warm in the sunshine:—pr.p. sun′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. sunned.—n. Sun′beam, a beam or ray of the sun.—adjs. Sun′-beat, -en, smitten by the rays of the sun.—ns. Sun′-bird, a family of small tropical birds, the male with resplendent metallic plumage; Sun′-bitt′ern, a South American bird about the size of a small curlew, long-legged and long-necked, with brilliant many-coloured markings; Sun′-bonn′et, a light bonnet projecting beyond the face to protect from the sun; Sun′bow, an iris formed by the sun, esp. in the spray of a cataract; Sun′burn, a burning or scorching by the sun, esp. the browning of the skin of the face, hands, &c. exposed to the sun.—adjs. Sun′burned, Sun′burnt, burned or discoloured by the sun.—n. Sun′burst, a strong outburst of sunlight.—adj. Sun′-clad, clothed in radiant light.—ns. Sun′-crack, one of the superficial markings frequently seen on the surfaces of thin-bedded flagstones and argillaceous sandstones; Sun′dawn, the light of the dawning sun; Sun′dew, a plant of the genus Drosera, found in bogs and moist heathy ground; Sun′-dī′al, an instrument for measuring time by means of the motion of the sun's shadow cast by a style erected on its surface; Sun′-dog, a mock sun or parhelion; Sun′down, sunset: a hat with a wide brim to shade the eyes; Sun′downer, in Australia, a loafer who saunters from station to station in the interior, arriving about sundown in the hope of getting free rations and lodging for the night: a physician in government employment who practises for private fees after his official hours.—adj. Sun′-dried, dried by exposure to the sun.—ns. Sun′-fish, a fish whose body resembles the forepart of a larger fish cut short off, supposed to be so called from its nearly circular form; Sun′flower, a plant so called from its flower, which is a large disc with yellow rays; Sun′god, the sun considered as a deity; Sun′hat, a light hat with wide brim to shade the face from the sun.—adj. Sun′less, without the sun: deprived of the sun or its rays: shaded: dark.—ns. Sun′lessness; Sun′light, the light of the sun.—adjs. Sun′like, like the sun; Sun′lit, lighted up by the sun.—n. Sun′-myth, a solar myth (see Solar).—p.adj. Sunned, exposed to the sun.—n. Sun′niness.—adj. Sun′ny, pertaining to, coming from, or like the sun: exposed to, warmed, or coloured by the sun's rays.—ns. Sun′-pict′ure, -print, a photograph; Sun′rise, Sun′rising, the rising or first appearance of the sun above the horizon: the time of this rising: the east; Sun′set, Sun′setting, the setting or going down of the sun: the west; Sun′shade, a ladies' parasol: an awning; Sun′shine, the shining light of the sun: the place on which it shines: warmth.—adjs. Sun′shine, Sun′shiny, bright with sunshine: pleasant: bright like the sun; Sun′-smitt′en, smitten by the rays of the sun.—ns. Sun′spot, one of the dark irregular spots appearing on the surface of the sun; Sun′stone, aventurine feldspar.—adj. Sun′-strick′en.—n. Sun′stroke, a nervous disease, from exposure to the sun.—adv. Sun′ward, toward the sun.—ns. Sun′-wor′ship, adoration of the sun; Sun′-wor′shipper.—Be in the sunshine, Have the sun in one's eyes, to be in liquor, to be drunk; Take the sun, to ascertain the latitude from the sun; Under the sun, in the world, on earth. [A.S. sunne; Ice. sunna, Ger. sunne.]

Sundari, sun′da-ri, n. a tree abundant in Burma and Borneo, with dark durable timber.—Also Sun′dra-tree, Sun′der-tree.

Sunday, sun′dā, n. the first day of the week, so called because anciently dedicated to the sun or its worship.—ns. Sun′day-best, one's best clothes; Sun′day-saint, one whose religion is confined to Sundays; Sun′day-school, a school for religious instruction for children, held on Sunday. [A.S. sunnan dæg; Ger. sonntag.]

Sunder, sun′dėr, v.t. to separate: to divide.—ns. Sun′derance; Sun′derment.—In sunder (B.), asunder. [A.S. syndrian, to separate—sundor, separate; Ice. sundr, asunder.]

Sundry, sun′dri, adj. separate: more than one or two: several: divers.—n.pl. Sun′dries, sundry things: different small things.—All and sundry, all collectively and individually.

Sunn, sun, n. an Indian leguminous plant cultivated for the fibre of its bark. [Hind. san.]

Sunnite, sun′īt, n. the name commonly given to orthodox Muslims, because in their rule of faith and manners the Sunna, or traditional teaching of the prophet, is added to the Koran.—Also Sonn′ite.

Sup, sup, v.t. to take into the mouth, as a liquid: (Scot.) to eat with a spoon.—v.i. to eat the evening meal: (B.) to sip:—pr.p. sup′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. supped.—n. a small mouthful, as of a liquid. [A.S. súpan; Ice. súpa, Ger. saufen, to drink.]

Supawn, su-pan′, n. mush, or Indian meal boiled in water, eaten with milk.—Also Suppawn′, Sepawn′, Sepon′. [Amer. Ind.]

Superable, sū′pėr-a-bl, adj. capable of being overcome.—n. Sū′perableness.—adv. Sū′perably.

Superabundant, sū-pėr-ab-und′ant, adj. abundant to excess: more than enough: copious.—v.i. Superabound′, to abound exceedingly: to be more than enough.—n. Superabund′ance.—adv. Superabund′antly.

Superadd, sū-pėr-ad′, v.t. to add over and above.—n. Superaddi′tion.

Superaltar, sū′pėr-awlt-ar, n. a small slab of stone used as a portable altar, to be laid on the top of an unconsecrated altar.

Superannuate, sū-pėr-an′ū-āt, v.t. to impair or disqualify by living beyond the years of service or by old age: to pension on account of old age or infirmity.—v.i. to become incapacitated by long service.—n. Superannuā′tion, state of being superannuated: the allowance granted in consideration of such. [L. super, above, annus, a year.]

Superation, sū-pe-rā′shun, n. the apparent passing of one planet by another in longitude: the act of surmounting.

Superb, sū-pėrb′, adj. proud: magnificent: stately: elegant: showy: (coll.) first-class, very good.—adv. Superb′ly.—n. Superb′ness, the state of being superb. [L. superbus, proud—super, above.]

Supercalendered, sū-pėr-kal′en-derd, adj. denoting paper of a very high degree of polish due to several courses of rolling.

Supercallosal, sū-pėr-ka-lō′sal, adj. lying above the corpus callosum, specifying a fissure or sulcus of the median aspect of the cerebrum.

Supercanopy, sū-pėr-kan′ō-pi, n. an upper arch or gable above a lesser or lower one.

Supercargo, sū-pėr-kär′go, n. a person in a merchant-ship placed in charge of the cargo and superintending all the commercial transactions of the voyage.—n. Supercar′goship.

Supercelestial, sū-pėr-sel-est′yal, adj. situated above the firmament or vault of heaven.

Supercharge, sū′pėr-chärj, n. (her.) a charge borne upon an ordinary or other charge.

Supercilious, sū-pėr-sil′i-us, adj. lofty with pride: disdainful: dictatorial: overbearing.—adj. Supercil′iary, above the eyebrow.—adv. Supercil′iously.—n. Supercil′iousness. [L. superciliosus—supercilium, an eyebrow—super, above, cilium, eyelid.]

Supercretaceous, sū-pėr-krē-tā′shus, adj. (geol.) lying above the chalk.

Superdominant, sū-pėr-dom′i-nant, n. (mus.) the tone just above the dominant, the sixth or submediant.

Supereminent, sū-pėr-em′i-nent, adj. eminent in a superior degree: excellent beyond others.—n. Superem′inence.—adv. Superem′inently.

Supererogation, sū-pėr-er-ō-gā′shun, n. doing more than duty requires or is necessary for salvation, hence anything superfluous or uncalled for.—adjs. Supererog′ative, Supererog′atory (Superer′ogant).—Works of supererogation (R.C.), works not absolutely required of each individual for salvation, but which may be done for the sake of greater perfection—affording the church a store of surplus merit, to eke out the deficient merit of others. [L. super, above, erogāre, -ātum, to pay out.]

Superessential, sū-pėr-e-sen′shal, adj. transcending mere being and essence.

Superexalt, sū-pėr-egz-awlt′, v.t. to exalt to a superior degree.—n. Superexaltā′tion.

Superexcellent, sū-pėr-ek′sel-lent, adj. excellent above others, or in an uncommon degree.—n. Superex′cellence.

Superfamily, sū′pėr-fam-i-li, n. a group in classification between a suborder and a family, a group of families.

Superfecundation, sū-pėr-fek-un-dā′shun, n. the impregnation of two or more ova at the same stage of development by different acts of coition.

Superficies, sū-pėr-fish′yēz, n. the upper face or surface: the outer face or part of a thing.—adj. Superfi′cial, pertaining to, or being on, the surface: shallow: slight: containing only what is apparent and simple: not learned.—v.t. Superfi′cialise, to treat superficially.—n. Superfi′cialist, a person of merely superficial knowledge.—adv. Superfi′cially.—ns. Superfi′cialness, Superficial′ity; Superfi′ciary, one possessing a right to what stands on the surface of the lands of another.—adj. belonging to the surface: situated on another's land. [L. super, above, facies, face.]

Superfine, sū′pėr-fīn, adj. fine above others: finer than ordinary.—n. Sū′perfineness.—adj. Superfin′ical, very finical.

Superfluous, sū-pėr′flōō-us, adj. more than enough: unnecessary or useless.—n. Superflū′ity, a superfluous quantity or more than enough: state of being superfluous: superabundance.—adv. Super′fluously.—ns. Super′fluousness, superfluity; Sū′perflux (Shak.), any superfluity. [L. superfluus—super, above, fluĕre, to flow.]

Superfœtation, sū-pėr-fē-tā′shun, n. the circumstance of two distinct conceptions occurring in the same woman at a considerable interval so that two fœtuses of different ages—the offspring possibly of different fathers—may coexist in the uterus—also Superfetā′tion.—vs.i. Superfœ′tate, Superfē′tate, to conceive after a prior conception.

Superfrontal, sū-pėr-fron′tal, adj. pertaining to the upper part of the frontal lobe of the brain.—n. a covering for the top of the altar, generally hanging down all round, and fringed.

Superfunction, sū-pėr-fungk′shun, n. action of some organ in excess of what is normal.—adj. Superfunc′tional.

Superheat, sū-pėr-hēt′, v.t. to heat to excess.—n. Superheat′er.

Superhuman, sū-pėr-hū′man, adj. above what is human: divine.—n. Superhuman′ity.—adv. Superhū′manly.

Superhumeral, sū-pėr-hū′me-ral, n. anything carried on the shoulders: the amice: the pallium: a Jewish ephod.

Superimpose, sū-pėr-im-pōz′, v.t. to impose or lay above: (geol.) to establish a structural system over, independently of underlying structures.—n. Superimposi′tion, the act of superimposing: state of being superimposed.

Superincumbent, sū-pėr-in-kum′bent, adj. lying above.—ns. Superincum′bence, Superincum′bency.

Superinduce, sū-pėr-in-dūs′, v.t. to bring in over and above something else, to superadd.—ns. Superinduc′tion, Superinduce′ment.

Superinenarrable, sū-pėr-in-ē-nar′a-bl, adj. in the highest degree incapable of being described.

Superintend, sū-pėr-in-tend′, v.t. to have the oversight or charge of: to control, manage.—v.i. to exercise supervision.—ns. Superinten′dence, Superinten′dency, oversight: direction: management.—adj. Superinten′dent, superintending.—n. one who superintends: the head of a Sunday-school: in some Protestant churches a clergyman having the oversight of the clergy of a district: overseer.—n. Superinten′dentship.

Superior, sū-pē′ri-or, adj. upper: higher in place, rank, or excellence: surpassing others: beyond the influence of: of wider application, generic: (print.) set above the level of the line.—n. one superior to others: the chief of a monastery, &c., and of certain churches and colleges: (Scots law) one who has made an original grant of heritable property to a tenant or vassal, on condition of a certain annual payment (feu-duty) or of the performance of certain services.—ns. Supē′rioress, a female superior or chief in a convent, nunnery, &c.; Superior′ity, quality or state of being superior: pre-eminence: advantage: (Scots law) the right which the superior enjoys in the land held by the vassal.—adv. Supē′riorly, in a superior manner.—Superior planets, those more distant from the sun than the earth. [L., comp. of superus, high—super, above.]

Superlative, sū-pėr′la-tiv, adj. raised above others or to the highest degree: superior to all others: most eminent: (gram.) expressing the highest degree of a quality.—n. (gram.) the superlative or highest degree of adjectives and adverbs: any word or phrase full of exaggeration.—adv. Super′latively.—n. Super′lativeness, state of being superlative or in the highest degree. [L. superlativus—superlatus, pa.p. of superferre—super, above, ferre, to carry.]

Superlunar, sū-pėr-lū′nar, adj. above the moon: not of this world.—Also Superlū′nary.

Supernacular, sū-pėr-nak′ū-lar, adj. very choice, of liquor.—n. Supernac′ūlum, wine fit to be drunk to the last drop with no heeltaps, anything very choice.—adv. to the last drop.

Supernal, sū-pėr′nal, adj. that is above or in a higher place or region: relating to things above: celestial. [L. supernus—super, above.]

Supernatant, sū-pėr-nā′tant, adj. floating on the surface.—n. Supernatā′tion. [L. supernatāre—super, above, natāre, to swim.]

Supernational, sū-pėr-nash′un-al, adj. transcending the national, and belonging to mankind.—n. Superna′tionalism.

Supernatural, sū-pėr-nat′ū-ral, adj. above or beyond the powers of nature: not according to the usual course of nature: miraculous: spiritual.—v.t. Supernat′uralise, to bring into the supernatural sphere.—ns. Supernat′uralism, the belief in the influence of the supernatural in the world; Supernat′uralist, a believer in the supernatural.—adj. of or pertaining to the supernatural.—adj. Supernaturalist′ic.—adv. Supernat′urally.—n. Supernat′uralness.

Supernumerary, sū-pėr-nūm′ėr-ar-i, adj. over and above the number stated, or which is usual or necessary.—n. a person or thing beyond the usual, necessary, or stated number: one who appears on the stage without a speaking part. [L. supernumerarius—super, over, numerus, a number.]

Superoccipital, sū-pėr-ok-sip′e-tal, adj. pertaining to the upper part of the occipital lobe of the brain.

Superoctave, sū′pėr-ok-tāv, n. (mus.) a coupler in the organ by means of which is sounded an octave higher than the one struck: an organ-stop two octaves above the principal.

Superolateral, sū-pe-rō-lat′ėr-al, adj. situated above and at the side.

Superorder, sū-pėr-or′dėr, n. a group in the classifications of natural history above the order but below the class.—adj. Superor′dinal.

Superordination, sū-pėr-or-di-nā′shun, n. the ordination of a successor by an ecclesiastic: (logic) the relation of a universal proposition to a particular proposition in the same terms.—adj. Superor′dinate.

Superorganic, sū-pėr-or-gan′ik, adj. not dependent on organisation, psychical, spiritual: social.

Superparasitism, sū-pėr-par′a-sīt-izm, n. the infestation of parasites by other parasites.—n. Sū′perparasite, the parasite of a parasite.—adj. Superparasit′ic.

Superphosphate, sū-pėr-fos′fāt, n. a phosphate containing the greatest amount of phosphoric acid that can combine with the base.

Superpose, sū-pėr-pōz′, v.t. to place over or upon.—adjs. Superpō′sable; Superposed′.—n. Superposi′tion, act of superposing: state of being superposed: that which is above anything.

Super-royal, sū-pėr-roi′al, adj. larger than royal, denoting a size of paper, 19¼ × 27½ in. for writing and drawing paper, 20½ × 27½ in. for printing-paper.

Supersalt, sū′pėr-sawlt, n. a salt having a greater number of equivalents of acid than base.

Supersaturate, sū-pėr-sat′ū-rāt, v.t. to saturate beyond the normal point.—n. Supersaturā′tion.

Superscribe, sū-pėr-skrīb′, v.t. to write or engrave over, on the outside or top: to write the name on the outside or cover of.—ns. Sū′perscript, Superscrip′tion, act of superscribing: that which is written or engraved above or on the outside. [L. super, above, scribĕre, scriptum, to write.]

Supersede, sū-pėr-sēd′, v.t. to take the place of another by reason of superior right, power, &c.: to make useless by superior power: to come in the room of, to replace: to displace, set aside, render unnecessary.—ns. Supersē′deas, a writ to stay proceedings, or to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases; Supersē′dence, Supersē′dure, Superses′sion, a setting aside, the act of superseding; Supersedē′re (Scots law), a private agreement among creditors, under a trust-deed, to supersede or sist diligence for a certain period: an order of court granting protection to a debtor. [L. super, above, sedēre, sessum, to sit.]

Supersensible, sū-pėr-sen′si-bl, adj. above the range of the senses, spiritual.—adv. Supersen′sibly.—adj. Supersen′sitive, excessively sensitive.—n. Supersen′sitiveness.—adjs. Supersen′sory, Supersen′sual, beyond the senses.

Superserviceable, sū-pėr-sėrv′is-a-bl, adj. (Shak.) doing more than required, over-officious.

Superstition, sū-pėr-stish′un, n. excessive reverence or fear, based on ignorance: excessive exactness in religious opinions or practice: false worship or religion: an ignorant and irrational belief in supernatural agency, omens, divination, sorcery, &c.: belief in what is absurd, without evidence: rites or practices proceeding from superstitious belief or fear: over-nicety, exactness too scrupulous or morbid.—adj. Supersti′tious, pertaining to, or proceeding from, superstition: over-exact.—adv. Supersti′tiously.—n. Supersti′tiousness. [L. superstitio, excessive religious belief—super, over, above, statum, sistĕre—stāre, to stand.]

Superstratum, sū-pėr-strā′tum, n. a stratum or layer situated above another.

Superstructure, sū-pėr-strukt′ūr, n. a structure above or on something else: anything erected on a foundation—also Superstruc′tion.—adjs. Superstruct′ive, Superstruct′ūral.

Supersubtle, sū-pėr-sut′l, adj. over-subtle.—adj. Supersubt′ilised, subtilised or refined to excess.—n. Supersubt′lety, excessive subtlety, over-nicety.

Supertonic, sū-pėr-ton′ik, n. (mus.) the tone in a scale next above the tonic or keynote.

Supervene, sū-pėr-vēn′, v.i. to come in addition, or closely after: to occur, take place.—adj. Supervē′nient, coming above, as something additional.—n. Superven′tion, act of supervening or taking place. [L. super, above, venīre, ventum, come.]

Supervise, sū-pėr-vīz′, v.i. to oversee: to superintend.—ns. Supervī′sal, Supervi′sion, act of supervising: inspection: control; Supervī′sor, one who supervises: an overseer: an inspector: (Shak.) a spectator.—adjs. Supervī′sory, pertaining to, or having, supervision; Supervis′ūal, beyond the ordinary visual powers. [L. super, over, vidēre, visum, to see.]

Supervolute, sū′pėr-vol-ūt, adj. (bot.) having a plaited or convolute arrangement in the bud.

Supine, sū-pīn′, adj. lying on the back: leaning backward, inclined, sloping: negligent: indolent.—v.t. Sū′pināte, to bring the palm upward.—ns. Sūpinā′tion, the state of being supine: the act of lying or being laid with the face upward: the act of turning the palm of the hand upward: the hand so turned; Sūpinā′tor, that which produces supination: a muscle that turns the palm upward; Sū′pine, one of two parts of the Latin verb, really verbal nouns, ending in tum and tu, called the first and second supine respectively.—adv. Sūpine′ly.—n. Sūpine′ness. [L. supinus—sub, under.]

Suppedaneum, sup-ē-dā′nē-um, n. a foot-rest on a cross or crucifix.—adj. Suppedā′neous, being under the feet. [L. sub, under, pes, pedis, the foot.]

Suppeditate, sup-ed′i-tāt, v.t. to supply, furnish.—n. Suppeditā′tion, supply. [L. suppeditāre, -ātum, to supply—suppetĕre, to be in store—sub, under, petĕre, to seek.]

Supper, sup′ėr, n. a meal taken at the close of the day.—adj. Supp′erless, without supper.—ns. Supp′ing, the act of one who sups: that which is supped; Lord's′-supp′er (see Lord). [O. Fr. soper (Fr. souper)—from Low Ger. supen, to sup.]

Supplant, sup-plant′, v.t. to displace by stratagem: to take the place of: to undermine.—ns. Supplantā′tion; Supplant′er. [L. supplantāre, to trip up one's heels—sub, under, planta, the sole of the foot.]

Supple, sup′l, adj. pliant: lithe: yielding to the humour of others: fawning.—v.t. to make supple: to make soft or compliant.—v.i. to become supple.—n. Supp′leness.—adj. Supp′le-sin′ewed, having supple sinews: lithe.—Supple Jack (U.S.), one of various climbing-shrubs with strong stems: a pliant cane. [Fr. souple—L. supplex, bending the knees—sub, under, plicāre, to fold.]

Supplement, sup′le-ment, n. that which supplies or fills up: any addition by which defects are supplied: the quantity by which an angle or an arc falls short of 180° or a semicircle.—v.t. Supplement′, to supply or fill up: to add to.—adjs. Supplemen′tal, Supplement′ary, added to supply what is wanting: additional.—adv. Supplement′arily.—ns. Supplementā′tion; Supplement′er.—v.t. Supplēte′, to supplement.—adjs. Supp′lētive, Supp′lētory, supplemental.—n. a supplement. [L. supplementum—supplēre, to fill up.]

Suppliant, sup′li-ant, adj. supplicating: asking earnestly: entreating.—n. a humble petitioner.—adv. Supp′liantly.—n. Supp′liantness. [Fr. suppliant, pr.p. of supplier—L. supplicāre.]

Supplicant, sup′li-kant, adj. supplicating: asking submissively.—n. one who supplicates or entreats earnestly.—adv. Supp′licantly. [L. supplicans, pr.p. of supplicāre.]

Supplicate, sup′li-kāt, v.t. to entreat earnestly: to address in prayer.—n. Supp′licat, in the English universities, a petition.—adv. Supp′licātingly.—n. Supplicā′tion, act of supplicating: in ancient Rome, a solemn service or day decreed for giving formal thanks to the gods for victory, &c.: earnest prayer or entreaty, especially, in liturgies, a litany petition for some special blessing.—adj. Supp′licātory, containing supplication or entreaty: humble.—n. Supplicā′vit, formerly a writ issued by the King's Bench or Chancery for taking the surety of the peace against a person. [L. supplicāre, -ātum—supplex—sub, under, plicāre, to fold.]

Supply, sup-plī′, v.t. to fill up, esp. a deficiency: to add what is wanted: to furnish: to fill a vacant place: to serve instead of:—pa.t. and pa.p. supplied′. [Fr.,—L. supplēre—sub, up, plēre, to fill.]

Supply, sup-plī′, n. act of supplying: that which is supplied or which supplies a want: amount of food or money provided (used generally in pl.): a grant of money provided by a legislature for the expenses of government: a person who takes another's duty temporarily, a substitute, esp. a clergyman.—ns. Supplī′al, the act of supplying, the thing supplied; Sup′pliance (Shak.), that which is supplied, gratification.—adj. Supplī′ant (Shak.), supplying, auxiliary.—adv. Sup′pliantly.—ns. Supplī′er, one who supplies; Supply′ment (Shak.), a supply.—Commissioner of Supply, one of the body forming the chief county authority in Scotland for administrative and rating purposes, down to 1889.

Support, sup-pōrt′, v.t. to bear up: to endure or sustain: to keep up as a part or character: to make good: to defend: to represent in acting: to supply with means of living: to uphold by countenance, patronise: to follow on the same side as a speaker.—n. act of supporting or upholding: that which supports, sustains, or maintains: maintenance: an actor playing a subordinate part with a star: an accompaniment in music.—adj. Support′able, capable of being supported: endurable: capable of being maintained.—n. Support′ableness.—adv. Support′ably.—ns. Support′ance (Shak.), support; Support′er, one who, or that which, supports: an adherent: a defender: (her.) a figure on each side of the escutcheon.—adjs. Support′ing, Support′ive.—n.fem. Support′ress. [L. supportāre—sub, up, portāre, to bear.]

Suppose, sup-pōz′, v.t. to lay down, assume, or state as true: to imagine.—adj. Suppō′sable, that may be supposed.—n. Suppō′sal (Shak.), supposition.—adj. Suppōsed′ (Shak.), counterfeit.—adv. Suppō′sedly, according to supposition.—ns. Suppō′ser; Supposi′tion, act of supposing: that which is supposed: assumption: presumption, opinion.—adj. Supposi′tional, implying supposition.—adv. Supposi′tionally.—adjs. Supposi′tionary, hypothetical; Suppos′itive, implying, expressing, or including a supposition.—adv. Suppos′itively.—ns. Suppos′itory (med.), a pill of any solid medicine in the form of a cone or cylinder intended for introduction into the rectum or other canal; Suppos′itum, that which is supposed; Suppō′sūre, supposition. [Fr. supposer—L. supponĕre, -positum—sub, under, ponĕre, to place.]

Supposititious, sup-poz-i-tish′us, adj. put by trick in the place of another: spurious: imaginary, hypothetical, supposed.—adv. Suppositi′tiously, in a supposititious manner.—n. Suppositi′tiousness, the state of being supposititious. [L. supposititius—supponĕre, to put in the place of another—sub, under, ponĕre, to place.]

Suppress, sup-pres′, v.t. to crush, put down: to keep in: to retain or conceal: to stop, restrain.—adv. Suppress′edly.—ns. Suppress′er, Suppress′or.—adj. Suppress′ible.—ns. Suppres′sion, act of suppressing: stoppage: concealment; Suppres′sionist, one who supports suppression.—adj. Suppress′ive, tending to suppress: subduing. [L. supprimĕre, suppressum—sub, under, premĕre, to press.]

Suppurate, sup′ū-rāt, v.i. to gather pus or matter.—n. Suppurā′tion, a morbid process which gives rise to the formation of pus, one of the commonest products of inflammation.—adj. Supp′urātive, tending to suppurate: promoting suppuration.—n. a medicine which promotes suppuration. [L. sub, under, pus, pur-is, pus.]

Supraciliary, sū-pra-sil′i-ar-i, adj. above the eyebrow.—Also Supercil′iary.

Supraclavicular, sū-pra-kla-vik′ū-lar, adj. situated above the clavicle or collar-bone.

Supracretaceous, sū-pra-krē-tā′shus, adj. (geol.) denoting strata lying above the chalk.

Supralapsarian, sū-pra-laps-ā′ri-an, n. one of a class of Calvinists who make the decree of election and predestination to precede the Creation and the Fall—opp. to Sublapsarian.—adj. pertaining to the Supralapsarians or to their opinions.—n. Supralapsā′rianism. [L. supra, above, beyond, labi, lapsus, to fall.]

Supralateral, sū-pra-lat′ėr-al, adj. placed on the upper part of the side.

Supramaxillary, sū-pra-mak′si-lā-ri, adj. pertaining to the upper jaw.—n. the superior maxillary or upper jaw-bone.

Supra-orbital, sū-pra-or′bi-tal, adj. being above the orbit of the eye.

Supraposition, sū-pra-pō-zish′un, n. the placing of one thing above another.

Supraprotest, sū-pra-prō′test, n. acceptance or payment of a bill of exchange, by one not a party to it, after protest for non-acceptance or non-payment.

Suprascapular, sū-pra-skap′ū-lar, adj. situated above the scapula or shoulder-blade.—Also Sūprascap′ulary.

Supraspinal, sū-pra-spī′nal, adj. situated above the spine.—adj. Supraspī′nous, above a spine or spinous process.

Supreme, sū-prēm′, adj. highest: greatest: most excellent.—n. the highest point: the chief, the superior.—n. Suprem′acy, state of being supreme; highest authority or power.—adv. Supreme′ly.—ns. Supreme′ness, Suprem′ity.—Oath of supremacy, an oath denying the supremacy of the pope; The Supreme Being, God. [L. supremus, superl. of superus, high—super, above.]

Sura, sōō′ra, n. a chapter of the Koran.—Also Su′rah. [Ar. sūra, a step.]

Sura, sōō′ra, n. the sap of the palmyra and coco-palm, &c. [Hind. surā.]

Sural, sū′ral, adj. pertaining to the calf of the leg. [L. sura, the calf.]

Surat, sū-rat′, n. coarse uncoloured cotton made at Surat, 160 miles north of Bombay.

Surbase, sur′bās, n. a cornice or series of mouldings above the base of a pedestal.—adj. Surbased′.—n. Surbase′ment.

Surbate, sur-bāt′, v.t. (Spens.) to bruise, as the feet by travel.—Also Surbet′. [Prob. Fr. solbatu, solbature—sole, the sole, battu, pa.p. of battre, to beat.]

Surbed, sur-bed′, v.t. to set edgewise, as a stone with reference to the grain.

Surcease, sur-sēs′, v.i. to cease.—v.t. to cause to cease.—n. cessation. [O. Fr. sursis, pa.p. of surseoir—L. super-sedēre, to refrain from.]

Surcharge, sur-chärj′, v.t. to overcharge or overload.—n. an excessive load: an overcharge: an extra charge: a painting in lighter enamel over a darker which serves as the ground.—adj. Surcharged′, overloaded.—n. Surcharge′ment.

Surcingle, sur′sing-gl, n. a girth or strap for holding a saddle on an animal's back: the girdle of a cassock.—v.t. to surround with such. [L. super, above, cingulum, a belt.]

Surcoat, sur′kōt, n. an overcoat, generally applied to the long flowing drapery of knights anterior to the introduction of plate-armour: a short robe worn by ladies over the tunic at the close of the 11th century. [O. Fr. surcote, surcot—sur, over, cote, a garment.]

Surculus, sur′kū-lus, n. a shoot from a root-stock, a sucker.—adjs. Surculig′erous, bearing such; Sur′culose, producing such. [L.]

Surd, surd, adj. (alg.) involving surds: produced by the action of the speech organs on the breath (not the voice), as the 'hard' sounds k, t, p, f, &c.: deaf: (obs.) unheard, senseless.—n. (alg.) a quantity inexpressible by rational numbers, or which has no root.—ns. Surdimū′tism, the condition of being deaf and dumb; Surd′ity, want of sonant quality. [L. surdus, deaf.]

Sure, shōōr, adj. secure: fit to be depended on; certain: strong: confident beyond doubt.—advs. Sure, Surely, firmly, safely: certainly, assuredly.—adj. Sure′footed, walking firmly or securely: not liable to stumble.—adv. Surefoot′edly.—ns. Surefoot′edness; Sure′ness.—Sure enough, certainly.—Be sure, be certain, see to it; Have a sure thing (slang), to have a certainty; Make sure, to make certain; To be sure, without doubt. [O. Fr, seür (Fr. sûr)—L. securus—se-, apart from, cura, care.]

Surety, shōōr′ti, n. certainty: he who, or that which, makes sure: security against loss: one who becomes bound for another, a sponsor.—ns. Sure′tyship, Sure′tiship, state of being surety: obligation of one person to answer for another. [Doublet security.]

Surf, surf, n. the foam made by the dashing of waves.—ns. Surf′-bird, a plover-like bird found on the Pacific coasts of North and South America, akin to sandpipers and turnstones, and sometimes called Boreal sandpiper and Plover-billed turnstone; Surf′-duck, the scoter (q.v.); Surf′man, one skilful in handling boats in surf.—adj. Surf′y. [Skeat explains the r as intrusive, and suggests that suffe is the same as 'sough of the sea,' M. E. swough, swoughen, swowen—A.S. swógan, to make a rushing sound.]

Surface, sur′fās, n. the exterior part of anything.—adj. Sur′faced, having a surface.—ns. Sur′faceman, a miner employed in open-air working: a workman employed in keeping a railway-bed in repair; Sur′face-print′ing, printing from a relief surface, as cotton-cloth; Sur′facer, one who, or that which, smooths or levels a surface; Sur′face-ten′sion, in liquids, that property in virtue of which a liquid surface behaves as if it were a stretched elastic membrane—say a sheet of india-rubber; Sur′face-wa′ter, drainage-water; Sur′facing, the act of giving a certain surface to anything. [Fr., from sur—L. super, and face—L. facies.]

Surfeit, sur′fit, v.t. to fill to satiety and disgust.—n. excess in eating and drinking: sickness or satiety caused by overfullness.—ns. Sur′feiter (Shak.), one who surfeits, a glutton; Sur′feiting, eating overmuch: gluttony. [O. Fr. surfait, excess, sorfaire, to augment—L. super, above, facĕre, to make.]

Surficial, sur-fish′al, adj. formed on the surface, as opposed to Subterranean.

Surfusion, sur-fū′shun, n. the condition of being liquid below fusing-point.

Surge, surj, n. the rising or swelling of a large wave.—v.i. to rise high: to swell.—adj. Sur′gy, full of surges or waves: billowy. [L. surgĕre, to rise.]

Surgeon, sur′jun, n. one who treats injuries or diseases by manual operations.—ns. Sur′geoncy, Sur′geonship, the office or employment of a surgeon in the army or navy; Sur′gery, act and art of treating lesions or malformations of the human body by manual operations, mediate and immediate: a place for surgical operations.—adj. Sur′gical, pertaining to surgeons, or to surgery: done by surgery.—adv. Sur′gically. [A doublet of chirurgeon (q.v.).]

Suricate, sū′ri-kāt, n. a long-legged South African carnivore, allied to the civet, genette, and ichneumon.

Surly, sur′li, adj. morose: uncivil: tempestuous.—adv. Sur′lily.—n. Sur′liness. [For sir-ly, for sir-like, arrogant.]

Surmaster, sur′mas-tėr, n. a master in a school next in rank to a headmaster.

Surmise, sur-mīz′, n. suspicion: conjecture.—v.t. to imagine: to suspect.—adjs. Surmī′sable, Surmī′sant.—n. Surmī′ser. [O. Fr.,—surmettre, to accuse—L. super, upon, mittĕre, to send.]

Surmount, sur-mownt′, v.t. to mount above: to surpass: to overcome, get the better of.—adj. Surmount′able, that may be surmounted.—n. Surmount′ableness.—adj. Surmount′ed, surpassed: overcome: (archit.) denoting an arch or dome rising higher than a semicircle: (her.) denoting a figure when another is laid over it.—n. Surmount′er. [Fr.—sur (L. super), above, monter, to mount.]

Surmullet, sur-mul′et, n. a mulloid food-fish of the genus Mullus, with two long barbels on the throat.

Surname, sur′nām, n. a name over and above the Christian name: the family name.—v.t. to call by a surname.—adj. Surnom′inal. [Formed from Fr. sur—L. super, over and above, and Eng. name, on the analogy of Fr. sur-nom.]

Surpass, sur-pas′, v.t. to pass beyond: to exceed: to excel: to go past in space.—adj. Surpass′able, that may be surpassed.—p.adj. Surpass′ing, passing beyond others: excellent in a high degree.—adv. Surpass′ingly.—n. Surpass′ingness. [Fr. surpasser, sur—L. super, beyond, passer, to pass.]

Surplice, sur′plis, n. a white linen garment worn over the cassock by clerks of all degrees, most commonly used for the service of the choir, and also employed, along with the stole, by priests in the administration of the sacraments and in preaching.—adj. Sur′pliced, wearing a surplice. [Fr. surplis—Low L. superpellicium, an over-garment.]

Surplus, sur′plus, n. the overplus: excess above what is required.—n. Sur′plusage, overplus. [Fr., from sur—L. super, over, plus, more.]

Surprise, sur-prīz′, n. act of taking unawares: the emotion caused by anything sudden: amazement.—v.t. to come upon suddenly or unawares: to lead or bring unawares, to betray (with into): to strike with wonder or astonishment: to confuse.—n. Surprīs′al, act of surprising.—adv. Surprīs′edly.—adj. Surprīs′ing, exciting surprise: wonderful: unexpected.—adv. Surprīs′ingly.—n. Surprīs′ingness. [Fr.,—surpris, pa.p. of surprendre—L. super, over, prehendĕre, to catch.]

Surquedry, sur′kwe-dri, n. (Spens.) pride, arrogance—also Sur′quidry.—adj. Sur′quedous.

Surrebound, sur-e-bownd′, v.i. to rebound again and again: to give back echoes.

Surrebut, sur-e-but′, v.i. to reply to a defendant's rebutter.—ns. Surrebut′tal, a plaintiff's evidence or presentation of evidence, in response to a defendant's rebuttal; Surrebut′ter, the plaintiffs reply, in common law pleading, to a defendant's rebutter; Surrejoin′der, the answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Surrender, sur-ren′dėr, v.t. to deliver over: to resign.—v.i. to yield up one's self to another.—n. act of yielding, or giving up to another.—ns. Surrenderee′, one to whom a legal surrender is made; Surren′derer, one who surrenders; Surren′deror (law), one who makes a surrender; Surren′dry, Surren′dery (obs.), a surrender. [O. Fr. surrendre, from sur, over—L. super, over, rendre—L. reddĕre, to render.]

Surreptitious, sur-rep-tish′us, adj. done by stealth or fraud.—adv. Surrepti′tiously. [L., from surripĕre, surreptum—sub, under, rapĕre, to seize.]

Surrey, sur′ā, n. (U.S.) a light four-wheeled vehicle for four persons, usually with two seats in a box mounted on side-bars.

Surrogate, sur′rō-gāt, n. a substitute: the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge.—ns. Sur′rogāteship; Surrogā′tion, subrogation; Surrogā′tum, that which comes in place of something else. [L. surrogāre, ātum—sub, in the place of, rogāre, to ask.]

Surround, sur-rownd′, v.t. to go round about; to encompass, environ: to cut off from communication or retreat.—n. Surround′ing, an encompassing: (pl.) things which surround, external circumstances. [O. Fr. suronder—L. superundāre, to overflow, often confused with round.]

Sursize, sur-sīz′, n. a penalty in feudal times for non-payment of castle-guard rent on the appointed day.

Surtax, sur′taks, n. an additional tax on certain articles.—v.t. to lay such a tax upon.

Surtout, sur-tōō′, -tōōt′, n. a close-bodied frock-coat: (fort.) a raised portion of the parapet of a work at the angles, to protect from enfilade fire. [Fr.,—Low L. super-totus, an outer garment.]

Surveillance, sur-vel′yans, n. a being vigilant or watchful: inspection.—adj. Surveill′ant. [Fr.,—surveiller—sur, over—L. super, veiller, to watch—L. vigilāre.]

Survey, sur-vā′, v.t. to see or look over: to inspect: to superintend: to examine: to measure and estimate, as land—(obs.) Surview′.—ns. Sur′vey, oversight: view: examination: the measuring of land, or of a country: general view: a description of the condition, use, &c. of property to be insured: an auction at which a farm is let for three lives: (U.S.) a district for the collection of customs under a particular officer; Survey′ing, the art of ascertaining the boundaries and superficial extent of any portion of the earth's surface; Survey′or, an overseer: a measurer of land; Survey′orship. [O. Fr. surveoir—L. super, over, vidēre, to see.]

Survive, sur-vīv′, v.t. to live beyond: to outlive.—v.i. to remain alive.—n. Survī′val, a surviving or living after: any custom or belief surviving in folklore from a more or less savage earlier state of society, long after the philosophy or rationale of it is forgotten.—p.adj. Survī′ving, continuing alive: outliving.—ns. Survī′vor, one who survives or lives after another; Survī′vorship.—Survival of the fittest, the preservation of favourable variations, attended with the destruction of injurious ones, such being the result of Natural Selection (see Natural). [Fr.,—L. super, beyond, vivĕre, to live.]

Surya, sōōr′ya, n. the sun-god in Hindu mythology. [Sans. sūrya, the sun.]

Susceptible, sus-sep′ti-bl, adj. capable of receiving anything: impressible: disposed to admit.—ns. Susceptibil′ity, Suscep′tibleness, quality of being susceptible: capability: sensibility.—adv. Suscep′tibly.—adj. Suscep′tive, capable of receiving or admitting: readily admitting.—ns. Suscep′tiveness; Susceptiv′ity; Suscep′tor; Suscip′iency.—adj. Suscip′ient. [Fr.,—L. suscipĕre, susceptum, to take up—sub, up, capĕre, to take.]

Suscitate, sus′i-tāt, v.t. to excite, rouse.—n. Suscitā′tion. [L. suscitāre, -ātum—sub, under, citāre, to arouse.]

Suspect, sus-pekt′, v.t. to mistrust: to imagine to be guilty: to doubt: to have a slight opinion that something exists, but without sufficient evidence, to conjecture.—v.i. to imagine guilt, to be suspicious.—n. a person suspected.—adv. Suspec′tedly.—n. Suspec′tedness.—adj. Suspect′less, not suspected. [L. suspicĕre, suspectum, to look at secretly—sub, up, specĕre, to look at.]

Suspend, sus-pend′, v.t. to hang one thing beneath another: to make to depend on: to make to stop for a time: to delay: to debar from any privilege, office, emolument, &c. for a time.—ns. Suspen′ded-animā′tion, the temporary cessation of the outward signs and of some of the functions of life—due to asphyxia, drowning, strangulation; Suspen′der, one who, or that which, suspends, one of a pair of straps crossing the shoulders to support the trousers; Suspense′, state of being suspended: act of withholding the judgment: uncertainty: indecision: stop betwixt two opposites; Suspensibil′ity, susceptibility of being suspended.—adj. Suspen′sible, capable of being suspended.—ns. Suspen′sion, act of suspending: interruption: delay: temporary privation of office or privilege: a conditional withholding; Suspen′sion-bridge, a bridge in which the roadway is supported by chains, which pass over elevated piers, and are secured below at each end.—adj. Suspen′sive.—adv. Suspen′sively.—n. Suspen′sor, a suspensory bandage.—adj. Suspensō′rial.—n. Suspensō′rium, that which holds up a part, esp. the arrangement joining the lower jaw to the cranium in vertebrates below mammals.—adj. Suspen′sory, that suspends: doubtful.—n. that which suspends: a bandage: having the effect of delaying or staying.—Suspend payment, to publicly stop paying debts from insolvency. [L. suspendĕre—sub, beneath, pendēre, pensum, to hang.]

Suspercollate, sus-pėr-kol′āt, v.t. to hang. [Sus. per coll., abbrev. for L. suspensio per collum, hanging by the neck.]

Suspicion, sus-pish′un, n. act of suspecting: the imagining of something without evidence or on slender evidence: mistrust: (coll.) a slight quantity of, as of spirits.—adj. Suspi′cious, full of suspicion: showing suspicion: inclined to suspect: liable to suspicion, doubtful.—adv. Suspi′ciously.—n. Suspi′ciousness.

Suspire, sus-pīr′, v.i. to fetch a deep breath, to sigh, to breathe.—n. Suspirā′tion, act of sighing.—adj. Suspir′ious, sighing. [L. suspīrāre—sub, under, spirāre, to breathe.]

Sustain, sus-tān′, v.t. to hold up: to bear: to maintain: to relieve: to prove: to sanction: to prolong.—adjs. Sustain′able, that may be sustained; Sustained′, kept up at one uniform pitch.—ns. Sustain′er, one who, or that which, sustains; Sustain′ment, act of sustaining, sustenance; Sus′tenance, that which sustains: maintenance: provisions.—adj. Sustentac′ular, supporting, pertaining to a Sustentac′ulum, a support or sustaining tissue, esp. an inferior spine of the tarsus in spiders of the genus Epeira.—v.t. Sus′tentāte, to sustain.—n. Sustentā′tion, that which sustains: support: maintenance.—adj. Susten′tative, sustaining.—ns. Sus′tentātor, a sustaining part or structure; Susten′tion, the act of sustaining; Susten′tor, one of two posterior projections of a butterfly-chrysalis.—Sustentation Fund, the scheme by which the ministers of the Free Church of Scotland are supported by voluntary contributions not local or congregational, but with a national altruism or solidarity paid into a great central fund, out of which equal stipends are paid to all alike. [L. sustinēre—sub, up, tenēre, to hold.]

Susurrant, sū-sur′ant, adj. murmuring, whispering.—n. Susurrā′tion, a soft murmur.—adv. Susur′ringly.—adj. Susur′rous, whispering, rustling.—n. Susur′rus, a soft murmuring, a whispering. [L. susurrāre, -ātum, to whisper.]

Sutile, sū′til, adj. done by stitching. [L. sutilis—suĕre, to sew.]

Sutler, sut′lėr, n. a person who follows an army and sells liquor or provisions: a camp-hawker.—n. Sut′lery, a sutler's work: a sutler's store.—adj. Sut′ling, pertaining to sutlers: engaged in the occupation of a sutler. [Old Dut. soetelaar, zoetelaar, a small trader—zoetelen, to do mean work; Low Ger. suddeln, to do dirty work.]

Sutra, sōōt′ra, n. in Sanskrit literature, the technical name of aphoristic rules, and of works consisting of such rules—the groundworks of the ritual, grammatical, metrical, and philosophical literature of India being written in this form.

Suttee, sut-tē′, n. a usage long prevalent in India, in accordance with which, on the death of her husband, the faithful widow burned herself on the funeral pyre along with her husband's body.—n. Suttee′ism, the practice of self-immolation among Hindu widows. [Sans. satí, a true wife.]

Suture, sū′tūr, n. the mode of connection between the various bones of the cranium and face—serrated, when formed by the union of two edges of bone with projections and indentations fitting into one another—squamous, when formed by the overlapping of the bevelled edges of two contiguous bones: (surg.) the sewing up of a wound by one or other mode, so as to maintain the opposed surfaces in contact: (bot.) the seam at the union of two margins in a plant.—adj. Sū′tūral, relating to a suture.—adv. Sū′tūrally.—n. Sūtūrā′tion.—adj. Sū′tūred, having, or united by, sutures. [L. sutura—suĕre, to sew.]

Suzerain, sū′ze-rān, n. a feudal lord: supreme or paramount ruler.—n. Sū′zerainty, the dominion of a suzerain: paramount authority. [O. Fr.,—sus—Late L. susum, for sursum=sub-versum, above; the termination in imitation of Fr. souverain, Eng. sovereign.]

Swab, swob, n. a mop for cleaning or drying floors or decks, or for cleaning out the bore of a cannon: a bit of sponge, &c., for cleansing the mouth of a sick person: (slang) a naval officer's epaulet: a lubber or clumsy fellow in sailor's slang.—v.t. to clean or dry with a swab:—pr.p. swab′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. swabbed.—n. Swab′ber, one who uses a swab: a baker's implement for cleaning ovens. [Dut. zwabber, a swabber, zwabberen, to swab; Ger. schwabber.]

Swaddle, swod′l, v.t. to swathe or bind tight with clothes, as an infant.—ns. Swadd′ler, an Irish papist's name for a Methodist, &c.; Swadd′ling-band, Swadd′ling-cloth, a cloth for swaddling an infant:—pl. Swadd′ling-clothes (B.). [A.S. swethel, a swaddling-band, swathu, a bandage.]

Swag, swag, n. (slang) anything obtained by plunder: baggage, esp. that carried by one tramping through the bush, a swagman's pack: the subsidence of a mine-roof: a festoon or hanging cluster of flowers.—ns. Swag′ger, Swag′man, one who carries his swag about with him in his search for work; Swag′shop, a place where cheap and trashy goods are sold. [Prob. swag (v.).]

Swag, swag, v.i. to sink down by its own weight.—adj. Swag′-bell′ied, having a large projecting belly. [Prob. conn. with sway.]

Swagger, swag′ėr, v.i. to swing the body in a blustering defiant way: to brag noisily, to bully.—n. boastfulness: insolence of manner.—adj. (slang) very fashionable.—n. Swagg′erer.—adj. and n. Swagg′ering.—adv. Swagg′eringly. [A freq. of swag=sway.]

Swahili, swa-hē′li, n. the name given to the people of Zanzibar and the opposite coast belonging to the Bantu stock, with an Arab infusion, and speaking a Bantu tongue modified by Arabic.—adj. Swahi′lian. [Ar. Waswahili, 'coast people.']

Swain, swān, n. a young man: a peasant: a country lover.—n. Swain′ing, love-making.—adj. Swain′ish, boorish.—n. Swain′ishness, boorishness. [Ice. sveinn, young man, servant, Dan. svend, servant.]

Swallow, swol′ō, n. a migratory bird with long wings, which seizes its insect food on the wing: a genus (Hirundo) and family (Hirundinidæ) of passerine birds, with long and pointed wings.—adj. Swall′ow-tailed, like a swallow's tail in form, forked and pointed—of a dress-coat. [A.S. swalewe; Ger. schwalbe.]

Swallow, swol′ō, v.t. to receive through the gullet into the stomach: to engulf: to absorb: to occupy: to exhaust.—n. Swall′ower. [A.S. swelgan, to swallow; cog. with Ger. schwelgen.]

Swamp, swomp, n. wet, spongy land: low ground filled with water.—v.t. to sink in, or as in a swamp: to overset, or cause to fill with water, as a boat.—adj. Swamp′y, consisting of swamp: wet and spongy. [Scand., Dan. and Sw. svamp, a sponge; from the root of swim.]

Swan, swon, n. a genus of birds constituting a very distinct section of the Duck family Anatidæ, having the neck as long as the body, noted for grace and stateliness of movement on the water.—ns. Swan′-goose, the China goose; Swan′-herd, one who tends swans; Swan′-hop′ping, better Swan′-mark′ing and Swan′-up′ping, the custom of marking the upper mandible of a swan to show ownership—done annually to the royal swans on the Thames, the occasion being excuse for a festive expedition.—adj. Swan′-like.—ns. Swan′-maid′en, a familiar figure in European folklore, changing at will into a maiden or a swan by means of the magic properties of her shift; Swan′-mark, the notch made on the swan's upper mandible; Swan′-neck, the end of a pipe, &c., curved like a swan's neck; Swan′nery, a place where swans are kept and tended.—adj. Swan′ny, swan-like.—ns. Swan's′-down, the down or under-plumage of a swan, used for powder-puffs, &c.: a soft woollen cloth: a thick cotton with a soft nap on one side; Swan′-shot, a shot of large size, like buck-shot; Swan′-skin, the unplucked skin of a swan: a soft, nappy, fine-twilled flannel; Swan′-song, the fabled song of a swan just before its death: a poet's or musician's last work. [A.S. swan; Ger. schwan, Dut. zwaan.]

Swank, swangk, adj. (Scot.) slender, pliant: agile, supple—also Swank′ing.—n. Swank′y, an active fellow. [A.S. swancor, pliant; Ger. schwank.]

Swanky, Swankie, swangk′i, n. poor thin beer or any sloppy drink, even sweetened water and vinegar.

Swap, swop, v.t. to barter.—n. an exchange.—adj. Swap′ping, large. [Swop.]

Swape, swāp, n. (prov.) a pump-handle: a large oar or sweep: a sconce for holding a light.—v.i. to sweep: to place aslant.—n. Swape′-well, a well from which water is raised by a well-sweep.

Sward, swawrd, n. the grassy surface of land: green turf—also Swarth.—v.t. to cover with sward.—adjs. Sward′ed, Sward′y, covered with sward. [A.S. sweard; Dut. zwoord, Ger. schwarte.]

Swarm, swawrm, n. a body of humming or buzzing insects: a cluster of insects, esp. of bee: a great number: throng.—v.i. to gather as bees: to appear in a crowd: to throng: to abound: to breed multitudes.—v.t. to cause to breed in swarms. [A.S. swearm; Ger. schwarm; from the same root as Ger. schwirren.]

Swarm, swawrm, v.i. to climb a tree by scrambling up by means of arms and legs (with up).

Swarthy, swawrth′i, adj. of a blackish complexion: dark-skinned: tawny—also Swart, Swarth.—adv. Swarth′ily.—ns. Swarthi′iness; Swart′-star (Milt.), the dog-star, so called because at the time of its appearance it darkens the complexion. [A.S. sweart; Ice. svartr, Ger. schwarz, black.]

Swash, swosh, v.t. to dash or splash.—v.i. to make a splashing noise, to wash up against.—ns. Swash′-buck′ler, a bully, a blusterer; Swash′er (Shak.), one who swashes, a blusterer.—adj. Swash′ing, slashing, crushing.—n.pl. Swash′-lett′ers, Italic capitals with top and bottom flourishes, intended to fill out ugly gaps.—ns. Swash′-plate, a disc set obliquely on a revolving axis, to give a reciprocating motion to a bar along its length; Swash′-work, lathe-work in which the cuts are inclined to the axis of rotation.—adj. Swash′y, swaggering. [Scand.; cf. dial. Sw. svasska, Norw. svakka, prov. Eng. swack, a blow.]

Swastika, swäs′ti-ka, n. the same as Fylfot (q.v.).—Also Svas′tika and Gammadion. [Sans., 'fortunate.']

Swath, swawth, n. a line of grass or corn cut by the scythe: the sweep of a scythe.—adj. Swath′y. [A.S. swathu, a track; Dut. zwade, also a scythe.]

Swathe, swāth, v.t. to bind with a band or bandage.—n. a bandage. [A.S. swethian; cf. Swaddle.]

Swatter, swat′ėr, v.i. (prov.) to spill water about. [Cf. Dut. swaddren, to dabble in water.]

Sway, swā, v.t. to swing or wield with the hand: to incline to one side: to influence by power or moral force: to govern: to hoist, raise.—v.i. to incline to one side: to govern: to have weight or influence.—n. the sweep of a weapon: that which moves with power: preponderance: power in governing: influence or authority inclining to one side: a thatcher's binding-switch.—adj. Swayed (Shak.), bent down and injured in the back by heavy burdens—said of a horse. [Prob. Scand., as Ice. sveigja, Dan. svaie, to sway; akin to swing.]

Sweal, swēl, v.t. to scorch.—v.i. to melt and run down: to burn away slowly. [A.S. swelan.]

Swear, swār, v.i. to affirm, calling God to witness: to give evidence on oath: to utter the name of God or of sacred things profanely.—v.t. to utter, calling God to witness: to administer an oath to: to declare on oath:—pa.t. swōre; pa.p. sworn.—n. Swear′er.—Swear at, to aim profanity at: to be very incongruous with, esp. in colour; Swear by, to put complete confidence in; Swear in, to inaugurate by oath; Swear off, to renounce, promise to give up. [A.S. swerian; Dut. zweren, Ger. schwören.]

Sweat, swet, n. the moisture from the skin, the state of one who sweats, diaphoresis: labour: drudgery.—v.i. to give out sweat or moisture: to toil, drudge for poor wages: to suffer penalty, smart.—v.t. to give out, as sweat: to cause to sweat: to squeeze money or extortionate interest from, to compel to hard work for mean wages: to wear away or pare down by friction or other means, as coins: to scrape the sweat from a horse.—ns. Sweat′er, one who sweats, or that which causes sweating, a diaphoretic: a heavy kind of jersey used by persons in training for athletic contests, to reduce their weight: one who sweats coins: a London street ruffian in Queen Anne's time who prodded weak passengers with his sword-point; Sweat′iness; Sweat′ing-bath, a bath to promote perspiration; Sweat′ing-house, -room, a house, room, for sweating persons: a room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices; Sweat′ing-sick′ness, an extremely fatal epidemic disorder which ravaged Europe, and esp. England, in the 15th and 16th centuries—a violent inflammatory fever, with a fetid perspiration over the whole body; Sweat′ing-sys′tem, the practice of working poor people at starvation wages, esp. in making up clothes in their own houses.—adj. Sweat′y, wet with sweat: consisting of sweat: laborious. [A.S. swát, sweat, swǽtan, to sweat; Dut. zweet; Low Ger. sweet, Ger. schweiss.]

Swede, swēd, n. a native of Sweden; a Swedish turnip.—adj. Swēd′ish, pertaining to Sweden, to Swedish turnips, gloves of undressed kid, &c.

Swedenborgian, swē-dn-bor′ji-an, n. one who holds the religious doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher (1688-1772), founder of the New Jerusalem Church.—n. Swedenbor′gianism.

Sweep, swēp, v.t. to wipe or rub over with a brush or broom: to carry along or off by a long brushing stroke or force: to destroy or carry off at a stroke: to strike with a long stroke: to carry with pomp: to drag over: to pass rapidly over.—v.i. to pass swiftly and forcibly: to pass with pomp: to move with a long reach:—pa.t. and pa.p. swept.—n. act of sweeping: extent of a stroke, or of anything turning or in motion: prevalence, range: direction of a curve: the act of bringing into a general movement: rapid or wide-spread destructiveness: a curved approach before a building: a chimney-sweeper: (pl.) oars of great length used during a calm or in still water, either to assist the rudder or to propel the vessel.—n. Sweep′er.—adv. Sweep′ingly, in a sweeping manner.—n. Sweep′ingness.—n.pl. Sweep′ings, things collected by sweeping: rubbish.—ns. Sweep′-net, a net that embraces a large compass: Sweep′stake (Shak.), one who wins all—usually in pl. Sweep′stakes, a method of gambling by which several persons contribute each certain stakes, the whole of which fall to one in case of a certain event happening; Sweep′-wash′er, one who scrapes a little gold or silver from the sweepings of refineries.—adj. Sweep′y, swaying, sweeping, curving. [A.S. swápan; Ger. schweifen, Cf. Swoop.]

Sweer, Sweir, swēr, adj. (Scot.) lazy, unwilling. [A.S. swǽr, swár, heavy.]

Sweet, swēt, adj. pleasing to the taste or senses: tasting like sugar: fragrant: melodious: beautiful, grateful to the eye: fresh, as opposed to salt or to sour: pure: recent, not stale, sour, or putrid: mild, soft, gentle: kind, obliging.—n. a sweet substance: a term of endearment: (pl.) sweetmeats, confections: sweet dishes served at table, puddings, tarts, jellies, &c.—v.t. (obs.) to sweeten.—adj. Sweet′-and-twen′ty (Shak.), at once fair and young.—ns. Sweet′-bay, the laurel (Laurus nobilis); Sweet′bread, the pancreas of an animal used for food, both delicate and nutritious.—adj. Sweet′-breathed, sweet-smelling.—ns. Sweet′-brī′er, a thorny shrub of the rose kind resembling the brier, having a sweet smell; Sweet′-corn, a variety of maize.—v.t. Sweet′en, to make sweet: to make pleasing, mild, or kind: to increase the agreeable qualities of: to make pure and healthy.—ns. Sweet′ener, one who, or that which, sweetens; Sweet′ening, act of sweetening: that which sweetens; Sweet′-flag, -rush, an aromatic plant of the genus Acorus of the arum family; Sweet′heart, a lover or mistress.—n.pl. Sweet′ies, confections.—n. Sweet′ing, a sweet apple: (Shak.) a darling, a word of endearment.—adj. Sweet′ish, somewhat sweet to the taste.—ns. Sweet′ishness; Sweet′-john, a flower of the narrow-leaved varieties of a species of pink, Dianthus barbatus, as distinguished from other varieties called Sweet-william; Sweet′leaf, a small tree in the southern United States, having sweetish leaves relished by cattle and horses; Sweet′-lips, one whose lips are sweet—a term of endearment: the ballanwrasse, or Labrus maculatus.—adv. Sweet′ly.—ns. Sweet′-mar′joram, a fragrant species of marjoram; Sweet′meat, a confection made wholly or chiefly of sugar; Sweet′-nan′cy, the double-flowered variety of Narcissus poeticus; Sweet′ness; Sweet′-oil, olive-oil; Sweet′-pea, a pea cultivated for its fragrance and beauty; Sweet′-potā′to, a twining plant common in tropical and sub-tropical countries, having large sweetish edible tubers.—adj. Sweet′-scent′ed, having a sweet smell.—n. Sweet′-sop, a tropical American evergreen, also its pulpy fruit.—adj. Sweet′-tem′pered, having a mild, amiable disposition.—ns. Sweet′-wa′ter, a white variety of the European grape, with very sweet juice; Sweet′-will′iam, the bunch-pink, Dianthus barbatus, a garden flower of many colours and varieties; Sweet′wood, a name applied to various trees and shrubs of the laurel family found in South America and the West Indies.—Be sweet on, or upon, to be in love with. [A.S. swéte; Ger. süsz, Gr. hēdys, L. suavis, sweet, Sans. svad, to taste.]

Swell, swel, v.i. to grow larger: to expand: to rise into waves: to heave: to be inflated: to bulge out: to grow louder: to be bombastic, to strut: to become elated, arrogant, or angry: to grow upon the view: to grow more violent: to grow louder, as a note.—v.t. to increase the size of: to aggravate: to increase the sound of: to raise to arrogance: to augment the sound of:—pa.p. swelled or swollen (swōln).—n. act of swelling: a bulge or protuberance: increase in size: an increase and a succeeding decrease in the volume of a tone: a gradual rise of ground: a wave or billow or succession of them in one direction, as after a storm: a distinct set of pipes in an organ, enclosed in a case furnished with movable shutters which being more or less opened by means of a pedal, produce a swell of sound: (geol.) an upward protrusion of strata from whose central region the beds dip quaquaversally at a low angle: a strutting foppish fellow, a dandy.—adj. fashionable.—n. Swell′dom, the fashionable world generally.—adj. Swell′ing (B.), inflated, proud, haughty.—n. protuberance: a tumour: a rising, as of passion: (B.) inflation by pride.—adj. Swell′ish, foppish, dandified.—ns. Swell′-mob, well-dressed pickpockets collectively; Swell′-mobs′man, a well-dressed pickpocket. [A.S. swellan; Ger. schwellen.]

Swelter, swelt′ėr, v.i. to be faint or oppressed with heat: to perspire copiously from heat.—v.t. to cause to faint, to overpower, as with heat.—p.adj. Swelt′ering.—adv. Swelt′eringly.—adj. Swelt′ry, sultry, oppressive with heat. [A.S. sweltan, to die; Ice. svelta, to hunger.]

Swerve, swėrv, v.i. to turn, depart from any line, duty, or custom: to incline: to rove, wander.—n. an act of swerving.—adj. Swerve′less, that does not swerve.—n. Swerv′er, one who swerves. [A.S. sweorfan; Dut. zwerven.]

Sweven, swē′vn, n. (obs.) a dream.—v.t. and v.i. to sleep, dream. [A.S. swefen, sleep, dream.]

Swift, swift, adj. moving quickly: fleet, rapid: speedy: ready.—n. a genus (Cypselus) and family (Cypselidæ) of picarian birds, resembling the swallows in general appearance and habits, but most closely allied by anatomical structure to the humming-birds—with long pointed wings, a short tail, and remarkable powers of rapid and prolonged flight: the common newt: a reel for winding yarn: the main cylinder of a carding-machine: the current of a stream.—n. Swif′ter, any rope temporarily used to tighten or keep a thing in its place.—adjs. Swift′-foot′ed; Swift′-hand′ed; Swift′-heeled.—adv. Swift′ly, with swiftness: rapidly.—n. Swift′ness, quality of being swift: quickness: fleetness: rapidity: speed.—adj. Swift′-winged. [A.S. swift, from same root as swoop.]

Swig, swig, n. a pulley with ropes not parallel.—v.t. to tighten a rope by hauling at right angles to its lead: to castrate by ligating the scrotum and making the testicles slough off. [Prob. swag.]

Swig, swig, n. a large draught: one who drinks deep.—v.t. to drink by large draughts, to gulp down. [Prob. conn. with A.S. swelgan, to swallow.]

Swill, swil, v.t. or v.i. to drink greedily or largely, to drink habitually, to drench one's self with: to wash, rinse.—n. a large draught of liquor: the liquid mixture given to swine.—ns. Swill′er; Swill′ing.—n.pl. Swill′ings, hog wash. [A.S. swilian, to wash; cf. Sw. sqvala, to gush.]

Swim, swim, v.i. to float, as opposed to sink: to move on or in water: to be borne along by a current: to glide along with a waving motion: to be dizzy: to be drenched: to overflow: to abound.—v.t. to pass by swimming: to make to swim or float:—pr.p. swim′ming; pa.t. swam; pa.p. swum or swam.—n. act of swimming: any motion like swimming: air-bladder of a fish.—adj. Swim′mable, capable of being swum.—ns. Swim′mer, one who swims: a web-footed aquatic bird; Swim′meret, one of the abdominal appendages which in the lobster and other Crustacea are used in swimming; Swim′ming, the act of floating or moving on or in the water: dizziness; Swim′ming-bath, a bath large enough for swimming in.—adv. Swim′mingly, in a gliding manner, as if swimming: smoothly, successfully.—ns. Swim′mingness, the state of swimming: a melting look, tearfulness; Swim′ming-pond, an artificial pond adapted for swimming in; Swim′ming-school, a place where swimming is taught; Swim′ming-stone, a cellular variety of flint—float-stone.—In the swim, in the main current, of affairs, business, &c. [A.S. swimman; Ger. schwimmen.]

Swindle, swin′dl, v.t. to cheat under the pretence of fair dealing.—n. the act of swindling or defrauding: anything not really what it appears to be.—adj. Swin′dleable, capable of being swindled.—ns. Swin′dler, one who defrauds by imposition: a cheat or rogue; Swin′dlery, roguery, swindling practices.—adj. Swin′dling, cheating. [Ger. schwindler, a cheat—schwindeln, to be giddy, schwindenempty, to sink; A.S. swindan, to droop.]

Swine, swīn, n.sing. and pl. a well-known quadruped with bristly skin and long snout, fed for its flesh: a pig: pigs collectively.—ns. Swine′herd, a herd or keeper of swine; Swine′-pox, chicken-pox; Swin′ery, a place where pigs are kept; Swine's′-snout, the dandelion; Swine′-stone (same as Stink-stone); Swine′-sty, a pig-sty. [A.S. swín, a pig; Ger. schwein, L. sus, Gr. hys.]

Swing, swing, v.i. to sway or wave to and fro, as a body hanging in air: to move forward with swaying gait: to vibrate: to practise swinging: to turn round at anchor: to be hanged.—v.t. to move to and fro: to cause to wave or vibrate: to whirl, to brandish: to cause to wheel or turn as about some point: to fix up anything so as to hang freely:—pa.t. and pa.p. swung.—n. the act of swinging: motion to and fro: a waving motion: anything suspended for swinging in: the sweep or compass of a swinging body: the sweep of a golf-club when driving: influence or power of anything put in motion: free course, unrestrained liberty.—ns. Swing′-back, a device for adjusting the plate-holder of a camera at any desired angle; Swing′boat, a boat-shaped carriage swung from a frame, in use for swinging in at fairs, &c.; Swing′-bridge, a bridge that may be moved aside by swinging, at the mouth of docks, &c.; Swing′-churn, a churn-box so hung as to be worked by oscillation; Swing′er; Swing′-han′dle, a pivoted handle of any utensil, esp. a bail or other arched handle; Swing′ing, the act of moving back and forth, esp. the pastime of moving in a swing.—adj. having a free easy motion.—n. Swing′ing-boom, the spar which stretches the foot of a lower studding-sail.—adv. Swing′ingly, in a swinging-manner.—ns. Swing′ing-post, the post to which a gate is hung; Swing′ism, a form of intimidation common in England about 1830-33, which consisted mainly in sending letters signed 'Swing' or 'Captain Swing' to farmers, ordering them under threats to give up threshing-machines, &c.; Swing′-mō′tion, a mechanism in the truck of a railway carriage, &c., permitting swaying from side to side; Swing′-pan, a sugar-pan with spout, pivoted so that it may be emptied by tipping; Swing′-plough, a plough without a fore-wheel under the beam; Swing′-shelf, a hanging shelf; Swing′-stock, an upright timber, with a blunt edge at top over which flax was beaten by the swingle—also Swing′ing-block; Swing′-swang, a complete oscillation.—adj. swinging, drawling.—ns. Swing′-tā′ble, a moveable bed on which plate-glass is cemented for polishing; Swing′-tool, a holder swinging on horizontal centres, on which work is fastened so as to hold flat against the face of a file; Swing′-tree=Swingle-tree (q.v.); Swing′-trot, a swinging trot; Swing′-wheel, the wheel that drives a clock pendulum, corresponding to the balance-wheel in a watch. [A.S. swingan; Ger. schwingen, to swing; allied to wag, sway.]

Swinge, swinj, v.t. to beat, chastise: to forge, weld together: to wave to and fro.—n. a lash, a lashing movement.—n. Swinge′-buck′ler (Shak.), one who pretends to feats of arms, a blusterer.—adj. Swinge′ing, great, huge.—adv. Swinge′ingly.—n. Swinger (swinj′ėr), any person or thing great or astonishing, a bold lie, a whopper. [A.S. swengan, to shake, a causal form of swingan, to swing.]

Swingle, swing′gl, v.t. to dress or separate the fibrous parts of flax from the woody substance by beating.—n. an implement for this purpose.—ns. Swing′le, the part of the flail which falls on the grain in threshing; Swing′le-tree, Sing′le-tree, the cross-piece of a carriage, plough, &c. to which the traces of a harnessed horse are fixed. [Swing.]

Swinish, swī′nish, adj. like or befitting swine: gross: brutal.—adv. Swin′ishly.—n. Swin′ishness.

Swink, swingk, v.i. (Spens.) to labour, to toil, to drudge.—v.t. to tire out with labour.—n. labour.—adj. Swink′ed (Milt.), wearied with labour, fatigued. [A.S. swincan, to labour; cf. swingan, swing.]

Swipe, swīp, n. a hard blow.—v.t. to give a strong blow to: to steal by snatching.—n. Swī′per, one who swipes. [A.S. swipe, a whip.]

Swipes, swīps, n. bad or spoilt beer, also small-beer.—adj. Swī′pey, fuddled with malt liquor.

Swire, swīr, n. a hollow between two hills. [Prob. A.S. swéora, the neck.]

Swirl, swėrl, v.i. to sweep along with a whirling motion.—n. whirling motion, as of wind or water: a curl or twist: the rush of a fish through the water in rising to a fly.—adj. Swirl′y. [Skeat explains as Scand., Norw. svirla, to whirl round, a freq. of sverra, to whirl, orig. to hum.]

Swish, swish, v.t. to cause to move or to cut with a whistling sound: to flog, thrash.—n. a swishing sound.—adv. in a swishing manner or with such a sound.—ns. Swish′er, one who swishes or flogs; Swish′-swash, a swishing action or sound: a washy drink. [Imit.]

Swiss, swis, adj. of or belonging to Switzerland.—n. a native of Switzerland: the language of Switzerland: a High German patois, spoken in fifteen of the cantons.—n. Swit′zer, a native of Switzerland: one of a hired bodyguard of a king or pope.—Swiss Guards, a celebrated corps or regiment of Swiss mercenaries in the French army of the old régime, constituted 'Gardes' by royal decree in 1616.

Swissing, swis′ing, n. the calendering of bleached cloth, after dampening, by passing between bowls or pairs of rollers.

Switch, swich, n. a small flexible twig: a movable rail for transferring a carriage from one line of rails to another: a device to make or break a circuit, or transfer an electric current from one conductor to another.—v.t. to strike with a switch: to swing, whisk: to transfer a carriage from one line of rails to another by a switch: to shift from one circuit to another, or in or out of circuit, as an electric current, to shunt.—ns. Switch′back, a term applied to a zigzagging, alternate back-and-forward mode of progression up a slope; Switch′back-rail′way, an apparatus for public amusement, consisting of a short length of elevated railway with a series of rounded inclines, so that the car gains enough of momentum descending the first steep incline to ascend one or more smaller inclines till it gradually and more slowly works its way to the original level at the far end of the course; Switch′ing, a beating with a switch: trimming; Switch′man, a pointsman. [Old Dut. swick, a whip.]

Swither, swith′ėr, v.i. (prov.) to doubt, hesitate.—n. hesitation: a fright, a sweat.

Swivel, swiv′l, n. something fixed in another body so as to turn round in it: a ring or link that turns round on a pin or neck: a small cannon turning on a swivel.—v.i. to turn on a pin or pivot.—ns. Swiv′el-eye, a squint-eye; Swiv′el-hook, a hook secured to anything by means of a swivel. [A.S. swífan, to move quickly, to turn round.]

Swizzle, swiz′l, v.i. to drink to excess.—n. a mixed or compounded drink.

Swoon, swōōn, v.i. to faint: to fall into a fainting-fit.—n. the act of swooning: a fainting-fit.—Swoond′ed, obsolete pa.t. and pa.p. of swoon.—n. Swoon′ing.—adv. Swoon′ingly, [M. E. swounen, swoghenen—A.S. swógan, to resound.]

Swoop, swōōp, v.t. to sweep down upon: to take with a sweep: to catch while on the wing: to catch up.—v.i. to descend with a sweep.—n. the act of swooping: a seizing, as a bird on its prey. [A.S. swápan, to sweep; Ger. schweifen, to rove.]

Swop, swop, v.t. to exchange, to barter:—pr.p. swop′ping; pa.t and pa.p. swopped.—n. an exchange.—Also Swap. [Most prob. the same as obs. swap, swop, to beat, cog. with swoop.]

Sword, sōrd, n. an offensive weapon with a long blade, sharp upon one or both edges, for cutting or thrusting: destruction by the sword or by war, war, military force: the emblem of vengeance or justice, or of authority and power.—adj. Sword′-and-buck′ler, fought with sword and buckler, not the rapier: armed with sword and buckler.—ns. Sword′-arm, -hand, the arm, hand, that wields the sword; Sword′-bay′onet, a bayonet shaped somewhat like a sword, and used as one; Sword′-bear′er, a public officer who carries the sword of state; Sword′-belt, a military belt from which the sword is hung; Sword′bill, a South American humming-bird with a bill longer than its body; Sword′-break′er, an old weapon for grasping and breaking an adversary's sword; Sword′-cane, -stick, a cane or stick containing a sword; Sword′craft, skill with the sword; military power; Sword′-cut, a blow, wound, or scar caused by the edge of a sword; Sword′-dance, a dance in which the display of naked swords, or movements made with such, form a part; Sword′-doll′ar, a Scotch silver coin under James VI., worth 2s. 6d. in English money, having a sword on the reverse; Sword′er (Shak.), a swordsman; Sword′fish, a family of spiny-rayed Teleostean fishes, sometimes 12 to 15 feet in length, with a sword about 3 feet long, formed from a compressed prolongation of the upper jaw; Sword′-flag, the European water-flag or yellow iris; Sword′-grass, a kind of sedge; Sword′-guard, the part of a sword-hilt that protects the bearer's hand; Sword′-knot, a ribbon tied to the hilt of a sword; Sword′-law, government by the sword.—adj. Sword′less, destitute of a sword.—ns. Sword′play, fencing; Sword′player, a fencer.—adj. Sword′-proof, capable of resisting the blow or thrust of a sword.—n. Sword′-rack, a rack for holding swords.—adj. Sword′-shaped, ensiform.—ns. Swords′man, a man skilled in the use of a sword; Swords′manship. [A.S. sweord; Ice. sverdh, Ger. schwert.]

Sworn, swōrn, pa.p. of swear.—Sworn broker, a London broker who swears before the court of aldermen to maintain honesty in dealing; Sworn enemies, enemies determined not to be reconciled; Sworn friends, fast or close friends.

Sybarite, sib′a-rīt, n. an inhabitant of Sybaris, a Greek city in ancient Italy, on the Gulf of Tarentum, noted for the effeminacy and luxury of its inhabitants: one devoted to luxury.—adjs. Sybarit′ic, -al.—n. Syb′aritism.

Sybotic, sī-bot′ik, adj. pertaining to a swineherd.—n. Sy′botism. [Gr. sybōtēs, swineherd.]

Sycamine, sik′a-mīn, n. (B.) supposed to be the black mulberry-tree (Morus nigra).

Sycamore, sik′a-mōr, n. a fruit-tree of the fig family, common in Palestine, &c.: a species of maple, in Scotland usually called plane-tree: in America, the native plane. [Gr. sykomoros—sykon, a fig, moron, black mulberry.]

Sycophant, sik′ō-fant, n. a common informer: a servile flatterer.—n. Syc′ophancy, the behaviour of a sycophant: mean tale-bearing: obsequious flattery: servility—also Sycophant′ism.—adjs. Sycophant′ic, -al, Sycophant′ish, like a sycophant: obsequiously flattering: parasitic.—v.i. Syc′ophantise.—adv. Syc′ophantishly.—n. Syc′ophantry, the arts of the sycophant. [Gr. sykophantēs, usually said to mean one who informed against persons exporting figs from Attica or plundering the sacred fig-trees; but more prob. one who brings figs to light by shaking the tree, hence one who makes rich men yield up their fruit by informations and other vile arts—sykon, a fig, phainein, to show.]

Sycosis, sī-kō′sis, n. a pustular eruption on the scalp or bearded part of the face, due to ringworm, acne, or impetigo. [Gr.,—sykon, a fig.]

Syenite, sī′en-īt, n. a rock composed of feldspar and hornblende.—adj. Syenit′ic, relating to Syene in Egypt: pertaining to syenite. [From Gr. Syēnē, Syene in Egypt.]

Syllable, sil′a-bl, n. several letters taken together so as to form one sound: a word or part of a word uttered by a single effort of the voice: a small part of a sentence.—v.t. to express by syllables, to utter.—n. Syll′abary, a list of characters representing syllables—also Syllabā′rium.—adjs. Syllab′ic, -al, consisting of a syllable or syllables.—adv. Syllab′ically.—vs.t. Syllab′icāte, Syllab′ify (pa.t. and pa.p. syllab′ified), to form into syllables—ns. Syllabicā′tion, Syllabificā′tion; Syll′abism, syllabic character, representation of syllables. [L. syllaba—Gr. syllabē—syn, with, lab-, lambanein, to take.]

Syllabus, sil′a-bus, n. an abstract: a table of contents: the catalogue of eighty heresies, annexed to the Encyclical Quanta Cura, addressed by Pius IX. to all Catholic bishops, 8th Dec. 1864. [L.]

Syllepsis, sil-lep′sis, n. substitution: a figure in rhetoric by which we take the sense of words rather by the intention of the author than by the strictness of grammar: the agreement of a verb or adjective, not with the word next it, but with some other word in the sentence.—adjs. Syllep′tic, -al.—adv. Syllep′tically. [Gr. syllēpsis—syn, together, lambanein, to take.]

Syllogism, sil′ō-jizm, n. logical form of every argument, consisting of three propositions, of which the first two are called the premises, and the last, which follows from them, the conclusion.—n. Syllogisā′tion.—v.i. Syll′ogise, to reason by syllogisms.—v.t. to deduce consequences from.—n. Syll′ogiser.—adjs. Syllogis′tic, -al, pertaining to a syllogism: in the form of a syllogism.—adv. Syllogis′tically. [Gr. syllogismos—syllogizesthai—syn, together, logizesthai, to reckon—logos, speech.]

Sylph, silf, n. one of the elemental spirits of the air, intermediate between immaterial and material beings, occasionally holding intercourse with human creatures: a fairy.—n. Sylph′id, a little sylph.—adjs. Sylph′ine, Sylph′ish. [Fr. sylphe, of Celtic origin; but cf. Gr. silphē, a kind of beetle.]

Sylva, Silva, sil′va, n. the forest trees of any region collectively.—adjs. Syl′van, Sil′van.—n. Sylvicul′ture, arboriculture, forestry. [L.]

Symbiosis, sim-bi-ō′sis, n. a term introduced by De Bary to denote certain kinds of physiological partnership between organisms of different kinds—best restricted to such intimate and complementary partnerships as exist between algoid and fungoid elements in lichens, or between unicellular Algæ; and Radiolarians.—n. Sym′bion, an organism living in such a state.—adj. Symbiot′ic.—adv. Symbiot′ically. [Gr. syn, together, bios, life.]

Symbol, sim′bol, n. a sign by which one knows a thing: an arbitrary or other conventional mark, abbreviating methods of scientific expression, as in algebra, and esp. chemistry: an emblem: that which represents something else: a figure or letter representing something: (theol.) a creed, compendium of doctrine, or a typical religious rite, as the Eucharist.—adjs. Symbol′ic, -al, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a symbol: representing by signs: emblematic: figurative: typical.—adv. Symbol′ically.—ns. Symbol′icalness; Symbol′ics, the study of the history and contents of Christian creeds; Symbolisā′tion.—v.i. Sym′bolise, to be symbolical: to resemble in qualities.—v.t. to represent by symbols.—ns. Sym′boliser, Sym′bolist, one who uses symbols; Sym′bolism, representation by symbols or signs: a system of symbols: use of symbols: (theol.) the science of symbols or creeds.—adjs. Symbolist′ic, -al.—ns. Symbol′ogy, Symbolol′ogy, the art of representing by symbols; Symbolol′atry, undue veneration for symbols; Sym′bolry, the use of symbols generally. [Gr. symbolon, from symballein—syn, together, ballein, to throw.]

Symmetry, sim′e-tri, n. the state of one part being of the same measure with or proportionate to another: due proportion: harmony or adaptation of parts to each other.—adj. Symm′etral, commensurable, symmetrical.—n. Symmet′rian, one who is careful about symmetry.—adjs. Symmet′ric, -al, having symmetry or due proportion in its parts: harmonious.—adv. Symmet′rically, with symmetry.—ns. Symmet′ricalness; Symmetri′cian, Symm′etrist, one careful about symmetry; Symmetrisā′tion.—v.t. Symm′etrise, to make symmetrical.—n. Symmetrophō′bia, fear or strong dislike of mechanical symmetry. [L. and Gr. symmetria—syn, together, metron, a measure.]

Symmorph, sim′morf, n. a character different in form from another, but representing the same notion. [Gr. symmorphos, similar—syn, with, morphē, form.]

Sympathy, sim′pa-thi, n. like feeling: an agreement of inclination, feeling, or sensation: compassion: pity: tenderness: an agreement of affections or inclinations, or a conformity of natural temperament: mutual conformity of parts in the fine arts: correspondence of parts in similar sensations or affections, or the affection of the whole body or system, or some part of it, in consequence of local injury or disease: propensity of inanimate bodies to union or mutual action: the effective union of colours.—adjs. Sympathet′ic, -al, showing, or inclined to, sympathy: feeling with another: able to sympathise: compassionate: produced by sympathy: uniting viscera and blood-vessels in a nervous action common to them all: noting sounds induced by vibrations conveyed through air, &c., from a body already in vibration.—adv. Sympathet′ically.—n. Sympathet′icism, undue disipostion to be sympathetic.—v.i. Sym′pathise, to have sympathy: to feel with or for another: to be compassionate.—ns. Sym′pathiser; Sym′pathism; Sym′pathist.—Sympathetic ink (see Ink). [Gr. sympatheia—syn, with, pathos, suffering.]

Sympelmous, sim-pel′mus, adj. in birds, having the tendons of the deep flexors of the toes blended in one before separating to proceed one to each of the four digits—opp. to Nomopelmous. [Gr. syn, with, pelma, the sole of the foot.]

Symphenomenon, sim-fē-nom′e-non, n. a phenomenon resembling others shown by the same object:—pl. Symphenom′ena.—adj. Symphenom′enal.

Symphony, sim′fō-ni, n. an agreeing together in sound: unison, consonance, or harmony of sound: a musical composition for a full band of instruments: an instrumental introduction or termination to a vocal composition.—n. Symphō′nia, concord in Greek music: a medieval name for the bagpipe, the virginal.—adj. Symphon′ic, relating to, or resembling, a symphony: symphonious.—n. Symphō′nion, a combination of pianoforte and harmonium, the precursor of the orchestrion.—adj. Symphō′nious, agreeing or harmonising in sound: accordant: harmonious.—n. Sym′phonist, a composer of symphonies. [Gr. symphōnia—syn, together, phōnē a sound.]

Symphoricarpous, sim-fō-ri-kar′pus, adj. bearing several fruits clustered together.

Symphyla, sim′fi-la, n.pl. an order or suborder of insects related to typical Thysanura, but resembling chilopods and having many abdominal legs.—adj. Sym′phyllous. [Gr. symphylos, of the same race—syn, with, phylon, a clan.]

Symphynote, sim′fi-nōt, adj. soldered together at the hinge, as the valves of some unios. [Gr. symphyēs, growing together, nōton, the back.]

Symphyogenesis, sim-fi-ō-jen′e-sis, n. (bot.) the forming of an organ or part by union of parts formerly separate.—adj. Symphyogenet′ic. [Gr. symphyesthai, to grow together, genesis, generation.]

Symphysis, sim′fi-sis, n. the union of two parts of the skeleton, either by confluence, by direct apposition, or by the intervention of cartilage or ligament: the union of parts normally separate, coalescence or growing together of parts.—adj. Symphys′ēal.—ns. Symphys′ia, a malformation produced by the union of parts properly separate; Sym′phytism, a coalescence of word-elements. [Gr. syn, with, phyein, to grow.]

Symphytum, sim′fi-tum, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, of the natural order Boraginaceæ.

Sympiesometer, sim-pi-e-som′e-tėr, n. a barometer in which oil and hydrogen gas replace mercury and the Toricellian vacuum: an instrument for measuring the pressure of a current. [Gr. sympiesis, a pressing together—syn, with, piezein, to press, metron, a measure.]

Symplectic, sim-plek′tik, adj. placed in or among, as if woven together.—n. a bone in the Teleostean fishes which forms the lower ossification of the suspensorium, and which articulates below with the quadrate bone by which it is firmly held. [Gr. symplektikos—syn, together, plekein, to weave.]

Symplesite, sim′ple-sīt, n. a pearly, vitreous arseniate of ferrous iron. [Gr. syn, together, plēsios, near.]

Symploce, sim′plō-sē, n. (rhet.) the repetition of a word at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses. [Gr. symplokē, an interweaving.]

Symplocium, sim-plō′si-um, n. (bot.) the annulus in the sporangium of ferns.

Sympodium, sim-pō′di-um, n. (bot.) an axis or stem morphologically made up of a series of superposed branches imitating a simple stem. [Gr. syn, with, pous, podos, foot.]

Symposium, sim-pō′zi-um, n. a drinking together: a banquet with philosophic conversation: a merry feast.—adjs. Sympō′siac, Sympō′sial.—ns. Sym-pō′siarch, the master of the feast, a toast-master; Sympō′siast, one who takes part in a symposium. [L.,—Gr. symposion—syn, together, posis, a drinking—pinein, to drink.]

Symptom, simp′tum, n. that which attends and indicates the existence of something else, not as a cause, but as a constant effect: (med.) that which indicates disease.—adjs. Symptomat′ic, -al, pertaining to symptoms: indicating the existence of something else: (med.) proceeding from some prior disorder.—adv. Symptomat′ically.—n. Symptomatol′ogy, the sum of knowledge concerning symptoms. [Gr. symptōma—syn, with, piptein, to fall.]

Symptosis, simp-tō′sis, n. the meeting of polars of the same point with reference to different loci.

Synacmy, sin-ak′mi, n. the simultaneous maturity of the anthers and stigmas of a flower.—adj. Synac′mic. [Gr. syn, with, akmē, maturity.]

Synacral, sin-ak′ral, adj. having a common vertex, as faces of a polyhedron. [Gr. syn, with, acros, top.]

Synadelphic, sin-a-del′fik, adj. acting together, as different members of an animal body. [Gr. syn, with, adelphos, a brother.]

Synæsthesia, sin-es-thē′si-a, n. sensation produced at a point different from the point of stimulation.

Synagogue, sin′a-gog, n. an assembly of Jews for worship: a Jewish place of worship.—adjs. Syn′agogal, Synagog′ical. [Fr.,—Gr. synagōgē—syn, together, agein, to lead.]

Synalepha, sin-a-lē′fa, n. a contraction by suppressing a final vowel or diphthong before another vowel or diphthong, so that the final syllable of one word runs or melts into the first of the other.—Also Synalē′phe. [Gr. synaloiphē—synaleiphein, to melt together—syn, together with, aleiphein, to anoint.]

Synalgia, si-nal′ji-a, n. sympathetic pain. [Gr. syn, with, algos, pain.]

Synallagmatic, sin-a-lag-mat′ik, adj. mutually or reciprocally obligatory. [Gr. synallagmatikos—synallagma, a covenant.]

Synancia, si-nan′si-a, n. a genus of fishes with spines and poison-glands, of family Synanciidæ.—adj. Synan′cioid. [Gr. synangchos, quinsy.]

Synangium, si-nan′ji-um, n. an arterial trunk: the boat-shaped sorus of certain ferns. [Gr. syn, with, angeion, a vessel.]

Synanthous, si-nan′thus, adj. (bot.) denoting plants whose flowers and leaves appear together or at the same time.—n. Synan′thy. [Gr. syn, together, anthos, a flower.]

Synaphea, sin-a-fē′a, n. the metrical continuity between one colon and another, mutual connection of all the verses in a system, so that they are scanned as one verse, as in anapæstics: elision or synalepha, at the end of a line, of the final vowel of a dactylic hexameter before the initial vowel of the next.—Also Synaphei′a. [Gr.,—synaptein, to join together.]

Synapte, si-nap′tē, n. (Gr. Church) a litany. [Gr. synaptē (euchē, a prayer), joined together.]

Synarchy, sin′ar-ki, n. joint sovereignty. [Gr. synarchia—syn, with, archein, to rule.]

Synartesis, sin-ar-tē′sis, n. a fastening together, close union.—adj. Synartet′ic. [Gr. synartēsis—syn, with, artaein, to fasten to.]

Synarthrosis, sin-ar-thrō′sis, n. a joint permitting no motion, between the parts articulated.—adj. Synarthrō′dial.—adv. Synarthrō′dially. [Gr. syn-arthrōsis—syn, with, arthron, a joint.]

Synastry, si-nas′tri, n. coincidence as regards stellar influences. [Gr. syn, together with, astron, a star.]

Synaxis, si-nak′sis, n. in the early Church, an assembly for worship, esp. for celebrating the Eucharist.—n. Synaxā′rion, in Greek usage, a lection containing an account of a saint's life. [Gr. synaxis, a bringing together—syn, together, agein, to lead.]

Syncarpous, sin-kär′pus, adj. (bot.) having the carpels consolidated into one. [Gr. syn, together, karpos, a fruit.]

Syncategorematic, sin-kat-ē-gor-ē-mat′ik, adj. denoting words that can only form parts of terms, as adverbs, &c.—adv. Syncategoremat′ically.

Synchondrosis, sing-kon-drō′sis, n. an articulation formed by the addition of a plate of cartilage.—n. Synchondrot′omy, the section of such. [Gr. syngchondrōsis—syn, with, chondros, a cartilage.]

Synchoresis, sing-kō-rē′sis, n. (rhet.) an admission made for the purpose of making a more effective retort. [Gr. synchōrēsis—syn, with, chōros, space.]

Synchronal, sing′krō-nal, adj. happening or being at the same time: simultaneous: lasting for the same time—also Synchron′ical, Syn′chronous.—adv. Synchron′ically.—n. Synchronisā′tion.—v.i. Syn′chronise, to be synchronal or simultaneous: to agree in time.—v.t. to cause to be synchronous: to regulate a clock, &c., by some standard.—ns. Syn′chroniser; Syn′chronism, concurrence of events in time: the tabular arrangement of contemporary events, &c., in history.—adj. Synchronis′tic, showing synchronism.—adv. Synchronis′tically.—n. Synchronol′ogy, chronological arrangement side by side.—adv. Syn′chronously.—ns. Syn′chronousness; Syn′chrony, simultaneity. [Gr. synchronismos—synchronizein, to agree in time—syn, together, chronos, time.]

Synchysis, sing′ki-sis, n. (rhet.) confusion of meaning due to unusual arrangement: fluidity of the vitreous humour of the eye. [Gr. syngchysis—syn, together with, chein, to pour.]

Synelastic, sin-klas′tik, adj. having the same kind of curvature in all directions—opp. to Anticlastic. [Gr. syn, together, klastos, broken.]

Synclinal, sin-klī′nal, adj. sloping downwards in opposite directions so as to meet in a common point or line: (geol.) denoting strata dipping toward a common central line or plane.—ns. Syn′cline, a synclinal flexure—also Synclī′nal; Synclinō′rium, a mountain with a synclinal structure. [Gr. syn, together, klinein, to bend.]

Syncopate, sing′kō-pāt, v.t. to contract, as a word, by taking away letters from the middle: (mus.) to unite by a slur the last note of a bar to the first note of the next.—adjs. Syn′copal, Syncop′ic, pertaining to syncope.—ns. Syncopā′tion, act of syncopating; Syn′cope, the omission of letters from the middle of a word, as ne'er for never: (med.) a fainting-fit, an attack in which the breathing and circulation become faint: (mus.) syncopation.—v.t. Syn′copise, to contract by syncope.—n. Syn′copist.—adj. Syncop′tic. [Low L. syncopāre, -ātum—L. syncope—-Gr. syn, together, koptein, to cut off.]

Syncretism, sin′kre-tizm, n. the attempted reconciliation of irreconcilable principles, theological compromise—between Catholics and Protestants, between Lutherans and Reformed.—adj. Syncret′ic, pertaining to syncretism, tending to blend opposing parties and speculative systems by minimising differences.—v.t. Syn′cretise.—n. Syn′cretist.—adj. Syncretis′tic. [Gr. synkrētismos—synkrētizein, to unite against.]

Syndactyl, sin-dak′til, adj. having the digits connected with a web, &c.—n. Syndac′tylism, union of digits.—adj. Syndac′tylous.

Syndesmosis, sin-des-mō′sis, n. the connection of bones by ligaments.—ns. Syndesmog′raphy, description of the ligaments and joints; Syndesmol′ogy, the knowledge of the ligaments.—adj. Syndesmot′ic.—n. Syndesmot′omy, the anatomy of the ligaments. [Gr. syndesmos—syn, together with, dein, to bind.]

Syndetic, -al, sin-det′ik, -al, adj. connecting by conjunctions, &c. [Gr. syndetikos, binding together—syn, together, dein, to bind.]

Syndic, sin′dik, n. the chief magistrate in Geneva, one of those officers delegated as agents by cities in France under the old régime, &c.: one chosen to transact business for others, esp. the accredited legal representative of a corporation, society, or company.—n. Syn′dicāte, a body of syndics: a council: the office of a syndic: a body of men chosen to watch the interests of a company, or to manage a bankrupt's property, esp. an association of merchants or others for the purpose of carrying through some great or important enterprise, or for securing a kind of artificial monopoly in the production or supply of some commodity.—v.t. to effect by means of a syndicate.—v.i. to join in a syndicate.—ns. Syndicā′tion; Syn′dicātor. [L. syndicus—Gr. syndikos—syn, with, dikē, justice.]

Syndrome, sin′drō-mē, n. concurrence. [Gr., syn, together, dramein, to run.]

Syndyasmian, sin-di-as′mi-an, adj. coupling, noting the sexual relation. [Gr. syndyasmos, coupling.]

Synecdoche, sin-ek′dō-kē, n. a figure of speech by which a part is made to comprehend the whole, or the whole is put for a part.—adj. Synecdoch′ical, expressed by, or implying, synecdoche. [Gr. synekdochē—syn, together, ekdechesthai, to receive.]

Synechia, sin-e-kī′a, n. morbid adhesion between the iris and the cornea.—n. Synechiol′ogy, the doctrine of the connection of things by causation.—adj. Synec′tic, bringing into connection things of different nature.—n. Synectic′ity. [Gr. synektikos, holding together, synechein—syn, together with, echein, to hold.]

Synedral, si-nē′dral, adj. (bot.) growing on the angle of a stem.—Also Synē′drous. [Gr. synedros, sitting together—syn, together, hedra, a seat.]

Synedrion, si-ned′ri-on, n. a judicial assembly, a sanhedrim—also Syned′rium.—adj. Syned′rial. [Sanhedrim.]

Synema, si-nē′ma, n. (bot.) the column of combined filaments in a monadelphous flower. [Gr. syn, together, nēma, a thread.]

Syneresis, Synæresis, si-ner′e-sis, n. the coalescence of two vowels or syllables—opp. to Diæresis. [Gr. syn, together, hairein, to take.]

Synergism, sin′ėr-jizm, n. the doctrine that the human will and the Divine Spirit are two efficient agents that co-operate in regeneration—ascribed to Melanchthon.—adj. Synerget′ic.—n. Syn′ergist, one maintaining the doctrine of synergism.—adj. Synergist′ic.—n. Syn′ergy, combined action. [Gr. synergia, co-operation—syn, together, ergein, to work.]

Synesis, sin′e-sis, n. a grammatical construction in harmony with the sense rather than with strict syntax. [Gr., 'understanding.']

Syngenesious, sin-je-nē′shus, adj. (bot.) cohering into a ring, as the anthers of Compositæ, &c.—those plants which show this forming the 19th class in the Linnean system, the Syngenē′sia. [Gr. syn, with, genesis, generation.]

Syngenesis, sin-jen′e-sis, n. the theory of reproduction which makes the embryo the product of both male and female by the union of spermatozoon and ovum: the theory that the germ so formed contains the germs of all future generations—opp. to Epigenesis.—adj. Syngenet′ic. [Gr. syn, with, genesis, generation.]

Syngraph, sing′graf, n. a writing signed by both or all the parties thereto. [Gr. synggraphē—syn, with, graphein, to write.]

Synizesis, sin-i-zē′sis, n. the union into one syllable of two vowels incapable of forming a diphthong: closure of the pupil of the eye, with loss of sight. [Gr. syn, with, hizein, to place.]

Synochus, sin′ō-kus, n. a continued fever—also Syn′ocha.—adjs. Syn′ochal, Syn′ochoid. [Gr. synochos, joined together—syn, with, echein, to hold.]

Synocil, sin′ō-sil, n. a filamentous formation of certain sponges, supposed to function as a sense-organ, probably an eye. [Gr. syn, with, L. cilium, an eyelid.]

Synocreate, si-nok′rē-āt, adj. (bot.) uniting together on the opposite side of the stem from the leaf, and enclosing the stem in a sheath—of stipules. [Gr. syn, with, and ocreate.]

Synod, sin′od, n. a meeting: an ecclesiastical council: among Presbyterians, a church court consisting of several presbyteries, intermediate between these and the General Assembly, also the supreme court of the United Presbyterian Church until its union with the Free Church in 1900.—adjs. Syn′odal, Synod′ic, -al, pertaining to a synod: done in a synod.-adv. Synod′ically.—n. Syn′odist. [L. synodus—Gr. synodos—syn, together, hodos, a way.]

Synœcious, si-nē′shi-us, adj. (bot.) having male and female flowers in one head as in the Compositæ: having antheridia and archegonia on the same receptacle, as in many mosses. [Gr. synoikia, a living together—syn, with, oikein, to dwell.]

Synomosy, sin′ō-mō-si, n. a body of political or other conspirators bound together by oath, a secret society. [Gr. synōmosia, a conspiracy—syn, with, omnynai, to take an oath.]

Synonym, sin′o-nim, n. a name or word having the same meaning with another: one of two or more words which have the same meaning.—adjs. Synonymat′ic, Synonym′ic, -al.—ns. Synonym′icon, a dictionary of synonymous words; Synonym′ics, synonymy.—v.t. Synon′ymise, to express by other words of the same meaning.—ns. Synon′ymist, one who studies synonyms, or the different names of plants and animals; Synonym′ity, the state of being synonymous.—adj. Synon′ymous, pertaining to synonyms: expressing the same thing: having the same meaning.—adv. Synon′ymously.—n. Synon′ymy, the quality of being synonymous: a rhetorical figure by which synonymous words are used. [Gr. synōnymon—syn, with, onoma, a name.]

Synopsis, si-nop′sis, n. a view of the whole together: a collective or general view of any subject:—pl. Synop′sēs.—adjs. Synop′tic, -al, affording a general view of the whole.—adv. Synop′tically.—n. Synop′tist, one of the writers of the Synoptic Gospels.—adj. Synoptis′tic.—The Synoptic Gospels, a name first used by Griesbach for the first three gospels, those of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, which present such a similarity in matter and form that they readily admit of being brought under one and the same combined view or synopsis. [Gr. synopsis—syn, with, together, opsis, a view.]

Synosteosis, si-nos-tē-ō′sis, n. union of different parts of the skeleton by means of bone, co-ossification—also Synostō′sis.—ns. Synosteol′ogy, the knowledge of the joints of the body; Synosteot′omy, the dissection of the joints.—adj. Synostot′ic. [Gr. syn, together, osteon, a bone.]

Synotus, si-nō′tus, n. a genus of long-eared bats having the rim of the ear produced in front of the eye, including the European Barbastel: a double monster united above the umbilicus, the head incompletely double. [Gr. syn, together, ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Synovial, sin-ō′vi-al, adj. relating to Synō′via, an unctuous albuminous fluid, secreted from certain glands in the joints.—adv. Synō′vially.—n. Synovī′tis, inflammation of a synovial membrane. [Gr. syn, with, ōon, an egg.]

Syntax, sin′taks, n. (gram.) the correct arrangement of words in sentences.—adjs. Syntac′tic, -al, pertaining to syntax: according to the rules of syntax.—adv. Syntac′tically. [Gr. syntaxis—syn, together, tassein, taxein, to put in order.]

Syntenosis, sin-te-nō′sis, n. the connection of bones by tendons. [Gr. syn, with, tenōn, a sinew.]

Synteresis, sin-tē-rē′sis, n. preventive treatment, prophylaxis.—adj. Synteret′ic.—n. Synteret′ics, hygiene. [Gr. syntērēsis, observation—syn, with, tērein, to watch over.]

Syntexis, sin-tek′sis, n. a wasting of the body.—adjs. Syntec′tic, -al. [Gr. syntēxis, a wasting away—syn, with, tēkein, to melt.]

Synthermal, sin-thėrm′al, adj. having the same degree of heat. [Gr. syn, together, thermē, heat.]

Synthesis, sin′the-sis, n. a term applied to the building up of compound substances from the elements they contain or from other compounds, usually of less complexity than themselves: a making a whole out of parts: the combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, or reasoning from principles previously established to a conclusion, as opposed to analysis: (gram.) the uniting of ideas into a sentence: (med.) the reunion of parts that have been divided: (chem.) the uniting of elements to form a compound:—pl. Syn′theses (-sēz).—v.t. Syn′thesīse, to unite by synthesis.—ns. Syn′thesist, Syn′thetist, one who synthetises.—adjs. Synthet′ic, -al, pertaining to synthesis: consisting in synthesis or composition.—adv. Synthet′ically.—n. Synthet′icism, the principles of synthesis, a synthetic system.—v.t. Syn′thetise.—Synthetic philosophy, the system of Herbert Spencer, so called by himself because conceived as a fusion of the different sciences into a whole. [Gr. synthesis—syn, with, together, thesis, a placing—tithēmi, I place.]

Synthronus, sin′thrō-nus, n. the seat of the bishop and his presbyters, behind the altar. [Gr. syn, together with, thronos, a throne.]

Syntonin, sin′tō-nin, n. a substance akin to fibrin, which is an important constituent of muscular tissue—also called Muscle Fibrin.

Syntonous, sin′tō-nus, adj. intense in quality.—Also Synton′ic. [Gr. syntonos, tightly drawn.]

Syntropic, sin-trop′ik, adj. turning or pointing in the same direction, as several vertebræ. [Gr. syn, together with, trepein, to turn.]

Syphilis, sif′i-lis, n. a markedly contagious, infective, and inoculable disease, capable of being transmitted to the offspring, propagated by direct contagion or by the transmission of the virus through some vessel or medium which has recently been contaminated—most commonly caused by impure sexual intercourse.—n. Syphilisā′tion.—v.t. Syph′ilise, to attempt to inoculate the system with the virus of syphilis as a preventive and curative measure.—adj. Syphilit′ic.—n. Syphilog′raphy, the description of syphilis.—adj. Syph′iloid, relating to syphilis.—ns. Syphilol′ogist, one versed in syphilology; Syphilol′ogy, the knowledge of syphilis; Syphilō′ma, a syphilitic tumour; Syphilophō′bia, a morbid dread of contracting syphilis. [The word is borrowed from the name of a figure in Fracastoro's poem, Syphilidis Libri III.]

Syriac, sir′i-ak, adj. relating to Syria, or to its language.—n. the language, esp. the ancient language of Syria, a western dialect of Aramaic (q.v.).—ns. Syr′iacism, Syr′ianism, a Syrian idiom.—adj. Syr′ian, relating to Syria.—n. a native of Syria.—n. Syr′iarch, the chief priest in the Roman province of Syria.

Syringe, sir′inj, n. a portable hydraulic instrument of the pump kind, used to draw in a quantity of liquid and eject it forcibly: a tube used by surgeons for injecting, &c.—v.t. to inject or clean with a syringe. [L. syrinx, (gen.) syringos—Gr. syringx, a reed.]

Syringotomy, sir-in-got′ō-mi, n. the operation of cutting for the fistula.—n. Syr′inx, a fistula or fistulous opening: a narrow gallery in the tombs of ancient Egypt. [Gr. syringx, a pipe, tomē, a cutting—temnein, to cut.]

Syrophœnician, sī-rō-fē-nish′an, adj. pertaining to Syro-Phœnicia or its people, of mixed Phœnician and Syrian descent.

Syrtis, sėr′tis, n. (Milt.) a quicksand—also Syrt.—adj. Syr′tic. [L.,—Gr.—syrein, to draw along.]

Syrup, sir′up, n. a saturated solution of sugar boiled to prevent fermentation: the juice of fruits saturated with sugar and many flavoured liquids, treated in the same way—also Sir′up.—adj. Syr′upy. [Fr. syrop—Sp. xarope, a drink—Ar. sharāb.]

Syssarcosis, sis-ar-kō′sis, n. the connection of one bone with another by intervening muscle.—adj. Syssarcō′sic. [Gr., syn, together, sarx, flesh.]

Syssitia, si-sit′i-a, n. the ancient Spartan custom of eating together in public the chief meal of the day. [Gr. syn, together with, sitos, food.]

Systaltic, sis-tal′tik, adj. alternately contracting and dilating, pulsatory. [Gr. systaltikos—syn, together, stellein, to place.]

Systasis, sis′tā-sis, n. a union or confederation.—adj. Systat′ic, introductory, recommendatory. [Gr. syn, with, histanai, to set up.]

System, sis′tem, n. anything formed of parts placed together or adjusted into a regular and connected whole: an assemblage of bodies as a connected whole: an orderly arrangement of objects according to some common law or end: regular method or order: a full and connected view of some department of knowledge: an explanatory hypothesis or theory: the universe.—adjs. Systemat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or consisting of, system: formed or done according to system: methodical.—adv. Systemat′ically.—ns. Systemati′cian; Systematisā′tion, Systemisā′tion.—vs.t. Sys′tematise, Sys′temise, to reduce to a system.—ns. Sys′tematiser; Sys′tematism; Sys′tematist; Systematol′ogy.—adjs. System′ic, systematic; pertaining to the human system; Sys′temless, without system: not exhibiting organic structure.—ns. Sys′tem-māk′er, -mon′ger, one unduly fond of constructing systems. [Gr. systēma—syn, together, histēmi, I place.]

Systole, sīs′tō-lē, n. the regular contraction of the heart for impelling the blood outward—opp. to Diastole: (gram.) the shortening of a long syllable.—adj. Systol′ic. [Gr. systolē—syn, together, stellein, to place.]

Systyle, sis′tīl, n. (archit.) the arrangement of columns so that they are only two diameters apart: a front or portico having columns so arranged.—adj. Sys′tylous (bot.), having the styles united into a single body. [Gr. syn, with, stylos, a column.]

Syzygy, siz′i-ji, n. the relative position of a planet (esp. the moon) when either in conjunction or in opposition with the sun: the period of new or full moon:—pl. Syz′ygies.—n. Syz′ygant (-gant), a rational integral function of the invariants of a quantic that vanishes when expressed as a function of the coefficients.—adj. Syzyget′ic, pertaining to a linear relation.—adv. Syzyget′ically.—adj. Syzyg′ial, pertaining to a syzygy. [Gr. syzygia, union.]

the twentieth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of the hard dental mute, produced by the tip of the tongue being brought into contact with the base of the upper teeth: as a medieval numeral=160; T=160,000: something fashioned like a T, or having a cross section like a T—also written tee and sometimes tau.—ns. T′-band′age, a bandage composed of two strips fashioned in the shape of the letter T, as for use about the perineum; T′-cart, a four-wheeled pleasure-vehicle without top, having a T-shaped body; T′-cloth, a plain cotton made for the India and China market—stamped with a T; T′-cross, a tau-cross; T′-plate, a T-shaped plate, as for strengthening a joint in a wooden framework; T′-rail, a rail, as for a railway, having a T-like cross section; T′-square, a ruler shaped like the letter T, used in mechanical and architectural drawing.—To a T, with perfect exactness; Be marked with a T, to be branded as a thief.

Tab, tab, n. a small tag, flap, or strap, forming an appendage of something: reckoning, tally, check.

Tabard, tab′ard, n. a military cloak of the 15th and 16th centuries, now a loose sleeveless coat worn by heralds.—n. Tab′arder, one who wears a tabard. [O. Fr.,—Low L. tabardum; perh. conn, with L. tapete, tapestry.]

Tabaret, tab′a-ret, n. an upholsterer's silk stuff, with alternate stripes of watered and satin surface. [Tabby.]

Tabasheer, Tabasbir, tab-a-shēr′, n. a substance, consisting chiefly of silica, sometimes found in the cavities or tubular parts of the stems of bamboos and other large grasses, and prized by the Hindus as a tonic, &c., prepared by imperfect calcination and trituration. [Hind. tabāshīr.]

Tabby, tab′i, n. a coarser kind of waved or watered silk: an artificial stone, a mixture of lime, shells, gravel, stones, and water: a female cat—also Tabb′y-cat.—adj. brindled: diversified in colour.—v.t. to water or cause to look wavy:—pa.t. and pa.p. tabb′ied.—n. Tabb′inet, a more delicate kind of tabby resembling damask, used for window-curtains. [Fr. tabis—Ar. 'attābī, a kind of rich, waved silk—'Attabiya, the quarter in Bagdad where first made.]

Tabefaction, tab-ē-fak′shun, n. a wasting away from disease.—v.t. Tab′efy, to emaciate.—v.i. to lose flesh, to waste away.—ns. Tā′bes, a gradual wasting away; Tabes′cence.—adjs. Tabes′cent; Tabet′ic; Tab′ic; Tab′id.—adv. Tab′idly.—n. Tab′idness.—adj. Tabif′ic, causing tabes.—n. Tab′itude, state of one affected with tabes.—Tabes dorsalis, the same as locomotor ataxia. [L. tabes, a wasting, tabēre, to waste away.]

Tabella, tā-bel′a, n. a medicated lozenge or hard electuary.—adj. Tab′ellary, tabular.—n. Tabell′ion, an official scrivener in the Roman empire, and in France down to 1761. [L. tabella, dim. of tabula, a table.]

Tabernacle, tab′ėr-na-kl, n. (B.) the movable tent carried by the Jews through the desert, and used as a temple: a tent: the human body as the temporary abode of the soul: a place of worship or sacred place: (R.C.) the place in which the consecrated elements of the Eucharist are kept: a socket permitting a mast to be lowered beneath bridges.—v.i. to dwell: to abide for a time.—adj. Tabernac′ular.—Tabernacle work (archit.), ornamental work over niches, stalls, &c. with canopies and pinnacles, or any work in which such forms a characteristic feature.—Feast of tabernacles, a Jewish autumn festival, celebrating the sojourning of the children of Israel in the wilderness (Lev. xxiii. 43), and the gathering-in of all the fruits of the year (Ex. xxiii. 16). [L. tabernaculum, double dim. of taberna, a hut, shed of boards.]

Tablature, tab′la-tūr, n. something tabular: a painting on a wall or ceiling: a picture in general: a method of musical notation, principally employed in the 15th and 16th centuries for the lute: (anat.) a division of the skull into two tables. [Fr.,—L. tabula, a board.]

Table, tā′bl, n. a smooth, flat slab or board, with legs, used as an article of furniture: supply of food, entertainment: the company at a table: the board or table on which a game is played, as billiards, backgammon, draughts: a surface on which something is written or engraved: that which is cut or written on a flat surface: a flat gravestone supported on pillars: an inscription: a condensed statement: syllabus or index; (B.) a writing tablet.—adj. of or pertaining to a table, or the food partaken from the table.—v.t. to make into a table or catalogue: to lay (money) on the table: to pay down: to lay on the table—i.e. to postpone consideration of.—ns. Tā′ble-beer, light beer for common use; Tā′ble-book, a book of tablets, on which anything is written without ink: a note-book: a book of tables, as of weights, measures, &c.; Tā′ble-cloth, a cloth usually of linen, for covering a table, esp. at meals; Tā′ble-cov′er, a cloth for covering a table, esp. at other than meal-times; Table-d'hôte (ta′bl-dōt), a meal for several persons at the same hour and at fixed prices; Tā′bleful, as many as a table will hold; Tā′bleland, an extensive region of elevated land with a plain-like or undulating surface: a plateau; Tā′ble-leaf, a board at the side of a table which can be put up or down to vary the size of the table; Tā′ble-lin′en, linen table-cloths, napkins, &c.; Tā′ble-mon′ey, an allowance granted to general officers in the army, and flag-officers in the navy, to enable them to fulfil the duties of hospitality within their respective commands; Tā′ble-rap′ping, production of raps on tables by alleged spiritual agency.—n.pl. Tā′bles, the game of backgammon.—ns. Tā′ble-spoon, one of the largest spoons used at table; Tā′ble-spoon′ful, as much as will fill a table-spoon; Tā′ble-talk, familiar conversation, as that round a table, during and after meals; Tā′ble-turn′ing, movements of tables or other objects, attributed by spiritualists to the agency of spirits—by rational persons to involuntary muscular action—similarly Tā′ble-lift′ing, Tā′ble-rap′ping; Tā′ble-ware, dishes, spoons, knives, forks, &c. for table use.—adv. Tā′blewise, like a table—of the communion-table, with the ends east and west—opp. to Altar-wise.—ns. Tā′ble-work, the setting of type for tables, columns of figures, &c.; Tā′bling, the act of tabling or forming into tables: (carp.) a rude dove-tailing: (naut.) a broad hem on the skirts of sails.—The Lord's Table, the table at which the Lord's Supper is partaken, or on which the elements are laid: the Lord's Supper.—Fence the tables (see Fence); Lay on the table, to lay aside any proposed measure indefinitely, or for future discussion; Lie on the table, to be laid upon the table; Turn the tables, to bring about a complete reversal of circumstances. [O. Fr. table—L. tabula, a board.]

Tableau, tab′lō, n. a picture: a striking and vivid representation:—pl. Tableaux (tab′lōz).—Tableau vivant, a representation of a historical or other personage by a motionless living person dressed in suitable costume. [Fr.,—L. tabula, a painting.]

Tablet, tab′let, n. a small flat surface: something flat on which to write, paint, &c.: a confection in a flat square form.—n. Tab′loid, a small tablet containing a certain definite portion of some drug, a troche or lozenge. Registered trade mark. [Dim. of table.]

Taboo, Tabu, ta-bōō′, n. an institution among the Polynesians, forming a penal system based on religious sanctions, by which certain things are held sacred or consecrated, and hence prohibited to be used—by a natural transference of meaning by association of ideas becoming equivalent to 'unholy,' 'accursed'—also Tamboo′, Tambu′, and Tapu′: any prohibition, interdict, restraint, ban, exclusion, ostracism.—v.t. to forbid approach to: to forbid the use of:—pr.p. tabōō′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. tabōōed′. [Polynesian tapu—prob. ta, to mark, pu, expressing intensity.]

Tabor, tā′bor, n. a camp amongst the ancient nomadic Slavs and Turks, inside a ring of wagons.

Taborite, tā′bor-īt, n. one of the more extreme party of the Hussites, as opposed to the Calixtines or Utraquists, so named from their headquarters being at Mount Tabor, 24 miles N.E. of Pisek.

Tabour, Tabor, tā′bor, n. a small drum like the timbrel or tambourine without jingles, usually played with one stick, and in combination with a fife.—v.i. to play on a tabour: to beat lightly and often:—pr.p. tā′bouring: pa.p. tā′boured.—ns. Tā′borer (Shak.), one who beats the tabour; Tab′orine (Shak.), a tabour or small drum; Tab′ouret, Tab′ret, a small tabour or drum; Tab′rēre (Spens.), a labourer. [O. Fr. tabour (Fr. tambour)—Pers. tambūr, a kind of cithern.]

Tabouret, tab′ōō-ret, n. a cushioned seat, without arms or back, highly ornamented: a frame for embroidery: a needle-case.

Tabular, tab′ū-lar, adj. of the form of, or pertaining to, a table: having a flat surface: arranged in a table or schedule, computed from tables: having the form of laminæ or plates.—ns. Tab′ula, a writing-tablet, a legal record: a frontal: a dissepiment in corals, &c.; Tabularisā′tion, the act of tabularising or forming into tables: the state of being tabularised.—v.t. Tab′ularise, to put in a tabular form: to tabulate:—pr.p. tab′ūlarīsing; pa.p. tab′ūlarīsed.—adv. Tab′ularly.—v.t. Tab′ulāte, to reduce to tables or synopses: to shape with a flat surface.—n. Tabulā′tion, the act of forming into tables.

Tacahout, tak′a-howt, n. an Arab name for the small gall formed on the tamarisk-tree, and used as one source for obtaining gallic acid.

Tacamahac, tak′a-ma-hak, n. a gum-resin yielded by several tropical trees. [South American.]

Tac-au-tac, tak′-ō-tak′, n. in fencing, the parry combined with the riposte, also a series of close attacks and parries between fencers of equal skill. [Fr.]

Tace, tā′sē, be silent.—Tace is Latin for a candle, a phrase understood as requesting or promising silence. [L., imper. of tacēre, to be silent.]

Tache, tash, n. a spot, stain, or freckle: a moral blemish: a characteristic. [Fr.]

Tachometer, tā-kom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring variations in the velocity of machines.—Also Tachym′eter. [Gr. tachos, speed, metron, a measure.]

Tachygraphy, tā-kig′ra-fi, n. stenography, the art of writing in abbreviations.—n. Tachyg′rapher.—adjs. Tachygrapn′ic, -al. [Gr. tachys, swift, graphein, to write.]

Tachylite, tak′i-līt, n. a black opaque natural glass, which results from the rapid cooling of molten basalt, occurring as a thin selvage to dikes and veins of intrusive basalt.—adj. Tachylit′ic.

Tachymeter, tā-kim′e-tėr, n. a surveying instrument—also Tacheom′eter.—n. Tachym′etry, scientific use of the tachymeter.

Tacit, tas′it, adj. implied, but not expressed by words: silent, giving no sound.—adv. Tac′itly.—n. Tac′itness.—adj. Tac′iturn, habitually tacit or silent: not fond of talking: reserved in speech.—ns. Tac′iturnist, one habitually taciturn; Taciturn′ity, habitual silence: reserve in speaking.—adv. Tac′iturnly. [L. tacitus, pa.p. of tacēre, to be silent.]

Tack, tak, n. a short, sharp nail with a broad head: a fastening, a long temporary stitch: the weather clew or foremost lower corner of any of the courses, or of any sail set with a boom or gaff, or of a flag, also the rope by which such clew or tack is confined or fastened: the course of a ship in reference to the position of her sails: a determinate course, the art of tacking, hence a change of policy, a strategical move: a shelf for drying cheese: term of a lease: adhesiveness, sticky condition, as of varnish, &c.—v.t. to attach or fasten, esp. in a slight manner, as by tacks.—v.i. to change the course or tack of a ship by shifting the position of the sails: to shift one's position, to veer.—adj. Tack′y, adhesive, viscous. [Most prob. Celt., Ir. taca, a pin, Bret. tach, a nail.]

Tack, tak, n. food generally, fare, esp. of the bread kind, as hard tack, soft tack, &c.

Tackle, tak′l, n. the ropes, rigging, &c. of a ship: tools, weapons: ropes, &c., for raising heavy weights: a pulley.—v.t. to harness: (prov.) to seize or take hold of, attack, fasten upon.—v.i. to get a hold of.—adj. Tack′led, made of ropes tackled together.—ns. Tack′ling, furniture or apparatus belonging to the masts, yards, &c. of a ship: harness for drawing a carriage: tackle or instruments; Tacks′man, a tenant or lessee. [Scand., Sw. tackel—Ice. taka, to take.]

Tact, takt, n. adroitness in managing the feelings of persons dealt with: nice perception in seeing and doing exactly what is best in the circumstances: (mus.) the stroke in keeping time.—adjs. Tact′ful; Tac′tile, that may be touched or felt.—ns. Tactil′ity, state of being tactile: touchiness; Tac′tion, act of touching: sense of touch.—adj. Tact′less, without tact.—n. Tact′lessness.—adj. Tact′ūal, relating to, or derived from, the sense of touch.—adv. Tact′ūally.—n. Tact′us, the sense of touch. [L. tactus—tangĕre, tactum, to touch.]

Tactics, tak′tiks, n.sing. the science or art of manœuvring military and naval forces in the presence of the enemy: way or method of proceeding.—adjs. Tac′tic, -al, pertaining to tactics.—adv. Tac′tically.—n. Tacti′cian, one skilled in tactics. [Gr. taktikē (technē, art, understood), art of arranging men in a field of battle—tassein, taxein, to arrange.]

Tadpole, tad′pōl, n. a young toad or frog in its first state, before the tail is absorbed and the limbs pushed forth.—n. Tad (U.S.), a street-boy. [A toad with a poll.]

Tael, tāl, n. the Chinese liang or ounce, equal to 1⅓ oz. avoir.: a money of account in China, equivalent to a tael weight of pure silver, or to about 1250 of the copper coin known as 'cash.' The value of the Haikwan tael, or customs tael, is about 4s. 9d. English, varying with the price of silver.

Tænia, tē′ni-a, n. a ribbon or fillet: the fillet above the architrave of the Doric order: a tapeworm.—n. Tæ′nicide, a drug that destroys tapeworms.—adj. Tæ′niform, ribbon-like.—n. Tæ′nifuge, anything used to expel tapeworms.—adj. Tæ′nioid, ribbon-like. [L.,—Gr. tainia, a band.]

Tafferel, taf′ėr-el, Taffrail, taf′rāl, n. the upper part of a ship's stern timbers. [Dut. tafereel, a panel—tafel, a table—L. tabula, a table; cf. Ger. täfelei, flooring—tafel, a table.]

Taffeta, taf′e-ta, n. a thin glossy silk-stuff having a wavy lustre: (orig.) silk-stuff plainly woven.—Also Taff′ety. [It. taffetà—Pers. tāftah, woven—tāftan, to twist.]

Taft, taft, v.t. in plumbing, to spread the end of a lead pipe outward so as to form a wide thin flange.

Tag, tag, n. a tack or point of metal at the end of a string: any small thing tacked or attached to another: any pendant or appendage, the tip of an animal's tail: the rabble collectively, anything mean.—v.t. to fit a tag or point to: to tack, fasten, or hang to: to dog or follow closely.—v.i. to make tags, to string words or ideas together: to go behind as a follower:—pr.p. tag′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. tagged.—ns. Tag′-end, a loosely connected end, the concluding part; Tag′ger, anything that tags, an appendage.—n.pl. Tag′gers, thin sheet-iron.—n. and adj. Tag′rag, a fluttering rag, a tatter: the rabble, or denoting it—the same as Rag-tag, often in phrase Tagrag and bobtail.—ns. Tag′-sore, a disease in sheep, in which, the tail is excoriated through diarrhœa; Tag′-tail, a worm with a tail like a tag: a hanger-on, parasite. [A weaker form of tack.]

Tag, tag, n. a children's game in which the object is for the player to chase the rest until he touches one, who then takes his place as Tagg′ger.—v.t. to touch or hit in this game.

Taghairm, tag′erm, n. an ancient mode of divination among the Scotch Highlanders, in which a man was wrapped in a fresh bullock's hide and left by a running stream to wait for inspiration. [Gael.]

Taglia, tal′ya, n. a rope and pulleys, tackle with a set of sheaves in a fixed block and another set in a movable block to which the weight is attached. [It.]

Taglioni, tal-yō′ni, n. a kind of overcoat, so called from the famous family of dancers, the most famous of whom was Maria Taglioni (1804-84).

Tahona, ta-hō′na, n. a crushing-mill for ores worked by horse-power. [Sp.,—Ar.]

Taic, tä′ik, adj. pertaining to the Tai, the chief race in the Indo-Chinese peninsula, including the Siamese, the Laos, &c.—n. the group of languages spoken by the Tai.

Taigle, tā′gl, v.t. (Scot.) to entangle, hinder.—v.i. to delay, tarry.

Tail, tāl, n. the posterior extremity of an animal, its caudal appendage: anything resembling a tail in appearance, position, &c.: the back, lower, or hinder part of anything: a retinue, suite: a queue or body of persons in single file: anything long and hanging, as a catkin, train of a comet, long curl of hair, &c.: in Turkey, a horse-tail, formerly carried before a pasha as an emblem of relative rank.—n. Tail′-board, the board at the hinder end of a cart or wagon, which can be let down or removed, for convenience in unloading.—adj. Tailed, having a tail of a specified kind.—ns. Tail′-end, the hind part of any animal, the tip of the tail: the end or finish of anything, the fag-end: (pl.) inferior corn sorted out from that of better quality; Tail′-feath′er, one of the rectrices or rudder-feathers of a bird's tail; Tail′-gate, the aft or lower gate of a canal lock.—n.pl. Tail′ings, refuse, dregs.—adj. Tail′less, having no tail.—ns. Tail′piece, a piece at the tail or end, esp. of a series, as of engravings; Tail′pipe, the suction pipe in a pump.—v.t. to fasten something to the tail of, as a dog, to fix something to one by way of joke.—ns. Tail′race, the channel in which water runs away below a mill-wheel; Tail′rope, in coal-mining, a rope extending from the hind part of a car or kibble in a slightly inclined passage, by means of which the empties are drawn 'inby,' while the loaded cars are drawn 'outby.'—Lay, or Put, salt on the tail of (see Salt); Make neither head nor tail of anything (see Head); Turn tail, to run away, to shirk a combat; Twist the lion's tail (U.S.), to goad or insult the pacific and long-suffering British public feeling for political purposes in America; With the tail between the legs, in a cowardly way, after the manner of a beaten cur when he sneaks away. [A.S. tægel; Ger. zagel; Goth. tagl, hair.]

Tail, tāl, n. (law) the term applied to an estate which is cut off or limited to certain heirs.—ns. Tail′āge, Tall′āge. [Fr. taille, cutting. Cf. Entail.]

Tailor, tāl′ur, n. one whose business is to cut out and make men's clothes:—fem. Tail′oress.—v.i. to work as a tailor.—v.t. to make clothes for.—ns. Tail′or-bird, one of several Oriental small passerine birds which sew leaves together to form a nest: Tail′oring, the business or work of a tailor.—adj. Tail′or-made, made by a tailor, esp. of plain, close-fitting garments for women, in imitation of men's. [Fr. tailleur—tailler, to cut.]

Taint, tānt, v.t. to tinge, moisten, or impregnate with anything noxious: to infect: to stain.—v.i. to be affected with something corrupting.—n. a stain or tincture: infection or corruption: a spot: a moral blemish.—adj. Taint′less, without taint, pure.—adv. Taint′lessly, without taint.—n. Taint′ure (Shak.), taint, tinge, stain. [O. Fr. taint (Fr. teint), pa.p. of teindre, to dye—L. tingĕre, tinctum, to wet.]

T'âi-p'ing, tī-ping′, n. the name given by foreigners to one of the followers of Hung Hsiû-ch'wan (S'eiw-tseuen), who raised the standard of rebellion in China in 1851, and whose enterprise was finally suppressed in 1865 mainly through the vigour of Colonel Charles ('Chinese') Gordon, the hero of Khartoum.

Taisch, tāsh, n. the sound of the voice of a person about to die heard by some one at a distance beyond the range of ordinary sounds.—Also Task. [Gael. taibhs, taibhse, an apparition.]

Taj, täj, n. a crown, a distinctive head-dress, esp. the tall conical cap worn by Mohammedan dervishes—applied as expressing pre-eminence to the Taj Mahal, the magnificent mausoleum of Shah Jehan (1628-58) at Agra. [Pers.]

Take, tāk, v.t. to lay hold of: to get into one's possession: to catch: to capture: to captivate: to receive: to choose: to use: to allow: to understand: to agree to: to become affected with.—v.i. to catch: to have the intended effect: to gain reception, to please: to move or direct the course of: to have recourse to:—pa.t. took; pa.p. tā′ken.—n. quantity of fish taken or captured at one time.—ns. Take′-in, an imposition, fraud: that by which one is deceived; Take′-off, a burlesque representation of any one; Tā′ker; Tā′king, act of taking or gaining possession: a seizing: agitation, excitement: (Spens. sickness: (Shak.) witchery: malignant influence.—adj. captivating: alluring.—adv. Tā′kingly.—n. Tā′kingness, quality of being taking or attractive.—adj. Tā′ky, attractive.—Take advantage of, to employ to advantage: to make use of circumstances to the prejudice of; Take after, to follow in resemblance; Take air, to be disclosed or made public; Take breath, to stop in order to breathe, to be refreshed; Take care, care of (see Care); Take down, to reduce: to bring down from a higher place, to lower: to swallow: to pull down: to write down; Take for, to mistake; Take French leave (see French); Take from, to derogate or detract from; Take heed, to be careful; Take heed to, to attend to with care; Take in, to enclose, to embrace: to receive: to contract, to furl, as a sail: to comprehend: to accept as true: to cheat: (Shak.) to conquer; Take in hand, to undertake; Take into one's head, to be seized with a sudden notion; Take in vain, to use with unbecoming levity or profaneness; Take in with, to deceive by means of; Take it out of, to extort reparation from: to exhaust the strength or energy of; Take leave (see Leave); Taken in, deceived, cheated; Take notice, to observe: to show that observation is made: (with of) to remark upon; Take off, to remove: to swallow: to mimic or imitate; Take on, to take upon: to claim a character: (coll.) to grieve; Take orders, to receive ordination; Take order with (Bacon), to check; Take out, to remove from within: to deduct: (Shak.) to copy; Take part, to share; Take place, to happen: to prevail; Take root, to strike out roots, to live and grow, as a plant: to be established; Take the field, to begin military operations; Take the wall of, to pass on the side nearest the wall: to get the advantage of; Take to, to apply to: to resort to: to be fond of; Take to heart, to feel sensibly; Take up, to lift, to raise: (Shak.) to borrow money, to buy on credit, to make up a quarrel: to employ, occupy or fill: to arrest: to comprise; Take up arms, to commence to fight; Take upon, to assume; Take up with, to be pleased or contented with, to form a connection with, to fall in love with: to lodge; Take with, to be pleased with. [M. E. taken—Scand.; Ice. taka pa.t. tók, pa.p. tekinn); conn. with L. tangĕre, tetig-i, to touch, and with Eng. tack.]

Talaria, tā-lā′ri-a, n.pl. the winged sandals of Hermes and other divinities.—adj. Talar′ic, pertaining to the ankles. [L.,—talus, the ankle.]

Talbot, tal′bot, n. a broad-mouthed large-eared hound, usually white—apparently the same as the St Hubert's breed. [From the Talbot family.]

Talbotype, tal′bō-tīp, n. a photographic process invented by William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-77), a calotype.

Talc, talk, n. a mineral occurring in thin flakes, of a white or green colour and a soapy feel.—n. Tal′cite, a massive variety of talc.—adjs. Talc′ky, Tal′cose, Tal′cous, containing, consisting of, or like talc. [Fr. talc (Ger. talk)—Sp. talco—Ar. talq.]

Tale, tāl, n. a narrative or story: a fable: what is told or counted off: number: reckoning.—v.i. (obs.) to speak.—n. Tale′-bear′er, one who maliciously tells tales or gives information.—adj. Tale′-bear′ing, given to tell tales or give information officiously.—n. act of telling secrets.—adj. Tale′ful, abounding with stories.—n. Tale′-tell′er, one who tells stories, esp. officiously.—Be in a (or one) tale, to be in full accord; Old wives' tale, any marvellous story appealing to one's credulity; Tell one's (or its) own tale, to speak for one's self or itself; Tell tales, to play the informer; Tell tales out of school, to reveal confidential matters. [A.S. talu, a reckoning, a tale, also speech; Ger. zahl, a number.]

Talegalla, tal-e-gal′a, n. the brush-turkey, a genus of gallinaceous birds, in the same family as the mound-building Megapodes.—Also Talegall′us. [The latter part is probably from L. gallus, a cock.]

Talent, tal′ent, n. an ancient weight or denomination of money—in the Attic system of money (N.T.), 100 drachmæ made a mnâ (pound, Luke xix. 13), and 6000 made a talent; this talent weighed 57 lb. avoirdupois, and in value may be put roughly at about £213-£235, the mnâ at about £4: faculty: any natural or special gift: special aptitude: eminent ability: abundance.—adjs. Tal′ented, possessing mental gifts; Tal′entless, without talent. [L. talentum—Gr. talanton, a weight, a talent, from a root meaning to lift, as in tlēnai, to bear; akin to L. tollĕre, Ger. dulden, Scot. thole.]

Tales, tā′lēz, n.pl. a list of persons, apparently a selection from spectators in court, made by the sheriff or judge at a trial, to supply any defect in a jury or panel.—n. Tā′lesman, a bystander so chosen.—Pray a tales, to plead that the number of jurymen be completed in this way. [From the phrase 'tales de circumstantibus,' tales, pl. of L. talis, such.]

Taliacotian, tal-i-a-kō′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the rhinoplastic operation of Tagliacozzi or Taliacotius (1546-99), in which the skin for the new nose was taken from the arm of the patient, the arm requiring to be kept in apposition with the face for about twenty days.

Talion, tal′i-on, n. the law of retaliation.—adj. Talion′ic. [L. talio, like punishment—talis, of such kind.]

Taliped, tal′i-ped, adj. club-footed: walking like the sloth.—n. a club-footed person.—n. Tal′ipes, a club-foot: club-footedness: the distorted formation of the feet of the sloth. [L. talus, the ankle, pes, the foot.]

Talipot, tal′i-pot, n. an East Indian palm with fan-shaped leaves.—Also Tal′iput, Tal′ipat. [Hind. tālpāt.]

Talisman, tal′is-man, n. a species of charm engraved on metal or stone when two planets are in conjunction, or when a star is at its culminating point, and supposed to exert some protective influence over the wearer of it: (fig.) something that produces extraordinary effects:—pl. Tal′ismans.—adjs. Talisman′ic, -al, pertaining to, or having the properties of, a talisman: magical. [Fr.,—Ar. tilsam—Late Ger. telesma, consecration, incantation—Gr. telein, to consecrate.]

Talk, tawk, v.i. to speak familiarly: to prattle: to reason.—n. familiar conversation: that which is uttered in familiar intercourse: subject of discourse: rumour.—adjs. Talk′able, capable of talking, or of being talked about; Talk′ative, given to much talking: prating.—adv. Talk′atively.—ns. Talk′ativeness; Talk′ee-talk′ee, a corrupt dialect: incessant chatter—also adj. Talk′y-talk′y.—n. Talk′er.—adj. Talk′ing, given to talking.—Talk against time, to keep on talking merely to fill up time, as often in parliament: Talk big, to talk boastfully; Talk down, to argue down; Talk from the point, to wander away from the proper question; Talk Greek, to talk above the understanding of one's hearers; Talking of, apropos of, with regard to; Talk over, to persuade, convince: to discuss, consider together; Talk round, to exhaust the subject: to bring to one's way of thinking by persuasive talk; Talk shop (see Shop); Talk to, to address: to rebuke; Talk up, to speak impudently or boldly to. [Prof. Skeat takes the M. E. talken from Scand., and that from Lithuanian; Sw. tolka (Ice. túlka), to interpret—Lith. tulkas, an interpreter. Prob., however, the M. E. talken is talen, talien, to speak, with formative -k, giving a freq. or dim. force; cf. Tale.]

Tall, tawl, adj. high, esp. in stature: lofty: long: sturdy: bold: courageous: great, remarkable: demanding much credulity, hardly to be believed.—n. Tall′ness. [Ety. very dub.; perh. conn. with W. tal, large.]

Tallage, tal′āj, n. a name applied to those taxes to which, under the Anglo-Norman kings, the demesne lands of the crown and all royal towns were subject—also Tall′iage.—v.t. to lay an impost upon—also Tall′iate.—adj. Tall′iable, subject to tallage.

Tallat, tal′at, n. (prov.) a hay-loft.—Also Tall′ot, Tall′et.

Tallow, tal′ō, n. the fat of animals melted: any coarse, hard fat.—v.t. to grease with tallow.—ns. Tall′ow-can′dle, a candle made of tallow; Tall′ow-catch, -keech, (Shak.), a keech or lump of tallow: a low mean fellow; Tall′ow-chand′ler, a dealer in tallow, candles, &c.; Tall′ow-chand′lery, the trade or place of business of a tallow-chandler; Tall′ower, a tallow-chandler; Tall′ow-face, a yellow pasty-faced person.—adj. Tall′ow-faced.—n. Tall′ow-tree, the name given to trees of different kinds which produce a thick oil or vegetable tallow, or a somewhat resinous substance, capable of making candles.—adj. Tall′owy, like tallow, greasy. [Old Dut. talgh, talch; Low Ger. talq, Ice. tólgr, tólg.]

Tally, tal′i, n. a stick cut or notched to match another stick, used to mark numbers or keep accounts by—(down to the beginning of the 19th century these were used in England for keeping accounts in Exchequer, answering the double purpose of receipts and public records): anything made to suit another:—pl. Tall′ies.—v.t. to score with corresponding notches: to make to fit.—v.i. to correspond: to suit:—pa.t. and pa.p. tall′ied.—ns. Tall′ier, one who keeps a tally; Tall′yman, one who keeps a tally-shop: one who lives with a woman without marriage; Tall′yshop, a shop where goods are sold to be paid by instalments, the seller having one account-book which tallies with the buyer's; Tall′y-sys′tem, -trade, a mode of dealing by which dealers furnish certain articles on credit to their customers upon an agreement for the payment of the stipulated price by certain weekly or monthly instalments.—Live tally, to cohabit without marriage. [Fr. taille (It. taglia)—L. talea, a cutting. Cf. Tail (law).]

Tally-ho, tal′i-hō, interj. the huntsman's cry betokening that a fox has gone away: a four-in-hand pleasure-coach.—v.t. to urge on, as hounds.

Talma, tal′ma, n. a woman's loose cloak, generally hooded: a similar form of overcoat for men. [From F. J. Talma, the actor (1763-1826).]

Talmud, tal′mud, n. the name of the fundamental code of the Jewish civil and canonical law, comprising the Mishna and the Gemara, the former as the text, the latter as the commentary and complement.—There are two Talmuds, the one called the Talmud of the Occidentals, or the Jerusalem (Palestine) Talmud, which was closed at Tiberias in the end of the 4th century, and the other the Babylonian Talmud, emphatically styled 'our Talmud,' not completed till the end of the 5th century, and making use of the former.—adjs. Talmud′ic, -al.—n, Tal′mudist, one learned in the Talmud.—adj. Talmudist′ic, relating to, or contained in the Talmud. [Chaldee talmūd, instruction—lāmad, to learn.]

Talon, tal′on, n. the claw of a bird of prey.—adj. Tal′oned. [Fr. talon, through Low L., from L. talus, the heel.]

Talpa, tal′pa, n. the chief genus of the family Talpidæ, the moles: an encysted tumour on the head, a wen. [L., a mole.]

Taluk, ta-lōōk′, n. in south and western India, a subdivision of a district presided over as regards revenue matters by a tahsīldār—in Bengal, a tract of proprietary land.—n. Taluk′dar. [Hind.]

Talus, tā′lus, n. the ankle-bone: (arch.) a slope: (fort.) the sloping part of a work: (geol.) a sloping heap of fragments at the foot of a steep rock. [L.]

Tamal, tä-mal′, n. a dish of crushed Indian corn highly seasoned, sold on the streets in Mexico, Texas, &c.—Also Tama′le. [Sp.]

Tamandua, tä-man′dū-a, n. an arboreal ant-eater with prehensile tail.—n. Tamanoir (tam′a-nwor), the great ant-eater of tropical America. [Braz.]

Tamanu, tam′a-nōō, n. a lofty gamboge tree of the East Indies and Pacific Islands, its trunk yielding tacamabac. [East Ind.]

Tamara, tam′a-ra, n. a condiment much used in Italy, made of powdered cinnamon, cloves, coriander, &c. [East Ind.]

Tamarind, tam′a-rind, n. a beautiful spreading East Indian tree, its pods filled with a pleasant, acidulous, sweet, reddish-black pulp, in which the seeds are embedded. [Tamarindus, Latinised from Ar. tamar-u'l Hind, 'date of India,' or perhaps rather, in Persian form, tamar-i-Hindī.]

Tamarisk, tam′ar-isk, n. a genus of Mediterranean evergreen shrubs with small white or pink flowers. [L. tamariscus.]

Tambour, tam′bōōr, n. a small, shallow drum: a frame on which muslin or other material is stretched for embroidering: a rich kind of gold and silver embroidery: silk or other stuff embroidered on a tambour: a cylindrical stone in the shaft of a column, a drum: a vestibule of timber-work serving to break the draught in a church-porch, &c.: a work formed of palisades, defending a gate, &c.—v.t. to embroider on a tambour.—v.i. to do tambour-work. [Fr. tambour. Cf. Tabour.]

Tambourine, tam-bōō-rēn′, n. a shallow drum with one skin and bells or jingles, and played on with the hand: a Provençal dance, also the music for such—(Spens.) Tam′burin. [Fr. tambourin, dim. of tambour.]

Tame, tām, adj. having lost native wildness and shyness: domesticated: gentle: spiritless: without vigour: dull, flat, uninspiring: wonted, accustomed.—v.t. to reduce to a domestic state: to make gentle: to reclaim: to civilise.—ns. Tāmabil′ity, Tāmeabli′ity, Tām′ableness, Tāme′ableness.—adjs. Tām′able, Tāme′able, that may be tamed; Tāme′less.—n. Tāme′lessness.—adv. Tāme′ly.—ns. Tāme′ness; Tā′mer, one who tames. [A.S. tam; cog. with Ger. zahm.]

Tamil, tam′il, n. one of the Dravidian languages spoken in south-eastern India and the northern half of Ceylon, possessing a rich and varied literature: one of the Dravidian inhabitants of southern India and Ceylon.—adjs. Tam′il, Tamil′lian, Tamil′ic, Tamul′ic.

Tamin, tam′in, n. a thin worsted stuff, highly glazed.—Also Tam′ine, Tam′iny, Tam′my.

Tamise, ta-mēz′, n. a trade name for various thin woollen fabrics.—n. Tam′is, a cloth for straining liquids.

Tammany, tam′a-ni, n. the Tammany Society, a Democratic organisation in New York, notorious for the corrupt influence it has exerted in city politics. [From the name of an Indian chief, Tammanend, who is said to have signed the treaty with Penn.]

Tammuz, tam′uz, n. a Syrian deity, same as the Phœnician Adonis, a sun-god, worshipped with peculiar naturalistic rites by women among the Chaldæans, and even in Jerusalem (Ezek. viii. 14).

Tam-o'-shanter, tam-ō-shan′tėr, n. a broad bonnet. [From the hero of Burns's famous poem.]

Tamp, tamp, v.t. to fill up, as a hole bored in a rock for blasting: to pack earth, &c., round, as a mine, to prevent an explosion in a wrong direction.—n. Tam′ping, the act of filling up a hole in a rock for blasting: the material used. [Tampion (q.v.).]

Tamper, tam′pėr, v.i. to try the temper of: to try little experiments without necessity or authority: to meddle: to practise secretly and unfairly.—n. Tam′perer. [A by-form of temper.]

Tampion, tamp′i-un, n. the stopper used to close the mouth of a cannon or mortar.—Also Tom′pion. [O. Fr. tampon, tapon—tape, a tap—Dut. tap, a bung.]

Tampon, tamp′on, n. (surg.) a. plug inserted in a cavity of the body in order to arrest hæmorrhage.—v.t. to plug tightly.—ns. Tamponade′, Tam′ponage, Tam′poning, Tam′ponment. [Tampion.]

Tan, tan, n. bark of the oak, &c., bruised and broken for tanning: a yellowish-brown colour.—v.t. to convert skins and hides into leather by steeping in vegetable solutions containing tannin: to make brown or tawny: to take the freshness from: (coll.) to beat.—v.i. to become tanned:—pr.p. tan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. tanned.—n.pl. Tan′-balls, the spent bark of the tanner's yard pressed into lumps, which harden on drying, and serve for fuel.—n. Tan′-bed (hort.), a bark-bed.—adj. Tan′-col′oured, of the colour of tan.—ns. Tan′ling (Shak.), one tanned or scorched by the heat of the sun; Tan′-liq′uor, -ooze, an aqueous extract of tan-bark.—adj. Tan′nable.—ns. Tan′nage, act of tanning: browning from exposure to the sun: the act of steeping cast slabs of artificial marble in a solution of potash alum to harden it and make it insoluble; Tan′ner, one who tans; Tan′nery, a place for tanning; Tan′ning, the art of tanning or converting into leather; Tan′-pit, -vat, a vat in which hides are steeped in liquor with tan; Tan′-yard, a yard or enclosure where leather is tanned. [A.S. tannian; cf. Dut. tanen, or prob. O. Fr. tan—Bret. tann, an oak. If the latter, then Old High Ger. tanna (Ger. tanne), fir, oak, is borrowed.]

Tana, tä′nä, n. a military or police station In India—also Tan′na, Than′nah.—ns. Tä′nadar, Tan′nadar, the commandant of a tana. [Hind. thāna.]

Tanager, tan′ā-jėr, n. any tanagrine bird, a member of the Tanagridæ, a family of the Passeriformes or perching birds, closely allied to the finches.—n. Tan′āgra, the name-giving genus of the family, now restricted to about a dozen species.—adjs. Tan′āgrine, Tan′āgroid. [Braz. tangara.]

Tandem, tan′dem, adv. applied to the position of horses harnessed singly one before the other instead of abreast.—n. a team of horses (usually two) so harnessed: a bicycle or tricycle on which two ride one before the other. [Originated in university slang, in a play on the L. adv. tandem, at length.]

Tang, tang, n. a twang or sharp sound.—v.t. to cause to ring.—v.i. to ring. [Imit., like twang.]

Tang, tang, n. a strong or offensive taste, esp. of something extraneous: relish: taste: specific flavour.—adj. Tang′y. [A special use of tang, point.]

Tang, tang, n. a point, the tapering part of a knife or tool which goes into the haft. [Ice. tangi; cog. with tongs.]

Tangent, tan′jent, n. a line which touches a curve, and which when produced does not cut it.—ns. Tan′gency, Tan′gence, state of being tangent: a contact or touching.—adj. Tangen′tial, of or pertaining to a tangent: in the direction of a tangent.—n. Tangential′ity.—adv. Tangen′tially, in the direction of a tangent.—Go off, or Fly off, at a tangent, to break off suddenly into a different line of thought, &c. [L. tangens, -entis, pr.p. of tangĕre, to touch.]

Tangerine, tan-je-rēn′, adj. relating to Tangiers on the Morocco coast.—n. a native of Tangiers: a Tangerine orange.

Tanghin, tang′gin, n. a vegetable poison of Madagascar, acting upon the heart like digitalis—formerly used for the judicial ordeal.

Tangible, tan′ji-bl, adj. perceptible by the touch: capable of being possessed or realised.—ns. Tangib′ilē, a tactile sensation or object; Tangibil′ity, quality of being tangible or perceptible to the touch; Tan′gibleness, the state or quality of being tangible.—adv. Tan′gibly. [L. tangibilis—tangĕre.]

Tangie, tang′i, n. an Orcadian water-spirit, appearing as a seahorse, or man covered with seaweed.

Tangle, tang′gl, n. a knot of things united confusedly: an edible seaweed: a perplexity, complication: (Scot.) any long hanging thing, even a lank person: an apparatus for dredging.—v.t. to unite together confusedly: to interweave: to ensnare, entangle.—n. Tang′lefoot (U.S.), whisky, &c.—adj. Tang′lesome (prov.), quarrelsome.—adv. Tang′lingly.—adj. Tang′ly, in a tangle: united confusedly: covered with tangle or seaweed. [Scand.; Dan. tang, Ice. thang, seaweed.]

Tangram, tan′gram, n. a Chinese puzzle, consisting of a square of wood cut into seven pieces of various shapes.

Tanist, tan′ist, n. the chief or holder of lands, &c., in certain Celtic races, also the chief's elective successor.—n. Tan′istry, an ancient Celtic mode of tenure, according to which the right of succession lay not with the individual, but with the family in which it was hereditary, and by the family the holder of office or lands was elected. [Ir. and Gael. tanaiste, lord—tan, country.]

Tanjib, tan′jib, n. a kind of figured muslin made in Oude.—Also Tan′zib.

Tank, tangk, n. a large basin or cistern: a reservoir of water.—v.t. to cause to flow into a tank: to plunge into a tank.—ns. Tank′age, the act of storing oil, &c., in tanks: the price charged for such storage: the capacity of a tank or series of tanks; Tank′-car, a railway-car for carrying petroleum in bulk in a long cylindrical tank; Tank′-en′gine, a locomotive that carries the water and coal it requires; Tank′-worm, a nematode worm in the mud of tanks in India. [Port. tanque (Sp. estanque, O. Fr. estang)—L. stagnum, a stagnant pool.]

Tanka, tan′ka, n. the boat population of Canton, inhabiting permanently the so-called tanka-boats, about 25 feet long.—Also Tan′kia.

Tankard, tangk′ard, n. a large vessel for holding liquors: a drinking-vessel with a lid. [O. Fr. tanquard, prob. from L. cantharus—Gr. kantharos.]

Tanner, tan′ėr, n. (slang) a sixpence. [Said to be Gipsy tano, little.]

Tannin, tan′in, n. an astringent substance found largely in oak-bark or gall-nuts, of great use in tanning.—n. Tann′ate, a salt of tannic acid.—adjs. Tann′ic; Tannif′erous, yielding tannin.—n. Tan′-ride, an enclosure spread with tan for riding.—Tannic acid, an acid forming the astringent principle of the bark of oak and other trees, used in tanning and in medicine. [Fr. tannin.]

Tansy, tan′zi, n. a genus of composite plants allied to Artemisia—Common tansy is a bitter, aromatic plant with small yellow flowers, common on old pasture: a pudding or cake flavoured with tansy, eaten at Easter. [O. Fr. tanasie, through Late L., from Gr. athanasia, immortality.]

Tantalise, tan′ta-līz, v.t. to torment by presenting something to excite desire, but keeping it out of reach.—ns. Tantalisā′tion, the act of tantalising: state of being tantalised; Tan′taliser, one who, or that which, tantalises.—adv. Tan′talisingly.—ns. Tan′talism, the punishment of Tantalus: a tormenting; Tan′talus, a spirit-case that locks; Tan′talus-cup, a philosophical toy, having a siphon within the figure of a man whose chin is on a level with its bend. [Tantalus, in Gr. mythology, who stood in Tartarus up to his chin in water, with branches of fruit over his head, the water receding when he wished to drink, and the fruit when he wished to eat.]

Tantalum, tan′tal-um, n. a very rare metal of no practical importance, discovered in 1801, closely allied to columbium or niobium.

Tantalus, tan′ta-lus, n. the wood-ibis, a genus of birds of the stork family, quite distinct from the true ibises.

Tantamount, tan′ta-mownt, adj. amounting to so much or to the same: equivalent: equal in value or meaning.—n. Tan′tity, the fact of being or having so much.—adv. Tan′to (mus.), so much or too much. [O. Fr., tant—L. tantum, so much, so great, and O. Fr. amonter, to amount.]

Tantivy, tan-tiv′i, adv. with great speed.—adj. swift, hasty.—v.i. to hurry off.—n. a hunting cry: a rapid movement, a rush. [Imit.]

Tantony, tan′tō-ni, n. the smallest pig in the litter—also Tantony pig: a petted servant or follower. [From St Anthony, who was attended by a pig.]

Tantra, tan′tra, n. in Sanscrit literature, one of the religious text-books of the numerous sects of S'âktas—i.e. worshippers of the S'akti, or active divine energy, personified in some female deity, esp. in one of the many forms of Pârvatî, the wife of S'iva.—ns. Tan′trism, the doctrines of the tantras; Tan′trist, a devotee of tantrism. [Sans. tantra, thread, fundamental doctrine.]

Tantrum, tan′trum, n. a capricious fit of ill-temper without adequate cause. [Prob. W. tant, a passion.]

Tantum Ergo, tan′tum er′gō, n. the fifth stanza of the hymn 'Pange, lingua, gloriosi corporis mysterium,' written for the office of the Festival of Corpus Christi, which St Thomas of Aquino drew up in 1263. [From its opening words.]

Tanzimat, tan′zi-mat, n. an organic statute of the Turkish empire, introducing reforms and granting fuller personal liberty, esp. applied to the hatti-sherif of the sultan Abdul Medjid in 1839. [Turk.]

Tâoism, tä′ō-izm, or tow′izm, n. the religious system founded by the Chinese philosopher Lâo-tsze (born 604 B.C.), set forth in the Tâo Teh King.—n. Tâ′ōist, an adherent of Tâoism.—adj. Tâoist′ic.

Tao-tai, tä′ō-tī′, n. an officer presiding over a Chinese tao, or circuit, containing two or more fu, or departments.

Tap, tap, n. a gentle blow or touch, esp. with something small: a signal with a drum to put lights out.—v.t. to strike lightly, touch gently.—v.i. to give a gentle knock:—pr.p. tap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. tapped. [O. Fr. tapper—Low Ger. tappen.]

Tap, tap, n. a hole or short pipe through which liquor is drawn: a place where liquor is drawn: any particular liquor drawn through a tap.—v.t. to pierce, so as to let out fluid: to open a cask and draw off liquor: to broach a vessel.—v.i. to act as a tapster:—pr.p. tap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. tapped.—ns. Tap′-bolt, a bolt with a head on one end and a thread on the other, to be screwed into some fixed part instead of passing through and receiving a nut; Tap′-cin′der, slag produced during puddling; Tap′-house, a tavern; Tap′lash, poor stale swipes; Tapote′ment, percussion; Tap′per, one who taps; Tap′ping, an operation frequently resorted to for the removal of fluid accumulations, particularly in the pleural and peritoneal cavities, consisting in the introduction of one end of a small tube into the cavity and withdrawing the fluid by siphon action, or by means of a vacuum: the act or art of tapping or drawing out fluid; Tap′room, a room where beer is served from the tap or cask; Tap′root, a root of a plant or tree striking directly downward without dividing, and tapering towards the end, as that of the carrot; Tap′ster, one who taps or draws off liquor, a publican, barman.—On tap, kept in cask—opp. to bottled: ready to be drawn upon. [A.S. tæppe, seen in tæppere, one who taps casks; Dut. tap, Ger. zapfen, a tap.]

Tapa, tä′pä, n. the bark of the paper-mulberry, much used in the South Seas for mats, &c.—Also Tap′pa.

Tapadera, tap-a-dā′ra, n. a leather guard for the stirrup of the Californian saddle. [Sp., 'a cover'—tapar, to cover.]

Tape, tāp, n. a narrow fillet or band of woven work, used for strings, &c.: a strong flexible band rotating on pulleys for directing the sheets in a printing-machine: the strip of paper used in a printing-telegraph instrument, &c.: (slang) liquor.—v.t. to furnish, or tie up, with tape: to extend.—ns. Tape′-line, -meas′ure, a measuring-line of tape, marked with inches, &c.—adj. Tā′pen, made of tape.—n. Tā′pist, one who uses tape, an official formalist.—Breast the tape, in foot-racing, to touch with the breast the tape or ribbon held by the judge at the finish-line. [A.S. tæppe, a fillet—L. tapete—Gr. tapēs.]

Taper, tā′pėr, n. a small wax-candle or light: tapering form.—adj. narrowed towards the point, like a taper: long and slender.—v.i. to become gradually smaller towards one end.—v.t. to make to taper.—adj. Tā′pering, growing gradually thinner.—adv. Tā′peringly, in a tapering manner.—n. Tā′perness, state of being taper. [A.S. tapor, prob. Ir. tapar.]

Tapestry, tap′es-tri, n. an ornamental textile used for the covering of walls and furniture, and for curtains and hangings—divided into two classes, according as they are made in high-warp (haute lisse) or low-warp (basse lisse) looms.—v.t. to adorn with tapestry—n. Tap′et (Spens.). [O. Fr. tapisserie—tapis; a carpet—L. tapete, a carpet, tapestry—Gr. tapēs, -etis—Pers. tabsch.]

Tapetum, tā-pē′tum, n. (bot.) the cells on the outside of an archesporium: the pigmentary layer of the retina:—pl. Tā′peta. [L. tapete—Gr. tapēs, tapētos, a carpet.]

Tapeworm, tāp′wurm, n. a term sometimes used as a popular synonym for Cestoda or Cestoid Worms, but especially for those which belong to the families Tæniadæ and Bothriocephalidæ.

Tapioca, tap-i-ō′ka, n. a farinaceous substance obtained from cassava or manioc by drying it while moist on hot plates, so that the starch grains swell or burst, and the whole agglomerates in small lumps. [Braz. tipioka, the poisonous juice of the cassava.]

Tapir, tā′pir, n. a genus of Ungulata, of the section Perissodactyla, thick-skinned, short-necked, with a short flexible proboscis, found in South America.—adjs. Tapir′odont, having teeth like the tapir; Tap′iroid, related to the tapirs. [Braz.]

Tapis, tap′is, or ta-pē′, n. tapestry, carpeting: formerly, the cover of a council-table.—vs.i. (obs.) Tap′pish, Tap′pice, to hide.—Upon the tapis, on the table: under consideration. [Fr.]

Tappet, tap′et, n. a projecting arm, lever, &c. from any moving part of a machine supplying intermittent motion to some other part.—ns. Tapp′et-loom, -mo′tion, -ring, -rod, &c.

Tappit, tap′it, adj. (Scot.) having a top or crest.—n. Tapp′it-hen, a crested hen: a vessel for liquor holding about three quarts, a liberal allowance of drink generally.

Tapsalteerie, tap-sal-tē′ri, adj. (Scot.) topsy-turvy.—Also Tapsieteer′ie.

Tapsman, taps′man, n. (Scot.) a servant with principal charge, the chief of a company of drovers.

Tar, tär, v.t. to set on, incite to fight. [M. E. tarien, to irritate—A.S. tergan, to provoke.]

Tar, tär, n. a viscous, liquid, resinous substance of a dark colour, obtained from pine-trees: a sailor, so called from his tarred clothes.—v.t. to smear with tar:—pr.p. tar′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. tarred.—ns. Tar′heel, a North Carolinian; Tar′hood, sailors collectively.—Tar and feather, to smear with tar and then cover with feathers.—Be tarred with the same brush, or stick, to have the same faults as another; Have a touch of the tar-brush, to have an infusion of negro blood in the veins. [A.S. teoro, teru; Dut. teer.]

Tara-fern, tä′rä-fern, n. a New Zealand brake, with a thickened edible rhizome.

Tarantass, tar-an-tas′, n. a four-wheeled vehicle having a boat-shaped body, without springs. [Russ.]

Tarantism, tar′ant-izm, n. an epidemic leaping or dancing mania, somewhat resembling chorea—also Tar′entism.—ns. Tarantel′la, Tarentel′la, a lively Neapolitan dance in triplets for one couple—thought a remedy for tarantism; Taran′tula, Taren′tula, a species of spider found in South Italy, whose bite is much dreaded, and was long supposed to cause tarantism. [It. tarantola—Taranto—L. Tarentum, a town in South Italy where the spider abounds.]

Taratantara, tar-a-tan-tar′a, n. or adv. a word imitative of the sound of a trumpet.—Also Tantar′a, Tarantar′a.

Taraxacum, tar-aks′a-kum, n. the root of the dandelion, a tonic laxative in diseases of the liver.—n. Tarax′acine, a crystallisable substance extracted from the foregoing. [A botanical Latin word, coined from Gr. taraxis, trouble—tarassein, to trouble. Davic refers to Ar. taras-acon, a kind of succory, Latinised in Avicenna as taraxacon.]

Tarboosh, Tarbouche, tär-boosh′, n. a red cap with dark tassel worn by Moslem men. [Ar. tarbūsh.]

Tardigrade, tär′di-grād, adj. slow in pace; belonging to the Tar′digrada, a group or suborder of mammals containing the two genera of sloth.—n. one of the Tardigrada. [L. tardus, slow, gradi, to step.]

Tardy, tär′di, adj. slow, late, sluggish: out of season.—advs. Tardamen′te (mus.), slowly; Tar′dily, slowly: reluctantly: late.—n. Tar′diness.—adj. Tar′dy-gait′ed (Shak.) slow-paced. [Fr. tardif—tard—L. tardus, slow.]

Tare, tār, n. any one of several species of vetch: (B.) an unidentified weed, prob. darnel. [Prob. tear.]

Tare, tār, n. the weight of the vessel or package in which goods are contained: an allowance made for it, the remainder being the net weight. [Fr.,—Sp. tara—Ar. tarha, thrown away.]

Target, tär′get, n. a small buckler or shield: a mark to fire at for practice or competition: any object of desire or ambition: the frame holding railway-signals: (her.) a bearing representing a buckler: (Scot.) a pendant, tassel—also Targe.—adj. Tar′geted, provided with a shield.—ns. Targeteer′, Targetier′, one armed with a shield, a peltast. [A.S. targe; Old High Ger. zarga, a frame, wall; Fr. targe is of Teut. origin.]

Targum, tār′gum, n. a general term for the Aramaic versions—often paraphrases—of the Old Testament, which became necessary when, after and perhaps during the Babylonian Exile, Hebrew began to die out as the popular language and was supplanted by Aramaic.—adj. Tar′gumic.—n. Tar′gumist, a writer of a Targum: a student of the Targums.—adj. Targumist′ic. [Assyr. ragâmu, to speak, whence targumânu, speaker.]

Tariff, tar′if, n. a list of the duties, &c., fixed by law on merchandise: a list of charges, fees, or prices. [Fr.,—Sp.,—Ar. ta‛rīf, giving information, from ‛arafa, to explain.]

Tarlatan, tär′la-tan, n. a fine, open, transparent muslin for women's dresses, often coarse in texture, made at Tarare in the department of Rhône.—Also Tar′letan. [Prob. Milanese tarlantanna.]

Tarnation, tär-nā′shun, adj. and adv. a softened form of damnation, as Tar′nal, of eternal or infernal.

Tarnish, tär′nish, v.t. to soil by exposure to the air, &c.: to diminish the lustre or purity of, to stain, sully.—v.i. to become dull: to lose lustre.—n. a spot, stain, change in lustre of a mineral.—n. Tar′nisher. [Fr. ternir (pr.p. ternissant); terne, dull, wan—Mid. High Ger. ternen, Old High Ger. tarnjan, to darken; A.S. dernan, to cover.]

Taro, tä′rō, n. a plant of the arum family, widely cultivated for its edible roots in the islands of the Pacific. [Polynesian.]

Tarot, tar′ot, n. a kind of playing card used, and probably invented, in Italy about the middle of the 14th century, 78 to the pack: a game played with such.—Also Tar′oc. [Fr., so called prob. because tarotée on the back—i.e. marked with plain or dotted lines crossing diagonally—It. tarocchi.]

Tarpan, tar′pan, n. the small wild horse of the steppes of Russia. [Tatar.]

Tarpaulin, tär-paw′lin, n. strong linen or hempen cloth coated with tar or pitch to render it waterproof: a sailor's wide-brimmed storm-hat: (coll.) a sailor.—Also Tarpau′ling. [From tar, and prov. Eng. pauling, a cart cover; cf. Pall.]

Tarpeian, tär-pē′an, adj. designating a cliff—the Tarpeian Rock upon the Capitoline Hill at Rome, from which state criminals were thrown—from the Roman traitress Tarpeia.

Tarpon, tär′pon, Tarpum, tär′pum, n. a food-fish of America, of the herring family, common in the warmer Atlantic waters, and six feet long.—Also Jew-fish. [Amer. Ind.]

Tarradiddle, tar-a-did′l, n. a fib, a lie. [App. a coined word, the last part being the slang word diddle, to cheat.]

Tarragon, tar′a-gon, n. the herb-dragon, an aromatic plant used for flavouring vinegar, sauces, &c. [Sp. taragontia—Ar. tarkhūn—Gr. drakōn, a dragon.]

Tarrier, tar′i-ėr, n. old form of terrier: (slang) a rough fellow, a tough.

Tarry, tär′i, adj. consisting of, covered with, or like tar.—n. Tarr′y-breeks, a sailor.—adj. Tarr′y-fing′ered, thievish.—n.pl. Tarr′y-fing′ers, thieving fingers.

Tarry, tar′i, v.i. to be tardy or slow: to loiter or stay behind: to delay:—pa.t. and pa.p. tarr′ied.—n. Tarr′ier, one who tarries or delays.—v.i. Tarr′ow (Scot.), to hesitate, refuse. [M. E. targen, to delay (confused in form with tarien, to irritate)—O. Fr. targer (Fr. tarder)—L. tardus, slow.]

Tarsia, tär′si-a, n. an Italian mosaic, at first dealing with geometrical patterns in wood, but which developed into inlaid representations of architecture, views, figures, and drapery, and finally into foliaceous scrolls of modern marquetry. [It.]

Tarsier, tär′si-er, n. a small arboreal East Indian lemuroid, the malmag.—adj. Tar′siped, having the same tarsal structure as the foregoing. [Fr.]

Tarsus, tär′sus, n. the part of the foot to which the leg is articulated:—pl. Tar′sī.—adj. Tar′sal, relating to the tarsus or ankle.—ns. Tarsal′gia, pain in the tarsus: a neuralgic affection of the foot from which persons walking much sometimes suffer; Tar′sipes, a small Australian honey-sucking marsupial, of the family Phalangistidæ, about the size of a mouse.—adj. Tarsometatar′sal, pertaining to the tarsus and the metatarsus.—n. Tarsometatar′sus, the single compound bone of birds.—adj. Tarsotar′sal, mediotarsal. [Gr. tarsos, the flat part of the foot.]

Tart, tärt, adj. sharp or sour to the taste: (fig.) sharp: severe.—adj. Tart′ish, somewhat tart.—adv. Tart′ly.—n. Tart′ness. [A.S. teart—teran, to tear.]

Tart, tärt, n. a small pie, containing fruit or jelly baked in paste.—n. Tart′let, a small tart. [O. Fr. tarte—L. torta, fem. of pa.p. of torquēre, twist.]

Tartan, tär′tan, n. a woollen or worsted stuff checked with various colours, once the distinctive dress of the Scottish Highlanders, each clan having its own pattern. [Fr. tiretaine, linsey-woolsey—Sp. tiritaña, a thin woollen stuff—tiritar, to shiver.]

Tartan, tär′tan, n. a Mediterranean vessel with lateen sail: a kind of long covered carriage [Fr.,—Ar. taridah, a small ship.]

Tartar, tär′tar, n. a mixture of bitartrate of potash and tartrate of lime, being a deposit formed from wine, and known in its crude form as argol: a concretion which sometimes forms on the teeth.—adjs. Tar-tā′reous, Tar′tarous, consisting of, or resembling, tartar; Tartar′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, tartar.—v.t. Tar′tarise, to impregnate or treat with tartar.—adjs. Tartral′ic, Tartrel′ic, derived from tartar.—n. Tar′trāte, a salt of tartaric acid.—Tartar emetic, a compound of potassium and antimony.—Cream of tartar (see Cream). [Fr. tartre—Low L. tartarum—Ar. durd, dregs.]

Tartar, tär′tar, n. a native of Tartary in Asia: an irritable person, or one too strong for his assailant.

Tartarus, tär′ta-rus, n. the lower world generally, but esp. the place of punishment for the wicked, according to Homer, a deep and sunless abyss, as far below Hades as earth is below heaven, and closed in by iron gates—(Shak.) Tar′tar: (Spens.) Tar′tary.—adj. Tartā′rean. [L.,—Gr. tartaros.]

Tartuffe, tär-tōōf′, n. a hypocritical pretender to religion, from the chief character in Molière's most celebrated comedy (1669).—adjs. Tartuff′ish, Tar-tuf′ish.—ns. Tartuff′ism, Tartuf′ism.

Tar-water, tär′-waw′tèr, n. cold infusion of tar in water, once used as a medicine for chest complaints.

Tascal, tas′kal, n. a reward for information about cattle-stealing.—Also Tas′call. [Gael, taisgeal.]

Taseometer, tas-ē-om′e-tèr, n. an instrument for measuring strains in a structure. [Gr. tasis, a stretching, metron, measure.]

Tash, tash, n. an Oriental silk fabric, with gold or silver thread.—Also Tass. [Hind, tāsh, tās.]

Tasimeter, ta-sim′e-tėr, n. an apparatus for detecting changes in pressure by the variations in the electrical conductivity of carbon.—adj. Tasimet′ric.—n. Tasim′etry. [Gr. tasis—teinein, stretch.]

Task, task, n. a set amount of work, esp. of study, given by another: work: drudgery.—v.t. to impose a task on: to burden with severe work.—ns. Task′er, one who imposes a task, or who performs it; Task′ing, task-work; Task′master, a master who imposes a task: an overseer:—fem. Task′mistress; Task′work, work done as a task, or by the job.—Take to task, to reprove. [O. Fr. tasque (Fr. tâche)—Low L. tasca, taxa—L. taxāre, to rate.]

Taslet, tas′let, n. a tass or piece of armour for the thigh—prob. the same as Tasset.

Tasmanian, tas-mā′ni-an, adj. of or belonging to Tasmania or Van Diemen's Land.—n. a native of Tasmania.—Tasmanian devil, or Dasyure (see Devil); Tasmanian Wolf, a nocturnal carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania. [From Abel Jans Tasman (c. 1602-59), the discoverer.]

Tass, tas, n. (prov.) a hay-mow, a heap. [O. Fr. tas, a heap, most prob. Teut.]

Tass, tas, n. a drinking-cup or its contents. [Fr. tasse—Ar. tās, a cup.]

Tassel, tas′el, n. a hanging ornament consisting of a bunch of silk or other material: anything like a tassel: the silk or ribbon-marker of a book: a thin plate of gold on the back of a bishop's gloves.—v.t. to attach a tassel to, to ornament with tassels.—adj. Tass′elled, adorned with tassels. [O. Fr. tassel, an ornament of a square shape, attached to the dress—L. taxillus, dim. of talus, a die.]

Tassel-gentle, tas′el-jen′tl, n. (Shak.) the tiercel or male goshawk—also Tass′el-gent—properly Tier′cel-gen′tle.

Tasset, tas′et, n. an overlapping plate from the cuirass protecting the thigh. [O. Fr. tassette—tasse, n pouch—Teut., Old High Ger. tasca, a pouch.]

Taste, tāst, v.t. to try or perceive by the touch of the tongue or palate: to try by eating a little: to eat a little of: to partake of: to relish, enjoy: to experience: (Shak.) to enjoy carnally.—v.i. to try or perceive by the mouth: to have a flavour of.—n. the act or sense of tasting: the particular sensation caused by a substance on the tongue: the sense by which we perceive the flavour of a thing: the quality or flavour of anything: a small portion: intellectual relish or discernment: the faculty by which the mind perceives the beautiful: nice perception: choice, predilection.—adjs. Tāst′able, that may be tasted; Taste′ful, full of taste: having a high relish: showing good taste.—adv. Taste′fully.—n. Taste′fulness.—adj. Taste′less, without taste: insipid.—adv. Taste′lessly.—ns. Taste′lessness; Tāst′er, one skilful in distinguishing flavours by the taste: one whose duty it is to test the quality of food by tasting it before serving it to his master.—adv. Tāst′ily, with good taste, neatly.—n. Tāst′ing, the act or sense of tasting.—adj. Tāst′y, having a good taste: possessing nice perception of excellence: in conformity with good taste.—To one's taste, to one's liking, agreeable. [O. Fr. taster (Fr. tâter), as if from Low L. taxitāre—L. taxāre, to touch repeatedly, to estimate—tangĕre, to touch.]

Tat, tat, v.t. to make by hand, as an edging with a shuttle by knotting and looping thread.—v.i. to make tatting.—n. Tat′ting, a kind of lace edging woven or knit from common sewing-thread. [Prob. Scand., Ice. tæta, to tease, tæta, shreds.]

Tatar, tä′tar, n. a name originally applied to a native of certain Tungustic tribes in Chinese Tartary, but extended to the Mongol, Turkish, and other warriors, who swept over Asia under Genghis Khan. The term Tatars is used loosely for tribes of mixed origin in Tartary, Siberia, and the Russian steppes, including Kazan Tartars, Crim Tartars, Kipchaks, Kalmucks, &c. In the classification of languages Tartar′ic is used of the Turkish group.—adjs. Tatā′rian, Tatar′ic. [The Turkish and Persian Tátar became Tartar, because they were supposed to be like fiends from hell—Gr. tartoros.]

Tate, tāt, n. (Scot.) a small portion of anything fibrous.—Also Tait.

Tatter, tat′ėr, n. a torn piece: a loose hanging rag.—v.t. and v.i. to tear to tatters: to fall into tatters.—n. Tatterdemā′lion, a ragged fellow.—p.adj. Tatt′ered, in tatters or rags: torn.—adj. Tatt′ery, very ragged. [Ice. töturr (pl. tötrar), rags, a torn garment.]

Tattersalls, tat′ėr-salz, n. a famous mart in London for the sale of racing and other high-class horses, and one of the principal haunts of racing men—so called from Richard Tattersall (1724-95).

Tattle, tat′l, n. trifling talk or chat.—v.i. to talk idly or triflingly: to tell tales or secrets.—n. idle talk.—ns. Tatt′ler, one given to tattling; Tatt′lery, idle talk.—p.adj. Tatt′ling, given to tattling or telling tales.—n. (Shak.) the act of tale-telling.—adv. Tatt′lingly. [M. E. tatelen; Low Ger. tateln, to gabble; an imit. word.]

Tattoo, tat-tōō′, n. a beat of drum and a bugle-call to call soldiers to quarters, originally to shut the taps or drinking-houses against them.—The devil's tattoo, the act of drumming with the fingers on a table, &c.; in absence of mind or impatience. [Dut. taptoe—tap, a tap, and toe, which is the prep., Eng. to. Ger. zu, in the sense of 'shut.']

Tattoo, tat-tōō′, v.t. to mark permanently (as the skin) with figures, by pricking in colouring-matter.—n. marks or figures made by pricking colouring-matter into the skin.—ns. Tattoo′āge; Tattoo′er; Tattoo′ing. [Tahitian tatu.]

Tatty, tat′i, n. an East Indian screen or mat made of the roots of the fragrant cuscus-grass, with which door or window openings are filled up in the season of hot winds. [Hind. tātī.]

Tau, taw, n. the toad-fish: a tau-cross.—ns. Tau′-bone, a Τ-shaped bone, as the interclavicle of a monotreme; Tau′-cross, a cross in the form of a Τ—also Cross-tau and Cross of St Anthony; Tau′-staff, a staff with a cross-piece at the top like a crutch.—adj. Tau′-topped, having a handle like a tau-cross. [See T.]

Taunt, tawnt, v.t. to reproach or upbraid with severe or insulting words: to censure sarcastically.—n. upbraiding, sarcastic, or insulting words: a bitter reproach.—n. Taunt′er.—adj. Taunt′ing.—adv. Taunt′ingly. [O. Fr. tanter—L. tentāre, to tempt.]

Taupie, Tawpie, taw′pi, n. (Scot.) a thoughtless girl. [Ice. tópi, a fool.]

Taurus, taw′rus, n. the Bull, one of the signs of the zodiac.—adjs. Tau′rian, pertaining to a bull; Tau′riform, having the form of a bull; Tau′rīne, bull-like.—ns. Taurobō′lium, the slaughter of a bull in the Mithraic rites, or an artistic representation of the same; Taurom′achy, bull-fighting.—adj. Tauromor′phous, bull-shaped. [L.,—Gr.]

Taut, Taught, tawt, adj. tightly drawn: in good condition.—v.t. Taut′en, to make tight.—n. Taut′ness. [A form of tight.]

Tauted, taw′ted, adj. (Scot.) matted.—Also Taw′tie, Tau′tie, Tat′ty. [See Tat (1).]

Tautochronous, taw-tok′rō-nus, adj. isochronous.—n. Tau′tochrone.

Tautology, taw-tol′ō-ji, n. needless repetition of the same thing in different words.—adjs. Tautolog′ic, -al, containing tautology.—adv. Tautolog′ically.—v.i. Tautol′ogise, to use tautology: to repeat the same thing in different words.—ns. Tautol′ogism; Tautol′ogist.—adjs. Tautol′ogous, tautological; Tautophon′ical.—n. Tautoph′ony, repetition of the same sound. [Gr. tautologia—tauto, the same, legein, to speak.]

Tavern, tav′ėrn, n. a licensed house for the sale of liquors, with accommodation for travellers: an inn.—ns. Tav′erner, an innkeeper; Tav′erning. [Fr. taverne—L. taberna, from root of tabula, a board.]

Taw, taw, n. a marble chosen to be played with, a game at marbles, also the line from which to play.

Taw, taw, v.t. to prepare and dress, as skins into white leather.—ns. Taw′er, a maker of white leather; Taw′ery, a place where skins are dressed; Taw′ing. [A.S. tawian, to prepare; Old High Ger. zoujan, make, Dut. touwen, curry.]

Tawdry, taw′dri, adj. showy without taste: gaudily dressed.—adj. Taw′dered, tawdrily dressed.—adv. Taw′drily.—n. Taw′driness.—n.pl. Taw′drums, finery. [Said to be corr. from St Awdrey=St Ethelreda, at whose fair (17th October) laces and gay toys were sold.]

Tawny, taw′ni, adj. of the colour of things tanned, a yellowish brown.—n. Taw′niness. [Fr. tanné, pa.p. of tanner, to tan.]

Taws, Tawse, tawz, n. (Scot.) a leather strap, usually fringed at the end, for chastising children.

Tax, taks, n. a rate imposed on property or persons for the benefit of the state: anything imposed: a burdensome duty.—v.t. to lay a tax on: to register or enrol for fiscal purposes (Luke ii. 1): to burden: to accuse: to examine accounts in order to allow or disallow items.—ns. Taxabil′ity, Tax′ableness.—adj. Tax′able, capable of being, or liable to be, taxed—adv. Tax′ably.—ns. Taxā′tion, act of taxing; Tax′-cart, a light spring-cart; Tax′er.—adj. Tax′free, exempt from taxation.—ns. Tax′-gath′erer; Taxim′eter (see Addenda); Tax′ing-mas′ter, an officer of a court of law who examines bills of costs; Tax′-pay′er. [Fr. taxe, a tax—L. taxāre, to handle, value, charge—tangĕre to touch.]

Taxiarch, tak′si-ärk, n. the commander of an ancient Greek taxis or battalion.

Taxidermy, taks′i-dėr-mi, n. the art of preparing and stuffing the skins of animals.—adjs. Taxider′mal, Taxider′mic.—v.t. Tax′idermise.—n. Tax′idermist. [Fr.,—Gr. taxis, arrangement, derma, a skin.]

Taxis, tak′sis, n. (surg.) the art of putting parts in their natural place by means of pressure: orderly arrangement, classification: a brigade in an ancient Greek army.—ns. Taxol′ogy, the science of classification; Taxon′omer, a taxonomist.—adjs. Taxonom′ic, -al.—adv. Taxonom′ically.—ns. Taxon′omist, one versed in taxonomy; Taxon′omy, the laws and principles of taxology or orderly classification, also their application to natural history. [Gr.,—tassein, to arrange.]

Tazza, tat′sa, n. a shallow vessel mounted on a foot: a saucer-shaped bowl. [It.]

Tchick, chik, n. a sound made by pressing the tongue against the roof of the mouth and then drawing it back quickly, as in urging a horse on.—v.i. to make such a sound. [Imit.]

Tea, tē, n. the dried leaves of a shrub in China, Japan, Assam, and Ceylon: an infusion of the leaves in boiling water: any vegetable infusion.—ns. Tea′-bread, light spongy bread or buns to be eaten with tea; Tea′-cadd′y, a caddy or small box for holding tea; Tea′-cake, a light cake to be eaten with tea; Tea′-can′ister, an air-tight jar or box for holding tea; Tea′-chest, a chest or case in which tea is imported; Tea′-clip′per, a fast-sailing ship in the tea-trade; Tea′-cō′sy (see Cosy); Tea′-cup, a small cup used in drinking tea; Tea′-deal′er, one who buys and sells tea; Tea′-fight (slang), a tea-party; Tea′-gar′den, a public garden where tea and other refreshments are served; Tea′-gown, a loose gown for wearing at afternoon tea at home; Tea′-house, a Chinese or Japanese house for tea, &c.; Tea′-kett′le, a kettle in which to boil water for making tea; Tea′-lead, thin sheet-lead, used in lining tea-chests; Tea′-par′ty, a social gathering at which tea is served, also the persons present; Tea′-plant, the plant or shrub from which tea is obtained; Tea′-pot, a pot or vessel in which the beverage tea is made; Tea′-sau′cer, a saucer in which a tea-cup is set; Tea′-ser′vice, -set, the utensils necessary for a tea-table; Tea′-spoon, a small spoon used with the tea-cup, smaller still than the dessert-spoon; Tea′-stick, a stick cut from the Australian tea-tree; Tea′-tā′ble, a table at which tea is drunk; Tea′-tast′er, one who ascertains the quality of tea by tasting it.—n.pl. Tea′-things, the tea-pot, cups, &c.—ns. Tea′-tree, the common tea-plant or shrub; a name of various Australian myrtaceous and other plants; Tea′-urn, a vessel for boiling water or keeping it hot, used on the tea-table.—Black tea, that which in the process of manufacture is fermented between rolling and firing (heating with charcoal in a sieve), while Green tea is that which is fired immediately after rolling. Among black teas are bohea, congou, souchong, and pekoe; among green, hyson, imperial, and gunpowder. The finest black is Pekoe; the finest green, Gunpowder. [From South Chinese te (pron. tā), the common form being ch'a or ts'a.]

Teach, tēch, v.t. to show: to impart knowledge to: to guide the studies of: to exhibit so as to impress upon the mind: to impart the knowledge of: to accustom: to counsel.—v.i. to practise giving instruction:—pa.t. and pa.p. taught (tawt).—n. Teachabil′ity.—adj. Teach′able, capable of being taught: apt or willing to learn.—ns. Teach′ableness; Teach′er, one who teaches or instructs; Teach′ing, the act of teaching or instructing: instruction.—adj. Teach′less, indocile. [A.S. tǽcan, to show, teach; Ger. zeigen, to show; allied to L. docēre, to teach, Gr. deiknunai, to show.]

Teak, tēk, n. a tree in the East Indies and Africa, also its wood, remarkable for its hardness and durability. [Malayalam tekka.]

Teal, tēl, n. a web-footed water-fowl allied to the duck, but smaller. [Dut. teling, taling.]

Team, tēm, n. a number of animals moving together or in order: two or more oxen or other animals harnessed to the same vehicle; a number of persons associated for doing anything conjointly, playing a game, &c.—v.t. to join together in a team: to give work to a gang under a sub-contractor.—adj. Teamed (Spens.), arranged in a team.—n. Team′ster, one who drives a team.—adv. Team′wise, like a team, harnessed together. [A.S. teám, offspring; prob. teón, to draw.]

Teapoy, tē′poi, n. a small table for the tea-service, &c. [Hind. tīpāi—Pers. sīpāi.]

Tear, tēr, n. a drop of the fluid secreted by the lachrymal gland, appearing in the eyes: anything like a tear.—ns. Tear′-drop, a tear; Tear′-duct, the lachrymal or nasal duct.—adjs. Tear′-fall′ing (Shak.), shedding tears, tender; Tear′ful, abounding with or shedding tears: weeping.—adv. Tear′fully.—n. Tear′fulness.—adjs. Tear′less, without tears: unfeeling; Tear′-stained (Shak.), stained with tears; Tear′y, tearful, [A.S. teár, tǽr; Goth. tagr; cf. L. lacrima, Gr. dakru.]

Tear, tār, v.t. to draw asunder or separate with violence: to make a violent rent in: to lacerate.—v.i. to move or act with violence: to rage:—pa.t. tōre, (B.) tāre; pa.p. tōrn.—n. something torn, a rent: (slang) a spree.—n. Tear′er, one who, or that which, tears: (slang) a boisterous person.—p.adj. Tear′ing, great, terrible, rushing.—Tear and wear (see Wear); Tear one's self away, to go off with great unwillingness; Tear the hair, to pull the hair in a frenzy of grief or rage; Tear up, to remove from a fixed state by violence: to pull to pieces. [A.S. teran; cf. Ger. zehren.]

Tease, tēz, v.t. to comb or card, as wool: to scratch, as cloth: to raise a nap: to vex with importunity, jests, &c.: to torment, irritate.—n. one who teases or torments.—n. Teas′er, one who teases out anything: the stoker of a glass-works furnace.—adj. Teas′ing, vexatious.—adv. Teas′ingly. [A.S. tǽsan, to pluck; Dut. teezen, Ger. zeisen.]

Teasel, tēz′l, n. a plant with large burs or heads covered with stiff, hooked awns, which are used in raising a nap on cloth—also Teaz′el, Teaz′le.—v.t. to raise a nap on with the teasel:—pr.p. teas′eling; pa.t. and pa.p. teas′eled.—ns. Teas′eler; Teas′eling, the act of raising a nap on cloth. [A.S. tæsel, tæsl—tǽsan, to pluck.]

Teat, tēt, n. the nipple of the female breast through which the young suck the milk.—adj. Teat′ed, mammiferous. [A.S. tit; cog. with Ger. zitze; or perh. through O. Fr. tete, from Teut.]

Tebeth, teb′eth, n. the tenth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical, and fourth of the secular, year, corresponding to parts of December and January.

Technic, -al, tek′nik, -al, adj. pertaining to art, esp. the useful arts: belonging to a particular art or profession.—n. Technical′ity, state or quality of being technical: that which is technical.—adv. Tech′nically.—ns. Tech′nicalness; Techni′cian; Tech′nicist, one skilled in the practical arts.—n.pl. Tech′nics, the doctrine of arts in general: the branches that relate to the arts; Technique (tek-nēk′), method of performance, manipulation, esp. everything concerned with the mechanical part of a musical performance.—adjs. Technolog′ic, -al, relating to technology.—ns. Technol′ogist, one skilled in technology; Technol′ogy, the systematic knowledge of the industrial arts: a discourse or treatise on the arts: an explanation of terms employed in the arts; Technon′omy, the principles underlying technology. [Gr. technikos—technē, art, akin to tekein, to produce.]

Tecnology, tek-nol′ō-ji, n. a treatise on children. [Gr. teknon, a child, logia, discourse.]

Tectaria, tek-tā′ri-a, n. a genus of univalves with a turbinate or conic shell.—adjs. Tectibranch′iate, having the gills covered; Tec′tiform, roof-like: (entom.) ridged in the middle and sloping down on the sides. [L. tectum, a roof.]

Tectology, tek-tol′ō-ji, n. structural morphology according to which an organism is regarded as composed of individuals of different orders.—adj. Tectolog′ical. [Gr. tektōn, a builder.]

Tectonic, tek-ton′ik, adj. pertaining to building.—n.sing. and pl. Tecton′ics, building as an art: the shaping and ornamentation of furniture, weapons, &c. [Gr. tektōn, a builder.]

Tectorial, tek-tō′ri-al, adj. covering.—n. Tectō′rium, a covering: the coverts of the wing or tail of birds taken collectively.

Tectrices, tek-trī′sez, n.pl. wing or tail coverts of birds:—sing. Tec′trix.—adj. Tectri′cial.

Ted, ted, v.t. to spread or turn, as new-mown grass, for drying:—pr.p. ted′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. ted′ded.—n. Ted′der, an implement for spreading hay. [Scand.; Ice. tedhja, spread manure.]

Te deum, tē dē′um, n. a famous Latin hymn of the Western Church, sung at the end of matins on all feasts except Innocents' Day, and on all Sundays except during penitential seasons—it begins with the words Te Deum Laudamus, 'We praise thee, O God:' a thanksgiving service in which this hymn forms a principal part.

Tedious, tē′di-us, adj. wearisome: tiresome from length or slowness: irksome: slow.—n. Tedios′ity, tediousness.—adv. Tē′diously.—n. Tē′diousness. [L. tædiosus.]

Tedium, tē′di-um, n. wearisomeness: irksomeness. [L. tædium—tædet, it wearies.]

Tee, tē, n. a mark for quoits, curling-stones, &c.: (golf) the raised sand from which the ball is played at the commencement of each hole.—v.t. to place the golf-ball on this before striking off.

Tee, tē, n. a finial in the form of a conventionalised umbrella, crowning a dagoba in Indo-Chinese countries.

Teem, tēm, v.i. to bring forth or produce: to bear or be fruitful: to be pregnant: to be full or prolific.—n. Teem′er.—adjs. Teem′ful; Teem′ing; Teem′less, barren. [A.S. teám, offspring.]

Teen, tēn, n. (arch.) grief, affliction, injury. [A.S. teóna, reproach, injury.]

Teen, tēn, v.t. (Spens.) to excite, provoke. [A.S. týnan, to irritate, vex.]

Teething, tēth′ing, n. the first growth of teeth, or the process by which they make their way through the gums.—v.i. Teethe, to grow or cut the teeth.

Teetotaler, tē-tō′tal-ėr, n. one pledged to entire abstinence from intoxicating drinks.—adj. Teetō′tal.—n. Teetō′talism. [Prob. from a stammering pronunciation of the word Total by Richard Turner of Preston in 1833.]

Tee-totum, tē-tō′tum, n. a toy like a small top, twirled by the fingers.

Tegmen, teg′men, n. a covering: (bot.) the endopleura or inner coat of the seed: (anat.) the roof of the tympanic cavity of the ear: the covering of the posterior wing of some insects;—pl. Teg′mina.—adj. Teg′minal. [L.]

Tegmentum, teg-men′tum, n. the scaly covering of the leaf-buds of deciduous trees.—adj. Tegmen′tal.

Tegulated, teg-ū-lāt′ed, adj. composed of plates overlapping like tiles.—adj. Teg′ular.—adv. Teg′u-larly. [L. tegula, a tile—tegĕre, to cover.]

Tegument, teg′ū-ment, n. an integument.—adjs. Tegumen′tal, Tegumen′tary. [L. tegumentum—tegĕre, to cover.]

Teian, Tean, tē′an, adj. pertaining to Teos in ancient Ionia, or to the poet Anacreon, a native.

Te Igitur, tē ij′i-tur, n. the first paragraph of the eucharistic canon in the Roman liturgy.

Teil, tēl, n. the linden or lime tree: the terebinth. [O. Fr. teil—L. tilia.]

Teinds, tēndz, n.pl. the name given in Scotland to tithes, or, strictly, to that part of the estates of the laity which is liable to be assessed for the stipend of the clergy of the established church.

Teinoscope, tī′nō-skōp, n. an optical instrument consisting of two prisms so combined as to correct the chromatic aberration.

Teknonymy, tek-non′i-mi, n. the naming of the parent from the child.—adj. Teknon′ymous. [Gr. teknon, a child, onoma, a name.]

Tela, tē′la, n. a tissue:—pl. Telæ (tē′lē).—adjs. Tē′lar, pertaining to a tela, web, or tissue; Telā′rian, spinning a web.—n. a spinning spider.—adj. Tel′ary, pertaining to a tela, woven, spun. [L.]

Telamon, tel′a-mon, n. (archit.) a man's figure bearing an entablature. [Gr. telamōn, bearer.]

Telangiectasia, te-lan-ji-ek-tā′si-a, n. a dilation of the small arteries or capillaries—also Telangiec′tasis.—adj. Telangiectat′ic. [Gr. telos, the end, angeion, a vessel, ektasis, extension.]

Telautograph, te-law′tō-graf, n. a writing or copying telegraph, invented by Elisha Gray, for reproducing writings at a distance. [Gr. tēle, far, autos, self, graphein, to write.]

Telegram, tel′e-gram, n. a message sent by telegraph.—adj. Telegram′mic, pertaining to a telegram, brief, succinct. [Gr. tēle, at a distance, gramma, that which is written—graphein, to write.]

Telegraph, tel′e-graf, n. an apparatus for transmitting intelligible messages to a distance, esp. by means of electricity.—v.t. to convey or announce by telegraph.—ns. Tel′egraph-cā′ble, a cable containing wires for transmitting telegraphic messages; Tel′egrapher (or tē-leg′-), Tel′egraphist (or tē-leg′-), one who works a telegraph.—adjs. Telegraph′ic, -al, pertaining to, or communicated by, a telegraph.—adv. Telegraph′ically, in a telegraphic manner: by means of the telegraph.—ns. Tel′egraph-plant, an Indian leguminous plant, the small lateral leaflets of whose trifoliate leaves have a strange, spontaneous motion, jerking up and down (sometimes 180 times in a minute), as if signalling, and also rotate on their axes; Tel′egraphy (or tē-leg′-), the science or art of constructing or using telegraphs. [Gr. tēle at a distance, graphein to write.]

Telekinesis, tel-ē-ki-nē′sis, n. the production of motion without contact, through supra-physical causes, beyond the range of the senses.—adj. Telekinet′ic. [Gr. tēle, far, kinēsis, movement.]

Telemeter, tē-lem′e-tėr, n. an instrument for fixing distances in surveying, &c.—adj. Telemet′ric.—n. Telem′etry. [Gr. tēle, far, metron, measure.]

Teleology, tel-e-ol′ō-ji, n. the doctrine of the final causes of things.—adjs. Teleolog′ic, -al.—adv. Teleolog′ically.—ns. Teleol′ogism; Teleol′ogist. [Gr. telos, issue, logos, a discourse.]

Teleosaurus, tē-lē-ō-sawr′us, n. a genus of fossil saurians belonging to the Oolitic period.—adj. and n. Teleosau′rian. [Gr. teleios, perfect, sauros, a lizard.]

Teleost, tel′ē-ost, adj. osseous.—n. an osseous fish—also Teleos′tean. [Gr. teleios, complete, osteon, bone.]

Telepathy, tel′ē-path-i, or tē-lep′a-thi, n. the supposed fact that communication is possible between mind and mind otherwise than through the known channels of the senses, as at a distance without external means.—adj. Telepath′ic.—adv. Telepath′ically.—v.t. Tel′epathise, to affect or act upon through telepathy.—v.i. to practise telepathy.—n. Tel′epathist (or te-lep′-), one who believes in telepathy. [Gr. tēle, far, pathos, feeling.]

Telepheme, tel′ē-fēm, n. a telephonic message. [Gr. tēle, far, phēmē, a saying.]

Telephone, tel′e-fōn, n. an instrument for reproducing sound at a distance over a conducting wire or cord, esp. by means of electricity.—v.t. and v.i. to communicate by telephone.—n. Tel′ephōner, one who uses a telephone.—adj. Telephon′ic.—adv. Telephon′ically.—ns. Tel′ephōnist, one who uses the telephone, one skilled in its use; Telephō′nograph, an apparatus for recording a telephone message.—adj. Telephonograph′ic.—n. Tel′ephony, the art of telephoning. [Gr. tēle, far, phōnē, a sound.]

Telephote, tel′ē-fōt, n. an instrument for reproducing images of objects at a distance by means of electricity.—ns. Telephō′tograph, a picture so produced; Telephotog′raphy, the art of producing such—still a dream of the future. [Gr. tēle, far, phōs, phōtos, light.]

Teleplastic, tel-ē-plas′tik, adj. pertaining to the materialisation of spiritualistic phenomena.—Also Telesomat′ic. [Gr. tēle, far, plassein, to form.]

Telerpeton, tē-lėr′pe-ton, n. a remarkable genus of fossil reptiles of the Mesozoic period. [Gr. tēle, far, herpeton, a reptile.]

Telescope, tel′e-skōp, n. an optical instrument for viewing objects at a distance.—v.t. to drive together so that one thing, as a railway-carriage in a collision, slides into another like the movable joints of a spyglass.—v.i. to be forced into each other in such a way.—adjs. Telescop′ic, -al, pertaining to, performed by, or like a telescope: seen only by a telescope.—adv. Telescop′ically.—adj. Tel′escopiform.—ns. Tel′escopist, one who uses the telescope; Tel′escopy (or tē-les′-), the art of constructing or of using the telescope. [Fr.,—Gr. tēle, at a distance, skopein, to see.]

Teleseme, tel′ē-sēm, n. a system of electric signalling for the automatic transmission of different signals, in use in large hotels, for police alarms, &c. [Gr. tēle, far, sēma, a sign.]

Telesia, tē-lē′si-a, n. the sapphire. [Gr. telesios, finishing—telos, the end.]

Telespectroscope, tel-ē-spek′trō-skōp, n. a combined astronomical telescope and spectroscope.

Telestereoscope, tel-ē-ster′ē-ō-skōp, n. an optical instrument presenting distant objects in relief.

Telestic, tē-les′tik, adj. pertaining to the final end. [Gr. telos, an end.]

Telestich, tel′ē-stik, n. a poem in which the final letters of the lines make a name.

Telethermograph, tel-ē-ther′mō-graf, n. a self-registering telethermometer.

Telethermometer, tel-ē-ther-mom′e-tėr, n. thermometer that records its temperature at a distance.

Teleutospore, tē-lū′tō-spōr, n. a thick-walled winter spore of the rust-fungi (Uredineæ), producing on germination a promycelium. [Gr. teleutē completion, spora, seed.]

Tell, tel, v.t. to number or give an account of: to utter: to narrate: to disclose: to inform: to discern: to explain.—v.i. to give an account: to produce or take effect: to chat, gossip: to tell tales, play the informer:—pa.t. and pa.p. tōld.—adj. Tell′able, capable of being told.—ns. Tell′er, one who tells or counts: a clerk whose duty it is to receive and pay money; Tell′ership, the office of a teller.—p.adj. Tell′ing, having great effect.—adv. Tell′ingly, in a telling or effective manner.—n. Tell′-tale, one who tells tales: one who officiously tells the private concerns of others: an indication or an indicator, as an automatic instrument: a bird of genus Totanus, a tattler.—adj. given to reveal secrets, blabbing: apparent, openly seen: giving warning.—Tell off, to count off: to detach on some special duty. [A.S. tellan; Ice. telja, Ger. zählen, to number.]

Tellurium, te-lū′ri-um, n. an element by some classed as a metal, placed by others among the metalloids, brittle and crystalline, of high metallic lustre, bluish-white in colour, with close analogies to sulphur and selenium.—n. Tel′lurate, a salt of telluric acid.—adjs. Tel′lūretted, combined with tellurium; Tellū′rian, pertaining to the earth.—n. an inhabitant of the earth.—adj. Tellū′ric, pertaining to, or proceeding from, the earth: of or from tellurium.—n. Tel′luride, a compound of tellurium with an electro-positive element.—adjs. Tellūrif′erous, containing tellurium; Tel′lūrous, pertaining to tellurium. [L. tellus, telluris, the earth.]

Telotype, tel′ō-tīp, n. a printing electric telegraph: an automatically printed telegram.

Telpher, tel′fėr, adj. pertaining to a system of telpherage.—n. Tel′pherage, a term coined by Prof. Fleeming Jenkin for a system of electric traction developed on an absolute automatic block system, the presence of a train on one section cutting off the supply of electric energy to the section behind, any mode of transport effected automatically with the aid of electricity. [Framed from tel(egraph)—Gr. tēle, far, pherein, to carry.]

Telson, tel′son, n. the last somite of the pleon or abdomen of certain crustaceans and arachnidans. [Gr. telson, a boundary.]

Telugu, tel′ōō-gōō, n. the language spoken in the north-western portion of the Dravidian area inhabited by the Telingas.—Also Tel′oogoo.

Temenos, tem′e-nos, n. a piece of land marked off from common uses and dedicated to a god, a precinct. [Gr.,—temnein, to cut off.]

Temerity, te-mėr′i-ti, n. rashness: unreasonable contempt for danger.—adj. Temerā′rious (obs.), rash, reckless.—adv. Temerā′riously.—adj. Tem′erous, rash.—adv. Tem′erously. [Fr. témérité—L. temeritas—temere, by chance, rashly.]

Tempean, tem-pē′an, adj. pertaining to, or resembling, Tempe, a valley in Thessaly, praised by the classic poets for its matchless beauty: beautiful: delightful.

Temper, tem′pėr, v.t. to mix in due proportion: to modify by blending or mixture: to moderate: to soften: to bring to a proper degree of hardness and elasticity, as steel: to amend or adjust, as a false or imperfect concord.—n. due mixture or balance or different or contrary qualities: state of a metal as to hardness, &c.: constitution of the body: constitutional frame or state of mind, esp. with regard to feelings, disposition, temperament, mood: passion, irritation: calmness or moderation: in sugar-works lime or other substance used to neutralise the acidity of cane-juice.—adjs. Tem′perable, capable of being tempered; Tem′pered, having a certain specified disposition or temper: brought to a certain temper, as steel: (mus.) tuned or adjusted to some mean, or to equal, temperament.—adv. Tem′peredly.—ns. Tem′perer; Tem′pering, the process of giving the required degree of hardness or softness to iron or steel, by heating to redness and cooling in different ways. [L. temperāre, to combine properly, allied to tempus, time.]

Temperament, tem′pėr-a-ment, n. state with respect to the predominance of any quality: internal constitution or state: disposition, one of the peculiarities of physical and mental organisation which to a certain extent influence our thoughts and actions—choleric or bilious, lymphatic, nervous, sanguine: the adjustment of imperfect concords, so that the difference between two contiguous sounds is reduced to a minimum and the two appear identical—a system of compromise in the tuning of keyed instruments.—adj. Temperamen′tal.—adv. Temperamen′tally. [L. temperamentum—temperāre.]

Temperance, tem′pėr-ans, n. moderation, esp. in the indulgence of the natural appetites and passions—in a narrower sense, moderation in the use of alcoholic liquors, and even entire abstinence from such.—Temperance hotel, one which professes to supply no alcoholic liquors; Temperance movement, a political agitation for the restriction or abolition of the use of alcoholic liquors; Temperance society, usually an association of total-abstainers from alcoholic liquors. [L. temperantia.]

Temperate, tem′pėr-āt, adj. moderate in degree of any quality, esp. in the appetites and passions, self-restrained: calm: cool, mild, moderate in temperature: abstemious.—adv. Tem′perately.—n. Tem′perateness.—adj. Tem′perative.—n. Tem′perature, constitution: proportion: degree of any quality, esp. of heat or cold in weather or climate: the thermal condition of a body which determines the interchange of heat between it and other bodies: state of a living body with respect to sensible heat.—Temperate zones, the parts of the earth of more cool and equable temperature lying between the tropics and the polar circles—the North Temperate Zone being the space between the tropic of Cancer and the arctic circle; the South Temperate Zone, that between the tropic of Capricorn and the antarctic circle.

Tempest, tem′pest, n. wind rushing with great velocity, usually with rain or snow: a violent storm: any violent commotion.—adjs. Tem′pest-beat′en; Tem′pest-tost (Shak.), driven about by storms; Tempes′tūous, resembling, or pertaining to, a tempest: very stormy: turbulent.—adv. Tempes′tūously.—n. Tempes′tūousness.—Tempest in a tea-pot, a great disturbance over a trivial matter. [O. Fr. tempeste—L. tempestas, a season, tempest—tempus, time.]

Templar, tem′plar, n. one of a religious and military order founded in 1119 for the protection of the Holy Sepulchre and pilgrims going thither—extinguished, 1307-14, in one of the darkest tragedies of history: a student or lawyer living in the Temple, London.—Good Templar, a member of a teetotal society whose organisation is a travesty of that of the Freemasons. [Orig. called 'Poor fellow-soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon,' from their first headquarters in the palace of King Baldwin II., which was built on the site of the temple of Solomon, close to the church of the Holy Sepulchre.]

Template, tem′plāt, n. a mould in wood or metal, showing the outline or profile of mouldings, and from which the workmen execute the moulding.—Also Tem′plet. [Low L. templatus, vaulted—L. templum, a small timber.]

Temple, tem′pl, n. an edifice erected to a deity or for religious purposes: a place of worship: in London, two inns of court, once occupied by the Knights Templars. [L. templum, prob. for temulum, a space marked out for religious purposes, dim. of tempus, a piece cut off.]

Temple, tem′pl, n. the flat portion of either side of the head above the cheekbone.—adj. Tem′poral, pertaining to the temples. [O. Fr. temple—L. tempora, the temples, pl. of tempus, time.]

Temporal, tem′por-al, adj. pertaining to time, esp. to this life or world—opposed to eternal: worldly, secular, or civil—opposed to sacred or ecclesiastical.—n. Temporal′ity, what pertains to temporal welfare: (pl.) secular possessions, revenues of an ecclesiastic proceeding from lands, tithes, and the like.—adv. Tem′porally.—n. Tem′poralness.—adv. Tem′porarily.—n. Tem′porariness.—adjs. Tem′porary, Temporā′neous, for a time only: transient.—n. Temporisā′tion.—v.i. Tem′porise, to comply with the time or occasion: to yield to circumstances.—ns. Tem′poriser; Tem′porising.—adv. Tem′porisingly. [Fr.,—L. tempus, time.]

Tempt, temt, v.t. to put to trial: to test: to try to persuade, esp. to evil: to entice.—adj. Temp′table.—ns. Temp′tableness; Temptā′tion, act of tempting: state of being tempted: that which tempts: enticement to evil: trial.—adj. Temptā′tious, seductive.—n. Temp′ter, one who tempts, esp. the devil:—fem. Temp′tress.—adj. Temp′ting, adapted to tempt or entice.—adv. Temp′tingly.—n. Temp′tingness. [O. Fr. tempter (Fr. tenter)—L. tentāre, an inten. of tendĕre, to stretch.]

Temulence, tem′ū-lens, n. intoxication—also Tem′ulency.—adj. Tem′ulent.—adv. Tem′ulently. [L. temulentus, drunk.]

Ten, ten, adj. twice five.—n. a figure denoting ten units, as 10 or x.: a playing-card with ten spots: ten o'clock in the morning or evening.—n. Up′per-ten (see under Upper). [A.S. tén, tíen; Ger. zehn, W. deg, L. decem, Gr. deka, Sans. daçan.]

Tenable, ten′a-bl, adj. capable of being retained, kept, or defended.—ns. Tenabil′ity, Ten′ableness, the state or quality of being tenable. [Fr. tenable, from tenir—L. tenēre, to hold.]

Tenace, ten′ās, n. at whist, a holding of the first and third best cards (major tenace), or the second and fourth best cards (minor tenace), in a suit. [Fr.]

Tenacious, tē-nā′shus, adj. retaining or holding fast: apt to stick: stubborn.—adv. Tenā′ciously.—ns. Tenā′ciousness, Tenac′ity, quality of being tenacious: the quality of bodies which makes them stick to others. [L. tenax—tenēre.]

Tenaculum, tē-nak′ū-lum, n. a surgical hooked instrument for drawing out a divided blood-vessel to be tied.

Tenaille, te-nāl′, n. (fort.) an outwork in the main ditch immediately in front of the curtain, of great use for protecting the ditch, covering the postern from the enemy's view, &c.—n. Tenaillon (te-nal′yon), a work to strengthen the side of a small ravelin, and to support the shoulder of the bastion. [Fr.,—L. tenaculum, a holder—tenēre, to hold.]

Tenant, ten′ant, n. one who holds or possesses land or property under another, the payments and services which he owes to his superior constituting his tenure: one who has, on certain conditions, temporary possession of any place, an occupant.—v.t. to hold as a tenant.—n. Ten′ancy, a holding by private ownership: a temporary holding of land or property by a tenant.—adj. Ten′antable, fit to be tenanted: in a state of repair suitable for a tenant.—n. Ten′ant-farm′er, a farmer who rents a farm from the landlord.—adj. Ten′antless, without a tenant.—ns.

Ten′ant-right, the customary right of the tenant to sit continuously at a reasonable rent, and to receive compensation for his interest from the incoming tenant, and for all permanent or unexhausted improvements from the landlord; Ten′antry, the body of tenants on an estate. [Fr. tenant—L. tenens, pr.p. of tenēre, to hold.]

Tench, tensh, n. a fresh-water fish, of the carp family, very tenacious of life. [O. Fr. tenche (Fr. tanche)—L. tinca.]

Tend, tend, v.t. to accompany as assistant or protector: to take care of, to be attentive to, to wait upon so as to execute.—ns. Ten′dance (Spens.), state of expectation: (Shak.) act of waiting or tending, also persons attendant; Ten′der, a small vessel that attends a larger with stores, &c.: a carriage attached to locomotives to supply fuel and water. [Contracted from attend.]

Tend, tend, v.i. to stretch, aim at, move, or incline in a certain direction: to be directed to any end or purpose: to contribute.—n. Ten′dency, direction, object, or result to which anything tends: inclination: drift. [Fr. tendre—L. tendĕre; Gr. teinein, to stretch.]

Tender, ten′dėr, v.t. to stretch out or offer for acceptance, esp. to offer to supply certain commodities for a certain period at rates specified.—n. an offer or proposal, esp. of some service, also the paper containing it: the thing offered, the actual production and formal offer of a sum due in legal money, or an offer of services to be performed, in order to save the consequences of non-payment or non-performance.

Tender, ten′dėr, adj. soft, delicate: easily impressed or injured: not hardy: fragile: weak and feeble: easily moved to pity, love, &c.: careful not to injure (with of): unwilling to cause pain: apt to cause pain: pathetic, expressive of the softer passions: compassionate, loving, affectionate: young and inexperienced: weakly in health: delicate, requiring careful handling: quick, keen: apt to lean over under sail.—n. Ten′der-foot, one not yet hardened to life in the prairie, mining-camp, &c.: a new-comer.—adj. Ten′der-heart′ed, full of feeling.—adv. Ten′der-heart′edly.—n. Ten′der-heart′edness.—adj. Ten′der-heft′ed (Shak.), having great tenderness.—ns. Ten′derling, one too much coddled, an effeminate fellow: one of the first horns of a deer; Ten′der-loin, the tenderest part of the loin of beef, pork, &c., lying close to the ventral side of the lumbar vertebræ.—adv. Ten′derly.—n. Ten′derness. [Fr. tendre—L. tener, allied to tenuis, thin.]

Tendon, ten′don, n. the white fibrous tissue reaching from the end of a muscle to bone or some other structure which is to serve as a fixed attachment for it, or which it is intended to move—funicular, as the long tendon of the biceps muscle of the arm; fascicular, as the short tendon of that muscle, and as most tendons generally; aponeurotic, tendinous expansions, as the tendons of the abdominal muscles—L. Ten′do:—pl. Ten′dines.—adj. Ten′dinous, consisting of, containing, or resembling tendons: full of tendons: sinewy.—ns. Tenog′raphy, the description of tendons; Tenol′ogy, that part of anatomy which relates to tendons; Tenot′omy, the surgical operation of dividing a tendon. [Fr. tendon—L. tendĕre, to stretch; cf. Gr. tenōn—teinein, to stretch.]

Tendril, ten′dril, n. a slender, spiral shoot of a plant by which it attaches itself for support.—adj. clasping or climbing.—adj. Ten′drilled. [O. Fr. tendrillons, tendre—L. tener, tender.]

Tenebrous, ten′e-brus, adj. dark: gloomy—also Ten′ebrose.—n.pl. Tenebræ (ten′e-brē), an office held by Roman Catholics on Good Friday and the preceding two days, consisting of the matins and lauds of the following day. During it the church is gradually darkened by the putting out of all the candles but one, which for a time (as a symbol of our Lord's death and burial) is hidden at the Epistle corner of the altar.—adj. Tenebrif′ic, producing darkness.—ns. Tēneb′rio, a genus of beetles, including the meal-worm; Tenebros′ity, darkness. [L. tenebrosus—tenebræ, darkness.]

Tenement, ten′e-ment, n. anything held, or that may be held, by a tenant: a dwelling or habitation, or part of it, used by one family: one of a set of apartments in one building, each occupied by a separate family.—adjs. Tenement′al; Tenement′ary.

Tenendum, tē-nen′dum, n. that clause in a deed wherein the tenure of the land is defined and limited. [L., neut. of tenendus, ger. of tenēre, to hold.]

Tenesmus, tē-nes′mus, n. the term applied in medicine to a straining and painful effort to relieve the bowels when no fæcal matter is present in the rectum, the effort being caused by some adjacent source of irritation.—adj. Tenes′mic.

Tenet, ten′et, n. any opinion, principle, or doctrine which a person holds or maintains as true. [L. tenet, he holds—tenēre, to hold.]

Tennis, ten′is, n. an ancient game for two to four persons, played with ball and rackets within a building specially constructed for the purpose: lawn-tennis (q.v.), a modern imitation of the former.—ns. Tenn′is-ball, a ball used in the game of tennis; Tenn′is-court, a place or court for playing at tennis. [Skeat suggests O. Fr. tenies, pl. of tenie, a fillet—L. tænia.]

Tenon, ten′un, n. a projection at the end of a piece of wood inserted into the socket or mortise of another, to hold the two together.—v.t. to fit with tenons.—ns. Ten′oner, a machine for forming tenons; Ten′on-saw, a thin back-saw for tenons, &c. [Fr. tenon—tenir, to hold—L. tenēre.]

Tenor, ten′ur, n. continuity of state: general run or currency: purport: the higher of the two kinds of voices usually belonging to adult males: the part next above the bass in a vocal quartet: one who sings tenor.—adj. pertaining to the tenor in music.—ns. Ten′or-clef, the C clef, placed on the fourth line; Ten′orist. [L. tenor—tenēre, to hold.]

Tenpins, ten′pinz, n. a game played in a bowling-alley, the aim being to bowl down ten pins set up at the far end.

Tenrec, ten′rek, n. a genus of Insectivora, of one species, 12 to 16 inches long, with squat body and hardly any tail, found in Madagascar and Mauritius.—Also Tan′rec. [Malagasy.]

Tense, tens, n. time in grammar, the form of a verb to indicate the time of the action. [O. Fr. tens (Fr. temps)—L. tempus, time.]

Tense, tens, adj. strained to stiffness: rigid.—adv. Tense′ly.—ns. Tense′ness, state of being tense; Tensibil′ity, Tensil′ity, quality of being tensile.—adjs. Ten′sible, Ten′sile, capable of being stretched.—ns. Ten′sion, act of stretching: state of being stretched or strained: strain: effort: strain in the direction of the length, or the degree of it: mental strain, excited feeling: a strained state of any kind; Ten′sion-rod, a rod in a structure holding together different parts; Ten′sity, tenseness: state of being tense.—adj. Ten′sive, giving the sensation of tenseness or stiffness.—n. Ten′sor, a muscle that tightens a part. [L. tensus, pa.p. of tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenson, ten′son, n. a competition in verse between two troubadours before a tribunal of love, also a subdivision of the chanson composed at such.—Also Ten′zon. [Fr.,—L. tensio, a struggle.]

Tent, tent, n. a portable lodge or shelter, generally of canvas stretched on poles: a plug or roll of lint used to dilate a wound or opening in the flesh—v.t. to probe: to keep open with a tent.—ns. Tent′-bed, a bed having a canopy hanging from a central point overhead; Tent′-cloth, canvas, duck, &c. suitable for tents.—adj. Ten′ted, covered with tents.—ns. Ten′ter, one who lives in a tent; Tent′-fly, an external piece of canvas stretched above the ridge-pole of a tent, shading from sun or shielding from rain; Tent′ful, as many as a tent will hold; Tent′-guy, an additional rope for securing a tent against a storm.—adjs. Ten′tiform, shaped like a tent; Ten′ting (Keats), having the form of a tent.—ns. Tent′-mak′er, one who makes tents; Tent′-peg, -pin, a strong peg of notched wood, or of iron, driven into the ground to fasten one of the ropes of a tent to; Tent′-peg′ging, a favourite cavalry exercise in India, in which the competitor, riding at full speed, tries to bear off a tent-peg on the point of a lance; Tent′-pole, one of the poles used in pitching a tent; Tent′-rope, one of the ropes by which a tent is secured to the tent-pins, generally one for each breadth of the canvas; Tent′-stitch, in worsted and embroidery, a series of parallel diagonal stitches—also Petit point; Tent′-work, work produced by embroidering with tent-stitch. [Fr. tente—Low L. tenta—L. tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tent, tent, n. a Spanish wine of a deep-red colour. [Sp. tinto, deep-coloured—L. tinctus, pa.p. of tingĕre, to dye.]

Tent, tent, v.t. (Scot.) to take heed.—v.i. to be careful.—n. care, watchfulness. [Same as Intent.]

Tentacle, ten′ta-kl, n. a thread-like organ of certain insects for feeling or motion.—adjs. Ten′tacled; Tentac′ūlar; Tentac′ūlate; Tentaculif′erous.—n. Tentac′ūlite, a genus of annulated tapering shells, found abundantly in Silurian and Devonian strata. [Fr. tentacule—L. tentāre, to feel—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tentative, ten′ta-tiv, adj. trying: experimental.—n. any attempt, conjecture.—adv. Ten′tatively. [Fr.,—Late L.,—L. tentāre, to try—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenter, ten′tėr, n. a machine for extending or stretching cloth on by hooks.—v.t. to stretch on hooks.—n. Ten′ter-hook, a sharp, hooked nail, anything that gives torture.—Be on tenter-hooks, to be on the stretch: to be in suspense or anxiety. [Fr. tenture—L. tentura—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenter, ten′tėr, n. one who has charge of something.—adj. Ten′ty, attentive.

Tenth, tenth, adj. the last of ten: next in order after the ninth.—n. one of ten equal parts.—adv. Tenth′ly, in the tenth place.

Tentigo, ten-tī′gō, n. morbid lasciviousness.—adj. Tentig′inous.

Tentorium, ten-tō′ri-um, n. a sheet of the dura mater stretched between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.—adj. Tentō′rial. [L., 'a tent'—tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenuity, te-nū′i-ti, n. thinness: smallness of diameter: slenderness: rarity.—v.t. Ten′ūate, to make tenuous.—adj. Tenūiros′tral, slender-billed, as a bird of the Tenūiros′tres, a large division of passerine birds including humming-birds, nuthatches, &c.—adj. Ten′ūous, thin, slender. [L. tenuitas—tenuis, thin, slender; cf. tendĕre, to stretch.]

Tenure, ten′ūr, n. a general name for the conditions on which land is held by the persons who occupy and use it. [Fr. tenure—Low L. tenura—L. tenēre, to hold.]

Tenuto, te-nōō′tō, adj. (mus.) sustained—opp. to Staccato. [It.]

Teocalli, te-ō-kal′li, n. one of the temples of the aborigines of Central America, which were erected on the top of a four-sided pyramid, and the remains of which are chiefly found in Mexico.

Tepefy, tep′ē-fī, v.t. to make tepid or moderately warm:—pa.t. and pa.p. tep′efīed.—n. Tepefac′tion, act of making tepid or lukewarm. [L. tepefacĕre—tepēre, to be warm, facĕre, to make.]

Tephrite, tef′rīt, n. a name applied to certain modern volcanic rocks.—adj. Tephrit′ic.—ns. Teph′ritoid, a variety of tephrite; Tephi′roite, a reddish silicate of manganese.

Tephromancy, tef′rō-man-si, n. divination from the inspection of the ashes of a sacrifice.—Also Teph′ramancy. [Gr. tephra, ashes, manteia, divination.]

Tepid, tep′id, adj. moderately warm: lukewarm.—ns. Tepidā′rium, an intermediate chamber in a Roman series of bathrooms, moderately hot: a boiler in which the water was heated: any room containing a warm bath; Tepid′ity, Tep′idness, lukewarmness; Tep′or, gentle heat. [L. tepidus—tepēre, to be warm.]

Teramorphous, ter-a-mor′fus, adj. monstrous in form or nature. [Gr. teras, a monster, morphē, form.]

Teraphim, ter′a-fim, n.pl. a Hebrew word of uncertain derivation, denoting a certain kind of images, idols, or household gods, of a human figure, associated with divination, and commonly used in the popular worship:—sing. Ter′aph. [Heb.]

Teratology, ter-a-tol′ō-ji, n. the study of malformations or abnormal growths, animal or vegetable.—adj. Teratogen′ic, producing monsters.—n. Teratog′eny, the production of monsters.—adjs. Ter′atoid, monstrous; Teratolog′ic, -al, pertaining to teratology.—ns. Teratol′ogist, one skilled in teratology; Teratō′ma, an anomalous congenital tumour, often containing many different tissues.—adj. Teratō′matous.—n. Teratō′sis, monstrosity. [Gr. teras, teratos, a monster.]

Terbium, ter′bi-um, n. a rare metal found in certain yttrium minerals.—adj. Ter′bic.

Terce, tėrs, n. (Scots law) a widow's right, where she has no conventional provision, to a liferent of a third of the husband's heritable property: the office of the third hour, which should be said between sunrise and noon. [Tierce.]

Tercentenary, tėr-sen′te-nā-ri, adj. including or relating to an interval of three hundred years.—n. the 300th anniversary of anything.—adj. Tercenten′nial.

Terebene, ter′ē-bēn, n. a light-yellow liquid, obtained by treating oil of turpentine with sulphuric acid, used as a disinfectant.—adj. Tereb′ic, pertaining to turpentine.—n. Ter′ebinth, the turpentine-tree.—adj. Terebinth′ine. [L.,—Gr. terebinthos.]

Terebra, ter′ē-bra, n. a Roman engine for making a breach in a wall: the borer or ovipositor of various insects.—adj. Ter′ebrant.—n. a borer, a bore.—v.t. Ter′ebrāte, to bore.—adj. provided with a borer.—n. Terebrā′tion. [L.]

Terebratula, ter-ē-brat′ū-la, n. a genus of deep-sea Brachiopods, from the form of the ventral valve of their shell termed Lamp-shells.—n. Terebrat′ulid, one of this genus.—adj. Terebrat′ūliform.—n. Terebrat′ulite, a fossil terebratulid.—adj. Terebrat′ūloid (also n.).

Teredo, tē-rē′do, n. the ship-worm, a worm very destructive in boring into wood.—Also Ter′edine. [L.,—Gr. terēdōn, from teirein, to wear away.]

Terentian, ter-en′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the Roman comic poet Terence, P. Terentius Afer (b. 195 B.C.).

Teres, tē′rēz, n. a terete muscle.—adjs. Terete′, cylindrical and tapering, columnar; Tereticau′date, round-tailed. [L. teres, terĕtis, smooth, terĕre, to rub.]

Tergal, ter′gal, adj. pertaining to the back, dorsal.—adjs. Ter′gant (her.), turning the back, recursant; Tergif′erous, bearing on the back.—n. Ter′gite, the tergum or back of one of the somites or segments of an arthropod, &c.—adj. Tergit′ic.—n. Ter′gum, the back, dorsum, or notum, as of an arthropod:—pl. Ter′ga. [L. tergum, the back.]

Tergeminate, ter-jem′i-nāt, adj. thrice double.—Also Tergem′inal, Tergem′inous.

Tergiversation, tėr-ji-vėr-sā′shun, n. a shuffling or shifting: subterfuge: fickleness of conduct.—v.i. Ter′giversate, to practise or use evasion.—n. Ter′giversātor. [L., from tergum, the back, versāri, to turn.]

Term, tėrm, n. any limited period: the time for which anything lasts: the time during which the courts of law are open: certain days on which rent is paid: that by which a thought is expressed, a word or expression: a condition or arrangement (gener. in pl.): (alg.) a member of a compound quantity.—v.t. to apply a term to: to name or call.—n. Term′er, one who attends a court term, often with the sense of a shifty rogue: one holding an estate for a term of years—also Term′or.—adj. Terminolog′ical.—adv. Terminology′ically.—n. Terminol′ogy, doctrine of terms: the terms used in any art, science, &c.—adj. Term′less, having no term or end: (Spens.) unlimited, boundless.—adv. Term′ly, term by term.—Be on terms with, to be on friendly relations with; Bring to terms, to compel to the acceptance of conditions; Come to terms, to come to an agreement: to submit; Eat one's terms (see Eat); In terms of, in the language peculiar to anything, in modes of; Keep a term, to give the regular attendance during a period of study; Major term, in a syllogism, that which is the predicate of the conclusion; the Minor term, that which is the subject of the conclusion; Make terms, to come to an agreement; Speak in terms, to speak plainly; Stand upon one's terms (with), to insist upon conditions. [Fr. terme—L. terminus, a boundary.]

Terma, ter′ma, n. the terminal lamina of the brain.—adj. Termat′ic.—n. the termatic artery. [Gr., 'a limit.']

Termagant, tėr′ma-gant, n. a boisterous, bold woman.—adj. boisterous: brawling: tumultuous.—n. Ter′magancy, state or quality of being a termagant: turbulence.—adv. Ter′magantly. [M. E. Termagant or Tervagant, a supposed Mohammedan idol, represented in the old plays and moralities as of a violent character—O. Fr. Tervagant, Tervagan—It. Trivigante, perh. from the moon as wandering under three names of Selene (Luna) in heaven, Artemis (Diana) on earth, and Persephone (Proserpine) in the lower world.]

Terminate, tėr′min-āt, v.t. to set a limit to: to set the boundary: to put an end to: to finish.—v.i. to be limited: to end either in space or time: to close.—adj. Ter′minable, that may be limited: that may terminate or cease.—n. Ter′minableness.—adj. Ter′minal, pertaining to, or growing at, the end or extremity: ending a series or part: occurring in every term.—n.pl. Terminā′lia, an annual Roman festival in honour of Terminus, the god of boundaries.—adv. Ter′minally.—n. Terminā′tion, act of terminating or ending: limit: end: result: the ending of words as varied by their signification.—adjs. Terminā′tional, pertaining to, or forming, a termination; Ter′minātive, tending to terminate or determine: absolute.—adv. Ter′minātively.—n. Ter′minātor, one who, or that which, terminates: the boundary between the illuminated and dark portions of the moon or of a planet.—adj. Ter′minātory. [L. terminus.]

Terminus, tėr′mi-nus, n. the end or extreme point: one of the extreme points of a railway, &c.: the ancient Roman god of boundaries:—pl. Ter′mini (ī).—ns. Ter′miner (law), the act of determining; Ter′minism, the theological doctrine that there is a limit in the life of each man and of mankind for the operation of grace; Ter′minist, one who believes in terminism.

Termite, ter′mīt, n. the white ant.—ns. Termitā′rium, Ter′mitary, a mound of termites.—adj. Ter′mitine. [L. termes, termitis, a wood-worm.]

Tern, tėrn, n. a long-winged aquatic fowl allied to the gull.—n. Ter′nery, a place where terns breed. [Allied to Dan. terne, sea-swallow, Ice. therna.]

Tern, tėrn, adj. threefold: consisting of three: growing in threes.—n. that which consists of three things or numbers together: a prize in a lottery got by drawing three favourable numbers.—adjs. Ter′nal, threefold; Ter′nary, proceeding by, or consisting of, threes.—n. the number three.—adj. Ter′nāte, threefold, or arranged in threes.—adv. Ter′nātely.—n. Ter′nion, a section of paper for a book containing three double leaves or twelve pages. [L. terni, three each—tres, three.]

Terne, tėrn, n. an inferior tin-plate for roofs and the inside of packing-cases. [Fr. terne, dull.]

Terpene, ter′pēn, n. one of several isomeric oily hydrocarbons. [Terebene.]

Terpsichore, tėrp-sik′ō-rē, n. one of the nine muses, who presided over choral song and dancing.—adj. Terpsichorē′an, relating to Terpsichore, or to dancing. [Gr. terpsichorē, delighting in dancing—terpsis, delight—terpein, to enjoy, choros, dancing.]

Terra, ter′a, n. earth.—ns. Terr′a-cot′ta, a composition of clay and sand used for statues, hardened like bricks by fire; Terr′aculture, agriculture; Terr′æ-fil′ius, a person of humble origin: formerly the title of a scholar at Oxford who composed annually a satirical lampoon in which considerable license was allowed; Terr′a-fir′ma, a term frequently employed to denote continental land as distinguished from islands: (coll.) land as distinguished from water; Terr′a-japon′ica, pale catechu or gambier; Terr′a-mara (-mä′ra), an earthy deposit containing fertilising organic or mineral matter, any deposit containing prehistoric remains.—adjs. Terrā′nēan, being in the earth; Terrā′nēous, growing on land.—ns. Terrā′rium, a vivarium for land animals; Terr′a-ros′sa, a name given to a ferruginous red earth extensively developed in the limestone districts of south-eastern Europe, esp. in Istria and Dalmatia. [L. terra, earth; L. cocta, pa.p. of coquĕre, to cook; L. firmus, firm; It. amara, bitter; rosso, red.]

Terrace, ter′ās, n. a raised level bank of earth: any raised flat place: the flat roof of a house:—pl. (geol.) comparatively level strips of land near the sea, lakes, or rivers, with a sharp descent at the edge towards the water, showing an ancient water-level.—v.t. to form into a terrace. [Fr. terrasse—It. terrazza—L. terra, the earth.]

Terrain, ter′ān, n. (geol.) any series of rocks continuously related: any tract considered in relation to its fitness for some purpose. [Fr.,—L. terrenum.]

Terrapin, ter′a-pin, n. the popular name of many species of fresh-water and tidal tortoises of the family Emydidæ, natives of tropical and the warmer temperate countries. [Supposed to be Amer. Ind. in origin.]

Terraqueous, ter-ā′kwē-us, adj. consisting of land and water.—Also Terrā′quēan. [Coined from L. terra, earth, aqua, water.]

Terrene, te-rēn′, adj. pertaining to the earth: earthy: earthly.—adv. Terrene′ly.—n. Terren′ity. [L. terrenus—terra, the earth.]

Terrestrial, te-res′tri-al, adj. pertaining to, or existing on, the earth: earthly: living on the ground: representing the earth.—adv. Terres′trially.—n. Terres′trialness.—adj. Terres′trious, terrestrial. [L. terrestris—terra, the earth.]

Terret, ter′et, n. one of the two round loops or rings on a pad-tree, through which the driving reins pass.—Also Terr′it.

Terrible, ter′i-bl, adj. fitted to excite terror or awe: awful: dreadful.—ns. Terr′ible-in′fant, an inconveniently outspoken child—the Fr. enfant terrible; Terr′ibleness, state of being terrible: terror, dread.—adv. Terr′ibly. [L. terribilis—terrēre, to frighten.]

Terricolous, te-rik′ō-lus, adj. terrestrial.—Also Ter′ricole, Terric′oline. [L. terra, earth, colĕre, to inhabit.]

Terrier, ter′i-ėr, n. a name originally applied to any breed of dog used to burrow underground, but now applied to any small dog—varieties are the Fox terrier, Scotch terrier (sometimes Skye terrier), Dandie Dinmont (from the stout Borderer in Scott's 'Guy Mannering'), the Irish terrier, Bedlington, &c.: a hole or burrow where foxes, rabbits, &c. secure themselves. [Fr. terrier—terre, the earth—L. terra.]

Terrier, ter′i-ėr, n. a register or roll of a landed estate. [O. Fr.,—L. terrarius—terra, land.]

Terrify, ter′i-fī, v.t. to cause terror in: to frighten greatly: to alarm:—pa.t. and pa.p. terr′ifīed.—adj. Terrif′ic, creating or causing terror: fitted to terrify: dreadful.—adv. Terrif′ically. [L. terrēre, to terrify, facĕre, to make.]

Terrine, te-rēn′, n. an earthenware vessel for containing some dainty: a tureen for soup. [Fr.,—L. terra, earth.]

Territory, ter′i-tō-ri, n. the extent of land around or belonging to a city or state: domain: (U.S.) a portion of the country not yet admitted as a State into the Union, and still under a provisional government.—adj. Territō′rial, pertaining to territory: limited to a district.—v.t. Territō′rialise, to enlarge by addition of territory: to reduce to the state of a territory.—ns. Territō′rialism, a theory of church government according to which the ruler of a country has the natural right to rule also over the ecclesiastical affairs of his people; Territorial′ity, the possession of territory.—adv. Territō′rially.—adj. Terr′itoried, possessed of territory. [L. territorium—terra, the earth.]

Terror, ter′or, n. extreme fear: an object of fear or dread—(Milt.) Terr′our.—adj. Terr′or-haunt′ed, haunted with terror.—n. Terrorisā′tion.—v.t. Terr′orise, to terrify: to govern by terror.—ns. Terr′oriser, one who terrorises; Terr′orism, a state of terror: a state which impresses terror: an organised system of intimidation; Terr′orist, one who rules by terror.—adjs. Terr′orless, free from terror: harmless; Terr′or-smit′ten, -strick′en, -struck, seized with terror, terrified.—v.t. Terr′or-strike, to smite with terror.—King of Terrors, death; Reign of Terror, or The Terror, the period of fever in the first French Revolution, during which the king, the queen, thousands of victims—the innocent and the guilty—the Girondists, Danton, Madame Roland, and at last Robespierre, were hurried to the guillotine. [L. terror—terrēre, to frighten.]

Terse, tėrs, adj. compact or concise, with smoothness or elegance: neat.—adv. Terse′ly.—ns. Terse′ness, conciseness, brevity; Ter′sion, act of wiping. [L. tersus—tergēre, tersum, to rub clean.]

Tertial, ter′shal, adj. of the third rank among the flight-feathers of a bird's wing.—n. a tertiary flight-feather.

Tertian, tėr′shi-an, adj. occurring every third day.—n. an ague or fever with paroxysms every third day. [L. tertianus—tertius, third—tres, three.]

Tertiary, tėr′shi-ar-i, adj. of the third degree, order, or formation: pertaining to the series of sedimentary rocks or strata lying above the chalk and other secondary strata, and abounding in organic remains—the Cainozoic: (ornith.) tertial.—n. one who, or that which, is tertiary.—n.pl. Ter′tiaries, a class in the R.C. Church, who, without entering into the seclusion of a monastery, aspire to practise in ordinary life all the substantial obligations of the scheme of virtue laid down in the Gospel. [L. tertiarius—tertius.]

Terza-rima, ter′tsa-rē′ma, n. a form of Italian triplet in iambic decasyllables, in which the middle line of the first triplet rhymes with the first and third lines of the next triplet, as in Dante's Divina Commedia and Longfellow's translation of it.—n. Terzet′to, a musical composition for three voices. [It., terza, fem. of terzo, third, rima, rhyme.]

Tessera, tes′e-ra, n. one of the small square tiles or cut stones used in forming tessellated pavements:—pl. Tess′eræ—also Tessel′la:—pl. Tessel′læ.—adjs. Tess′ellar, composed of, or like, tessellæ; Tess′ellar, Tesserā′ic, Tess′eral, made up of tesseræ.—v.t. Tess′ellate, to form into squares or lay with chequered work.—adj. Tess′ellated.—n. Tessellā′tion, tessellated or mosaic work: the operation of making it. [L. tessella, dim. of tessera, a square piece.]

Test, test, n. a pot in which metals are tried and refined: any critical trial: means of trial: (chem.) anything used to distinguish substances or detect their presence, a reagent: standard: proof: distinction: a witness, testimony: the hard covering of certain animals, shield, lorica.—v.t. to put to proof: to examine critically.—ns. Test′-pā′per, a bibulous paper saturated with some chemical compound that readily changes colour when exposed to certain other chemicals; Test′-plate, a white plate or tile on which to try vitrifiable colours by heat: a glass plate with a series of finely ruled lines used in testing the resolving power of microscopic objectives; Test′-tube, a cylinder of thin glass closed at one end, used in testing liquids.—n.pl. Test′-types, letters or words in type of different sizes for testing the sight.—Test Acts, acts meant to secure that none but rightly affected persons and members of the established religion shall hold office—especially those of 1673 and 1685. [O. Fr. test—L. testa, an earthen pot.]

Test, test, v.t. to attest legally and date.—v.i. to make a will.—adj. Tes′table, capable of being given by will, capable of witnessing. [Fr. tester—L. testāri, to testify.]

Testacea, tes-tā′sē-a, n.pl. shelled or crustaceous animals.—adjs. Testā′cean (also n.), Testā′ceous, consisting of, or having, a hard shell.—ns. Testacell′a, a genus of molluscs belonging to the Pulmonifera, and represented in Britain by three species; Testaceog′raphy, descriptive testaceology; Testaceol′ogy, conchology. [L. testaceus—testa, a shell.]

Testament, tes′ta-ment, n. that which testifies, or in which an attestation is made: the solemn declaration in writing of one's will: a will: a dispensation, as of the Mosaic or old and the Christian or new, one of the two great divisions of the Bible.—n. Tes′tacy, state of being testate.—adjs. Testamen′tal, Testamen′tary, pertaining to a testament or will: bequeathed or done by will.—adv. Testamen′tarily.—adj. Tes′tāte, having made and left a will.—ns. Testā′tion, a witnessing, a giving by will; Testā′tor, one who leaves a will;—fem. Testā′trix; Testā′tum, one of the clauses of an English deed, enumerating the operative words of transfer, statement of consideration, money, &c. [L. testamentum—testāri, to be a witness—testis, a witness.]

Testamur, tes-tā′mur, n. a certificate that one has passed an examination at an English university—from the opening word. [L., 'we testify.']

Tester, tes′tėr, n. a flat canopy, esp. over the head of a bed. [O. Fr. teste (Fr. tête), the head—L. testa, an earthen pot, the skull.]

Tester, tes′tėr, n. a sixpence—also Tes′tern.—v.t. Tes′tern (Shak.), to present or reward with a sixpence. [O. Fr. teston—teste (Fr. tête), the head, from that of Louis XII. on it.]

Testicle, tes′ti-kl, n. a gland which secretes the seminal fluid in males, a testis, one of the stones.—adjs. Tes′ticond, having the testes concealed; Testic′ular, pertaining to a testicle; Testic′ulate, -d, shaped like a testicle.—n. Tes′tis, a testicle, a rounded body resembling it:—pl. Tes′tes. [L. testiculus, dim. of testis, a testicle.]

Testify, tes′ti-fī, v.t. to bear witness: to make a solemn declaration: to protest or declare a charge (with against).—v.t. to bear witness to: to affirm or declare solemnly or on oath:—pa.t. and pa.p. tes′tifīed.—ns. Testif′icāte (Scots law), a solemn written assertion; Testificā′tion, the act of testifying or of bearing witness; Tes′tifier. [L. testificāri—testis, a witness, facĕre, to make.]

Testimony, tes′ti-mō-ni, n. evidence: declaration to prove some fact: proof: (B.) the two tables of the law: the whole divine revelation.—v.t. (Shak.) to witness.—adj. Testimō′nial, containing testimony.—n. a writing or certificate bearing testimony to one's character or abilities: a sum of money raised by subscription and presented in any form to a person as a token of respect.—v.t. Testimō′nialise, to present with a testimonial. [L. testimonium—testāri, to witness.]

Testing, tes′ting, n. the act of trying for proof: the operation of refining gold and silver: chemical analysis.—Testing clause, in a Scotch deed, the last clause which narrates when and where the parties signed the deed, before what witnesses, by whose hand written, &c.

Testudinal, tes-tū′din-al, adj. relating to, or resembling, the tortoise.—adjs. Testū′dinate, -d, Testudin′eous, arched, vaulted, resembling the carapace of a tortoise.—n. Testū′do, a cover for the protection of Roman soldiers attacking a wall, formed by overlapping their oblong shields above their heads: any similarly shaped shelter for miners, &c.: an encysted tumour: the fornix: a kind of lyre, the lute. [L. testudo, -inis, the tortoise.]

Testy, tes′ti, adj. heady: easily irritated: fretful: peevish.—adv. Tes′tily.—n. Tes′tiness. [From O. Fr. teste (Fr. tête), the head.]

Tetanus, tet′a-nus, n. an involuntary, persistent, intense, and painful contraction or cramp of more or less extensive groups of the voluntary muscles: lockjaw: the state of prolonged contraction of a muscle under stimuli repeated quickly.—adjs. Tetan′ic; Tet′aniform; Tetanig′enous.—n. Tetanisā′tion.—v.t. Tet′anise.—adj. Tet′anoid.—n. Tet′any, a rare and little understood disease of the nervous system, occurring both in children and adults, characterised by recurring attacks of tonic spasm of various muscles, particularly those of the fingers and toes, associated with defective hygienic conditions, imperfect ventilation, poor diet, and in children with rickets. [L.,—Gr.,—tetanos, stretched—teinein, to stretch.]

Tetchy, Techy, tech′i, adj. touchy, peevish, fretful.—adv. Tetch′ily, in a tetchy or fretful manner.—n. Tetch′iness, the state of being tetchy or fretful. [Touchy.]

Tête, tāt, n. a head, head-dress.—n. Tête-à-tête (tāt′-a-tāt′), a private confidential interview: a sofa for two.—adj. confidential, secret.—adv. in private conversation: face to face. [Fr.]

Tether, teth′ėr, n. a rope or chain for tying a beast, while feeding, within certain limits.—v.t. to confine with a tether: to restrain within certain limits. [M. E. tedir, acc. to Skeat, prob. Celt., Gael. teadhair, a tether, W. tid, a chain. The Low Ger. tider, Ice. tjóðir, are prob. borrowed.]

Tetrabranchiate, tet-ra-brang′ki-āt, adj. having four gills.—n.pl. Tetrabranch′iāta.

Tetrachord, tet′ra-kord, n. a series of four sounds, forming a scale of two tones and a half.—adj. Tet′rachordal. [Gr. tetrachordos, four-stringed—tetra, for tetara=tessares, four, chordē, chord.]

Tetrachotomous, tet-ra-kot′ō-mus, adj. doubly dichotomous, arranged in four rows.—n. Tetrac′tomy, a division into four parts. [Gr. tetracha, in four parts, temnein, to cut.]

Tetract, tet′rakt, adj. having four rays.—Also Tetrac′tinal, Tetrac′tine. [Gr., tetra-, four, aktis, a ray.]

Tetrad, tet′rad, n. a group of four: (chem.) an atom, radical, or element having a combining power of four.—adjs. Tet′rad, Tetrad′ic.—n. Tet′radite, one who attaches mystic properties to the number four, one born in the fourth month or on the fourth day of the month.

Tetradactyl, tet-ra-dak′til. adj. having four fingers or toes—also Tetradac′tylous.—n. Tetradac′tyl, a four-toed animal.

Tetradecapod, tet-ra-dek′a-pod, adj. having fourteen feet.—n.pl. Tetradecap′oda, fourteen-footed crustaceans.—adj. Tetradecap′odous.

Tetragamy, te-trag′a-mi, n. marriage for the fourth time. [Gr., tetra-, four, gamos, marriage.]

Tetragon, tet′ra-gon, n. a figure of four angles.—adj. Tetrag′onal. [Gr. tetragonon—tetra-, four gōnia, an angle.]

Tetragram, tet′ra-gram, n. a word of four letters: the Tetragrammaton: (geom.) a quadrilateral.—n. Tetragram′maton, the name JeHoVaH as written with four Hebrew letters, regarded as a mystic symbol: similarly some other sacred word of four letters, as the Latin Deus. [Gr., tetra-, four, gramma, a letter.]

Tetragynous, tet-raj′i-nus, adj. (bot.) having four styles or pistils—also Tetragyn′ian.—n.pl. Tetragyn′ia.

Tetrahedron, tet-ra-hē′dron, n. a solid figure enclosed by four bases or triangles.—adjs. Tetrahē′dral, having four sides: bounded by four triangles; Tetrahexahē′dral.—n. Tetrahex′ahēdron, a solid of twenty-four triangular faces. [Gr., tetra-, four, hedra, a base.]

Tetralogy, te-tral′ō-ji, n. a group of four dramas, three tragic and one satiric, exhibited together at the festivals of Dionysos at Athens: any series of four related dramatic or operatic works.

Tetramera, te-tram′e-ra, n.pl. a division of beetles with four-jointed tarsi.—adj. Tetram′eral, four-parted.—n. Tetram′erism, division into four parts.—adj. Tetram′erous, having four parts. [Gr., tetra-, four, meros, part.]

Tetrameter, te-tram′e-tėr, adj. having four measures, each of two iambic or trochaic feet.—n. a verse of four measures. [Gr. tetrametros—tetra-, four, metron, measure.]

Tetrandria, te-tran′dri-a, n. the fourth class of the Linnæan classification of plants, containing those with four stamens in a flower.—adjs. Tetran′drian, Tetran′drous. [Gr., tetra-, four, anēr, andros, a man.]

Tetrao, tet′rā-o, n. the chief genus of the family Tetraonidæ, which also includes quails and partridges. From these the grouse (forming a subfamily, Tetraoninæ) are distinguished. The genus Tetrao is represented by the Capercailzie and the Blackcock or Black Grouse. [L.,—Gr. tetraōn, a pheasant.]

Tetrapetalous, tet-ra-pet′a-lus, adj. (bot.) having four distinct petals or flower-leaves.

Tetraphyllous, tet-ra-fil′us, adj. having four leaves: consisting of four distinct leaves or leaflets. [Gr., tetra-, four, phyllon, a leaf.]

Tetrapla, tet′ra-pla, n. a Bible consisting of four different versions in parallel columns, originally the edition of the Old Testament published by Origen, containing four Greek versions (those of Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion, and the Septuagint). [Gr. tetraplous, fourfold.]

Tetrapod, tet′ra-pod, n. an insect distinguished by having but four perfect legs.—adj. four-footed, with four legs—also Tetrap′odous.—n. Tetrap′ody, a group of four feet. [Gr., tetra-, four, pous, podos, foot.]

Tetrapolitan, tet-ra-pol′i-tan, adj. pertaining to a Tetrap′olis or a group of four towns.—Tetrapolitan Confession, the Confession which the four cities of Strasburg, Constance, Memmingen, and Lindau presented to the Diet of Augsburg (11th July 1530), and, properly speaking, the first Confession of the Reformed Church.

Tetrapterous, te-trap′te-rus, adj. having four wings.—Also Tetrap′teran. [Gr., tetra-, four, pteron, a wing.]

Tetraptote, tet′rap-tōt, n. a noun with but four cases. [Gr., tetra-, four, ptōsis, a case.]

Tetrarch, tet′rärk, or tē′, n. under the Romans, the ruler of the fourth part of a province: a subordinate prince: the commander of a subdivision of a Greek phalanx.—ns. Tet′rarchate, Tet′rarchy, office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch: the fourth part of a province. [Gr., tetra-, four, archēs, a ruler.]

Tetrasemic, tet-ra-sē′mik, adj. (pros.) equivalent to four short syllables, as a dactyl, anapæst, or spondee. [Gr., tetra-, four, sēma, a sign.]

Tetraspermous, tet-ra-sper′mus, adj. four-seeded. [Gr., tetra-, four, sperma, seed.]

Tetraspore, tet′ra-spōr, n. a reproductive body, composed of four spores or germs, found in algæ.—adjs. Tetraspor′ic, Tet′rasporous. [Gr., tetra-, four, spora, seed.]

Tetrastich, tet′ra-stik, n. a stanza, &c., of four lines, a quartet.—adjs. Tetrastich′ic, Tetras′tichous. [Gr., tetra-, four, stichos, a row.]

Tetrastyle, tet′ra-stīl, n. a temple or other building having four front columns in its portico: a group of four pillars.—adj. having four pillars. [Gr., tetra-, four, stylos, a column.]

Tetrasyllable, tet′ra-sil-a-bl, n. a word of four syllables.—adjs. Tetrasyllab′ic, -al, consisting of four syllables.

Tetratheism, tet′ra-thē-izm, n. the belief in four elements in the Godhead—the three persons of the Trinity and a divine essence out of which each of these originates. [Gr., tetra-, four, theos, God.]

Tetter, tet′ėr, n. a popular name for several eruptive diseases of the skin.—v.t. to affect with such.—adj. Tett′erous. [A.S. teter.]

Tettix, tet′iks, n. a cicada: an ornament for the hair of that shape. [Gr., 'grasshopper.']

Teucrian, tū′kri-an, adj. relating to the ancient Trojans (Teucri) or to the Troad.—n. a Trojan.

Teuton, tū′ton, n. one of the ancient inhabitants of Germany, esp. of a tribe living north of the Elbe who invaded Gaul, along with the Cimbri, and were cut to pieces by Marius near Aix in 102 B.C.: one belonging to that division of the Aryans including High and Low Germans and Scandinavians.—adj. Teuton′ic, belonging to the race so called, including Germans, Scandinavians, English, &c.: also to their language.—ns. Teuton′icism, Teu′tonism, a Germanism; Teutonisā′tion, the act of Germanising.—v.t. and v.i. Teu′tonise, to Germanise, to adopt German ways.—Teutonic Knights, one of the three military-religious orders of knighthood founded during the period of the Crusades, their distinguishing habiliment a white mantle with a black cross. [L. Teutones—Goth. thiuda, a nation. Cf. Dutch.]

Tew, tū, v.t. to make anything ready, to work up: to beat, mix, pound: to taw, as leather: to scourge, drub.—v.i. to work, to bustle, to potter about.—n. trouble, worry.

Text, tekst, n. the original words of an author: that on which a comment is written: a passage of Scripture on which a sermon is supposed to be based.—ns. Text′-book, a book containing the leading principles of a science; Text′-hand, a large hand in writing—so called because it was the practice to write the text of a book in large-hand; Text′-man, Tex′tūalist, one ready in citing Scripture texts: one who adheres to the text.—adj. Tex′tūal, pertaining to, or contained in, the text: serving for a text.—adv. Tex′tually.—ns. Tex′tuary, a textualist; Tex′tus, the authoritative text, esp. of the Bible.—Textus receptus, the received text of the Greek Testament. [L. textus—texĕre, textum, to weave.]

Textile, teks′til, adj. woven: capable of being woven.—n. a woven fabric.—adj. Textō′rial, pertaining to weaving. [L. textilis—texĕre, textum, to weave.]

Texture, teks′tūr, n. anything woven, a web: manner of weaving or connecting: disposition of the parts of a body.—adj. Tex′tūral. [L. textura—texĕre.]

Thack, thak, n. a Scotch form of thatch.—Under thack and rape, safely secured under thatch and rope, snug generally.

Thalamus, thal′a-mus, n. the receptacle of a flower, the thallus of a fungus: an inner room, nuptial chamber:—pl. Thal′amī.—adjs. Thal′amic, pertaining to the optic thalamus, a part of the brain near the origin of the optic nerve; Thal′ami-flō′ral, having the parts of the flower inserted on the thalamus or receptacle.—n. Thalā′mium, the layer of reproductive cells in the apothecia of lichens:—pl. Thalā′mia. [Gr., 'chamber.']

Thalassic, tha-las′ik, adj. pertaining to the smaller seas—opp. to Oceanic: (zool.) pelagic.—ns. Thalassoc′racy, Thalassoc′raty, the sovereignty of the seas; Thalassog′rapher, a student of the phenomena of the ocean.—adj. Thalassograph′ic.—ns. Thalassog′raphy, the science of the ocean, oceanography; Thalassom′eter, a tide-gauge. [Gr. thalassa, the sea.]

Thaler, tä′lėr, n. a dollar, in Germany a silver coin worth about 3s. [Ger. Cf. Dollar.]

Thalia, thā-lī′a, n. one of the nine muses, who presided over pastoral and comic poetry.—adj. Thālī′an. [Gr. Thaleia, Thalia—thallein, to bloom.]

Thalictrum, thā-lik′trum, n. a genus of perennial herbs of the Crowfoot family, the meadow-rues: a plant of this genus. [Gr. thaliktron—thallein, to bloom.]

Thallium, thal′i-um, n. a metal closely resembling lead in colour and softness, but slightly heavier, first discovered in 1861, and so called from the presence of an intense green line in the spectrum of the flame in which it is volatilised.—adjs. Thall′ic, Thall′ious. [Gr. thallos, a green shoot.]

Thallus, thal′us, n. a vegetative body showing little or no differentiation into leaf, stem, and root, and characteristic of the Thall′ophytes or lower Cryptogamia, including algæ, fungi, and lichens.—adjs. Thall′iform, of the form of a thallus; Thall′ine, Thallod′ic, pertaining to a thallus.—n. Thall′ogen, a thallophyte.—adjs. Thallog′enous, belonging to the thallogens; Thall′oid, Thall′ose, resembling a thallus.—ns. Thall′ōme, a thallus; Tham′nium, the branched shrub-like thallus of fruticulose lichens. [Gr. thallos, a young shoot.]

Thalweg, tal′vāh, n. the deepest part of a valley. [Ger., thal, valley, weg, way.]

Than, than, conj. when, as, if compared with—a word placed after the comparative of an adjective or adverb between the things compared. [A.S. thonne, in its use a relative or conjunctive adverb, equivalent to our when, used after comparatives to introduce the standard of comparison; closely allied to thone, accus. masc. of def. art. Cf. The.]

Thanatoid, than′a-toid, adj. looking like dead: deadly.—adj. Thanatognomon′ic, indicating death.—ns. Thanatog′raphy, an account of one's death; Thanatol′ogy, the scientific consideration of death; Thanatophō′bia, a morbid dread of death; Thanatop′sis, a view of, or reflection upon, death; Thanatō′sis, death of a part, gangrene. [Gr. thanatos, death.]

Thane, thān, n. a member of a class in the old English community that stood distinctly below the old nobility (eorlas, &c.), but above the mere landowners or ceorls—a kind of nobility of service rather than blood.—ns. Thā′nage, Thane′dom, the jurisdiction or the dignity of a thane; Thane′hood, Thane′ship. [A.S. thegen, thegn, a servant, nobleman—thíhan, to grow; cog. with Ice. thegn, a man, warrior, Ger. degen, a soldier, servant, Gr. teknon, child.]

Thank, thangk, v.t. to express gratitude for a favour.—n. (usually in pl.) expression of gratitude for favour received, often elliptically=My thanks to you.—adj. Thank′ful, full of thanks: grateful.—adv. Thank′fully.—n. Thank′fulness.—adj. Thank′less, unthankful: not expressing thanks or favours: not gaining thanks.—adv. Thank′lessly, in a thankless manner: unthankfully.—ns. Thank′lessness, the state of being thankless: ingratitude; Thank′-off′ering, an offering made to express thanks for mercies received; Thanks′giver, one who gives thanks, or acknowledges a favour; Thanks′giving, act of giving thanks: a public acknowledgment of divine goodness and mercy: a day set apart for this, esp. that in the United States on the last Thursday of November: a form of giving thanks, a grace, that form preceding the last two prayers of morning or evening prayer or of the litany—the General Thanksgiving; Thank′worthiness, the state of being thankworthy.—adj. Thank′worthy, worthy of, or deserving, thanks.—n. Thank′-you-ma'am, a ridge or hollow across a road—from the sudden bobbing of the head of a person in a vehicle crossing it. [A.S. thanc, thonc, will, thanks; cog. with Ger. dank; from the root of think.]

Thapsia, thap′si-a, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants round the Mediterranean. [L.,—Gr., a plant that dyed yellow, prob. Thapsia garganica, brought from Thapsus, Sicily.]

Thargelia, thar-gē′li-a, n.pl. one of the more important ancient Greek festivals, held at Athens in honour of Apollo; in the month of Thargelion (May-June).

That, that, pron. demons. and rel.—as a demons. (pl. Those) it points out a person or thing: the former or more distant thing: not this but the other: as a rel., who or which.—conj. used to introduce a clause: because: for: in order that. [A.S. thæt, neut. of the article the (ðe, ðeó, ðæt, usually replaced by se, seó, ðæt); cog. with Ger. das, dass; Gr. to, Sans. tat. Cf. The.]

Thatch, thach, v.t. to cover, as a roof, with straw, reeds, &c.—n. straw, &c., used to cover the roofs of buildings and stacks.—ns. Thatch′er; Thatch′ing, the act or art of covering with thatch: the materials used for thatching. [A.S. thæc, thatch, whence theccan, to cover; cog. with Ger. decken, L. tegĕre, Gr. stegein, to cover.]

Thaumasite, thaw′ma-sīt, n. a dull white mineral calcium compound. [Gr. thaumazein, to wonder.]

Thaumatrope, thaw′ma-trōp, n. a variation of the Zoetrope (q.v.). [Gr. thauma, wonder, tropos—trepein, to turn.]

Thaumaturgy, thaw′ma-tur-ji, n. the art of working wonders or miracles.—adj. Thauman′tian (Ruskin), wonderful.—ns. Thaumatog′eny, the doctrine of the miraculous origination of life; Thaumatog′raphy, description of natural wonders; Thaumatol′atry, undue wonder-worship; Thau′maturge, a wonder-worker.—adjs. Thaumatur′gic, -al, wonder-working.—n.pl. Thaumatur′gics, wonderful, especially magical, performances: feats of legerdemain.—ns. Thaumatur′gism, thaumaturgy; Thaumatur′gist, a wonder-worker; Thaumatur′gus, a wonder-worker: a worker of miracles, applied to certain saints. [Gr.,—thauma, a wonder, ergon, work.]

Thaw, thaw, v.i. to melt or grow liquid, as ice: to become so warm as to melt ice.—v.t. to cause to melt.—n. the melting of ice or snow by heat: the change of weather which causes it.—adj. Thaw′y, inclined to thaw. [A.S. tháwian; cog. with Ger. thauen, to thaw, to fall in dew.]

The, the, or (when emphatic) thē, demons. pron. usually called the definite article, used to denote a particular person or thing: also to denote a species. [A.S. the, rarely used as nom. masc. of def. art., but common as an indeclinable relative. Cf. That.]

The, the, adv. used before comparatives, as, 'the more the better.' [A.S. thý, by that, by that much, the instrumental case of the def. art.]

Theandric, thē-an′drik, adj. pertaining to the union and co-operation of the divine and human natures. [Gr., theos, a god, anēr, andros, man.]

Theanthropos, thē-an-thrō′pos, n. the God-man, Christ as having both a divine and human person.—adjs. Theanthrop′ic, -al, being at once divine and human: embodying deity in human forms.—ns. Thean′thropism, Thean′thropy, the ascribing of human qualities to deity, also of divine qualities to man; Thean′thropist, one who believes in theanthropism. [Gr. theos, a god, anthrōpos, man.]

Thearchy, thē′ärk-i, n. a theocracy: a body of divine rulers.—adj. Thear′chic. [Gr. thearchia—theos, a god, archein, to be first, to rule—archē, beginning.]

Theatin, thē′a-tin, n. a member of a R.C. religious brotherhood founded in 1524, taking its name from Theate (It. Chieti), of which one of its first founders, John Peter Caraffa, was bishop.

Theatre, thē′a-tėr, n. a place where public representations, chiefly dramatic or musical, are seen, a play-house: any place rising by steps like the seats of a theatre: a building adapted for scholastic exercises, anatomical demonstrations, &c.: scene of action, field of operations: the drama, the stage.—adjs. Theat′ric, -al, relating or suitable to a theatre, or to actors: pompous: artificial, affected.—v.t. and v.i. Theat′ricalise, to adapt to dramatic representation: to make stagy.—ns. Theat′ricalism, Theatrical′ity, staginess, artificiality.—adv. Theat′rically, in a theatrical manner: in a manner suiting the stage.—n. Theat′ricalness.—n.pl. Theat′ricals, dramatic performances.—v.i. Theat′ricise, to play a part.—ns. Theat′ricism, theatricality, affectation, staginess; Theatromā′nia, a craze for play-going; Theat′rophone, a telephone connected with a theatre. [Gr. theatron—theaomai, I see.]

Thebaine, thē′ba-in, n. an alkaloid obtained from opium.—Also Thebā′ia.

Theban, thē′ban, n. a native of Thebes: (Shak.) a wise man.—adjs. Thebā′ic, Thē′ban.—n. Thebā′id, the district around Egyptian Thebes.—Theban year, the Egyptian year of 365¼ days.

Theca, thē′ka, n. a sheath, case, or sac, a spore-case: a case for a corporal-cloth:—pl. Thē′cæ.—adjs. Thē′cal, Thē′cate.—ns. Thē′caphore, a receptacle bearing thecæ; Thē′caspore, a spore produced in a theca.—adjs. Thecaspō′rous; Thecif′erous, bearing thecæ; Thē′ciform, thecal in use or form.—n. Thē′cium, the part of the apothecium containing the organs of the fruit in lichens. [Gr. thēkē.]

Thecla, thek′la, n. a genus of butterflies, containing the hair-streaks.

Thee, thē, pron. objective of thou. [A.S. the, dat. accus. of thu (cf. Thou).]

Thee, thē, v.i. (Spens.) to prosper, to thrive. [A.S. theón, thión, to thrive, to grow; Ger. ge-deihen, to increase.]

Theft, theft, n. act of thieving.—adj. Theft′ūous, thievish.—adv. Theft′ūously. [A.S. theófth, thýfth—theóf, thief.]

Theine, thē′in, n. a bitter crystallisable volatile principle found in tea.—ns. Thē′ic, a tea-drunkard; Thē′ism, a morbid state resulting from over-much tea-drinking.

Their, thār, poss. adj. pron. of or belonging to them. [A.S. þára, gen. pl. of the def. art. (replaced the older hira).]

Theirs, thārz, poss. of they. [Like hers, ours, yours, a double genitive containing a plural suffix r + a sing. -s. These forms were confined in the 13th and 14th centuries to the Northern dialects, and are probably due to Scandinavian influence.]

Theism, thē′izm, n. belief in the existence of God with or without a belief in a special revelation.—n. Thē′ist, one who believes in God.—adjs. Thēist′ic, -al, pertaining to theism, or to a theist: according to the doctrines of theists. [Gr. theos, God.]

Them, them, pron. objective of they. [A.S. ðám, dat. pl. of the def. art. (this replaced the older heom, hem). It is the result of two cross influences; the th is taken from Old Norse þeim, the e from A.S. hem.]

Theme, thēm, n. a subject set or proposed for discussion, or on which a person speaks or writes, a thesis, a brief essay: a verb in its radical form unmodified by inflections: (mus.) subject, a short melody developed with variations: an administrative division under the Byzantine empire.—n. Thē′ma, that which constitutes a subject of thought.—adj. Thēmat′ic.—adv. Thēmat′ically.—n. Thē′matist, a writer of themes. [Fr. thème—L. thema—Gr. tithēmi, I place, set.]

Themis, them′is, n. daughter of Uranus and Gē, mother of the Hours and the Fates, the personification of the order of things established by law, custom, and equity. [Gr.]

Themselves, them-selvz′, pron. pl. of himself, herself, and itself. [Them and self.]

Then, then, adv. at that time: afterward: immediately: at another time.—conj. for that reason, therefore: in that case.—adj. being at that time.—n. a specific time already mentioned.—By then, by that time. [A doublet of than.]

Thenar, thē′nar, n. the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot.—adj. of or pertaining to the thenar. [Gr. thenar—theinein, to stretch.]

Thence, thens, adv. from that time or place: for that reason.—advs. Thence′forth, from that time forth or forward; Thencefor′ward, from that time forward or onward. [M. E. thenne-s, thenne (cf. Then), with the gen. ending -s—A.S. ðanan. Cf. Hence and Whence.]

Theobroma, thē-ō-brō′ma, n. a small tropical American genus of trees of the sterculia or kola-nut family. The best-known species, Theobroma cacao, yields the cocoa and chocolate of commerce.—n. Theobrō′mine, an alkaloid principle, similar to theine and caffeine, existing in the chocolate nut. [Gr., theos, a god, brōma, food.]

Theocracy, thē-ok′ra-si, n. that constitution of a state in which the Almighty is regarded as the sole sovereign, and the laws of the realm as divine commands rather than human ordinances—the priesthood necessarily becoming the officers of the invisible ruler: the state thus governed.—ns. Thē′ocrat, Theoc′ratist.—adjs. Theocrat′ic, -al. [Gr. theokratia—theos, God, kratein, to rule.]

Theocrasy, thē-ō-krā′si, n. the mixed worship of polytheism: a mystic intimacy with deity reached through profound contemplation. [Gr. theos, a god, krasis, a mixing.]

Theocritean, thē-ok-ri-tē′an, adj. after the manner of Theocritus (3d century B.C.), the greatest of Greek pastoral poets: pastoral, idyllic.

Theodicy, thē-od′i-si, n. a name given to the exposition of the theory of Divine Providence, with a view especially to the vindication of the sanctity and justice of God in establishing the present order of things, in which evil, moral as well as physical, so largely appears to prevail.—adj. Theodicē′an. [Gr. theos, God, dikē, justice.]

Theodolite, thē-od′ō-līt, n. an instrument used in land-surveying for the measurement of angles horizontal and vertical, being neither more nor less than an altitude and azimuth instrument, proportioned and constructed so as to be conveniently portable.—adj. Theodolit′ic. [Ety. unknown; Gr. theasthai, to see + hodos, way + litos, smooth; theasthai + dolichos, long, &c.]

Theogony, thē-og′ō-ni, n. the birth and genealogy of the gods, esp. as told in ancient poetry.—adj. Theogon′ic.—n. Theog′onist, a writer on theogony. [Gr. theogonia—theos, a god, gonē, genos, race—genein, to beget.]

Theology, thē-ol′ō-ji, n. the science which treats of God, and of man's duty to Him—Natural, as discoverable by the light of reason alone; or Positive or Revealed, based on the study of divine revelation.—ns. Theol′ogaster (-gas-), a shallow fellow who pretends to a knowledge of theology; Theol′ogate (-gāt), the course of study for R.C. priests; Theol′oger, a theologian; Theolō′gian, one well versed in theology: a divine, a professor of or writer on divinity, esp. in R.C. usage, a theological lecturer attached to a cathedral church—also Theolō′gus (-gus).—adjs. Theolog′ic, -al, pertaining to theology or divinity.—adv. Theolog′ically.—n. Theolog′ics, theological disputation.—v.t. Theol′ogise, to render theological.—v.i. to make a system of theology.—ns. Theol′ogiser, one who theologises; Theol′ogist, a student in the science of theology: a theologian; Thē′ologue (-log), a theologian, esp. a theological student. [Gr. theologia—theos, God, logos, a treatise.]

Theomachy, thē-om′a-ki, n. a fighting against the gods, as by the Titans and giants: (Bacon) opposition to the divine will.—n. Theom′achist. [Gr. theomachia—theos, a god, machē, a battle.]

Theomancy, thē′ō-man-si, n. divination by means of oracles, sibyls, and other persons inspired immediately by some divinity.—adj. Thēōman′tic. [Gr., theos, a god, manteia, divination.]

Theomania, thē-ō-mā′ni-a, n. a madman's belief that he himself is God, or that God dwells in him.—n. Theomā′niac, one who shows theomania. [Gr., theos, God, mania, madness.]

Theomorphic, thē-ō-mor′fik, adj. having the form or likeness of a god.—n. Theomor′phism. [Gr., theos, a god, morphē, form.]

Theopaschite, thē-ō-pas′kīt, n. a by-name applied to such as accepted the formula, that, in the passion of Christ, 'God had suffered and been crucified.' It was applied to the Monophysites.—n. Theopas′chitism. [Gr., theos, God, paschein, to suffer.]

Theopathy, thē-ōp′a-thi, n. religious emotion aroused by meditation about God.—adj. Theopathet′ic.

Theophany, thē-of′a-ni, n. a manifestation or appearance of deity or the gods to man, esp. the appearance of God to the patriarchs in the form of an angel or in human form: the incarnation and second coming of Christ.—adj. Theophan′ic. [Gr., theos, God, phainomai, I appear.]

Theophilanthropy, thē-ō-fil-an′thrō-pi, n. a deistical system of religion drawn up under the French Directory in 1796, and designed to take the place of Christianity.—adj. Theophilanthrop′ic.—ns. Theophilan′thropism; Theophilan′thropist; Thē′ophile, one who loves God.

Theopneusty, thē′op-nūs-ti, n. divine inspiration.—adj. Theopneus′tic. [Gr., theos, God, pneustos, inspired—pnein, to breathe.]

Theorbo, thē-orb′ō, n. a large lute with two necks, one above the other, formerly used for the bass.—n. Theorb′ist. [It. tiorba.]

Theorem, thē′ō-rem, n. a proposition to be proved.—adjs. Theoremat′ic, Theorem′ic.—n. Theorem′atīst.—adjs. Theoret′ic, -al, pertaining to theory: not practical: speculative.—adv. Theoret′ically.—n.pl. Theoret′ics, the speculative parts of a science.—n. Thē′oric (Shak.), theory, speculation.—v.i. Thē′orise, to form a theory: to form opinions solely by theories: to speculate.—ns. Thē′orīser; Thē′orist, a theoriser: one given to theory and speculation; Thē′ory, an explanation or system of anything: an exposition of the abstract principles of a science or art: speculation as opposed to practice. [Gr. theōrēma—theōrein, to view—theasthai, to see.]

Theosophy, thē-os′ō-fi, n. immediate divine illumination or inspiration claimed to be possessed by specially gifted men, who also possess abnormal control over natural forces.—ns. Thē′ōsoph, Theos′opher, Theos′ophist, one who claims to believe in immediate divine illumination.—adjs. Theosoph′ic, -al, pertaining to theosophy.—adv. Theosoph′ically.—v.i. Theos′ophise, to practise theosophy.—n. Theos′ophism, theosophical tenets.—adj. Theosophi′stical, theosophical. [Gr. theōsophia—theos, God, sophia, wisdom.]

Theotechny, thē-ō-tek′ni, n. the scheme of divine intervention, the art of introducing deities into poetry.—adj. Theotech′nic. [Gr., theos, a god, technē, art.]

Theotocos, thē-ot′ō-kos, n. the mother of God, a title of the Virgin Mary repudiated by Nestorius—it being not God the Logos but only the human nature which had a mother and suffered pain and death.—Also Theot′okos. [Gr., theos, God, tiktein, tekein, to bring forth.]

Therapeutæ, ther-a-pū′tē, n.pl. a traditional ascetic sect, allied to the Essenes, living chiefly on the Lake Mareotis, near Alexandria.

Therapeutic, ther-a-pū′tik, adj. pertaining to the healing art: curative.—adv. Therapeu′tically.—n.sing. Therapeu′tics, that part of medicine concerned with the treatment and cure of diseases.—n. Therapeu′tist, one versed in therapeutics. [Gr. therapeuein, to take care of, to heal.]

There, thār, adv. in that place—opp. to Here, at that point—it is used to begin sentences when the subject comes after the verb.—interj. expressing certainty, alarm, &c., and in interjectional phrases equivalent to that, as 'There's a good boy.'—advs. Thereabout′ or -abouts′, about or near that place: near that number, quantity, or degree; Thereaft′er, after or according to that; There′among, among them; There′-anent′ (Scot.), concerning that matter; Thereat′, at that place or occurrence: on that account; There′away, from that place or direction, thence: in those parts, thereabout; Thereby′, by that means: in consequence of that; Therefor′, for that, this, or it; Therefore (thėr′fur), for that or this reason: consequently; Therefrom′, from that or this; Therein′, in that or this place, time, or thing; Thereinaft′er, later in the same document; Therein′to, into that place.—n. There′ness, the property of having relative situation or existence.—advs. Thereof′, of that or this; Thereon′, on that or this; Thereout′, out of that or this: outside; Therethrough′, through that, by that means; Thereto′, Thereun′to, to that or this; There′tofore, before that time; Thereun′der, under that; Thereupon′, upon or in consequence of that or this: immediately; Therewith′, with that or this, thereupon; There′withal, with that or this: at the same time, over and above. [A.S. ðær, ðer; conn. with the stem of the.]

Thereology, ther-ē-ol′ō-ji, n. the art of healing, therapeutics.—n. Thereol′ogist, one versed in thereology. [Gr. therein=therapeuein, to tend the sick, logia—legein, to speak.]

Theriaca, thē-rī′a-ka, n. one of the various preparations of opium: a medicine in the form of an electuary, supposed to be an antidote to snakebites, &c.—also Thē′riac.—adjs. Thē′riac, -al, Thē′rial, medicinal. [L.,—Gr. thēriakē—thērion, a wild beast.]

Therianthropism, thē-ri-an′thrō-pizm, n. the representation of deities in combined man and beast forms.—adj. Therianthrop′ic, pertaining to super human beings of combined human and bestial forms, or their worship.—n. Thē′riomancy, divination by observation of beasts.—adjs. Theriomor′phic, Theriomor′phous, beast-like.—n. Theriot′omy, the dissection of beasts, zootomy.

Thermal, thėr′mal, adj. pertaining to heat: warm.—n. Therm, a thermal unit.—n.pl. Ther′mæ, hot springs or baths.—adv. Ther′mally.—n. Thermatol′ogy, the science of the treatment of disease by heat, esp. by thermal mineral waters.—adj. Ther′mic, thermal.—adv. Ther′mically.—ns. Thermobarom′eter, an apparatus for measuring pressure of the atmosphere from the boiling-point of water; Thermochem′istry, that branch of chemistry which treats of the relations between chemical action and heat; Ther′mochrosy, the property possessed by rays of radiant heat of having varying wave-lengths and degrees of refrangibility; Ther′mo-curr′ent, a thermo-electric current.—adj. Ther′mo-dynam′ic.—n. Ther′mo-dynam′ics, the branch of physics which treats of heat as a mechanical agent.—adj. Ther′mo-elec′tric.—ns. Ther′mo-electric′ity, electricity developed by the unequal heating of bodies; Ther′mo-electrom′eter, an instrument for measuring the strength of a current of electricity by its effect in producing heat; Thermogen′esis, the production of heat, esp. in the body by physiological processes.—adjs. Thermogenet′ic, Thermogen′ic.—ns. Ther′mogram, the record made by a thermograph; Ther′mograph, an automatic self-registering thermometer; Thermog′raphy, any process of writing involving the use of heat; Ther′mo-mag′netism, magnetism as modified or produced by the action of heat on the body magnetised or on the medium surrounding it; Thermomet′rograph, a self-registering thermometer; Ther′mo-pile, a thermo-electric battery used as a thermometer; Ther′moscope, an instrument for detecting changes of temperature without measuring them accurately.—adj. Thermoscop′ic.—adv. Thermoscop′ically.—n. Ther′mostat, an appliance for showing temperatures automatically by the expansion of substances—used in regulating steam pressures, &c.—adj. Thermostat′ic.—adv. Thermostat′ically.—adjs. Thermot′ic, -al, pertaining to heat.—n. Thermot′ics, the science of heat. [Gr. thermos, hot—thermē, heat—therein, to heat.]

Thermidor, ther-mi-dōr′, n. the eleventh month in the calendar of the first French Republic, lasting from the 19th of July to the 18th of August. The 9th Thermidor of the Republican year 2 (July 27, 1794) is historically memorable as the date of Robespierre's fall and the termination of the Reign of Terror.—n. Thermidō′rian, one who took part in this fortunate coup d'état.

Thermometer, thėr-mom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring the variations of sensible heat or temperature.—adjs. Thermomet′ric, -al, pertaining to, or made with, a thermometer.—adv. Thermomet′rically.—For the Centigrade and the Fahrenheit scale and their relations to each other, see Centigrade and Fahrenheit. In the Réaumur scale, still largely used in Russia and Germany, the freezing-point is marked zero, and the space between this and boiling-point is divided into 80 degrees. To reduce it to Fahrenheit, multiply by 2¼ and add 32; to Centigrade, increase the number by one-fourth of itself. Thus: F = 9⁄5 C + 32 = 9⁄4 R + 32; C = 5⁄9 (F - 32) = 5⁄4 R; R = 4⁄9 (F - 32) = 4⁄5 C.—Maximum thermometer, one that registers the maximum temperature to which it is exposed; Minimum thermometer, one that registers the minimum temperature to which it is exposed. [Gr. thermē, heat, metron, a measure.]

Thesaurus, thē-saw′rus, n. a treasury or repository, esp. of knowledge: a lexicon or cyclopædia. [L.,—Gr. thēsauros—tithēmi, I place.]

These, thēz, demons. pron., pl. of this. [A.S. thǽs, pl. of thes, this. Doublet those.]

Thesis, thē′sis, n. a position or that which is set down or advanced for argument: a subject for a scholastic exercise: an essay on a theme:—pl. Theses (thē′sēz).—adj. Thet′ic.—adv. Thet′ically. [L.—Gr. ti-thē-mi, I set.]

Thesmophoria, thes-mō-phō′ri-a, n.pl. an ancient Greek festival with mysteries, celebrated by married women in honour of Demeter (Ceres) five days about October.

Thesmothete, thes′mō-thēt, n. a lawgiver, esp. one of the six junior archons in ancient Athens.

Thespian, thes′pi-an, adj. pertaining to tragedy: tragic. [Gr. Thespis, founder of the Greek drama.]

Theurgy, thē′ur-ji, n. that kind of magic which affects to work by supernatural agency, as distinguished from natural magic and necromancy.—adjs. Theur′gic, -al.—n. Theur′gist, a magician. [Gr. theourgia—theos, a god, ergein, to work.]

Thew, thū, n. (used chiefly in pl.) muscle or strength: sinews.—adjs. Thewed (Spens.), furnished with thews or sinews; Thew′less, weak; Thew′y, muscular, strong. [Perh. a form of thigh.]

Thewed, thūd, adj. (Spens.) mannered, behaved, educated. [A.S. théaw, manner, habit.]

They, thā, pers. pron., pl. of he, she, or it. [The form thei, tha, that came into use in the north of England in the 13th cent., replacing the older hi, heo. It is the A.S. þá, nom. pl. of the definite article, prob. modified by Scandinavian influence.]

Thick, thik, adj. dense: imperfectly mobile: compact: not transparent or clear: misty: dull, mentally clouded: crowded: closely set: abundant: frequent, in quick succession: having great depth or circumference: (coll.) in fast friendship.—n. the thickest part of anything: a stupid person.—adv. closely: frequently: fast: to a great depth.—adjs. Thick′-and-thin, thorough, completely devoted; Thick′-com′ing (Shak.), coming fast or close together.—v.t. Thick′en, to make thick or close: to strengthen.—v.i. to become thick or obscure: to crowd or press.—ns. Thick′ening, something put into a liquid or mass to make it more thick; Thick′et, a collection of trees or shrubs thickly or closely set: close wood or copse.—adjs. Thick′-head′ed, having a thick head or skull: stupid; Thick′ish, somewhat thick.—n. Thick′-knee, a stone-plover.—adj. Thick′-lipped (Shak.), having thick lips.—adv. Thick′ly.—n. Thick′ness.—adjs. Thick′-pleached (Shak.), closely interwoven; Thick′-set, closely planted: having a short, thick body.—n. Thick′-skin, a person wanting sensibility: a dull, stupid person, a blockhead.—adj. Thick′-skinned, having a thick skin: wanting sensibility: dull: obtuse.—n. Thick′-skull (same as Thick-skin).—adjs. Thick′-skulled, having a thick skull: dull: stupid; Thick′-sprung (Shak.), that have sprung up thick or close together.—n. Thick′un (slang), a sovereign: a crown.—Lay it on thick, to flatter or praise extravagantly; Through thick and thin, in spite of all obstacles, without any wavering. [A.S. thicce; cog. with Ger. dick.]

Thief, thēf, n. one who steals or takes unlawfully what is not his own.—ns. Thief′-catch′er, -tā′ker, one whose business is to detect thieves and bring them to justice: a detective. [A.S. theóf; Ice. thjóf-r, Ger. dieb.]

Thieve, thēv, v.i. to practise theft: to steal.—n. Thiev′ery, the practice of thieving.—adj. Thiev′ish, given to, or like, theft or stealing: acting by stealth: secret: sly.—adv. Thiev′ishly.—n. Thiev′ishness. [A.S. theófian.]

Thig, thig, v.i. to make supplication, to live on alms.—v.t. to beseech, beg.—n. Thig′ger, a beggar, a sorner. [A.S. thicgan, to take.]

Thigh, thī, n. the thick fleshy part of the leg from the knee to the trunk.—n. Thigh′-bone, the bone of the leg between the hip-joint and the knee. [A.S. theó, theóh; Ice. thjó, Old High Ger. deoh.]

Thilk, thilk, pron. (Spens.) the same. [A.S. thylc, thyllíc, the like, such—thí, instrumental case of thæt, that, and líc, like.]

Thill, thil, n. one of the shafts of a cart or other carriage.—ns. Thill′er, Thill′-horse (Shak.), the horse that goes between the thills or shafts of a carriage, or the last of a team. [A.S. thille, a board, a plank.]

Thimble, thim′bl, n. a metal cover for the finger, used in sewing.—ns. Thim′ble-case, a case for holding a thimble; Thim′bleful, as much as a thimble will hold: a small quantity; Thim′ble-rig, a sleight-of-hand trick in which the performer conceals, or pretends to conceal, a pea or small ball under one of three thimble-like cups.—v.i. to cheat by such means.—ns. Thim′ble-rig′ger; Thim′ble-rig′ging. [A.S. thýmel, a thumb-stall—thúma, a thumb. An extension of thumb.]

Thin, thin, adj. having little thickness: slim: lean: freely mobile: small: fine: not close or crowded: transparent, flimsy, shallow: not full or well grown, meagre, weak.—adv. not thickly or closely: in a scattered state.—v.t. to make thin: to make less close or crowded (with away, out, &c.): to make rare or less thick or dense.—v.i. to grow or become thin:—pr.p. thin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. thinned.—adj. Thin′-faced (Shak.), having a thin face.—adv. Thin′ly.—n. Thin′ness.—adjs. Thin′nish, somewhat thin; Thin′-skinned, having a thin skin: sensitive: irritable.—n. Thin′-skinned′ness. [A.S. thynne; Ice. thunnr, Ger. dünn.]

Thine, thīn, pron. (poss. form of thou) belonging to thee: thy. [A.S. thín, thy—thín, gen. of thú, thou; Ger. dein.]

Thing, thing, n. an inanimate object: a living being (in tenderness or in contempt): an event: a part: (pl.) clothes, wraps.—ns. Thing′iness, reality, objectivity: disposition to take a materialistic view of things; Thing′-in-itself′, a noumenon, the Ger. ding an sich; Thing′umbob, Thing′ummy (coll.), a thing, anything, an indefinite name for some person whom one cannot be troubled to name distinctly.—adj. Thing′y, materialistic.—Do the handsome thing by, to treat generously; Know a thing or two, to be shrewd; Make a good thing of it, to reap a good advantage from; The thing, the proper or right thing. [A.S. thing, thinc; Ger. ding.]

Thing, ting, n. a parliament, or a court of law, in Scandinavian countries. [Ice. thing, an assembly.]

Think, thingk, v.i. to exercise the mind (with about, of, on): to revolve ideas in the mind: to judge: to form or hold as an opinion: to consider: to purpose or design.—v.t. to imagine: to judge: to believe or consider:—pa.t. and pa.p. thought.—adj. Think′able, capable of being thought.—n. Think′er.—p.adj. Think′ing, having the faculty of thought.—n. the act or state of one who thinks: (Shak.) thought, imagination, judgment.—adv. Think′ingly.—Think little of, to have a poor opinion of—opposite to Think much, or well, of; Think long, to yearn for: to become weary in waiting; Think out, to devise, project: to solve by a process of thought. [A.S. thencan, thencean; cog. with Ger. denken, from root of thank.]

Third, thėrd, adj. the last of three.—n. one of three equal parts: (golf) a handicap of a stroke every third hole.—ns. Third′-bor′ough (Shak.), an under-constable; Third′ing, the third part of anything.—adv. Third′ly, in the third place.—adj. Third′-rate, of the third order.—n. Thirds′man, a mediator.—Third estate, in England, the House of Commons; Third person in the Trinity, the Holy Spirit. [A.S. thridda—threó, three.]

Thirl, thėrl, n. (prov.) a hole: an opening: a short passage between two headings in a mine.—v.t. to pierce, wound: cause to quiver.—v.i. to vibrate, tingle, thrill.

Thirl, thėrl, n. a form of thrall.—v.t. to bind or subject.—n. Thirl′age, a form of servitude by which the grain produced on certain lands had to be ground at a certain mill and a certain proportion paid.

Thirst, thėrst, n. the uneasiness caused by want of drink: vehement desire for drink: eager desire for anything.—v.i. to feel thirst: to desire vehemently.—n. Thirst′er.—adv. Thirst′ily.—n. Thirst′iness.—adj. Thirst′y, suffering from thirst: dry: parched: vehemently desiring. [A.S. thurst, thyrst; Ger. durst; cf. Gr. tersesthai, L. torrēre, to dry.]

Thirteen, thėr′tēn, adj. and n. three and ten.—adj. and n. Thir′teenth, the last of thirteen: a thirteenth part. [A.S. threótýne—threó, three, týn, ten.]

Thirty, thėr′ti, adj. and n. three times ten.—adj. Thir′tieth, the last of thirty.—n. a thirtieth part. [A.S. thrítig—threó, three, -tig, suff. denoting ten.]

This, this, demons. pron. or adj. denoting a person or thing near, just mentioned, or about to be mentioned: (B.) the last past:—pl. These.—n. This′ness, hæccity. [A.S. this, the neut. of the adj. pron. thes (masc.), theós (fem.), this (neut.)—pl. thǽs (=these), thás (=those); Ice. thessi, Ger. dieser.]

Thistle, this′l, n. a genus of prickly plants.—n. This′tle-down, the tufted feathery bristles of the seeds of the thistle.—adj. This′tly, overgrown with thistles. [A.S. thistel; Ger. distel.]

Thither, thith′ėr, adv. to that place: to that end or result.—adv. Thith′erward, toward that place. [A.S. ðider.]

Thlipsis, thlip′sis, n. constriction of a blood-vessel by external compression. [Gr.,—thlibein, to press.]

Thole, thōl, n. a pin in the side of a boat to keep the oar in place.—Also Thole′-pin, Thowl, Thowel. [A.S. thol; Dut. dol, Ice. thollr.]

Thole, thōl, v.t. to endure, to suffer: to yield.—v.i. to be patient, to wait. [A.S. tholian, to suffer; Goth. thulan, Ice. thola; Old High Ger. dolén, whence Ger, ge-duld, patience, dulden, to suffer.]

Tholobate, thō′lō-bāt, n. (archit.) the substructure on which a dome or cupola rests. [Gr. tholos, a dome, bainein, to go.]

Tholus, thō′lus, n. a round building, dome, cupola:—pl. Thō′li.—Also Thole. [Gr.]

Thomism, tō′mizm, n. the doctrines of the followers of the prince of scholastic theologians, Thomas Aquinas (1226-74), esp. as these are set forth in his Summa Theologiæ, which still represent, with few exceptions, the general teaching of the R.C. Church.—n. Thō′mist, a follower of Aquinas.—adjs. Thomist′ic, -al.

Thong, thong, n. a piece or strap of leather to fasten anything. [A.S. thwang.]

Thor, thōr, n. the second principal Scandinavian divinity, the god of thunder. [Ice. Thórr.]

Thorax, thō′raks, n. the part of the body between the neck and belly: the chest.—adj. Thoracic (-ras′-), pertaining to the thorax or breast. [L.,—Gr.]

Thorium, thō′ri-um, n. a rare metal resembling aluminium, but taking fire below a red heat, and burning with great brilliancy.—Also Thorī′num.

Thorn, thorn, n. a sharp, woody spine on the stem of a plant: a spine: a plant having spines or thorns: anything prickly or troublesome.—ns. Thorn′-app′le, a plant of genus Datura: a haw, a thorn-tree; Thorn′back, a species of ray or skate which has nail-like crooked spines in its back; Thorn′bill, a variety of humming-bird with short, straight bill; Thorn′-bush, a shrub producing thorns; Thorn′-hedge, a hedge of hawthorn.—adjs. Thorn′less, without thorns; Thorn′set, set or beset with thorns; Thorn′y, full of thorns: prickly: troublesome: harassing (A.S. thorniht).—Thorn in the flesh, any cause of constant irritation, from 2 Cor. xii. 7. [A.S. thorn; Ice. thorn, Ger. dorn.]

Thorough, thur′ō, adj. passing through or to the end: complete: entire.—prep. (obs.) through.—n. that which goes through, a passage: the blind and obstinately tyrannical policy of Strafford and Laud in administering civil and ecclesiastical affairs without regard to opposite convictions.—n. Thor′ough-bass (mus.), a bass part all through a piece, with figures placed over the notes to indicate the harmony to be played to each.—adj. Thor′oughbred, thoroughly or completely bred: bred from a dam and sire of the best blood, as a horse, and having the qualities supposed to depend thereon.—n. an animal, esp. a horse, of pure blood—of race-horses, one all of whose ancestors for seven generations (five in America) are recorded in the stud-book.—n. Thor′oughfare, a fare or passage for going through: a public way or street: right of passing through.—adj. Thor′oughgō′ing, going through or to the end: going all lengths: complete.—adv. Thor′oughly.—n. Thor′oughness.—adj. Thor′ough-paced, thoroughly or perfectly paced or trained: complete. [The longer form of through.]

Thorp, Thorpe, thorp, n. a homestead: a hamlet. [A.S. thorp; Goth. thaurp, Ger. dorf.]

Those, thōz, pron., pl. of that. [From A.S. thás, the old pl. of thes, this. Cf. This. Doublet these.]

Thoth, thoth, n. the ancient Egyptian god of wisdom, and the inventor of art, science, letters, &c., ibis-headed, with a tau-cross in his hand.

Thou, thow, pron. of the second person sing., the person addressed (now generally used only in solemn address). [A.S. ðú; cog. with Goth. thu, Gr. tu, L. tu, Sans. tva-m.]

Though, thō, conj. admitting: allowing: even if notwithstanding. [Lit. 'on that' (condition), A.S. ðeáh, ðéh; cog. with Goth. thau-h, Ice. thó, Ger. doch; from the stem of the.]

Thought, thawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of think. [A.S. þoht—þencan, to think.]

Thought, thawt, n. the act of thinking: reasoning: deliberation: that which one thinks: idea: fancy: consideration: opinion: meditation: design: care.—adjs. Thought′ed, having thoughts; Thought′ful, full of thought: employed in meditation: attentive: considerate: promoting serious thought: favourable to meditation.—adv. Thought′fully.—n. Thought′fulness.—adj. Thought′less, without thought or care: careless: inattentive: stupid: dull.—adv. Thought′lessly.—ns. Thought′lessness; Thought′-read′er; Thought′-read′ing, the dubious act or art of discerning what is passing in another's mind by some direct and unexplained method, depending neither on gesture, facial expression, nor any articulate or other voluntary indication.—adj. Thought′-sick (Shak.), uneasy with reflection.—n. Thought′-trans′ference, telepathy.—adj. Thought′-transferen′tial, telepathic.—n. Thought′-wave, a supposed undulatory movement of a hypothetical medium by which the phenomena of thought-transference are explained.—Take thought (Shak.), to give way to grief. [A.S. ge-thóht; Ice. thóttr, Ger. bedacht. Cf. Think.]

Thous, thō′us, n. a genus of canines, the African jackals, [L. thos—Gr. thōs, a wild dog.]

Thousand, thow′zand, adj. denoting ten hundred: proverbially, denoting any great number.—n. the number ten hundred: any large number.—adj. Thou′sandfold, folded a thousand times: multiplied by a thousand.—n. Thou′sand-legs, any one of the Myriapoda.—adj. Thou′sandth, the last of a thousand or of any great number.—n. one of a thousand or of any great number.—One in [of] a thousand, anything exceedingly rare, implying a high degree of rarity or excellence. [A.S. thúsend; Ger. tausend, Goth. thúsundi.]

Thrall, thrawl, n. a slave, serf: slavery, servitude: a shelf for barrels.—adj. (arch.) subject.—v.t. to enslave.—ns. Thral′dom, Thrall′dom, the condition of a thrall or slave: slavery: bondage.—adj. Thrall′-like (Milt.), resembling a thrall or slave: resembling slavery: slavish. [Old Northumbrian ðrǽl—Ice. þræll, a slave; cf. Old High Ger. drigil, a slave, one who runs errands. From root of A.S. þrægian, to run.]

Thrapple, thrap′l, n. (Scot.) the windpipe.—Also Thropp′le. [Throttle.]

Thrash, thrash, v.t. to heat out grain from the straw, to beat soundly—also Thresh.—ns. Thrash′er, Thresh′er; Thrash′ing, Thresh′ing, the act of beating out grain from the straw: a sound beating or drubbing; Thrash′ing-floor, Thresh′ing-floor, a floor on which grain is thrashed; Thrash′ing-machine′, -mill, a machine or apparatus for thrashing corn. [A.S. therscan; cog. with Ger. dreschen.]

Thrasher, thrash′ėr, n. an American throstle or thrush, the brown thrush or sandy mocking-bird.—Also Thresh′er.

Thrasonical, thrā-son′ik-al, adj. resembling Thraso, a boastful soldier in Terence's Eunuchus: boastful, bragging.—adv. Thrason′ically.

Thratch, thrach, v.t. (Scot.) to gasp for breath.—n. laboured breathing.

Thrave, thrāv, n. twenty-four sheaves of grain set up in two stooks of twelve sheaves each: the number of two dozen, a good number.—Also Threave (thrēv). [Scand., Ice. þrefi—þrífa, to grasp.]

Thraw, thraw, v.t. (Scot.) to twist, wrench.—v.i. to writhe, to wriggle: to be perverse.—adjs. Thrä′ward, Thrä′wart, obstinate; Thrawn, twisted: perverse.—Heads and thraws, lying beside each other, the head of the one by the feet of the other; In the dead thraw, in the agony of death. [Throw.]

Thread, thred, n. a very thin line of any substance twisted and drawn out: a filament of any fibrous substance: a fine line of yarn: anything resembling a thread: the prominent spiral part of a screw: something continued in long course: the uniform tenor of a discourse.—v.t. to pass a thread through the eye of (as a needle): to pass or pierce through, as a narrow way: to furnish with a thread.—adj. Thread′bare, worn to the bare thread: having the nap worn off: hackneyed: used till its novelty or interest is gone.—n. Thread′bareness.—adj. Thread′en (Shak.), made of thread.—ns. Thread′er; Thread′iness, the state of being thread-like or slender: the quality of containing threads; Thread′-lace, lace made of linen thread; Thread′-pā′per, a piece of thin soft paper for wrapping up a skein of thread.—n.pl. Thread′-worms, a popular name for Nematoda, a class of more or less thread-like worms, many parasitic, others free-living.—adj. Thread′y, like thread: slender: containing, or consisting of, thread.—Thread and thrum, all, the good and bad together; Thread of life, the thread imagined to be spun and cut by the Fates.—Lisle thread, a fine hard-twisted linen thread originally made at Lille in France. [A.S. thrǽd—thráwan, to wind, to twist; Ger. drehen.]

Threap, Threep, thrēp, v.t. (Scot.) to maintain persistently: to contradict: to urge, to press eagerly.—v.i. to dispute.—n. stubborn insistence: contradiction: a freet. [A.S. threápian, to rebuke.]

Threat, thret, n. declaration of an intention to inflict punishment or other evil upon another: menace.—v.t. Threat′en, to declare the intention of inflicting punishment or other evil upon another: to terrify by menaces: to present the appearance of coming evil or of something unpleasant.—n. Threat′ener.—adj. Threat′ening, indicating a threat or menace: indicating something approaching or impending.—adv. Threat′eningly.—adj. Threat′ful (Spens.), full of threats, having a menacing appearance. [A.S. þreát—þreótan, to afflict; cog. with Ger. verdriessen, Goth. thriutan, to vex.]

Three, thrē, adj. and n. two and one.—adj. Three′-cor′nered, having three corners or angles: (bot.) having three prominent longitudinal angles, as a stem.—n. Three′-deck′er, ship of war carrying guns on three decks: an old-fashioned pulpit.—adjs. Three′fold, folded thrice: thrice repeated: consisting of three; Three′-foot, measuring three feet, or having three feet; Three′-leafed, -leaved (bot.), having three distinct leaflets: having the leaves arranged in threes; Three′-lobed (bot.), having three lobes; Three′-man (Shak.), worked by three men.—n. Three′-mas′ter, a ship with three masts.—adjs. Three′-nerved, having three nerves: (bot.) having three distinct nerves running longitudinally without branching, as a leaf; Three′-nooked (Shak.), three-cornered; Three′-part′ed, consisting of three parts: (bot.) divided into three parts down to the base, as a leaf.—n. Threepence (thrē′pens, coll. thrip′ens), three pennies: a silver coin of the value of threepence.—adj. Three′penny, worth threepence: of little worth: mean, vulgar.—ns. Three′-per-cents., bonds or other securities paying three per cent. interest, esp. a portion of the consolidated debt of Great Britain; Three′-pile (Shak.), the finest kind of velvet.—adjs. Three′-piled, set with a thick pile, as velvet: (Shak.) of the best quality: (Shak.) piled one on another; Three′ply, having three plies or folds; Three′score, three times a score, sixty (also n.); Three′-sid′ed, having three sides; Three′some, triple; Three′-suit′ed, having but three suits of clothes; Three′-valved, consisting of, or opening with, three valves.—Three F's, free sale, fixity of tenure, fair rent—the three demands of the Irish Land League; Three R's (see R); Three times three, three cheers thrice repeated. [A.S. þreó, þrý, þír; Ice. þrír, Gael. tri, Goth. threis, Ger. drei, L. tres, Gr. treis, Sans. tri.]

Thremmatology, threm-a-tol′ō-ji, n. the science of breeding or propagating animals and plants under domestication. [Gr. thremma—trephein, to nurse, logia—legein, to say.]

Threnody, thren′ō-di, n. an ode or song of lamentation.—n. Threne, a lament, lamentation.—adjs. Threnet′ic, -al; Threnō′dial, Threnod′ic.—n. Thren′odist, a writer of threnodies. [Gr. thrēnōdia—thrēnos, a lament, ōdē, a song.]

Threpsology, threp-sol′ō-ji, n. the science of the nutrition of living organisms, or a treatise thereon. [Gr. threpsis—trephein, to nourish, logia—legein, to say.]

Thresh, thresh (see Thrash).—ns. Thresh′el, a flail; Thresh′er, the fox-shark; Thresh′er-whale, the grampus.

Threshold, thresh′ōld, n. a piece of wood or stone under the door of a house: door: entrance: the place or point of entering. [M. E. threshwold—A.S. therscwald—therscan, to thresh, wald, wood.]

Thrice, thrīs, adv. three times. [M. E. thriës—A.S. þríwa, thrice—þrí, three.]

Thrid, thrid, n. (Spens.) a thread.—v.t. to slip through, as a narrow passage. [Thread.]

Thridacium, thri-dā′si-um, n. the inspissated juice of lettuce.—Also Thrid′ace. [L. thridax—Gr. thridax, lettuce.]

Thrift, thrift, n. state of thriving: frugality: prosperity: increase of wealth: gain: a plant of genus Armeria, order Plumbagineæ, the marsh-rosemary.—adv. Thrift′ily.—n. Thrift′iness.—adj. Thrift′less, not thrifty: extravagant: not thriving.—adv. Thrift′lessly.—n. Thrift′lessness.—adj. Thrift′y (comp. Thrift′ier, superl. Thrift′iest), showing thrift or economy: thriving by frugality. [Thrive.]

Thrill, thril, v.t. to pierce: to affect strongly.—v.i. to pierce, as something sharp: to cause a tingling, shivering feeling to run through the body: to feel a sharp, shivering sensation.—n. a thrilling sensation.—adjs. Thrill′ant (Spens.), thrilling, piercing; Thrill′ing, causing to thrill.—adv. Thrill′ingly, in a thrilling manner: with thrilling sensations.—n. Thrill′ingness. [A.S. thyrlian, to bore a hole—thyrel, a hole; Ger. drillen, to drill a hole.]

Thrips, thrips, n. a genus of the family Thripidæ, which is the sole family of the order Thysanoptera, any member of the same, the corn-thrips, the jassid, the grape-vine thrips. [Gr. thrips, a wood-worm.]

Thrist, thrist, v.i. (Spens.) same as Thirst.—adj. Thrist′y=Thirsty.

Thrive, thrīv, v.i. to prosper: to increase in goods: to be successful: to grow: to flourish:—pa.t. thrōve and thrīved; pa.p. thriv′en.—adj. Thrive′less, thriftless.—n. Thrī′ver, one who succeeds.—p.adj. Thrī′ving, flourishing, successful.—adv. Thrī′vingly, in a thriving or prosperous manner.—n. Thrī′vingness. [Ice. thrífa, to grasp.]

Throat, thrōt, n. the forepart of the neck, in which are the gullet and windpipe: an entrance: a narrow part of anything: (naut.) the widened and hollowed end of a gaff next the mast—opp. to Peak, the outer end.—ns. Throat′-band, -strap, -latch, a band about the throat; Throat′-bolt, an eye-bolt to which to hook the throat-halyards.—n.pl. Throat′-brails, those which are attached to the gaff for trussing up the sail close to the gaff as well as the mast.—adj. Throat′ed, with a throat of a specified kind.—n.pl. Throat′-hal′yards, those for hoisting the throat of a gaff.—adj. Throat′y, formed in the throat, guttural in sound.—Clergyman's sore throat, an affection commonly arising from too prolonged or powerful exercise of the voice by persons in whom the mucous membrane of the throat is in a relaxed condition; Cut one's own, or another's, throat, to pursue some course ruinous to one's own or to another's interests; Give one the lie in his throat, to accuse one to his face of a lie. [A.S. throte; Dut. strot, Ger. drossel, the throat.]

Throb, throb, v.i. to beat or palpitate, as the heart or pulse, with more than usual force:—pr.p. throb′bing; pa.t. and pa.p. throbbed.—n. a beat or strong pulsation.—adv. Throb′bingly.—adj. Throb′less. [M. E. throbben; cf. L. trepidus, trembling.]

Throe, thrō, n. suffering, pain: agony: the pains of childbirth.—v.i. to be in agony.—v.t. to put in agony. [A.S. threá, threáw, suffering—threówan, to suffer.]

Thrombosis, throm-bō′sis, n. an affection of the blood—vessels (either veins or arteries), which essentially consists in a coagulation of blood, forming a true clot, at a certain fixed spot.—adjs. Throm′bosed, Thrombot′ic.—n. Throm′bus, the blood-clot formed in thrombosis.

Throne, thrōn, n. a chair of state richly ornamented and covered with a canopy: seat of a bishop in the cathedral-church of his diocese: sovereign power and dignity: (pl.) the third order of angels in the first triad of the celestial hierarchy.—v.t. to place on a royal seat: to exalt.—v.i. to sit in state, as on a throne:—pr.p. thrōn′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. thrōned.—adjs. Thrō′nal; Throne′less. [O. Fr.,—L. thronus—Gr. thronos, a seat.]

Throng, throng, n. a large number of people pressed or crowded together: a crowd: a great multitude.—v.t. to press or crowd: to annoy with numbers.—v.i. to crowd together: to come in multitudes.—adj. (prov.) crowded: busy.—adj. Throng′ful, thronged. [A.S. ge-thrang—thringan, to press.]

Throstle, thros′l, n. the song-thrush or mavis: a machine for twisting and winding fibres from roves, consisting of a set of drawing-rollers with bobbins and fliers—also Water-frame.—n. Thros′tle-cook, the missel-thrush. [A.S. throstle; Ger. drossel, L. turdus, a thrush.]

Throstling, thros′ling, n. a swelling on the throat of cattle causing strangulation.

Throttle, throt′l, n. the throat or windpipe.—v.t. to choke by pressure on the windpipe: to shut off the steam from a steam-pipe, engine, &c.—v.i. to breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated.—ns. Thrott′le-pipe, the vertical pipe between the throttle-valve and dry-pipe of a locomotive; Thrott′ler, one who throttles; Thrott′le-valve, a valve regulating the supply of steam to the cylinder. [Dim. of throat.]

Through, thrōō, prep. from end to end, or from side to side of: between the sides of: over the whole extent of: among: from beginning to end: by means of: in consequence of.—adv. from one end or side to the other: from beginning to end: to the end or purpose.—adj. clear, unobstructed, serving for an entire route.—adv. Through′-and-through, thoroughly.—ns. Through′-bolt, a bolt which passes through from side to side of what it fastens; Through′fare (Shak.), same as Thoroughfare; Through′-gang (Scot.), a thoroughfare.—adj. Through′-gang′ing, thorough-going.—n. Through-gō′ing (Scot.), a scolding.—adj. active, energetic.—adv. Through′ly (obs.) same as Thoroughly.—prep. Throughout′, through to the outside: in every part of: from one end to the other.—adv. in every part: everywhere.—ns. Through′-stone, a bonder or bond-stone in building: a grave-stone made so as to lie flat; Through′-tick′et, a ticket for the whole of a journey; Through′-traff′ic, the traffic between two centres at a distance from each other—opp. to Local traffic; Through′-train, a train which goes the whole length of a long route.—Be through, to be finished; Carry through (see Carry); Go through (see Go). [A.S. þurh; Ger. durch, Sans. tiras.]

Throw, thrō, v.t. to hurl: to fling: to wind or twist together, as yarn: to form on a wheel, as pottery: to venture at dice: to put off: to put on or spread carelessly: to cast down in wrestling.—v.i. to cast or hurl: to cast dice:—pa.t. threw (thrōō); pa.p. thrōwn.—n. the act of throwing; a cast, esp. of dice: the distance to which anything may be thrown: a violent effort.—ns. Throw′er; Throw′ing-tā′ble, a potter's wheel.—adj. Thrown, twisted.—ns. Thrown′-silk, organzine, silk thread formed by twisting together two or more threads or singles; Throw′ster, one who throws silk: a gambler; Throw′-stick, a weapon thrown whirling from the hand, as the boomerang.—Throw about (Spens.), to cast about or try expedients; Throw away, to lose by neglect or folly, to spend in vain, to reject; Throw back, to retort, to refuse: to revert to some ancestral character, to show atavism; Throw by, to reject, to lay aside as of no use; Throw down, to destroy, to subvert: to depress; Throw in, to inject, as a fluid, to put in or deposit along with others, to add as an extra; Throw light on, to make clear; Throw off, to expel, to reject, to renounce: to give forth in an unpremeditated manner; Throw on, to put on hastily; Throw one's self into, to engage heartily in; Throw one's self on, or upon, to cast one's confidence upon, to resign one's self to; Throw open, to cause to swing wide open, to make freely accessible; Throw out, to cast out, to reject, to expel: to emit, to utter carelessly, to cause to project: to put into confusion, to confuse: to distance, leave behind; Throw over, to discard or desert; Throw up, to hoist or raise, to raise hastily: to enlarge, as a picture reflected on a screen: to give up, to resign: to vomit. [A.S. thráwan, to turn, to twist; Ger. drehen, to twist, L. torquēre.]

Thrum, thrum, n. the end of a weaver's thread, any loose thread or fringe: coarse yarn.—v.t. to furnish with thrums: to fringe: to insert short pieces of rope-yarn in a mat or piece of canvas:—pr.p. thrum′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. thrummed.—ns. Thrum′-cap, -hat (Shak.), a cap or hat made of thrums or of coarse, shaggy cloth.—adj. Thrum′my, made of, or like, thrums. [Ice. þrómr, the edge; Ger. trumm, a fragment.]

Thrum, thrum, v.i. to play rudely or monotonously on an instrument with the fingers.—n. a monotonous sound, as that made by unskilled fingers on a harp, &c.—n. Thrum′mer.

Thrush, thrush, n. a genus of Passerine birds of the family Turdidæ, specifically the throstle, song-thrush, or mavis of Europe. [A.S. þrysce, a thrush.]

Thrush, thrush, n. an inflammatory and suppurating affection of the sensitive surfaces within the frog of the horse: an infantile disease of the mouth and throat. [Scand., Ice. þurr, dry.]

Thrust, thrust, v.t. to push or drive with force: to stab, pierce.—v.i. to make a push, esp. with a pointed weapon: to squeeze in: to intrude:—pa.t. and pa.p. thrust.—n. a stab: an assault: the horizontal outward pressure of an arch against its abutments, or of rafters, beams, &c. against the walls or bearings: the white whey, the last to be squeezed from the curd.—ns. Thrust′er; Thrust′-hoe, a hoe worked by pushing.—Thrust aside, to push away, to reject; Thrust off, to push away; Thrust on, to urge or impel; Thrust one's self into, to intrude; Thrust out, to drive out or away; Thrust through (Shak.), to pierce, to stab; Thrust to (Spens.), to rush upon; Thrust together, to compress; Thrust upon, to force upon. [Ice. thrýsta, to press.]

Thud, thud, n. a dull, hollow sound, caused by a blow or a heavy body falling: a loud noise, concussion, or blast.—v.i. to make a thudding sound: (Scot.) to move quickly.—v.t. (Scot.) to beat, strike. [A.S. þóden, noise.]

Thug, thug, n. one of a class of professional robbers and assassins in India—a kind of secret religious fraternity, murdering stealthily by strangling or poisoning with datura, extirpated 1826-35: any cut-throat ruffian.—ns. Thuggee′, Thug′gery, Thug′gism, the practice and superstition of the Thugs. [Hind., thag, thug, cheat.]

Thule, thū′lē, n. the name generally given by the ancients to the most northerly part of Europe known to them, of which their want of knowledge was eked out by the imagination—the Orkney and Shetland groups, Iceland, &c. The usual Roman phrase was Ultima Thule. [L.,—Gr. thylē.]

Thumb, thum, n. the short, thick digit, consisting of two phalanges, on the radial side of the human hand: the corresponding member in other animals.—v.t. to handle awkwardly: to play or soil with the thumb or fingers.—v.i. to finger.—adj. Thumbed, having thumbs: marked by the thumb, worn.—ns. Thumb′kin, Thumb′screw, an old instrument of torture for compressing the thumb by means of a screw.—adj. Thumb′less.—ns. Thumb′-mark, a mark left by the impression of the thumb on the pages of a book, &c.; Thumb′piece, a piece serving as a support for the thumb: a knob or projection by means of which a spring is worked by pressure of the thumb; Thumb′pot, a very small pot used by florists for starting slips or seedlings; Thumb′-ring (Shak.), a ring worn on the thumb: a ring for the thumb fastened to the guard of a dagger or sword; Thumb′-stall, a covering or sheath for the thumb.—By rule of thumb, in a rough-and-ready practical manner, found by experience to be convenient; Under one's thumb, under one's influence. [With intrusive b from A.S. þuma; cog. with Ger. daumen.]

Thummim, thum′im, n.pl. perfection. [Heb., tummīm (pl. of tōm), perfection—tāmam, to be perfect. Cf. Urim.]

Thump, thump, n. a heavy blow.—v.t. to beat with something heavy.—v.i. to strike or fall with a dull, heavy blow.—n. Thump′er, one who, or that which, thumps: anything very big, a big lie, &c.—adj. Thump′ing, unusually big. [Prob. imit., like Ice. dumpa, to thump.]

Thunder, thun′dėr, n. the deep rumbling sound after a flash of lightning, a thunderbolt: any loud noise: an alarming denunciation.—v.i. to make thunder: to sound as thunder.—v.t. to give out with noise and terror: to publish a denunciation.—ns. Thun′derbolt, a bolt or shaft of lightning preceding a peal of thunder: anything sudden and irresistible: a daring or irresistible hero: ecclesiastical denunciation; Thun′der-clap, a sudden peal of thunder: the report of an explosion of electricity in the clouds; Thun′der-cloud, a cloud charged with electricity, which generally produces lightning and thunder; Thun′derer; Thun′dering, the report of a discharge of electricity in the clouds: thunder.—adj. unusually big, tremendous.—adv. Thun′deringly.—adjs. Thun′derless, without thunder; Thun′der-like (Shak.), like thunder, as a loud noise; Thun′derous, giving forth a sound like thunder, awful.—adv. Thun′derously.—ns. Thun′der-peal, a clap of thunder; Thun′der-plump, a heavy fall of rain in a thunder-storm; Thun′der-shower, a shower accompanied with thunder, or a short heavy shower from a thunder-cloud; Thun′der-stone (Shak.), a stone fabulously supposed to be hurled by thunder, and to do the damage of lightning, a thunderbolt: (geol.) a belemnite, so called from its dart-like shape; Thun′der-storm, continued discharges of electricity from the clouds, producing lightning and thunder, and generally accompanied with heavy rain.—v.t. Thun′der-strike, to strike as by lightning.—n. Thun′der-stroke (Shak.), a stroke or blast by lightning.—adjs. Thun′der-struck, struck by lightning: astonished: struck dumb; Thun′dery, indicative of thunder, or attended by it. [With intrusive d from A.S. þunor—þunian, to rattle; cog. with Ger. donner, Ice. þorr for þonr, L. tonāre.]

Thurible, thū′ri-bl, n. a censer of metal for burning frankincense.—n. Thū′rifer, the server who carries the thurible.—adjs. Thurif′erous, producing or bearing frankincense; Thurif′icate, having offered incense.—n. Thurificā′tion.—v.t. Thū′rify, to cense.—n. Thus, frankincense. [L. thuribulum—thus, thuris, frankincense; akin to Gr. thyos, a sacrifice.]

Thursday, thurz′dā, n. the fifth day of the week, so called because originally sacred to Thor, the old Teutonic god of thunder. [A.S. thunres dæg—thunres, gen. of thunor, thunder, dæg, day; Ice. Thórsdag-r, Thor's day, Ger. Donnerstag.]

Thus, thus, adv. in this or that manner: to this degree or extent.—n. Thus′ness, state of being thus.—adv. Thus′wise, in this manner. [A.S. ðus, prob. ðýs, instrumental case of ðes, this.]

Thwack, thwak, v.t. to strike with something blunt and heavy, to thrash.—n. a heavy blow. [A.S. thaccian, to stroke.]

Thwaite, thwāt, n. a piece of land reclaimed to tillage—common in place-names, as Bassenthwaite, Crossthwaite. [Ice. thveit.]

Thwart, thwawrt, adj. cross: being crosswise.—v.t. to cross: to oppose; to defeat.—n. the bench for rowers placed athwart the boat.—advs. Thwart; Thwar′tedly.—n. Thwar′ter.—adj. Thwar′ting, perverse.—advs. Thwar′tingly, perversely; Thwart′ly; Thwart′ships, across the ship. [Ice. thvert, neut. of thverr; perverse; cog. with A.S. thweorh, Ger. zwerch.]

Thy, thī, poss. adj. thine, of or pertaining to thee. [Short for thine, A.S. ðín, gen. of ðu, thou.]

Thyine-wood, thī′in-wōōd, n. a wood named in Rev. xviii. 12, probably that of the sandarac-tree. [Gr.]

Thylacine, thī′la-sēn, n. the largest of the extant predaceous marsupials, represented by one species, now restricted to Tasmania.

Thyme, tīm, n. a genus of humble half-shrubby plants of the natural order Labiatæ, the common garden-thyme, cultivated for its fragrance, wild-thyme, &c.—n. Thy′mol, an antiseptic phenol, obtained from oil of thyme by distillation.—adj. Thy′my. [Fr.,—L. L. thymum—Gr. thyein, to fill with sweet smells, to burn in sacrifice.]

Thymus, thī′mus, n. a ductless gland near the root of the neck, of no known function, vestigial in adult man—that of veal and lamb called neck-sweetbread. [Gr. thymos, sweet thyme.]

Thyroid, thī′roid, adj. in the form of a shield: denoting a cartilage constituting the anterior, upper part of the larynx, popularly called Adam's apple: denoting a vascular or ductless gland which arises in the earlier human embryo as an ingrowth from the lower part of the pharynx (see Myxœdema). [Gr. thyreos, a shield, eidos, form.]

Thyrsus, thėr′sus, n. (bot.) an inflorescence consisting of a panicle with the lower branches shorter than the middle ones: the wand of Bacchus, a staff wreathed with ivy—also Thyrse.—adjs. Thyr′soid, -al, having the form of a thyrsus. [Gr. thyrsos.]

Thysanura, this-a-nū′ra, n. an order of wingless insects of small size, undergoing no metamorphosis, the abdomen usually bearing peculiar structures which seem to be abortive limbs, the spring-tails or bristle-tails.—adjs. Thysanū′rian; Thysanū′riform. [Gr. thysanos, a fringe, oura, a tail.]

Ti, tē, n. a small Pacific tree of the lily family whose fleshy roots are eaten, and yield sugar and spirit.

Tiara, tī-ā′ra, n. the lofty ornamental head-dress of the ancient Persians: a head-dress: the mitre of the Jewish high-priest: the pope's triple crown, the papal dignity—also (poet.) Tiar.—adj. Tiā′raed, wearing a tiara. [Fr. tiare—L. tiara—Gr. tiara.]

Tibet, Thibet, ti-bet′, n. a woollen stuff generally printed in colours: a heavy fabric used for the same purposes as furs, made of goat's hair, black and finely curled—also Tibet cloth.—adj. Tib′etan, pertaining to Tibet, its language or people.—n. the language or people of Tibet.

Tibia, tib′i-a, n. the large shinbone.—adj. Tib′ial, pertaining to the tibia: pertaining to a pipe or flute.—ns. Tibiā′lis, a tibial muscle; Tibī′cen, a flute-player. [L., the shinbone, hence a flute.]

Tic, tik, n. a convulsive motion of certain muscles, esp. of the face.—n. Tic′-doul′oureux, painful convulsive motion of a nerve, usually in the face. [Fr. tic, a twitching; cf. Low Ger. tukken, to twitch.]

Tick, tik, n. the popular name for several acaridan arachnids which infest dogs, sheep, &c. [M. E. teke; Dut. teek, Ger. zecke.]

Tick, tik, n. the case or cover in which feathers, &c., are put for bedding.—ns. Tick′en, Tick′ing, the cloth of which ticks are made. [L. theca—-Gr. thēkē, a case—tithēmi, I put.]

Tick, tik, v.i. to make a small, quick noise: to beat, as a watch.—ns. Tick′er, anything which ticks, a watch; Tick′-tack, a noise like that made by a clock: (Shak.) a game somewhat like backgammon—adv. with a recurring ticking sound. [Imit.; cf. Ger. ticken.]

Tick, tik, v.i. to get or give credit.—n. credit: trust.—n. Tick′-shop, a shop where goods are given on credit.—Buy on tick, to buy on credit. [Ticket.]

Tick, tik, v.i. to touch lightly.—n. a tap or light touch: a slight speck.—adj. Ticked, speckled.—v.t. Tick′le, to touch lightly and cause to laugh: to please by slight gratification.—v.i. to feel titillation or tickling.—ns. Tick′ler; Tick′ling. [Tickle is a dim. of tick, to touch lightly, M. E. teck, a touch; Dut. tik.]

Ticket, tik′et, n. a marked card: a token of any right or debt, as for admission, &c.: a list of candidates put forward by a party for election: (obs.) a visiting-card.—v.t. to mark by a ticket.—ns. Tick′et-day, the day before settling day on the Stock Exchange; Tick′et-of-leave, a license to be at large, granted to a convict for good conduct; Tick′et-por′ter, a licensed porter wearing a badge or ticket; Cou′pon-tick′et (see Coupon); Straight′-ticket, a ticket bearing the names of the nominees of a political party, and them only.—Season ticket, a ticket entitling the holder to admission to lectures, &c., or to travel between certain places on a line of railway, for a certain specified period; The ticket, the correct thing. [Short for O. Fr. etiquet, a label, from Teut.; Ger. stecken, to stick.]

Tickle, tik′l, adj. (Spens.) uncertain, insecure: (Shak.) tottering, insecure, easily tickled, ticklish.—n. Tick′ler, something difficult, a puzzle: a banker's memorandum-book: a dram of spirits.—adj. Tick′lish, easily tickled: easily affected: nice: critical.—adv. Tick′lishly.—n. Tick′lishness.—adj. Tick′ly, ticklish.—n. Tickly-bend′er, risky ice that bends under a skater: (pl.) any game, as tag, played on such ice. [M. E. tikel, unstable, tikelen, freq. of tick, to touch lightly.]

Tiddle, tid′l, v.t. to fondle—also Tid′der.—v.i. to potter, trifle.

Tiddlywink, tid′ly-wingk, n. (prov.) an unlicensed pawn-shop or beer-house.—n.pl. Tidd′ledywinks, a parlour-game in which small discs of ivory, &c., are snapped from the level of the table into a cup in the centre of it—also Tidd′ly-winks.

Tide, tīd, n. time: season: the regular flux and reflux or rhythmic ebb and flow of the sea: course: a tide, time, or season, a feast-day, festival, a certain time, a day of twelve hours: commotion: turning-point.—v.t. to drive with the stream.—v.i. to pour a tide or flood: to work in or out of a river or harbour with the tide.—adj. Tī′dal, pertaining to tides: flowing and ebbing periodically.—ns. Tide′-gate, a gate through which the water flows into a basin or dock with the tide, and which is shut to keep it from flowing out again when the tide ebbs: a place where the tide runs with great velocity; Tide′-gauge, an instrument for registering the state of the tide continuously.—adj. Tide′less, having no tides.—ns. Tide′-lock, a lock placed between an entrance-basin and a harbour, canal, or river, and furnished with double gates, so that vessels can pass either out or in at all times of the tide; Tide′mill, a mill moved by tide-water: a mill for clearing lands of tide-water; Tides′-man, Tide′-wait′er, an officer who waits the arrival of vessels, to secure the payment of the duties: one who watches public opinion before declaring his own; Tide′-tā′ble, a table giving the time of high-tide at any place; Tide′-wa′ter, the water of the portion of a river affected by the tide, the seaboard; Tide′-wave, the great wave which follows the apparent motion of the moon; Tide′-way, the channel in which the tide sets; Neap′-tide (see Neap); Spring′-tide (see Spring).—Tide over, to surmount difficulties, for the time at least, by favourable accidents or by skill. [A.S. tíd; Dut. tijd, Ger. zeit.]

Tidings, tī′dingz, n.pl. news: intelligence. [Ice. tiðindi—tið, time; cf. Ger. zeit-ung, news, from zeit.]

Tidy, tī′di, adj. neat: in good order: fairly large: (coll.) comfortable.—n. a cover for chairs, &c.: a child's pinafore.—v.t. to make neat: to put in good order:—pa.t. and pa.p. tī′died.—adv. Tī′dily, in a tidy manner.—n. Ti′diness, state or quality of being tidy: neatness.—Tid′ivate (coll.) (see Titivate). [M. E. tidy, seasonable—tid, tide, time: Ger. zeitig.]

Tie, tī, v.t. to bind: to fasten with a cord: to unite: to constrain: (mus.) to unite notes with a tie: to score equally with: to bind with a ligature.—v.i. to make an exactly equal number of points with:—pr.p. ty′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. tied (tīd).—n. a knot, bow, &c.: a bond: something for tying: a necktie: a member fastening parts together, one of a set of timbers laid crosswise: an equality in numbers, as of votes, or of points in a game: (mus.) a curved line drawn over two or more notes on the same degree of the stave, signifying that the second note is not to be sounded separately, but is to sustain the first.—ns. Tie′-beam, a beam resting on the walls and stretching across, keeping the rafters fast; Tī′er, one who ties: a child's apron; Tie′-rod, a rod serving as a tie between two pieces; Tie′-wig, a court-wig tied with ribbon at the back.—Play off a tie, to take part in a final contest to decide a tie in a game. [M. E. teyen—teye, a band—A.S. teág, teáh, týge, a rope.]

Tier, tēr, n. a row or rank, especially when several rows are placed one above another. [Fr. tire—tirer, to draw.]

Tierce, tērs, n. a cask containing one-third of a pipe—that is, 42 gallons: a sequence of three cards of the same colour: (mus.) a third: a thrust, in fencing: (her.) a field tripartitely divided in three different tinctures: the third hour of the day, or the office of that hour, the terce.—ns. Tier′ceron (archit.), in vaulting, a rib springing from the intersection of two other ribs; Tier′cet, a stanza of three rhymed verses, a triplet. [O. Fr. tiers, tierce—L. tertia (pars), a third (part)—tres, three.]

Tiercel, tērs′el, n. a male hawk.—Also Tierce′let. [O. Fr. tiercelet—tiers, tierce, third.]

Tiers état, tyārz ā-tä′, n. the third estate of the realm, the common people in relation to political power. See Estate. [Fr.]

Tiff, tif, v.t. (obs.) to dress, trick out. [O. Fr. tiffer, atiffer, to adorn; of Teut. origin.]

Tiff, tif, v.i. to be in a pet—-n: a display of irritation, a pet, huff.—Also Tift. [Orig. a sniff. Norw. tev, a drawing in of the breath, teva, to sniff.]

Tiffany, tif′a-ni, n. a silk-like gauze.—adj. made of tiffany, transparent. [Tiff, to adorn.]

Tiffin, tif′in, n. the East Indian name for luncheon.—v.i. Tiff, to take lunch—Tiff′in is less correct. [From Prov. Eng. tiff, a draught of beer.]

Tiger, tī′gėr, n. a fierce and rapacious feline quadruped, nearly as large as a lion: the jaguar: a servant in livery who rides with his master: a swaggering bully, a low ruffian: (U.S.) one more cheer after a round of cheers: a tiger-beetle:—fem. Tī′gress.—ns. Ti′ger-bee′tle, a cicindela; Tī′ger-cat, a wild-cat: the margay, ocelot, and serval; Tī′ger-flow′er, a Mexican plant cultivated in flower-gardens for its streaked flowers.—adjs. Tī′ger-foot′ed (Shak.), hastening to devour, fierce and rapacious; Tī′gerish, like a tiger in disposition.—ns. Tī′gerism; Tī′ger-lil′y, a species of lily with spotted flowers; Tī′ger-moth, any one of the Arctiidæ, whose larvæ are called woolly bears; Tī′ger-wolf, a name given to the spotted hyena and to the Thylacine.—adj. Tī′grine, like a tiger. [Fr. tigre—L. tigris—Gr. tigris—Zend. tighri, an arrow, whence the river Tigris.]

Tight, tīt, adj. close: compact: rigid: hampered from want of money: snug, trim: not leaky: fitting closely, also too closely: scarce, not easily obtainable: (coll.) unwilling to part with money: tipsy: not loose or free in treatment.—v.t. Tight′en, to make tight or tighter: to straiten.—v.i. to grow tight or tighter.—n. Tight′ener, one who, or that which, tightens: (anat.) a tensor: (slang) a heavy meal.—adv. Tight′ly.—ns. Tight′ness; Tight′rope, a tightly-stretched rope on which rope-dancers perform.—n.pl. Tights, a garment often of silk, closely fitting the body, or at least the legs, worn by acrobats, dancers, &c. [Scand., Ice. þéitr; cf. Dan. tæt, Dut. digt, Ger. dicht.]

Tike, tīk, n. (Shak.) a dog, a cur, a boor: an uncouth fellow: a Yorkshireman. [Ice. tík, a bitch.]

Tilbury, til′ber-i, n. a kind of gig for two. [Said to be so named from its first maker.]

Tilde, til′dē, n. the diacritical sign over n in Spanish—thus ñ. [Sp.,—L. titulus, a title.]

Tile, tīl, n. a piece of baked clay used for covering roofs, floors, &c.: a tube or pipe of baked clay used in drains: (slang) a tall cylindrical silk hat.—v.t. to cover with tiles: to drain by means of tiles: to secure against the intrusion of unauthorised persons by placing a person at the door of a lodge or close meeting.—ns. Tī′ler, one who makes or who lays tiles: the keeper of the door in a Freemasons' lodge—also Ty′ler; Tile′-red, a brownish-red, the colour of baked tiles; Tī′lery, a place where tiles are made; Tile′-stone, a tile: (pl., geol.) the uppermost group of the Silurian period, consisting of a reddish, thin-bedded, slightly micaceous sandstone; Tī′ling, a roof of tiles: tiles in general.—Dutch tiles, enamelled earthenware tiles, usually blue, with scriptural subjects, for chimney pieces, &c. [A.S. tigele—L. tegula—tegĕre, to cover.]

Tiliaceæ, til-i-ā′se-ē, n.pl. a natural order of exogenous trees and shrubs, mostly native to the tropics—the linden family. [L. tilia, a lime-tree.]

Till, til, n. a money-box or drawer in a desk, counter, or trunk. [M. E. tillen, to draw out—A.S. tyllan, in for-tyllan, to draw aside.]

Till, til, prep. to the time of.—adv. to the time when: to the degree that. [Old Northumbrian til—Scand., Ice. til.]

Till, til, v.t. to cultivate.—adj. Till′able, arable.—ns. Till′age, act or practice of tilling: husbandry: a place tilled; Till′er; Till′ing. [A.S. tilian, to till—til, good, a limit; Ger. zielen, to arrange.]

Till, til, n. the usual name in Scotland for Boulder-clay, a widely-distributed stony clay, usually tough and hard, unquestionably the result of glaciation, probably being merely the bottom-moraine or ground-moraine of extinct glaciers.

Tillandsia, ti-land′zi-a, n. a genus of mainly epiphytic plants of the pine-apple family (Bromeliaceæ). [From the Swedish botanist, Tillands.]

Tiller, til′ėr, n. the handle or lever for turning a rudder.—ns. Till′er-chain, -rope, the chain or rope uniting the fore-end of the tiller with the steering-wheel. [M. E. tillen, to draw out—A.S. tyllan. Cf. Till (1).]

Tilly-vally, til′i-val′i, n. (Shak.) an expression of contempt at what has been said.—Also Till′ie-vall′ie.

Tilt, tilt, n. the canvas covering of a cart or wagon: an awning in a boat.—v.t. to cover with an awning. [A.S. teld—teldan, to cover; cog. with Ger. zelt.]

Tilt, tilt, v.i. to ride against another and thrust with a lance: to thrust or fight with a lance or rapier: to fall into a sloping posture, to heel over.—v.t. to point or thrust with, as a lance: to slant: to raise one end of: to forge with a tilt-hammer.—n. a thrust: in the Middle Ages, an exercise in which combatants rode against each other with lances: inclination forward, dip, slant.—ns. Tilt′er; Tilt′-hamm′er, a heavy hammer used in ironworks, which is tilted or lifted by means of projections on the axis of a wheel; Tilt′ing; Tilt′-yard, a place for tilting. [A.S. tealt, tottering; Ice. tölta, to trot; Ger. zelter.]

Tilth, tilth, n. cultivation: cultivated land: the depth of soil turned up in cultivation. [From till (3).]

Timariot, ti-mä′ri-ot, n. a soldier of the Turkish feudal militia. [Turk. tīmār.]

Timbale, tang-bal′, n. a dish of fowl or fish pounded and mixed with white of egg, sweet cream, &c., poured into a mould. [Fr.]

Timber, tim′bėr, n. wood for building purposes: the trunk of a tree: material for any structure: one of the larger pieces of the framework of a house, ship, &c.: one of the planks forming the sides and roof of a gallery in a mine.—v.t. to furnish with timber or beams.—p.adj. Tim′bered, furnished with timber: (Shak.) built, formed, contrived: (Spens.) made like timber, massive.—ns. Tim′bering, timber materials; Tim′ber-man, one responsible for the timbers in a mine; Tim′ber-toes, a person with a wooden leg; Tim′ber-tree, a tree suitable for timber; Tim′ber-yard, a yard or place where timber is stored. [A.S. timber, building, wood; Ger. zimmer, an apartment.]

Timbre, tim′bėr, n. tone, character, or quality of a musical sound. [O. Fr.,—L. tympanum, a drum.]

Timbrel, tim′brel, n. an ancient musical instrument, carried in the hand, apparently like a tambourine.—adj. Tim′brelled (Milt.), sung to the sound of the timbrel. [O. Fr. timbre—L. tympanum, a drum.]

Timbrology, tim-brol′ō-ji, n. the study of postage-stamps.—n. Timbroph′ily, love for this harmless pursuit. [Fr. timbre, postage-stamp, -ology.]

Time, tīm, n. a point at which, or period during which, things happen: a season or proper time: an opportunity: absolute duration: an interval: past time: the duration of one's life: allotted period: repetition of anything or mention with reference to repetition: musical measure, or rate of movement: a measured interval in verse: (gram.) the relation of a verb with regard to tense: the umpire's call in prize-fights, &c.: hour of travail: the state of things at any period, usually in pl.: the history of the world, as opposed to eternity: addition of a thing to itself.—v.t. to do at the proper season: to regulate as to time: (mus.) to measure.—v.i. to keep or beat time.—ns. Time′-ball, a ball arranged to drop from the summit of a pole at a particular time; Time′-bargain, a contract to buy or sell merchandise or stock at a certain time in the future.—adjs. Time′-beguil′ing, making the time pass quickly; Time′-bett′ering, improving the state of things as time goes on; Time′-bewast′ed (Shak.), wasted or worn by time.—ns. Time′-bill, a time-table; Time′-book, a book for keeping an account of the time men have worked; Time′-card, a card bearing a time-table: a card with blank spaces for workmen's hours, &c., being filled in; Time′-fuse, a fuse calculated to burn a definite length of time; Time′-gun, a gun which is fired by means of a mechanical contrivance and a current of electricity at a particular time.—adj. Time′-hon′oured, honoured for a long time: venerable on account of antiquity.—ns. Time′ist, Tim′ist, a musical performer in relation to his sense for time; Time′-keep′er, a clock, watch, or other instrument for keeping or marking time: one who keeps the time of workmen.—adj. Time′less, done at an improper time, unseasonable: (Shak.) done before the proper time.—adv. Time′lessly, before the proper time: unseasonably.—n. Time′liness.—adj. Time′ly, in good time: sufficiently early: (obs.) keeping time.—adv. early, soon.—adjs. Time′ly-part′ed (Shak.), having died in time—i.e. at a natural time; Time′ous, in Scot. legal phraseology, in good time: seasonable.—adv. Time′ously, in good time.—ns. Time′piece, a piece of machinery for keeping time, esp. a clock for a mantel-piece; Time′-pleas′er (Shak.), one who complies with prevailing opinions, whatever they be; Time′-serv′er, one who serves or meanly suits his opinions to the times.—adj. Time′-serving, complying with the spirit of the times or with present power.—n. mean compliance with the spirit of the times or with present power.—ns. Time′-tā′ble, a table or list showing the times of certain things, as trains, steamers, &c.; Time′-thrust, a thrust made in fencing at the moment the opponent draws breath for his thrust; Time′-work, labour paid for by the hour or the day—opp. to Piece-work.—adjs. Time′-worn, worn or decayed by time; Tim′ous (Bacon), timely.—Time out of mind, from time immemorial.—Apparent time, true solar time as shown by a carefully adjusted sun-dial; Astronomical time, the time past mean noon of that day, and reckoned on to twenty-four hours in mean time; At times, at distinct intervals: occasionally; Be master of one's time, to be free to do what one likes; Civil time, common time, or mean time, in which the day begins at midnight, and is divided into equal portions of twelve hours each; Fill time, to book vacant dates; In time, Time enough, in good season, sufficiently early; Keep time, to indicate the time correctly: to make any regular rhythmical movements at the same time with others; Lose time, to let time pass without making use of it: to run slow—of a watch, &c.; Make time, to recover lost time: to perform in a certain time; Mean time, the mean or average of apparent time, as shown by a good clock; Sidereal time, the portion of a sidereal day which has elapsed since the transit of the first point of Aries; Solar time, time as shown by the sun or sun-dial; The time being, the present time. [A.S. tíma; cf. Ice. tími; and Tide.]

Timenoguy, tī-men′ō-gī, n. (naut.) a rope stretched so as to prevent gear from getting fouled.

Timid, tim′id, adj. fearful: wanting courage: faint-hearted.—n. Timid′ity, quality or state of being timid: want of courage.—adv. Tim′idly.—n. Tim′idness.—adv. Timorō′so (mus.), timid, hesitating, to be so rendered.—adj. Tim′orous, timid: indicating fear.—adv. Tim′orously.—n. Tim′orousness.—adj. Tim′orsome (Scot.), easily frightened. [Fr.,—L. timidus—timēre, to fear.]

Timocracy, tī-mok′rā-si, n. a form of government in which a certain amount of property is a necessary qualification for office.—adj. Timocrat′ic. [Gr. timokratia—timē, honour, kratein, to rule.]

Timon, tī′mon, n. (obs.) a helm.—n. Timoneer′, a helmsman. [L. temo, a beam.]

Timonist, tī′mon-ist, n. a misanthrope—from Timon of Athens, the hero of Shakespeare's play so named which was based upon the story in Plutarch's Life of Alcibiades, as in North's translation.—v.i. Tī′monise, to play the misanthrope.

Timothy, tim′ō-thi, n. timothy-grass, the name commonly given to Phleum pratense, a grass much valued for feeding cattle—called also Cat's-tail grass or Meadow cat's-tail. [So named from Timothy Hanson, who introduced it to America about 1720.]

Timpano, tim′pa-nō, n. an orchestral kettledrum:—pl. Tim′pani.—Also Tym′pano. [It.]

Tin, tin, n. a silvery-white, non-elastic, easily fusible, and malleable metal: (slang) money: a vessel of tin, a can, &c.—adj. made of tin.—v.t. to cover or overlay with tin or tinfoil: to pack in tins:—pr.p. tin′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. tinned.—ns. Tin′man, Tin′ner, a tinsmith; Tin′ning, the art of coating with tin, or of repairing tin-ware: the act of packing in tin cans for preservation.—adj. Tin′ny, like tin.—n. a small vessel of tin.—ns. Tin′-plate, thin sheet-iron coated with tin; Tin′-smith, a manufacturer of tin vessels: a worker in tin: a dealer in tin-ware; Tin′-type, a ferrotype; Tin′-ware, articles made of tin.—ns.pl. Tin′witts, dressed tin ore containing pyrites, &c.; Tin′-works, works for working tin. [A.S. tin; Ice. tin, Ger. zinn.]

Tinamou, tin′a-mōō, n. a South American genus of birds sometimes called partridges, but really more akin to bustards, and having affinities with the rhea and emu. [Fr.,—native name.]

Tinchel, tin′chel, n. a circle of men who close in round a herd of deer.—Also Tin′chil. [Gael. timchioll, a circuit.]

Tincture, tingk′tūr, n. a tinge or shade of colour: a slight taste added to anything: (med.) a solution of any substance in or by means of spirit of wine: (her.) one of the metals, colours, or furs in achievements.—v.t. to tinge: to imbue: to mix with anything foreign.—adj. Tinct (Spens.), tinged, coloured.—n. (Tenn.) colour, stain, spot.—adj. Tinctō′rial, giving a tinge: colouring. [L. tinctura.]

Tinder, tin′dėr, n. anything used for kindling fire from a spark.—n. Tin′der-box, a box in which tinder is kept.—adjs. Tin′der-like (Shak.), inflammable as tinder; Tin′dery, irascible. [A.S. tynder; Ice. tundr, Ger. zunder. The root is found in A.S. tendan, Ger. zünden, to kindle.]

Tine, tīn, n. the spike of a fork or harrow, or of a deer's antler.—adj. Tīned, furnished with spikes. [A.S. tind, a point; cog. with Ice. tind-r, a tooth, a prickle; and prob. conn. with tooth.]

Tine, tīn, v.t. (Spens.) same as Tind.—v.i. (Spens.) to rage, to smart.

Tine, tīn, v.t. (Scot.) to lose.—v.i. to be lost, to perish. [M. E. tinen, tynen—Scand., Ice. týna, to lose.]

Tine, tīn, v.t. and v.i. (prov.) to enclose. [A.S. týnan, to surround.]

Tinea, tin′ē-ä, n. the generic name of certain diseases of the skin caused by the growth of microscopic fungi: a genus of small moths of the family Tineidæ and superfamily Tineina.—adj. Tin′ēid, relating to these moths. [L., a worm.]

Tinfoil, tin′foil, n. tin in thin leaves for wrapping articles.—v.t. to cover with such.

Ting, ting, v.t. and v.i. to tinkle like a bell.—n. a sharp sound, a tinkling.—n. Ting′-a-ling, the sound of a bell tinkling—used adverbially.

Tinge, tinj, v.t. to tint or colour: to mix with something: to give in some degree the qualities of a substance.—n. a small amount of colour or taste infused into another substance. [L. tingĕre, tinctum; conn. with Gr. tenggein, to wet, to stain.]

Tingi, ting′gi, n. a Brazilian tree whose seeds yield soap.—Also Tin′guy.

Tingle, ting′gl, v.i. to feel a thrilling sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound: to feel a sharp, thrilling pain: to tinkle.—v.t. to cause to tingle, to ring.—n. a tingling sensation.—adj. Ting′lish, capable of tingling or thrilling. [M. E. tinglen, a variant of tinklen, itself a freq. of tinken, to tink.]

Tinker, tingk′ėr, n. a mender of brazen or tin kettles, pans, &c.—(Scot.) Tink′ler: the act of doing tinker's work: a botcher or bungler: a botch or bungle: a young mackerel.—v.t. to repair, esp. unskilfully.—v.i. to do tinker's work: to make a botch or mess of anything. [M. E. tinkere—tinken, to tink, to make a sharp, shrill sound; cf. Scot. tinkler, a worker in tin.]

Tinkle, tingk′l, v.i. to make small, sharp sounds: to clink: to jingle: to clink repeatedly or continuously.—v.t. to cause to make quick, sharp sounds.—n. a sharp, clinking sound.—ns. Tink′ler, a small bell; Tink′ling, a tinkling noise. [A freq. of M. E. tinken.]

Tinnitus, ti-nī′tus, n. a ringing in the ears. [L. 'a ringing'—tinnīre, to ring.]

Tinsel, tin′sel, n. something sparkling or shining: glittering metallic sheets, as of burnished brass, copper, or tin, almost as thin as foil, and used in discs, patches, strips, or threads, for giving clothing, &c., a striking appearance: anything showy, but of little value: anything having a false lustre.—adj. like tinsel: gaudy: superficial.—v.t. to adorn with, or as with, tinsel: to make glittering or gaudy:—pr.p. tin′selling: pa.t. and pa.p. tin′selled.—adj. Tin′selly, like tinsel, gaudy, showy.—n. Tin′selry, glittering and tawdry material. [O. Fr. estincelle—L. scintilla, a spark.]

Tint, tint, n. a slight tinge distinct from the principal colour: a series of parallel lines in engraving, producing a uniform shading.—v.t. to give a slight colouring to.—ns. Tin′tage, the colouring or shading of anything; Tint′-block, a surface prepared for printing a background; Tint′-draw′ing, drawing in a wash of uniform tint; Tin′ter, one who, or that which, tints: a special kind of slide used with the magic-lantern to give moonlight effects, &c.; Tin′tiness, state of being tinty; Tin′ting, the method of producing a uniform shading.—adj. Tint′less, having no tint or colour.—ns. Tintom′eter, an appliance for determining tints; Tint′-tool, an implement for producing a tint by parallel lines.—adj. Tin′ty, inharmoniously tinted. [L. tinctus.]

Tintinnabulation, tin-tin-ab-ū-lā′shun, n. the tinkling sound of bells.—adjs. Tintinnab′ulant, Tintinnab′ular, Tintinnab′ulary, Tintinnab′ulous.—n. Tintinnab′ulum, a bell:—pl. Tintinnab′ula. [L. tintinnabulum, a bell:—tintinnāre, to jingle, reduplicated from tinnīre, to jingle.]

Tiny, tī′ni, adj. (comp. Tī′nier, superl. Tī′niest) thin: very small. [Prob. teen, and therefore 'fretful,' 'peevish.']

Tip, tip, n. the top or point of anything small: the end, as of a billiard-cue, &c.—v.t. to form a point to: to cover the tip or end of:—pr.p. tip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. tipped.—On the tip of the tongue, on the very point of being spoken. [A variant of top; cf. Dut. tip; Ger. zipf-el, point.]

Tip, tip, v.t. to strike lightly: to cause to slant: (slang) to communicate, give: (slang) to give private information to, about betting, &c.: (coll.) to give a small gift of money to, as a gratuity.—v.i. to slant: to give tips.—n. a tap or light stroke: a place for tipping any refuse into, a dump: a tram for expeditiously transferring coal: private information about horse-racing, stock speculations, &c.: a gratuity.—ns. Tip′-cart, a cart emptied by being canted up; Tip′-cat, a game in which a pointed piece of wood called a cat is made to rebound from the ground by being struck on the tip with a stick; Tip′-cheese, a boys' game in which a small stick is struck forward; Tip′per, a means of tipping, esp. an arrangement for dumping coal: one who tips: one who gives gratuities: one who gives private hints about speculation, racing, &c.; Tip′ping, act of tilting: the habit of giving gratuities to servants; Tip′ster, one whose business is to give private hints about racing, the rise and fall of stocks, &c.—adj. Tip′-tilt′ed, having the tip tilted up.—Tip off liquor, to turn up the vessel till quite empty; Tip one the wink, to wink as a caution, or in mutual understanding; Tip over, to overturn by tipping; Tip the scale, to depress one end of the scales.—Foul tip, a foul hit in baseball; Straight tip, a reliable hint about betting, &c. [Scand., Sw. tippa, to tap; Ger. tupfen.]

Tipper, tip′ėr, n. a kind of ale—from Thomas Tipper, who brewed it in Sussex.

Tippet, tip′et, n. the cape of a coat: a cape of fur, &c.: the stuff cape worn in the English Church by a literate or non-graduate: a bird's ruffle: one of the patagia, or pieces at the side of the pronotum of a moth.—ns. Tipp′et-grebe, -grouse, a ruffed grebe or grouse. [A.S. tæppet—L. tapete, cloth.]

Tipple, tip′l, v.i. to drink in small quantities: to drink strong liquors often or habitually.—v.t. to drink, as strong liquors, to excess.—n. liquor tippled.—ns. Tipp′ler, a constant toper; Tipp′ling-house.—adj. Tipp′y, unsteady: smart, fine. [A freq. of tip, to tilt up a vessel in drinking; Norw. tipla; Ger. zipfeln.]

Tipstaff, tip′staf, n. a staff tipped with metal, or an officer who carries it: a constable.

Tipsy, tip′si, adj. partially intoxicated.—v.t. Tip′sify, to fuddle.—adv. Tip′sily.—ns. Tip′siness; Tip′sy-cake, a cake made of pastry and almonds, with wine, served with custard-sauce; Tip′sy-key, a watch-key in which the head is released if an attempt is made to turn it backward. [Tipple.]

Tiptoe, tip′tō, n. the end of the toe.—adv. on tiptoe, literally or figuratively, through excitement, expectation, &c.—v.i. to walk on tiptoe, to go lightly and slyly.

Tiptop, tip′top, n. the extreme top: the height of excellence.—adj. first-rate.—adv. in a first-rate manner.

Tipula, tip′ū-la, n. a genus of crane-flies.—n. Tipulā′ria, a genus of fossil crane-flies: a genus of terrestrial orchids, including the American crane-fly orchis.—adj. Tipulā′rian. [L., a water-spider.]

Tirade, ti-rād′, n. a strain of censure or reproof; a long vehement reproof. [Fr.,—It. tirata—tirare, to pull.]

Tire, tīr, n. attire, apparel: furniture: a head-dress.—v.t. to dress, as the head.—ns. Tire′-val′iant (Shak.), a kind of fanciful head-dress; Tire′-wom′an, a lady's-maid; Tir′ing-house, -room, the place where actors dress. [Short for attire.]

Tire, tīr, n. the hoop of iron that ties or binds the fellies of wheels.—ns. Tire′-meas′urer, -press, -roll′er, -set′ter, -shrink′er, -smith. [From tie.]

Tire, tīr, n. (Spens., Milt.) rank or row, esp. of guns, train. [Same as tier.]

Tire, tīr, v.i. (Shak.) to rend as a bird of prey: to feed: to dwell upon, gloat over:—pr.p. tīr′ing; pa.p. tīred. [O. Fr. tirer, to draw—Low L. tirāre, to draw; prob. Teut., Goth. tairan, to tear.]

Tire, tīr, v.t. to harass, to vex: to exhaust the strength of: to weary.—v.i. to become weary: to be fatigued: to have the patience exhausted.—adj. Tired, wearied: fatigued.—n. Tired′ness.—adj. Tire′less, untiring.—adv. Tire′lessly.—n. Tire′lessness.—adj. Tire′some, that tires: fatiguing: tedious.—adv. Tire′somely.—n. Tire′someness. [A.S. teorian, to be tired—teran, to tear.]

Tirl, tirl, v.i. (Scot.) to quiver, vibrate: to make a twirling noise.—v.t. to twist: to strip, unroof.—n. a twirl, vibration: a substitute for a trundle or lantern wheel in a mill.—n. Tir′lie-whir′lie, a whirligig: an ornamental combination of irregular lines.—adj. irregular, twisting. [A variant of twirl.]

Tirocinium, tī-rō-sin′i-um, n. the first service of a soldier, any novitiate. [L.,—tiro, a raw soldier.]

Tironian, tī-rō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Tiro, Cicero's amanuensis.—Tironian notes, the shorthand signs of the ancient Romans.

Tirra-lirra, tir′ra-lir′ra, n. (Shak., Tenn.) an imitation of a musical sound.

Tirrivee, tir′i-vē, n. (Scot.) a tantrum or fit of passion.—Also Tirr′ivie.

Tisiphone, ti-sif′ō-nē, n. one of the Furies. [Gr. tinein, to avenge, phonos, murder.]

Tisri, tiz′ri, n. the first month of the Jewish civil year, and the seventh of the ecclesiastical year, corresponding to part of September and October.

Tissue, tish′ū, n. cloth interwoven with gold or silver, or with figured colours: (anat.) the substance of which organs are composed: a connected series.—v.t. to form, as tissue: to interweave: to variegate.—n. Tis′sue-pā′per, a thin, soft, semi-transparent kind of paper. [Fr. tissu, woven, pa.p. of tistre—L. texĕre, to weave.]

Tit, tit, n. one of various small birds, a pipit, tomtit, or titmouse. [Ice. tittr, a little bird, Norw. tita.]

Tit, tit, n. in phrase Tit for tat, properly tip for tap, blow for blow.

Titan, tī′tan, Titanic, tī-tan′ik, adj. relating to the Titans, giants of mythology, sons and daughters of Uranus (heaven) and Gæa (earth), enormous in size and strength: gigantic, huge generally.—n. Tī′tan, any of the descendants of the Titans, as Prometheus: the sun personified: any one of commanding forces or ability:—fem. Tī′taness.—adj. Titanesque′, like the Titans, Titanic in character.—n. Titanom′achy, the battle of the Titans with the gods.

Titania, tī-tā′ni-a, n. the queen of Fairyland, wife of Oberon. [L., applied to Diana.]

Titanium, tī-tā′ni-um, n. a comparatively rare metal, occurring as a gray heavy iron-like powder, burning with brilliant scintillations in the air, forming titanium dioxide and nitride.—adjs. Titā′nian, Titan′ic, Titanit′ic; Titanif′erous, containing titanium.—n. Tī′tanite, or Sphene, a soft greenish mineral often present in syenite.

Titely, tīt′li, adv. (Shak.) quickly—sometimes Tithe′ly, and erroneously Tightly. [M. E. tytly—Scand., Ice. tídhr, frequent.]

Tithe, tīth, n. a tenth part, hence any indefinitely small part: the tenth of the produce of land and stock allotted for the maintenance of the clergy and other church purposes: any rateable tax payable in kind or by commutation of its value in money.—v.t. to tax to a tenth.—adjs. Tī′thable, subject to the payment of tithes; Tithe′-free, exempt from paying tithes.—n. Tithe′-gath′erer, one who collects tithes.—adj. Tithe′-pay′ing, subjected to pay tithes.—ns. Tithe′-pig, one pig out of ten paid as a tithe; Tithe′-proc′tor, a levier or collector of tithes; Tī′ther, one who collects tithes; Tī′thing, an old Saxon district containing ten householders, each responsible for the behaviour of the rest; Tī′thing-man, the chief man of a tithing. [A.S. teóða, tenth—teón, or týn, ten; cog. with Ger. zehnte—zehn.]

Tithonic, ti-thon′ik, adj. denoting such rays of light as produce chemical effects.—n. Tithonic′ity, actinism.—adj. Tithonograph′ic, fixed by the tithonic rays of light.—n. Tithonom′eter, an instrument for measuring the tithonicity of light-rays.

Titianesque, tish-an-esk′, adj. in the manner of the Venetian painter Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), 1477-1576, a combination of the richest surface with the most magnificent colour.

Titillate, tit′il-lāt, v.t. to tickle.—n. Titillā′tion, act of titillating: state of being titillated: a pleasant feeling.—adj. Tit′illative. [L. titillāre, -ātum.]

Titivate, Tittivate, tit′i-vāt, v.i. and v.t. (slang) to smarten up, by dress or otherwise. [Most prob. a factitious word, perh. based on tidy.]

Title, tī′tl, n. an inscription set over or at the beginning of a thing by which it is known, a title-page: a name of distinction: that which gives a just right to possession: ownership: the writing that proves a right: (B.) a sign: a fixed sphere of work required as a condition for ordination, a parish in Rome—of these fifty give titles to cardinal-priests: in bookbinding, the panel on the back on which the name of the book is printed.—adj. Tī′tled, having a title.—ns. Tī′tle-deed, a deed or document that proves a title or just right to exclusive possession; Tī′tle-leaf, the leaf on which is the title of a book.—adj. Tī′tleless (Shak.), wanting a title or name.—ns. Tī′tle-page, the page of a book containing its title and usually the author's name; Tī′tle-rôle, the part in a play which gives its name to it, as 'Macbeth;' Tī′tle-sheet, the first sheet of a book as printed, containing title, bastard-title, &c.; Tī′tling, the act of impressing the title on the back of a book; Tī′tlonym, a title taken as a pseudonym; Bas′tard-tī′tle (see Bastard). [O. Fr. title (Fr. titre)—L. titulus.]

Titling, tit′ling, n. the hedge-sparrow.—ns. Tit′man, a puny man; Tit′mouse, a genus of little birds, which feed on insects, &c.:—pl. Titmice (tit′mīs). [Obs. Eng. tit, anything small; A.S. máse; Ger. meise, a small bird.]

Titrate, tit′rāt, v.t. to subject to titration.—n. Titrā′tion, volumetric analysis, the process of ascertaining the quantity of any given constituent present in a compound by observing it under the application of standard solutions.

Tit-tat-to, tit′-tat-tōō (or -tō), n. a child's game, same as Criss-cross (q.v.).

Titter, tit′ėr, v.i. to giggle, snicker, or laugh with the tongue striking the teeth: to laugh restrainedly.—n. a restrained laugh.—ns. Titterā′tion, a fit of giggling; Titt′erer, one who titters. [M. E. titeren, to tattle. Prob. imit.]

Tittle, tit′l, n. a small particle: an iota.—n. Titt′lebat, the stickleback. [O. Fr. title—titulus, a title.]

Tittle, tit′l, v.t. (Scot.) to chatter.—n. Titt′le-tatt′le, idle, empty talk.—v.i. to prate idly.—ns. Titt′le-tatt′ler, a trifling tattler; Titt′le-tatt′ling, the act of talking idly.

Tittup, Titup, tit′up, v.i. to skip about gaily.—n. a light springy step, a canter.—adjs. Titt′uppy, Tit′uppy, gay, lively: unsteady.

Titubant, tit′ū-bant, adj. staggering, stumbling.—v.i. Tit′ūbate, to stagger, stumble.—n. Titubā′tion, reeling, stumbling; restlessness. [L. titubāre, -ātum, to stagger.]

Titular, tit′ū-lar, adj. existing in name or title only: nominal: having the title without the duties of an office.—n. one who enjoys the bare title of an office, without the actual possession of that office: a person invested with a title in virtue of which he holds a benefice, whether he performs its duties or not.—n. Titular′ity.—adv. Tit′ularly.—adj. Tit′ulary, consisting in, or pertaining to, a title.—n. one having the title of an office whether he performs its duties or not.—Titular bishop, in R.C. usage, a bishop without a diocese, taking his title from a place where there is no longer a bishop's see, as in the countries once conquered by Crusaders in the East—before 1882 called 'bishop in partibus infidelium;' Titular church, one of the parish churches of Rome supplying a title to cardinal-priests; Titular of a church, that from which a church takes its special name—distinguished from a patron, who must be a canonised person or an angel; Titulars of the tithes, laymen invested with church lands after the Reformation in Scotland.

Tiver, tiv′ėr, n. a kind of ochre for marking sheep.—v.t. to mark with such.

Tmesis, tmē′sis, n. (gram.) the separation of the parts of a compound word by one or more words inserted between them, as 'Saxo cere-comminuit-brum;' 'of whom be thou ware also' (2 Tim. iv. 15). [L.,—Gr. tmēsis—temnein, to cut.]

To, tōō, prep. in the direction of: in order to: as far as; in accordance with, in the character of: regarding, concerning, in connection with: expressing the end or purpose of an action, as in many uses of the gerundial infinitive, the sign of the infinitive mood: (B.) sometimes=for.—adv. to a place in view, forward: to its place, together.—To and fro, backwards and forwards. [A.S. tó; Ger. zu, Goth. du.]

Toad, tōd, n. a genus of amphibians, typical of the family Bufonidæ, represented in Britain by two species—the Common Toad and the Natterjack.—ns. Toad′-eat′er, a fawning sycophant—originally a mountebank's assistant, whose duty was to swallow, or pretend to swallow, any kind of garbage; Toad′-eat′ing, sycophancy.—adj. sycophantic.—ns. Toad′-fish, the sapo of the United States Atlantic coast; Toad′-flax, a genus of herbaceous plants, closely allied to the Snapdragon; Toad′-in-a-hole, a piece of beef baked in batter; Toad′-spit, cuckoo-spit.—adj. Toad′-spot′ted, thickly stained or spotted like a toad.—ns. Toad′-stone, a soft and earthy variety of trap-rock of a brownish-gray colour, looking like an argillaceous deposit; Toad′stool, a poisonous kind of mushroom; Toad′y, a mean hanger-on and flatterer.—v.t. to fawn as a sycophant:—pa.t. and pa.p. toad′ied.—adj. Toad′yish.—n. Toad′yism, the practice of a toady. [A.S. tádige, tádie, a toad.]

Toast, tōst, v.t. to dry and scorch at the fire: to name when a health is drunk: to drink to the health of.—v.i. to drink toasts.—n. bread toasted: a slice of such dipped in liquor: the person or thing named whose health is to be drunk.—ns. Toast′er, one who, or that which, toasts; Toast′ing-fork, -ī′ron, a long-handled fork for toasting bread: a sword; Toast′-mas′ter, the master and announcer of toasts at public dinners; Toast′-rack, a stand, with partitions for slices of toast, for setting on the table. [O. Fr. toster—L. tostus, roasted, pa.p. of torrēre.]

Tobacco, to-bak′ō, n. a plant of genus Nicotiana, order Solanaceæ, esp. one of several species, the most generally cultivated being the stately Nicotiana Tabacum, a native of America—the dried leaves used for the sedative effects for smoking in pipes, &c., and also in the form of snuff.—ns. Tobaccanā′lian, a smoker; Tobacc′o-heart, a functional disorder of the heart, due to excessive use of tobacco; Tobacc′onist, one who sells or manufactures tobacco; Tobacc′o-pipe, a pipe used for smoking tobacco; Tobacc′o-pouch, a small pouch for holding tobacco; Tobacc′o-stop′per, an instrument for pressing down the tobacco in a pipe. [Through Sp. tabaco, from the Haytian.]

Tobit, tō′bit, n. an apocryphal Old Testament book, containing the story of Tobit.

Toboggan, tō-bog′gan, n. a kind of sled turned up at the front, much used in Canada for sliding down snow-covered slopes.—v.i. to slide down over snow on such.—Earlier also Tobog′gin, Tabog′gan, Tarbog′gin.—ns. Tobog′ganer; Tobog′ganing; Tobog′ganist. [A native word.]

To-brake, tōō-brāk′, v.t. (Judges ix. 53) broke in pieces. [A.S. tóbrecan—pfx. tó-, asunder, and brecan, to break.]

Toby, tō′bi, n. a beer-mug shaped like an old man with three-cornered hat.

Toccata, tok-kä′tä, n. (mus.) a work primarily intended to display the performer's touch.—ns. Toccatel′la, Toccatina (-tē′na), a short toccata. [It.,—toccare, to touch.]

Tocher, toh′ėr, n. (Scot.) a woman's dowry.—v.t. to give a dowry to.—adj. Toch′erless, without a marriage portion. [Ir. tochar, Gael. tochradh.]

Toco, tō′kō, n. (slang) punishment.—Also Tō′ko. [Gr. tokos, interest.]

Tocology, tō-kol′ō-ji, n. obstetrics.—Also Tokol′ogy. [Gr. tokos, birth, logia—legein, to speak.]

Tocsin, tok′sin, n. an alarm-bell, or the ringing of it. [O. Fr. toquesin (Fr. tocsin)—toquer, to strike; O. Fr. sing (Fr. signe), a sign.]

Tod, tod, n. (Scot.), a fox.—n. Todlow′rie, a fox, a crafty fellow.

Tod, tod, n. an ivy-bush—(Spens.) Todde: an old weight of about 28 lb.—v.i. to weigh a tod.

Toddle, tod′l, v.i. to walk with short feeble steps, as a child.—n. a toddling gait: an aimless stroll.—n. Todd′ler, one who toddles.—adj. Todd′ling. [Prob. a by-form of totter.]

Toddy, tod′i, n. the fermented juice of various palms of the East Indies: a mixture of whisky, sugar, and hot water.—ns. Todd′y-lā′dle, a small ladle like a punch-ladle for use in mixing or serving out toddy; Todd′y-palm, a palm yielding toddy, as the jaggery-palm; Todd′y-stick, a small stick used in mixing toddy. [Hind. tāri—tār, a palm-tree.]

Tody, tō′di, n. a small West Indian insectivorous bird—the green sparrow, green humming-bird, &c.

Toe, tō, n. one of the five small members at the point of the foot: the corresponding member of a beast's foot: the front of an animal's hoof.—v.t. to touch or reach with the toes: to furnish with a toe, as a stocking.—v.i. to place the toes in any particular way.—n. Toe′-cap, a cap of leather, &c., covering the toe of a shoe.—adj. Toed (tōd), having toes.—ns. Toe′-nail; Toe′-piece. [A.S. tá (pl. tán); Ice. tá, Ger. zehe.]

Toffee, Toffy, tof′i, n. a hard-baked sweetmeat, made of sugar and butter.—Also Taff′y. [Ety. unknown.]

Tofore, tōō-fōr′, adv., prep. (Shak.) before: formerly. [A.S. tóforan.]

Toft, toft, n. a hillock: a messuage with right of common.—ns. Toft′man; Toft′stead. [Ice.]

Tog, tog, n. (slang) a garment—generally in pl.—v.t. to dress.—n. Tog′gery, clothes.—n.pl. Long′-togs (naut.), shore clothes. [Prob. through Fr. from L. toga, a robe.]

Toga, tō′ga, n. the mantle or outer garment of a Roman citizen.—adjs. Togā′ted, Tō′ged, dressed in a toga or gown.—n. Toge (Shak.), a robe.—Toga prætexta, the purple-hemmed toga worn by curule magistrates and censors, and by freeborn boys till fourteen; Toga virilis, the garb of manhood, put on by boys at fourteen. [L.,—tegĕre, to cover.]

Together, tōō-geth′ėr, adv. gathered to one place: in the same place, time, or company: in or into union: in concert. [A.S. tógædere—tó, to, geador, together.]

Toggle, tog′l, n. (naut.) a short bar of wood, tapering from the middle towards each end, placed in an eye at the end of a rope, to keep the end from passing through a loop or knot: an appliance for transmitting force at right angles to its direction.—v.t. to fix like a toggle-iron: to fix fast.—ns. Togg′le-ī′ron, a whaler's harpoon with movable blade instead of barbs; Togg′le-joint, an elbow or knee joint. [Conn. with tug and tow.]

Tohu bohu, tō′hōō bō′hōō, n. chaos. [From the Heb. words in Gen. i. 2, 'without form' and 'void.']

Toil, toil, n. a net or snare. [O. Fr. toile, cloth—L. tela, from texĕre, to weave.]

Toil, toil, v.i. to labour: to work with fatigue.—n. labour, esp. of a fatiguing kind.—n. Toil′er.—adjs. Toil′ful, Toil′some, full of fatigue: wearisome; Toil′less.—adv. Toil′somely.—n. Toil′someness.—adj. Toil′-worn, worn out with toil. [O. Fr. touiller, to entangle; of dubious origin—prob., acc. to Skeat, from a freq. form of Old High Ger. zucchen (Ger. zucken), to twitch; cf. Old High Ger. zocchón, to pull, zogón, to tear; all derivatives from Old High Ger. zíhan (Ger. ziehen), to pull.]

Toile, twol, n. cloth.—n. Toilinet′, -te′, a fabric with silk and cotton chain and woollen filling: a kind of German quilting. [Fr.]

Toilet, Toilette, toil′et, n. a dressing-table with a mirror: also a cover for such a table: the whole articles used in dressing: mode or operation of dressing: the whole dress and appearance of a person, any particular costume.—ns. Toil′et-cloth, -cov′er, a cover for a dressing-table.—adj. Toil′eted, dressed.—ns. Toil′et-glass, a mirror set on the dressing-table; Toil′et-set, -serv′ice, the utensils collectively used in dressing; Toil′et-soap, a fine kind of soap made up in cakes; Toil′et-tā′ble, a dressing-table.—Make one's toilet, to dress. [Fr. toilette, dim. of toile, cloth; cf. Toil (1).]

Toise, toiz, n. an old French lineal measure=6.395 Eng. feet. [Fr.,—L. tendĕre, tensum, to stretch.]

Toison, toi′zon, n. the fleece of a sheep.—Toison d'or, the golden fleece. [Fr.,—Low L. tonsion-em—L. tondēre, to shear.]

Tokay, tō-kā′, n. a sweetish and heavy wine with an aromatic flavour, produced at Tokay in Hungary: a variety of grape.

Token, tō′kn, n. a mark: something representing another thing or event: a sign: a memorial of friendship: a coin issued by a private person or civic authority redeemable in current money: in old Presbyterian use, a voucher of lead or tin, inscribed with the name of the church or parish, admitting a qualified communicant to the celebration of the Lord's Supper: a measure of press-work, 250 impressions on one form: a thin bed of coal showing the vicinity of a thicker seam.—v.t. (obs.) to set a mark upon.—By the same token, further in corroboration; More by token (see More). [A.S. tácen; Ger. zeichen, a mark.]

Tole, Toll, tōl, v.t. to draw as with a lure, to attract, entice.—ns. Tō′ling, Tō′lling, the use of toll-bait to allure fish: a method of decoying ducks. [See Toll (1).]

Toledo, tō-lē′dō, n. a sword-blade made at Toledo in Spain.—adj. Tol′letan, of Toledo. [L. Toletum.]

Tolerable, tol′ėr-a-bl, adj. that may be tolerated or endured: moderately good or agreeable: not contemptible.—ns. Tolerabil′ity, Tol′erableness.—adv. Tol′erably.—n. Tol′erance, the tolerating or enduring of offensive persons or opinions, charity, patience, indulgence.—adj. Tol′erant, tolerating: enduring: indulgent: favouring toleration.—adv. Tol′erantly.—v.t. Tol′erāte, to bear: to endure: to allow by not hindering.—ns. Tolerā′tion, act of tolerating: allowance of what is not approved: liberty given to a minority to hold and express their own political or religious opinions, and to be admitted to the same civil privileges as the majority; Tolerā′tionist; Tol′erator. [L. tolerāre, -ātum, from tollĕre, to lift up.]

Toll, tōl, n. a tax for the liberty of passing over a bridge or road, selling goods in a market, &c.: a portion of grain taken by a miller for grinding.—v.t. (Shak.) to exact as a tribute.—adj. Toll′able, subject to toll.—ns. Toll′age, payment of toll: the amount paid as toll; Toll′bar, a movable bar across a road, &c., to stop passengers liable to toll; Toll′booth, a booth where tolls are collected; Toll′bridge, a bridge where toll is taken; Toll′dish, a dish for measuring the toll in mills; Toll′er, Toll′-gath′erer; Toll′gate, a gate where toll is taken; Toll′house, the house of a toll-gatherer; Toll′man, the man who collects toll: a toll-gatherer; Tol′sey (obs.), a tollbooth: an exchange. [A.S. tol, toll; cf. Dut. tol, Ger. zoll; and tell, to count.]

Toll, tōl, v.i. to sound, as a large bell, esp. with a measured sound, as a funeral bell.—v.t. to cause to sound, as a bell: to strike, or signal by striking.—n. the sound of a bell when tolling.—n. Toll′er. [M. E. tollen, to pull—A.S. tyllan, in for-tyllan, to allure.]

Tol-lol, tol-lol′, adj. (slang) pretty good.—adj. Tol-lol′ish, tolerable.

Tolt, tōlt, n. an old English writ removing a court-baron cause to a county-court. [O. Fr. tolte—Low L. tolta—L. tollĕre, to take away.]

Toltec, tol′tek, n. a member of the earlier race who occupied Mexico, their power passing later into the hands of the Aztecs.—adj. Tol′tecan.

Tolu, tō′lū, n. Tolu balsam, yielded by Myroxylon Toluifera, a native of Venezuela, Ecuador, and Brazil, employed in medicine and perfumery.—n. Tol′ūēne, methyl benzene.—adj. Tol′ūic. [From Santiago de Tolu in Columbia.]

Tom, tom, n. a dim. of Thomas—used generically for man in 'tomfool,' &c.: a male, esp. a male cat: (prov.) a close-stool.—ns. Tom′-and-Jer′ry, a drink of hot rum and eggs, spiced and sweetened; Tom′-trot, a toffee made with treacle, sugar, and butter.—Tom, Dick, and Harry, any persons taken at random.—Long Tom, a long gun, as distinguished from a carronade, a gun carried amidships on a swivel-carriage.

Tomahawk, tom′a-hawk, n. a light war-hatchet of the North American Indians, either wielded or thrown.—v.t. to cut or kill with a tomahawk. [The Indian name.]

Tomalley, to-mal′i, n. the so-called liver of the lobster.—Also Tomall′y. [Prob. tourmalin, from the greenish colour.]

Toman, tō-män′, n. a Persian gold coin worth 7s. 2d.—Also Tomaun′. [Pers.]

Tomato, tō-mä′tō, or tō-mā′tō, n. the pulpy edible fruit of a plant of the Nightshade family (Solanaceæ), or the plant itself, native to South America, but now much cultivated in Europe—earlier called the 'love-apple':—pl. Toma′toes. [Sp. tomate—Mex. tomate.]

Tomb, tōōm, n. a pit or vault in the earth, in which a dead body is placed: a tombstone.—adjs. Tomb′ic; Tomb′less, without a tomb.—n. Tomb′stone, a stone erected over a tomb to preserve the memory of the dead. [Fr. tombe—L. tumba—Gr. tymbos.]

Tombac, tom′bak, n. a name given to an alloy of copper and zinc like Prince's metal, or to an alloy of copper and arsenic.—Also Tom′bak. [Malay tāmbaga, copper.]

Tombola, tom′bō-la, n. a kind of lottery game played in France and the southern United States. [It.,—tombolare, to tumble.]

Tomboy, tom′boi, n. a wild romping girl, a hoyden: (Shak.) a strumpet. [Tom and boy.]

Tome, tōm, n. part of a book: a volume of a large work: a book. [Fr.,—L. tomus—Gr. tomos—temnein, to cut.]

Tomentum, tō-men′tum, n. (bot.) a species of pubescence.—adjs. Tomen′tose, Tomen′tous. [L.]

Tomfool, tom′fōōl, n. a great fool: a trifling fellow.—v.i. to act foolishly.—n. Tomfool′ery, foolish trifling or jesting: buffoonery.—adj. Tom′foolish. [Tom.]

Tomium, tō′mi-um, n. the cutting edge of a bird's bill.—adj. Tō′mial. [Gr. tomos, temnein, to cut.]

Tommy, tom′i, n. a penny roll, bread, provisions: the system of giving food as part wages.—v.t. to oppress by the tommy or truck-system.—ns. Tomm′y-shop, a truck-shop; Tom′-nod′dy, the puffin or sea-parrot: a fool.—Tommy Atkins, or Tomm′y, a generic name for the English private soldier.—Soft tommy, soft bread, as opposed to hard tack or sea-biscuit.

To-morrow, tōō-mor′ō, n. the morrow after this.—adv. on the morrow. [A.S. tó morgen.]

Tompion, tom′pi-on, n. the inking-pad of the lithographic printer.—Also Tom′pon. [Tampion.]

Tomtit, tom′tit, n. the titmouse. [Tom, a common name like Jack, and tit, as in titmouse.]

Tom-tom, tom′-tom, n. the drum used in India by musicians, jugglers, &c.: a gong.—v.i. Tam′-tam, to beat on a tom-tom.

Ton, tun, n. a measure of capacity, varying with the substance measured—timber, wheat, gravel, lime, coke, &c.—in the carrying capacity of ships, 40 cubic feet: a measure of weight, equal to 20 cwt. or 2240 lb. avoirdupois. [A.S. tunne, a vat, tub; Ger. tonne, cask.]

Ton, ton, n. fashion, style.—adj. Ton′ish, stylish.—adv. Ton′ishly.

Tonalite, tō′nal-īt, n. an igneous rock having a granitic structure, and composed essentially of plagioclase, biolite, and quartzite.

To-name, tōō′-nām, n. a byname, nickname, or name in addition to Christian name and surname.

Tone, tōn, n. the character of a sound: quality of the voice: harmony of the colours of a painting, also its characteristic or prevailing effect as due to the management of chiaroscuro and to the effect of light upon the quality of colour: (phot.) the shade or colour of a finished positive picture: (gram.) syllabic stress, special accent given to a syllable: character or style: state of mind: mood: a healthy state of the body.—v.t. to utter with an affected tone: to intone, to utter in a drawling way: to give tone or quality to, in respect either of sound or colour: to alter or modify the colour.—adj. Tō′nal.—n. Tonal′ity.—adjs. Toned, having a tone (in compounds); Tone′less.—Tone down, to give a lower tone to, to moderate, to soften, to harmonise the colours of as to light and shade, as a painting. [L. tonus—Gr. tonos, a sound—teinō, to stretch.]

Tongs, tongz, n.pl. a domestic instrument, consisting of two jointed pieces or shafts of metal, used for lifting. [A.S. tange; Ice. töng, Ger. zange.]

Tongue, tung, n. the fleshy organ in the mouth, used in tasting, swallowing, and speech: power of speech: manner of speaking: speech: discourse: a language: anything like a tongue in shape: the catch of a buckle: the pointer of a balance: a point of land.—adjs. Tongued, having a tongue.; Tongue′less, having no tongue.—n. Tongue′let, a little tongue.—p.adj. Tongue′-shaped, shaped like a tongue: (bot.) linear and fleshy and blunt at the point, as a leaf.—n. Tongue′ster, a babbler.—adjs. Tongue′-tied, -tacked, having an impediment, as if the tongue were tied: unable to speak freely.—n. Tongue′-work, babble, chatter.—Hold one's tongue (see Hold). [A.S. tunge; Ice. tunga, Ger. zunge, the tongue; L. lingua (old form dingua).]

Tonic, ton′ik, adj. relating to tones or sounds: (med.) giving tone and vigour to the system: giving or increasing strength.—n. a medicine which gives tone and vigour to the system.—n. Tonic′ity, the healthy state of muscular fibres when at rest.—Tonic spasm (see Spasm).

Tonic solfa, ton′ik sōl-fä′, n. a modern system of musical notation, in which the notes are indicated by letters, and time and accent by dashes and colons.

Tonka-bean, tong′ka-bēn, n. the seed of a large tree of Guiana, used for flavouring snuff.—Also Ton′quin-bean.

Tonnage, tun′āj, n. in regard to ships, a measure both of cubical capacity and of dead-weight carrying capability—the freight ton simply means 40 cubic feet of space available for cargo, and is therefore two-fifths of a register ton: a duty on ships, estimated per ton.—Also Tun′nage.

Tonsil, ton′sil, n. one of two glands at the root of the tongue, so named from its shape.—n. Tonsilī′tis, inflammation of the tonsils.—adjs. Ton′sillar, Ton′silar, Tonsilit′ic. [L. tonsilla, a stake, a tonsil, dim. of tonsa, an oar.]

Tonsile, ton′sil, adj. that may be clipped.—n. Ton′sor, a barber.—adj. Tonsō′rial, pertaining to a barber or to shaving. [L. tonsilis—tondēre, tonsum, to clip.]

Tonsure, ton′shōōr, n. act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the head: a religious observance of the R.C. and Eastern Churches, which consists in shaving or cutting part of the hair of the head as a sign of the dedication of the person to the special service of God, and commonly to the public ministry of religion.—adj. Ton′sured, having the crown of the head shaven as a priest: shaven: bald. [L. tonsura, a shearing—tondēre.]

Tontine, ton-tēn′, n. a kind of life-annuity, increasing as the subscribers die: a loan raised with the benefit of survivorship—also adj.—n. Tontin′er. [From Lorenzo Tonti, a Neapolitan, its inventor.]

Too, tōō, adv. over: more than enough: extremely: likewise.—adj. Too-too, quite too: extreme, superlative: (slang) extravagantly and affectedly sentimental, gushing. [A form of to, sig. lit. 'added to.']

Tooart, tōō′art, n. a eucalyptus of south-western Australia, with remarkably heavy and durable wood.—Also Tu′art, Tew′art.

Tool, tōōl, n. an instrument used by workmen: one who acts as the mere instrument of another.—v.t. to mark with a tool, esp. to ornament or imprint designs upon, of bookbinders: (slang) to drive, as a coach or other vehicle: to carry in a vehicle.—v.i. to travel in a vehicle, to drive.—n. Tool′ing, workmanship done with a tool. [A.S. tól, tohl; perh. from the root of tow.]

Tooley Street, tōōl′i strēt, n. a street in Southwark, at the foot of London Bridge, famous through Canning's story of its three tailors who began their petition to parliament with 'We, the people of England.'

Toom, tōōm, adj. empty.—n. a dumping-ground for rubbish. [Ice. tómr, empty.]

Toon, tōōn, n. a large tree of the bead-tree family, with red wood and astringent bark.—Also East Indian mahogany, Indian cedar.

Toot, tōōt, v.i. to pry or peep about: (obs.) to be prominent.—n. Toot′er, anything projecting. [A.S. totian, to elevate.]

Toot, tōōt, v.i. to make short unmusical sounds on a flute or horn.—v.t. to blow, as a horn, &c.—n. a sound, as of a horn, a blast: (U.S.) a spree.—n. Toot′er, one who toots, or that upon which he toots. [Old Dut. tuyten; cf. Ice. thjóta, to resound, A.S. theótan, to howl.]

Tooth, tōōth, n. one of the hard bodies in the mouth, attached to the skeleton, but not forming part of it, developed from the dermis or true skin, their function primarily the mastication of the food: the taste or palate, relish: anything tooth-like: a prong: one of the projections on a saw or wheel:—pl. Teeth.—v.t. to furnish with teeth: to cut into teeth.—ns. Tooth′ache, an ache or pain in a tooth; Tooth′-brush, a brush for cleaning the teeth; Tooth′-draw′er (Shak.), one whose business is to extract teeth with instruments, a dentist; Tooth′-draw′ing, the act of extracting a tooth: the practice of extracting teeth.—adjs. Toothed, having teeth: (bot.) having tooth-like projections on the edge, as a leaf; Tooth′ful, full of teeth.—n. a small drink of spirits, &c.—adj. Tooth′less, having no teeth.—ns. Tooth′-ornament, a Romanesque and Early Pointed moulding, consisting of a square four-leaved flower pointed in the centre; Tooth′pick, an instrument for picking out anything in the teeth; Tooth′-pow′der, a powder used with a tooth-brush for cleaning the teeth.—adj. Tooth′some, pleasant to the taste.—ns. Tooth′someness; Tooth′-wash, a liquid preparation for cleansing the teeth; Tooth′wort, a name for Lathræa squamaria, one of the insectivorous plants, as well as for Dentaria bulbifera, one of the Cruciferæ, common in England, also known as 'coral-wort' and 'tooth-violet.'—adj. Tooth′y, having teeth: toothsome: biting.—Tooth and nail, with all possible vigour and fury.—A sweet tooth, a relish for sweet things; In spite of one's teeth, In the teeth of, in defiance of opposition; Show one's teeth, to threaten, to show one's anger and power to injure; Throw, Cast, in one's teeth, to fling at one, as a taunt, or in challenge; To the teeth (Shak.), in open opposition or defiance. [A.S. tóth (pl. téth, also tóthas); cog. with Goth. tunthus, L. dens, dent-is, Gr. o-dous, o-dont-os, Sans. danta.]

Tootle, tōōt′l, v.i. to make a series of feeble sounds, as a poor player on the flute. [Freq. of toot.]

Top, top, n. the highest part of anything: the upper end or surface: the upper part of a plant: the crown of the head: the highest place, rank, or crown, consummation: the chief or highest person: (naut.) a small platform at the head of the lower mast: the end-piece of a jointed fishing-rod: the same as top-boot, esp. in pl.—adj. highest, foremost, chief: good, capital.—v.t. to cover on the top: to tip: to rise above: to surpass: to rise to the top of: to take off the top of: to hit a golf ball above its centre.—v.i. to be eminent:—pr.p. top′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. topped.—adj. Top′-boot′ed, wearing top-boots.—n.pl. Top′-boots, long-legged boots with an ornamental band of bright-coloured leather round the top.—ns. Top′coat, a coat worn outside one's other clothes: Top′-drain′ing, the act or practice of draining the surface of land.—v.t. Top′-dress, to spread manure on the surface of.—n. Top′-dress′ing, a dressing of manure laid on the surface of land: (fig.) any superficial covering.—adjs. Top′full (Shak.), full to the top or brim; Top′gallant, applied to the mast and sail next above the topmast and topsail and below the royal-mast.—n. Top′-hamp′er, unnecessary weight on a ship's upper-deck.—adj. Top′-heav′y, having the upper part too heavy for the lower: tipsy.—n. Top′-knot, a crest or knot of feathers upon the head of a bird: a knot of ribbons worn by women on the top of the head: the popular name of some small fishes of the same genus as the turbot and brill.—adjs. Top′-knotted; Top′less (Shak.), supreme, without superior; Top′loftical, Top′lofty, having a high top, pompous, bombastic.—ns. Top′loftiness; Top′man, a man stationed in one of the tops: a top-sawyer; Top′mast, the second mast, or that immediately above the lower mast.—adj. Top′most, next the top: highest.—ns. Top′per, one who, or that which, excels; Top′ping, the act of one who tops, that which tops: (pl.) that cut off in topping.—adj. surpassing, pre-eminent: arrogant.—adv. Top′pingly.—adj. Top′-proud (Shak.), proud in the highest degree.—ns. Topsail (top′sāl, or -sl), a sail across the topmast; Top′-saw′yer, the upper sawyer in a sawpit: (coll.) a superior, a person of importance; Top′-side, the upper part; Tops′man, a head-drover, a foreman; Top′-soil, the upper part or surface of the soil; Top′-soil′ing, removal of the top-soil; Top′-stone, a stone placed on the top, or which forms the top. [A.S. top; Ger. zopf.]

Top, top, n. a child's toy, shaped like a pear, and set or kept whirling round by means of a string or a whip. [Prob. Old Dut. top, toppe, dop, doppe; Mid. High Ger. topf, tupfen, a pot.]

Toparch, tō′pärk, n. the ruler or principal man in a place: the governor of a toparchy.—n. Tō′parchy, a small state or government consisting of only a few cities: command in a small state or subdivision of a country. [Gr. toparchēs—topos, a place, archein, to rule—archē, beginning.]

Topaz, tō′paz, n. a mineral, ranked among gems, found generally in primitive rocks, colourless, light blue or green, rose-pink, orange or straw-yellow, in great variety of shades, the most prized generally from Brazil.—adj. Tō′pazine.—n. Topaz′olite, a garnet resembling a topaz. [O. Fr. topase, topaze—Gr. topazion, also topazos.]

Tope, tōp, v.i. to drink hard or to excess: to tipple:—pr.p. tō′ping; pa.p. tōped.—n. Tō′per, a drunkard. [From tope, an obs. verb 'to drink hard,' from the phrase to top off, sig. 'to drink off at one draught.']

Tope, tōp, n. a Buddhist tumulus for the preservation of relics, of more or less solid masonry, in which the relics are deposited—the oldest spherical, others having polygonal bases, originally crowned with an umbrella-shaped finial, and surrounded by a carved stone railing with elaborately carved gateway. [Corr. from Sans. stūpa, a heap.]

Tope, tōp, n. a small species of British shark—the Miller's dog and Penny dog.

Tophet, tō′fet, n. a place at the south-east corner of Gehenna, or vale of Hinnom, to the south of Jerusalem, once the scene of idolatrous rites, later the common lay-stall of the city, in which fires were kept burning: the future place of torment for the damned. [Heb. tōpheth.]

Tophus, tō′fus, n. a gouty deposit:—pl. Tō′phī.—adj. Tophā′ceous. [L., 'sandstone.']

Topia, tō′pi-a, n. a kind of mural decoration common in old Roman houses.—adj. Tō′piāry, clipped into ornamental shapes, of trees and shrubs—also Tōpiā′rian. [L.,—Gr. topos, a place.]

Topic, top′ik, n. a subject of discourse or argument: a matter.—adj. Top′ical, pertaining to a place: local: relating to a topic or subject: relating to things of local interest.—adv. Top′ically, with reference to a particular place or topic. [Fr.,—Low L.,—Gr. ta topika, the general principles of argument—topos, a place.]

Topographer, tō-pog′raf-ėr, n. one who describes a place, &c.: one skilled in topography.—adjs. Topograph′ic, -al, pertaining to topography.—adv. Topograph′ically, in a topographical manner.—ns. Topog′raphist; Topog′raphy, the description of a place: a detailed account of the superficial features of a tract of country: the art of describing places. [Gr. topos, a place, graphein, to describe.]

Topolatry, tōpol′a-tri, n. veneration for a place. [Gr. topos, a place, latreia, worship.]

Topology, tō-pol′ō-ji, n. the art of aiding the memory by associating things with places. [Gr. topos, a place, legein, to speak.]

Toponym, top′ō-nim, n. (anat.) a topographical name, the technical designation of any region of an animal.—n. Topon′omy, topical terminology, the place-names of a district.—adjs. Topon′ymal, Toponym′ic, -al.—n. Topon′ymy, the nomenclature of anatomical regions. [Gr. topos, a place, onoma, a name.]

Topsyturvy, top′si-tur-vi, adv. bottom upwards.—adj. turned upside down.—n. confusion.—v.t. to turn upside down.—n. Topsyturvificā′tion, a turning upside down.—adv. Topsytur′vily.—ns. Topsytur′viness; Topsytur′vydom. [Explained by Skeat as top + so (adv.) + tervy, overturned—M. E. terven, to throw—A.S. torfian, to throw.]

Toque, tōk, n. a form of hat or cap worn in the 16th century: a modern close-fitting brimless bonnet for women: an African nominal money of account, equal to 40 cowries: the bonnet-macaque. [Fr., prob. Celt., Bret. tok, W. toc, a hat.]

Tor, tor, n. a hill, a rocky height. [A.S. torr, tor—W. tor; Gael. torr.]

Torah, tō′ra, n. the Mosaic law: the book of the law, the Pentateuch.—Also Thō′rah. [Heb.]

Torch, torch, n. a light formed of twisted tow dipped in pitch or other inflammable material: a large candle or flambeau.—ns. Torch′-bear′er; Torch′-dance; Torch′er (Shak.), one who gives light with, or as with, a torch; Torch′ing, a way of catching fish at night with torch-light-and spear; Torch′-light; Torch′-race.—n.pl. Torch′-staves (Shak.), staves for carrying torches. [Fr. torche—L. tortum, pa.p. of torquēre, to twist.]

Toreutic, tō-rōō′tik, adj. pertaining to chased or embossed metal-work.—ns. Toreumatog′raphy, a treatise on ancient work in metal; Toreumatol′ogy, the art of ancient art-work on metal; Toreu′tes, an artist in metal. [Gr., toreuein, to bore.]

Torment, tor′ment, n. torture: anguish: that which causes pain.—v.t. Torment′, to torture: to put to extreme pain, physical or mental: to distress: to afflict.—p.adj. Tormen′ted (U.S.), a euphemism for damned.—adj. Tormen′ting, causing torment.—adv. Tormen′tingly, in a tormenting manner.—ns. Tormen′tor, -er, one who, or that which, torments: (B.) a torturer, an executioner: a long meat-fork: a wing in the first groove of a stage; Tormen′tum, a whirligig. [O. Fr.,—L. tormentum, an engine for hurling stones—L. torquēre, to twist.]

Tormentil, tor′men-til, n. a genus of plants, one species with an astringent woody root. [Fr.,—Low L. tormentilla—L. tormentum.]

Tormina, tor′mi-na, n.pl. gripes, colic.—adjs. Tor′minal, Tor′minous.

Tormodont, tor′mō-dont, adj. socketed, of teeth. [Gr. tormos, a hole, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Torn, tōrn, pa.p. of tear: (B.) stolen.—adj. Torn′-down, rebellious, ungovernable.

Tornado, tor-nā′dō, n. a violent hurricane, frequent in tropical countries:—pl. Tornā′does.—adj. Tornad′ic. [Sp., tornada—tornar—L. tornāre.]

Torous, tō′rus, adj. swelling, muscular.—n. Toros′ity, muscularity.

Torpedo, tor-pē′do, n. a genus of cartilaginous fishes of family Torpedinidæ, related to the skates and rays, with electric organs on each side of the head, giving an electric shock when touched so as to produce torpor or numbness, the cramp-fish: a submarine weapon of offence, carrying a charge of gun-cotton or other explosive, and possessing powers of locomotion—in distinction to a submarine mine, which is stationary and used for defensive purposes:—pl. Torpē′does.—v.t. to attack with torpedoes, to explode a torpedo in or under.—adj. Torped′inous.—ns. Torpē′do-boat, a small swift steamer from which torpedoes are discharged; Torpē′do-boom, a spar for carrying a torpedo, projecting from a boat or anchored in a channel; Torpē′do-catch′er, a swift vessel for capturing torpedo-boats; Torpē′doist, one skilled in the management of torpedoes; Torpē′do-net, a net of wire hung at some distance round a ship to intercept torpedoes. [L.,—torpēre, to be stiff.]

Torpescent, tor-pes′ent, adj. becoming torpid or numb.—n. Torpes′cence. [L., pr.p. of torpescĕre, to become stiff—torpēre, to be stiff.]

Torpid, tor′pid, adj. stiff, numb: having lost the power of motion and feeling: sluggish, dormant: pertaining to the Torpids, or Lent boat-races, at Oxford.—n. a second-class racing boat, or one of its crew.—n. Torpid′ity.—adv. Tor′pidly.—n. Tor′pidness.—v.t. Tor′pify, to make torpid.—ns. Tor′pitude, state of being torpid: numbness: dullness: stupidity; Tor′por, numbness: inactivity: dullness: stupidity. [L. torpidus—torpēre.]

Torque, tork, n. a twisting force: a necklace of metal rings interlaced.—adjs. Tor′quate, -d, collared; Torqued′, twisted. [L. torques—torquēre, to twist.]

Torrefy, tor′e-fī, v.t. to scorch: to parch:—pa.t. and pa.p. torr′efied.—n. Torrefac′tion, act of torrefying: state of being torrefied. [L. torrēre, to dry, to burn, facĕre, to make.]

Torrent, tor′ent, n. a rushing stream: a strong or turbulent current.—adj. rushing in a stream.—ns. Torr′ent-bow, a bow of prismatic colours formed above the spray of a torrent; Torr′ent-duck, a merganser of genus Merganetta, found in the swift water-courses of the Andes.—adj. Torren′tial, of the nature of a torrent, produced by the agency of rapid streams: overwhelmingly voluble.—n. Torrential′ity.—adv. Torren′tially. [L. torrens, -entis, boiling, pr.p. of torrēre, to dry.]

Torricellian, tor-i-sel′i-an, or tor-i-chēl′i-an, adj. pertaining to the Italian mathematician Evangelista Torricelli (1608-47), who discovered in 1643 the principle on which the barometer is constructed.—Torricellian tube, the barometer; Torricellian vacuum, the vacuum in the barometer.

Torrid, tor′id, adj. burning or parching: violently hot: dried with heat.—ns. Torrid′ity, Torr′idness.—Torrid zone, the broad belt round the earth betwixt the tropics, on either side of the equator. [L. torridus—torrēre, to burn.]

Torse, tors, n. a heraldic wreath.—ns. Torsade′, an ornament like a twisted cord; Tor′sel, a twisted scroll: a plate in a brick wall to support the end of a beam.

Torshent, tor′shent, n. (U.S.) the youngest child and pet of a family.—Also Torsh.

Torsion, tor′shun, n. act of twisting or turning a body: the force with which a thread or wire tends to return when twisted, the kind of strain produced in a bar or wire when one end is kept fixed and the other is rotated about the axis: (surg.) a method of common application for the purpose of checking arterial hæmorrhage in certain cases, by twisting the cut end of the artery.—n. Torsibil′ity.—adj. Tor′sional, pertaining to, or resulting from, torsion.—n. Tor′sion-bal′ance, an instrument for measuring very minute forces by a delicate horizontal bar or needle, suspended by a very fine thread or wire.—adj. Tor′sive, twisted spirally. [L. torsio—torquēre, tortum, to twist.]

Torsk, torsk, n. a genus of fish of the cod family, abundant in the northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean, characterised by a single long dorsal fin, and by having the vertical fins separate. [Sw. torsk; Ger. dorsch, a haddock.]

Torso, tor′sō, n. the trunk of a statue without head or limbs:—pl. Tor′sos.—Also Torse. [It.; prob. Teut., Old High Ger. turso, torso, stalk.]

Tort, tort, n. a term in the law of England including all those wrongs, not arising out of contract, for which a remedy by compensation or damages is given in a court of law: (Spens.) wrong, injury, calamity.—adj. Tor′tious (Spens.), wrongful, injurious. [Low L. tortum—L. torquĕre, tortum, to twist.]

Tortile, tor′til, adj. twisted: wreathed: coiled.—n. Tortil′ity.—adj. Tor′tive (Shak.), twisted, wreathed.

Tortilla, tor-tē′lya, n. a round flat cake made from maize in Mexico. [Sp., dim. of torta, a tart.]

Tortoise, tor′tis, or -tois, n. together with turtles, a well-defined order of reptiles, distinguished especially by the dorsal (carapace) and ventral (plastron) shields which protect the body.—n. Tor′toise-shell, the horny epidermic plate of a species of turtle.—adj. of the colour of the foregoing, mottled in yellow and black. [O. Fr. tortis—L. tortus, twisted.]

Tortrix, tor′triks, n. the typical genus of Tortricidæ, a family of small lepidopterous insects.

Tortuous, tor′tū-us, adj. twisted, winding: (fig.) deceitful.—adj. Tor′tuōse, twisted: wreathed: winding.—n. Tortuos′ity, state of being tortuous.—adv. Tor′tuously.—n. Tor′tuousness. [Fr.,—L. tortuosus—torquēre, tortum, to twist.]

Torture, tor′tūr, n. a putting to the rack or severe pain to extort a confession, or as a punishment: extreme pain: anguish of body or mind.—v.t. to put to torture or to the rack: to put to extreme pain: to annoy: to vex.—n. Tor′turer.—adv. Tor′turingly, in a torturing manner: so as to torment or punish.—adj. Tor′turous, causing torture. [Late L. tortura, torment—torquēre.]

Torula, tor′ū-la, n. a small torus: the yeast-plant.—adjs. Tor′uliform; Tor′uloid; Tor′ulose; Tor′ulous.—n. Tor′ulus, the socket of the antenna. [L. torulus, dim. of torus, swelling.]

Torus, tō′rus, n. (archit.) a moulding in the base of columns, the profile of which is semicircular: (bot.) the receptacle or part of the flower on which the carpels stand: (anat.) a rounded ridge, esp. one on the occipital bone of the skull:—pl. Tō′ri. [L., a round, swelling place, an elevation.]

Tory, tō′ri, n. a Conservative in English politics—a term since 1830 largely superseded by Conservative, but since 1880 a good deal revived in the sense frequently of a non-conservative Conservative.—v.t. Tō′rify, to infect with Tory principles.—n. Tō′ryism, the principles of the Tories. [Ir. toiridhe, a pursuer; first applied to the Irish bog-trotters and robbers; next, about 1680, to the most hot-headed asserters of the royal prerogative.]

Tose, tōz, v.t. (obs.) to pull about, esp. to tease.—adj. Tō′sy, teased, soft.

Toss, tos, v.t. to throw up suddenly or violently: to cause to rise and fall: to make restless: to agitate, pass from one to another: to toss up with: to drink off: to dress out smartly.—v.i. to be tossed: to be in violent commotion: to tumble about: to fling.—n. act of throwing upward: a throwing up of the head: confusion, commotion: a toss-up.—v.t. Toss′en (Spens.), to toss, to brandish.—n. Toss′er.—adv. Toss′ily, pertly.—ns. Toss′ing, the act of tossing or throwing upward: (B.) violent commotion: (mining) process of washing ores; Toss′-pot (Shak.), a toper, a drunkard; Toss′-up, the throwing up of a coin to decide anything: an even chance or hazard.—adj. Toss′y, pert, contemptuous.—Toss off, to drink off; Toss up, to throw up a coin and wager on which side it will fall. [Celt., as W. tosio, to jerk, tos, a quick jerk.]

Tosticated, tos′ti-kā-ted, adj. fuddled: perplexed—also Tos′sicāted.—n. Tosticā′tion, perplexity.

Tot, tot, n. anything little, esp. a child: a drinking-cup holding but half-a-pint, a small dram.—n. Tot′tie, a dim. of tot. [Cf. Ice. tottr, a dwarf.]

Tot, tot, v.t. to add or sum up.—n. an addition of a long column. [Coll. abbrev. of total.]

Total, tō′tal, adj. whole: complete: undivided: unqualified, absolute.—n. the whole: the entire amount.—v.t. to bring to a total, add up: to amount to.—ns. Tōtalisā′tion; Tōtalisā′tor, Tō′talīser, an automatic betting-machine.—v.t. Tō′talīse.—ns. Tō′talīser; Tōtal′ity, the whole sum, quantity, or amount.—adv. Tō′tally.—n. Tō′talness, entireness. [Fr.,—Low L. totalis—L. totus, whole.]

Tote, tōt, v.t. to carry as a personal burden, to bear.—n. Tote′-road, a rough road for carriers.

Totem, tō′tem, n. a natural object, not an individual but one of a class, taken by a tribe, a family, or a single person, and treated with superstitious respect as an outward symbol of an existing intimate unseen relation.—adj. Totem′ic.—ns. Tō′temism, the use of totems as the foundation of a vast social system of alternate obligation and restriction; Tō′temist, one designated by a totem.—adj. Tō′temistic. [Algonquin otem, which must be preceded by the personal article, as kitotem=the family-mark, nind-otem=my family-mark.]

Totient, tō′shi-ent, n. the number of totitives of a number. [L. toties, so many.]

Totipalmate, tō-ti-pal′māt, adj. fully webbed in all four toes.—n. a bird showing this.—n. Totipalmā′tion.

Totitive, tot′i-tiv, n. a number less than another having with it no common divisor but unity.

Totter, tot′ėr, v.i. to shake as if about to fall: to be unsteady: to stagger: to shake.—n. Tott′erer.—adv. Tott′eringly, in a tottering manner.—adjs. Tott′ery, shaky; Tott′y (Spens.), tottering, unsteady. [For tolter—M. E. tulten—A.S. tealtrian, to totter, tealt, unsteady.]

Toucan, tōō-kan′, or tōō′-, n. a genus of South American Picarian birds, with an immense beak. [Fr.,—Braz.]

Touch, tuch, v.t. to come in contact with: to perceive by feeling: to reach: to relate to: to handle or treat gently or slightly, as in 'to touch the hat,' &c.: to take, taste: to move or soften: to influence: to move to pity: to taint: (slang) to cheat: to lay the hand upon for the purpose of curing scrofula or king's evil—a practice that ceased only with the accession of the House of Brunswick.—v.i. to be in contact with: to make a passing call: to speak of anything slightly: (prov.) to salute by touching the cap.—n. act of touching: a movement on a musical instrument, skill or nicety in such, a musical note or strain: any impression conveyed by contact, a hint, a slight sound: a stroke with a pen, brush, &c.: a tinge, smack, trace, a slight degree of a thing: sense of feeling, contact, close sympathy, harmony: peculiar or characteristic manner: a style of anything at a certain expenditure: a touchstone, test.—adj. Touch′able, capable of being touched.—n. Touch′ableness, the state or quality of being touchable.—adj. Touch′-and-go, of uncertain issue, ticklish, difficult.—ns. Touch′-back, the act of touching the football to the ground behind the player's own goal when it has been kicked by an opponent; Touch′-box, a box containing tinder, which used to be carried by soldiers armed with matchlocks; Touch′-down, the touching to the ground of a football by a player behind the opponents' goal; Touch′er; Touch′-hole, the small hole of a cannon through which the fire is communicated to the charge.—adv. Touch′ily, in a touchy manner: peevishly.—n. Touch′iness, the quality of being touchy: peevishness: irritability.—adj. Touch′ing, affecting: moving: pathetic.—prep. concerning: with regard to.—adv. Touch′ingly.—ns. Touch′ingness; Touch′-me-not, a plant of genus Impatiens: lupus; Touch′-nee′dle, a small bar or needle of gold for testing articles of the same metal by comparing the streaks they make on a touchstone with those made by the needle; Touch′-pā′per, paper steeped in saltpetre for firing a train of powder, &c.; Touch′piece, a coin or medal formerly given by English sovereigns to those whom they touched for the cure of the king's evil; Touch′stone, a kind of compact basalt or stone for testing gold or silver by the streak of the touch-needle: any test; Touch′wood, some soft combustible material, as amadou, used as tinder.—adj. Touch′y, irritable: peevish.—Touch up, to improve by a series of small touches, to elaborate, embellish.—A near touch, a close shave. [Fr. toucher—from Old High Ger. zucchen (Ger. zucken), to move, to draw.]

Tough, tuf, adj. not easily broken: firm: stiff, viscous, sticky: stubborn, hard to manage, trying: violent: tenacious: able to endure hardship.—n. a rough, a bully.—v.t. or v.i. Tough′en, to make or become tough.—adj. Tough′ish, rather tough.—adv. Tough′ly.—n. Tough′ness. [A.S. tóh; cog. with Ger. zähe.]

Toupee, tōō-pē′, n. a little tuft or lock of hair, the top of a periwig, a small wig. [Fr. toupet.]

Tour, tōōr, n. a going round: a journey in a circuit: a prolonged journey: a ramble.—n. Tour′ist, one who makes a tour, a traveller for sight-seeing.—adj. Touris′tic. [Fr.,—L. tornus, a turn.]

Touraco, tōō′ra-kō, or tōō-rä′-, n. a bird about the size of a pheasant found in the Amazon region, whose structure shows many anomalies—the sternal apparatus, the divided muscular crop, and the reptilian character of the head of the unhatched chick.

Tourbillon, tōōr-bil′yun, n. anything with a spiral movement: a whirlwind: a kind of firework which gyrates in the air. [Fr., a whirlwind—L. turbo.]

Tourmalin, -e, tōōr′ma-lin, n. a beautiful mineral, with vitreous lustre, mostly black, brownish-black, and bluish-black. [From Tourmali, in Ceylon, whence a variety of the stone was first brought.]

Tournament, tōōr′na-ment, n. a military sport of the Middle Ages in which combatants engaged one another to display their courage and skill in arms: any contest in skill involving a number of competitors and a series of games.—Also Tour′ney. [O. Fr. tournoiement, tornoi—torner—L. tornāre, to turn.]

Tourniquet, tōōr′ni-ket, n. an instrument for compressing the main artery of the thigh or arm, either for the purpose of preventing too great a loss of blood in amputation, or to check dangerous hæmorrhage from accidental wounds, or to stop the circulation through an aneurism. [Fr., tourner—L. tornāre, to turn.]

Tournure, tōōr-nūr′, n. contour, the characteristic turn of a drawing: a pad worn by women to give the hips a well-rounded outline, the drapery at the back of a gown.

Touse, towz, v.t. (Spens.) to pull, to tear, to tease or worry:—pr.p. tous′ing; pa.p. toused.—n. a pull: a disturbance.—n. Tous′er, one who, or that which, touses.—v.t. Tous′le (coll.), to disarrange, to tumble.—adj. Tous′y, shaggy, unkempt, tousled.

Tout, towt, v.i. to look out for custom in an obtrusive way.—n. one who does so: a low fellow who hangs about racing-stables, &c., to pick up profitable information.—n. Tout′er, one who touts. [A.S. tótian, to look out.]

Tout, towt, v.i. (Scot.) to pout.—n. a pet, a fit of the sulks, a sudden illness.—adj. Tout′ie, petulant.

Tow, tō, v.t. to pull a vessel through the water with a rope.—n. originally a rope for towing with: the coarse part of flax or hemp: the act of towing.—ns. Tow′age, act of towing: money for towing; Tow′-boat, a boat that is towed, or one used for towing other vessels.—n.pl. Tow′ing-bitts, upright timbers projecting above the deck for fastening tow-lines to.—ns. Tow′ing-net, a drag-net for collecting objects of natural history, &c.; Tow′ing-path, Tow′-path, a path, generally by the side of a canal or river, for horses towing barges; Tow′-ī′ron, a toggle-iron used in whaling; Tow′line, a line used in towing.—adj. Tow′y, like tow. [A.S. teóhan, teón. Cf. Tug.]

Toward, tō′ard, Towards, tō′ardz, prep. in the direction of: with a tendency to: for, as a help to: near, about.—adv. nearly: in a state of preparation. [A.S. tóweard, adj.—tó, to, and ward, sig. direction.]

Toward, -ly, tō′ward, -li, adj. ready to do or learn: apt.—ns. Tō′wardness, Tō′wardliness.

Towel, tow′el, n. a cloth for wiping the skin after it is washed, and for other purposes: an altar-cloth.—ns. Tow′el-horse, -rack, a frame for hanging towels on; Tow′elling, cloth for towels: a thrashing.—A lead towel, a bullet; An oaken towel, a cudgel. [O. Fr. touaille—Old High Ger. twahilla (Ger. zwehle)—Old High Ger. twahan, to wash.]

Tower, tow′ėr, n. a lofty building, standing alone or forming part of another: a fortress: (her.) a bearing representing a tower with battlements, &c.: a high head-dress worn by women under William III. and Anne.—v.i. to rise into the air: to be lofty.—v.t. (Milt.) to rise aloft into.—adjs. Tow′ered, having towers; Tow′ering, very high, elevated: very violent; Tow′ery, having towers: lofty. [O. Fr. tur—L. turris, a tower.]

Towhee, tow′hē, n. the chewink, ground-robin, or marsh-robin of the United States. [Imit.]

Town, town, n. a place larger than a village, not a city: the inhabitants of a town.—ns. Town′-clerk, a clerk who keeps the records of a town; Town′-coun′cil, the governing body in a town, elected by the ratepayers; Town′-coun′cillor, a member of a town-council; Town′-crī′er, one who cries or makes public proclamations in a town; Town′hall, a public hall for the official business of a town; Town′house, a house or building for transacting the public business of a town: a house in town as opposed to one in the country.—adj. Town′ish, characteristic of town as opposed to country.—ns. Town′land, a township; Town′-meet′ing, in New England, a primary meeting of the voters of a town.—n.pl. Towns′folk, the folk or people of a town.—ns. Town′ship, the territory or district of a town: the corporation of a town: a district; Towns′man, an inhabitant or fellow-inhabitant of a town.—n.pl. Towns′people, townsfolk.—ns. Town′-talk, the general talk of a town: the subject of common conversation; Town′y, a townsman. [A.S. tún, an enclosure, town; Ice. tún, an enclosure, Ger. zaun, a hedge.]

Toxicology, tok-si-kol′ō-ji, n. the science of poisons.—ns. Toxē′mia, Toxæ′mia, Toxicē′mia, Toxicæ′mia, blood-poisoning.—adjs. Toxē′mic, Toxæ′mic, septicemic; Tox′ic, -al, pertaining to poisons, toxicological.—adv. Tox′ically.—adj. Tox′icant, poisoning.—n. a poison.—adj. Toxicolog′ical, pertaining to toxicology.—adv. Toxicolog′ically.—ns. Toxicol′ogist, one versed in toxicology; Toxicō′sis, a morbid condition caused by the action of a poison; Tox′in, -e, a poisonous ptomaine. [Gr. toxikon, arrow-poison—toxikos, for the bow—toxon, a bow, logia—legein, to say.]

Toxophilite, tok-sof′i-līt, n. a lover of archery: an archer.—adj. Toxophilit′ic. [Gr. toxon, a bow, philein, to love.]

Toy, toi, n. a child's plaything: a trifle: a thing only for amusement or look: a curious conceit, a story: a matter of no importance: amorous sport.—v.i. to trifle: to dally amorously.—n. Toy′er, one who toys.—adj. Toy′ish, given to toying or trifling: playful: wanton.—adv. Toy′ishly.—ns. Toy′ishness; Toy′man, one who deals in toys; Toy′shop, a shop where toys are sold.—adj. Toy′some, disposed to toy: wanton. [Dut. tuig, tools; Ger. zeng, stuff.]

Toze, tōz, v.t. (Shak.) to pull by violence or importunity:—pr.p. tōz′ing; pa.p. tōzed.

Trabeated, trä-bē-ā′ted, adj. having an entablature: belonging to beam or lintel construction.—adj. Trab′al.—ns. Trā′bēa, a robe of state worn by consuls, augurs, &c. in ancient Rome:—pl. Trā′beæ; Trabēā′tion, an entablature: combination of beams in a structure; Trabec′ula (bot.), a projection from the cell-wall across the cell-cavity of the ducts of certain plants: one of the fibrous cords of connective tissue in the substance of spleen, kidneys, &c.: one of the fleshy columns, or columnæ carneæ, in the ventricle of the heart, to which the chordæ tendineæ are attached: (entom.) one of the pair of movable appendages on the head, in front of the antennæ of some mallophagous insects—also Trabec′ulus:—pl. Trabec′ulæ.—adj. Trabec′ular.—n. Trabec′ularism.—adjs. Trabec′ulate, -d, having a trabecula. [L. trabs, a beam.]

Trace, trās, n. a mark left: footprint: a small quantity: (fort.) the ground-plan of a work.—v.t. to follow by tracks or footsteps, to discover the tracks of, to follow step by step, to traverse: to follow with exactness: to sketch: to cover with traced lines or tracery.—v.i. to move, travel: to dance.—adj. Trace′able, that may be traced.—n. Trace′ableness.—adv. Trace′ably.—ns. Trā′cer; Trā′cery, ornamentation traced in flowing outline: the beautiful forms in stone with which the arches of Gothic windows are filled for the support of the glass. [Fr.,—L. tructus, pa.p. of trahĕre, to draw.]

Trace, trās, n. one of the straps by which a vehicle is drawn. [O. Fr. trays, trais, same as traits, pl. of trait; cf. Trait.]

Trachea, tra-kē′a, n. that part of the air-passages which lies between the larynx and the bronchi:—pl. Trachē′æ.—adjs. Trā′chēal, pertaining to the trachea; Trā′chēan, having tracheæ.—n.pl. Trāchēā′ria, the tracheate arachnidans.—adjs. Trāchēā′rian, pertaining to the tracheate arachnidans; Tra′chēāry, pertaining to the trachea; Trā′chēāte, -d, having a trachea.—ns. Trāchench′yma, tracheary tissue; Trāchēōbranch′ia, a breathing-organ of certain aquatic insect larvæ.—adj. Trāchēōbronch′ial, pertaining to the trachea and the bronchi.—n. Trāchē′ōcēle, an enlargement of the thyroid gland.—adj. Trāchēōscop′ic, pertaining to tracheoscopy.—ns. Trāchē′ōscopist, one who practises tracheoscopy; Trāchē′ōscōpy, the inspection of the trachea; Trā′cheotome, a knife used in tracheotomy; Trāchēot′ōmist, one who practices tracheotomy; Trācheot′omy, the operation of making an opening in the trachea; Trāchī′tis, Trachēī′tis, inflammation of the trachea. [L. trachīa—Gr. trachys, tracheia, rough.]

Trachelium, trā-kē′li-um, n. the neck of a column: a genus of Campanulaceæ, native to the Mediterranean region.—adj. Trāchēlo-occip′ital, pertaining to the nape of the neck and the hind-head. [Gr. trachēlos, the neck.]

Trachinus, trā-kī′nus, n. the typical genus of Trachinidæ, a family of acanthopterygian fishes, the weevers. [Gr. trachys, rough.]

Trachle, Trauchle, träh′l, v.t. (Scot.) to draggle: to fatigue.—n. a long and exhausting effort.—adj. Trach′ly, dirty, slovenly.

Trachoma, tra-kō′ma, n. a disease of the eye, with hard pustules on the inner surface of the eyelids.

Trachurus, trā-kū′rus, n. a genus of carangoid fishes, the saurels. [Gr. trachys, rough, oura, tail.]

Trachyte, trā′kīt, n. a crystalline igneous rock, generally grayish in colour, usually fine-grained or compact, more or less markedly porphyritic, with large crystals of sanidine and scales of black mica.—adjs. Trachyt′ic; Trach′ytoid. [Gr. trachys, rough.]

Tracing, trā′sing, n. act of one who traces: act of copying by marking on thin paper the lines of a pattern placed beneath: the copy so produced.—n. Trā′cing-pā′per, a transparent paper which, when laid over a drawing, &c., allows the drawing to be seen through it, so that a copy can be made by tracing the lines of the original on the paper.

Track, trak, v.t. to follow by marks or footsteps: to tow: to traverse: to make marks upon.—n. a mark left: footprint: a beaten path: course laid out for horse, foot, or bicycle races: the two continuous lines of rails on which railway carriages run.—ns. Track′age, a drawing or towing, as of a boat; Track′-boat, a boat towed by a line from the shore; Track′-clear′er, a guard in front of the wheels of a locomotive, &c., to clear any obstruction from the track; Track′er, one who, or that which, tracks; Track′-lay′er, a workman engaged in laying railway-tracks.—adj. Track′less, without a path: untrodden.—adv. Track′lessly.—ns. Track′lessness; Track′man, one who has charge of a railway-track; Track′-road, a towing-path; Track′-walk′er, a trackman having charge of a certain section of railway-track.—In one's tracks, just where one stands; Make tracks, to go away hastily, to decamp; Make tracks for, to go after; Off the track, derailed, of a railway carriage, &c.: away from the proper subject. [Fr. trac—Dut. trek, draught, trekken, to draw.]

Tract, trakt, n. something drawn out or extended: continued duration: a region, area: a short treatise: an anthem sung instead of the Alleluia after the gradual, or instead of it, from Septuagesima till Easter-eve.—n. Tractabil′ity, quality or state of being tractable: docility.—adj. Trac′table, easily drawn, managed, or taught: docile.—n. Trac′tableness.—adv. Trac′tably.—n. Trac′tate, a treatise, tract.—adj. Trac′tile, that may be drawn out.—ns. Tractil′ity, the quality of being tractile: ductility; Trac′tion, act of drawing or state of being drawn; Trac′tion-en′gine, a steam vehicle for hauling heavy weights along a road, &c.—adj. Trac′tive, that draws or pulls.—ns. Trac′tor, that which draws, esp. in pl. metallic tractors, two bars of iron and of steel, drawn over diseased parts of the body to give supposed relief; Tractorā′tion, the use of metallic tractors in medicine. [L. tractus, pa.p. of trahĕre, to draw.]

Tractarian, trakt-ār′i-an, n. one of the writers of the famous Tracts for the Times, published at Oxford during the years 1833-41—Pusey, Newman, Keble, Hurrell Froude, and Isaac Williams.—ns. Tractār′ianism, the system of religious opinion promulgated in these, its main aim to assert the authority and dignity of the Anglican Church; Tractā′tor, one of the writers of the foregoing.

Trade, trād, n. buying and selling: commerce: occupation, craft; men engaged in the same occupation: rubbish.—v.i. to buy and sell: to act merely for money.—v.i. to traffic with.—adjs. Trād′ed (Shak.), versed, practised; Trade′ful (Spens.), commercial, busy in traffic.—ns. Trade′-hall, a hall for the meetings of any trade or guild; Trade′-mark, any name or distinctive device warranting goods for sale as the production of any individual or firm; Trade′-price, the price at which goods are sold to members of the same trade, or are sold by wholesale to retail dealers; Trā′der; Trade′-sale, an auction sale of goods by producers, &c., to persons in the trade.—n.pl. Trades′-folk, people employed in trade.—n. Trades′man, a common name for a shopkeeper: a mechanic:—fem. Trades′woman.—n.pl. Trades′peo′ple, people employed in various trades, esp. shopkeeping, &c.—ns. Trades′-un′ion, Trade′-un′ion, an organised association of the workmen of any trade or industry for the protection of their common interests; Trade′-un′ionism; Trade′-un′ionist; Trade′-wind, a wind blowing steadily toward the thermal equator and deflected westwardly by the eastward rotation of the earth.—adj. Trā′ding, carrying on commerce (also n.): (Milt.) frequented by traders, denoting places where the trade-winds blow.—Trade on, to take advantage of.—Board of Trade, a department of government for control of railways, mercantile marine, harbours, and commercial matters generally. [A.S. træd, pa.t. of tredan, to tread. Not Fr. traite, transport of goods—L. tractāre, freq. of trahĕre, to draw.]

Tradition, tra-dish′un, n. the handing down of opinions or practices to posterity unwritten: a belief or practice thus handed down.—adjs. Tradi′tional, Tradi′tionary, delivered by tradition.—ns. Tradi′tionalism; Traditional′ity.—advs. Tradi′tionally, Tradi′tionarily.—n. Tradi′tionist, one who adheres to tradition.—adj. Trad′itive, traditional. [L.,—trans, over, dăre, to give.]

Traditor, trad′i-tor, n. one of those early Christians who under persecution gave up copies of the Scriptures, the sacred vessels, or the names of their fellow-Christians. [L.,—tradĕre; to give up.]

Traduce, tra-dūs′, v.t. to calumniate: to defame.—ns. Traduce′ment, the act of traducing: (Shak.) misrepresentation, calumny; Tradū′cer.—adj. Tradū′cible.—adv. Tradū′cingly. [L. traducĕre, to lead along—trans, across, ducĕre, to lead.]

Traduction, tra-duk′shun, n. the act of transferring, conveyance: (Spens.) transfer: transmission from one to another, tradition: derivation from one of the same kind.—ns. Tradū′cian, one who believes in traducianism; Tradū′cianism, the belief, long prevalent in the Western Church, that children receive soul as well as body from their parents through natural generation—every soul being a fresh creation—also Generationism.—adj. Traduc′tive.

Traffic, traf′ik, n. commerce: large trade: the business done on a railway, &c.—v.i. to trade: to trade meanly.—v.t. to exchange:—pr.p. traff′icking; pa.t. and pa.p. traff′icked.—n. Traff′icker.—adj. Traff′icless.—n. Traff′ic-man′ager, the manager of the traffic on a railway, &c. [O. Fr. trafique; cf. It. trafficare, prob. from L. trans, across, and Low L. vicāre, to exchange—L. vicis, change; not from facĕre, to make.]

Tragacanth, trag′a-kanth, n. a name given to several low spiny shrubs of the genus Astragalus, found in western Asia, as well as to the mucilaginous substance or gum derived from them.

Tragedy, traj′e-di, n. a species of drama in which the action and language are elevated, and the catastrophe sad: any mournful and dreadful event.—n. Tragē′dian, an actor of tragedy:—fem. Tragē′dienne.—adjs. Trag′ic, -al, pertaining to tragedy: sorrowful: calamitous.—adv. Trag′ically.—ns. Trag′icalness; Trag′i-com′edy, a dramatic piece in which grave and comic scenes are blended.—adjs. Trag′i-com′ic, -al.—adv. Trag′i-com′ically. [Lit. 'goat-song,' so called either from the old dramas being exhibited when a goat was sacrificed, or from a goat being the prize, or because the actors were dressed in goat-skins—L. tragœdia—Gr. tragōdia—tragos, a he-goat, aoidos, ōdos, a singer—aeidein, adein, to sing.]

Tragelaphus, trā-jel′a-fus, n. a fabulous animal associated with Diana: a genus of African antelopes, the boschbok, &c. [Gr.,—tragos, a goat, elaphos, a deer.]

Tragopan, trag′ō-pan, n. a genus of birds in the pheasant family, represented by five species in India and China, of most brilliant plumage.

Tragus, trā′gus, n. a small prominence at the entrance of the external ear: a corresponding process in bats, &c. [Gr. tragos.]

Traik, trāk, v.i. (Scot.) to wander about, to get lost: to decline in health.—n. a misfortune: the mutton of sheep that have died of disease or accident.—adj. Traik′et, worn out.—Traik after, to dangle after.

Trail, trāl, v.t. to draw along the ground: to hunt by tracking: to draw out, lead on: to tread down, as grass, by walking through: to carry, as a musket or pike, in an oblique forward position, the breech or the butt near the ground.—v.i. to be drawn out in length, to hang or drag loosely behind: to run or climb as a plant: to move with slow sweeping motion: to drag one's self lazily along.—n. anything drawn out in length: track followed by the hunter.—ns. Trail′er, one who trails: a climbing plant: a carriage dragged (or trailed) behind another to which the motive power is applied; Trail′-net, a drag-net. [O. Fr. traail—Low L. trahale—L. traha, a sledge—trahĕre, to draw.]

Train, trān, v.t. to draw along: to allure: to educate: to discipline: to tame for use, as animals: to cause to grow properly: to prepare men for athletic feats, or horses for the race.—v.i. to exercise, to prepare one's self for anything: to be under drill: to travel by train: (coll.) to be on intimate terms with.—n. that which is drawn along after something else: the part of a dress which trails behind the wearer: a retinue: a series: process: a clue, trace: a line of gunpowder to fire a charge: a line of carriages on a railway: a set of wheels acting on each other, for transmitting motion: a string of animals, &c.: a lure, stratagem.—adj. Train′able, capable of being trained.—ns. Train′-band, a band of citizens trained to bear arms; Train′-bear′er, one who bears or holds up a train, as of a robe or gown.—adj. Trained, formed by training, skilled.—ns. Train′er, one who prepares men for athletic feats, horses for a race, or the like; Train′ing, practical education in any profession, art, or handicraft: the method adopted by athletes for developing their physical strength, endurance, or dexterity, or to qualify them for victory in competitive trials of skill, races, matches, &c.—including both bodily exercise and regulated dieting; Train′ing-col′lege, -school, the same as Normal school (see Norm); Train′ing-ship, a ship equipped with instructors, &c., to train boys for the sea; Train′-mile, one of the aggregate number of miles traversed by the trains of any system—a unit of calculation.—Train fine, to discipline the body to a high pitch of effectiveness: to train the intellectual powers. [Fr. train, trainer, through Low L. forms from L. trahĕre, to draw.]

Train-oil, trān′-oil, n. whale-oil extracted from the blubber by boiling. [Old Dut. traen, whale-oil.]

Trait, trā, or trāt, n. a drawing: a touch: a feature. [Fr.,—L. tractus, trahĕre, to draw.]

Traitor, trā′tur, n. one who, being trusted, betrays: one guilty of treason: a deceiver:—fem. Trait′ress.—n. Trait′orism.—adv. Trait′orly (Shak.).—adj. Trait′orous, like a traitor: perfidious: treasonable.—adv. Trait′orously.—n. Trait′orousness. [Fr. traître—L. traditor—tradĕre, to give up.]

Trajectory, tra-jek′tō-ri, n. the curve described by a body (as a planet or a projectile) under the action of given forces.—v.t. Traject′, to throw across.—ns. Traj′ect, a ferry: transmission; Trajec′tion, a crossing. [From L. trajicĕre, -jectum—trans, across, jacĕre, to throw.]

Tram, tram, n. a tramway or tramway-line: a four-wheeled coal-wagon in pits: a beam, bar, the shaft of a cart, barrow, &c.—ns. Tram′-car, a tramway-car; Tram′pot, the socket in which an upright spindle is stepped; Tram′-road, Tram′way, a road or way for carriages or wagons to run along easily; Tram′way-car, a carriage for conveying passengers along the public streets, running on rails, drawn by horses or impelled by cable traction, electrical power, or steam. [Prov. Eng. tram, a beam, is prob. cog. with Sw. dial. tromm, a log, Low Ger. traam, a beam, &c.]

Trammel, tram′el, n. a net used in fowling and fishing: shackles for making a horse amble: anything that confines.—v.t. to shackle: to confine:—pr.p. tramm′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. tramm′elled.—n. Tramm′eller. [O. Fr. tramail, a net—Low L. tramacula, from L. tres, three, macula, a mesh.]

Tramontane, tra-mon′tān, adj. lying beyond the mountains (originally the Alps), from Rome: foreign: uncivilised.—n. Tramontä′na, the north wind. [L. trans, beyond, mons, montis, a mountain.]

Tramp, tramp, v.t. to tread, to travel over on foot: (Scot.) to tread clothes in a tub of water so as to cleanse them.—v.i. to walk, to go on foot: to wander about as a vagrant.—n. a foot-journey: a vagrant: a plate of iron worn by diggers under the hollow of the foot to save the shoe.—n. Tramp′er.—vs.i. Tram′pous, Tram′poose, to tramp about.—n. Tramp′-pick, an iron pick forced by the foot into the ground. [M. E. trampen; an extension of trap, trip; cf. Ger. trampen.]

Trample, tramp′l, v.t. to tread under foot: to tread with pride, to insult.—v.i. to tread in contempt: to tread forcibly and rapidly.—n. a trampling.—n. Tramp′ler. [A freq. of tramp.]

Trance, trans, n. a morbid sleep, differing from natural repose in duration, in profound insensibility, &c.—the concomitant or symptom of diseases of the nervous system, particularly hysteria: catalepsy.—adv. Tranced (Shak.), lying in a trance or ecstasy.—adv. Tranc′edly. [Fr. transe—L. transitum—trans-īre, to go across, in Late L. to die.]

Tranect, tra-nekt′, n. (Shak.) a ferry. [L. trans, across, nectĕre, to join.]

Trank, trangk, n. an oblong piece of skin from which the pieces for a glove are cut.

Tranka, trang′kä, n. a long cylindrical box balanced on their feet by jugglers.

Tranquil, trang′kwil, adj. quiet: peaceful.—n. Tranquillisā′tion.—v.t. Tran′quilise, to make tranquil.—n. Tranquillī′ser.—adv. Tran′quillisingly.—n. Tranquill′ity.—adv. Tran′quilly.—n. Tran′quilness, state of being tranquil: quietness. [Fr.,—L. tranquillus.]

Transact, trans-akt′, v.t. to manage: to perform.—v.i. to manage anything.—ns. Transac′tion, act of transacting: management of any affair: an affair: (pl.) the reports or publications of certain learned societies; Transac′tor. [L. transactum, pa.p. of transigĕre—trans, through, agĕre, carry on.]

Transalpine, trans-al′pin, adj. beyond the Alps (in regard to Rome). [L. transalpinus—trans, beyond, Alpinus, pertaining to the Alps.]

Transatlantic, trans-at-lan′tik, adj. beyond the Atlantic Ocean: crossing the Atlantic.

Transcend, tran-send′, v.t. to rise above: to surmount: to surpass: to exceed.—ns. Transcen′dence, Transcen′dency.—adjs. Transcen′dent, transcending: superior or supreme in excellence: surpassing others: as applicable to being, relating to the absolute, transcending all limitation—as applicable to knowledge, pertaining to what transcends experience, being given à priori: beyond human knowledge: abstrusely speculative, fantastic; Transcenden′tal, transcending: supereminent, surpassing others: concerned with what is independent of experience: vague.—v.t. Transcenden′talise.—ns. Transcenden′talism, the investigation of what is à priori in human knowledge, or independent of experience: that which is vague and illusive in philosophy: the American reaction against Puritan prejudices, humdrum orthodoxy, old-fashioned metaphysics, materialistic philistinism, and materialism—best associated with the name of R. W. Emerson (1803-82); Transcenden′talist.—advs. Transcenden′tally; Transcen′dently.—n. Transcen′dentness. [L. trans, beyond, scandĕre, to climb.]

Transcribe, tran-skrīb′, v.t. to write over from one book into another: to copy.—ns. Transcrib′er; Trans′cript, that which is transcribed: a copy; Transcrip′tion, the act of copying: a transcript: a copy.—adjs. Transcrip′tional; Transcrip′tive.—adv. Transcrip′tively. [L. transcribĕre, -scriptum—trans, over, scribĕre, to write.]

Transcurrent, trans-kur′ent, adj. passing transversely, as the postfrena of a beetle.

Transductor, trans-duk′tor, n. that which draws across, esp. a muscle of the great-toe.—n. Transduc′tion, the act of carrying over.

Transenna, tran-sen′a, n. a lattice-grating for enclosing shrines, as those of martyrs, while yet allowing the coffer to be seen.

Transept, tran′sept, n. one of the wings or cross-aisles of a church, at right angles to the nave. [L. trans, across, septum, an enclosure—sepes, a hedge.]

Transfer, trans-fėr′, v.t. to carry or bring over: to convey to another place: to remove: to transport:—pr.p. transfer′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. transferred′.—ns. Trans′fer, the act of transferring: the conveyance of anything from one person or place to another: that which is transferred; Transferabil′ity, Transferribil′ity.—adjs. Transfer′able, Transfer′rible, that may be transferred or conveyed from one place or person to another.—ns. Trans′fer-book, a register of the transfer of property, shares, &c.; Trans′fer-day, one of certain regular days for registering transfer of bank-stock and government funds at the Bank of England; Transferēē′, the person to whom a thing is transferred; Trans′ference, the act of transferring or conveying from one person or place to another: passage from one place to another; Trans′fer-pā′per, a kind of prepared paper used for transferring impressions with copying-presses, &c.; Transfer′rer. [L. trans, across, ferre, to carry.]

Transfiguration, trans-fig-ūr-ā′shun, n. a change of form.—v.t. Transfig′ure (rare), to change the figure or form of: to change the appearance of—also Transfig′ūrāte.—n. Transfig′urement.—The Transfiguration, the supernatural change in the appearance of Christ, described in Matt. xvii.: a festival on 6th August, in commemoration of it.

Transfix, trans-fiks′, v.t. to pierce through.—n. Transfis′sion, cross-section.—adj. Transfixed′.—n. Transfix′ion.

Transfluent, trans′flōō-ent, adj. flowing through.—n. Transflux′, a flowing through.

Transforate, trans′fō-rāt, v.t. to bore through.—n. Transforā′tion.

Transform, trans-form′, v.t. to change the shape of: to change into another substance: to change the disposition.—v.i. to be changed in form or substance.—adj. Transfor′mable.—ns. Transformā′tion, change of form or substance, metamorphosis: the change of one metal into another: (path.) any morbid change in a part; Transformā′tion-scene, any scene on the stage which changes in presence of the audience.—adj. Transfor′mative.—ns. Transfor′mātor, Transfor′mer.—p.adj. Transfor′ming, effecting, or able to effect, a change of form or state.—ns. Transfor′mism, the theory of the development of one species from another; Transfor′mist.—adj. Transformis′tic.

Transfuge, trans′fūj, n. a deserter.—Also Transfū′gitive. [L. transfuga, a deserter.]

Transfuse, trans-fūz′, v.t. to pour out into another vessel: to cause to pass from one to another: to cause to be imbibed.—n. Transfū′ser.—adj. Transfū′sible, capable of being transfused.—ns. Transfū′sion, the act of transfusing, esp. blood from the veins of one animal into another; Transfū′sionist.—adj. Transfū′sive, tending or having power to transfuse.—adv. Transfū′sively. [L. trans, over, fundĕre, fusum, to pour.]

Transgress, trans-gres′, v.t. to pass beyond a limit: to break, as a law.—v.i. to offend by violating a law: to sin.—adj. Transgres′sible.—n. Transgres′sion, the act of transgressing: violation of a law or command: offence: fault: crime: sin.—adjs. Transgres′sional; Transgres′sive.—adv. Transgres′sively.—n. Transgres′sor, one who transgresses: one who violates a law or command: a sinner. [L. trans, across, gradi, gressus, to step.]

Tranship, tran-ship′, v.t. to convey from one ship into another, or from one conveyance to another.—ns. Tranship′ment; Tranship′per; Tranship′ping.

Transhuman, trans-hū′man, adj. more than human.—v.t. Transhū′manise, to elevate into a higher or heavenly nature.

Transient, tran′shent, adj. passing: of short duration: not lasting: momentary: (mus.) intermediate.—ns. Tran′sience, Tran′siency, transientness.—adv. Tran′siently.—n. Tran′sientness. [L. transiens—trans, across, īre, itum, to go.]

Transilient, tran-sil′i-ent, adj. leaping across.—n. Transil′iency. [L. transīlire, to leap across.]

Transit, tran′sit, n. a passing over: conveyance: (astron.) the passage of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place: the passage of a planet over the sun's disc: a transit circle, or instrument, for observing the transit of a heavenly body across the meridian.—ns. Trans′it-dū′ty, a duty chargeable on goods passing through a country; Trans′it-in′strument, an astronomical telescope mounted in the meridian and turning on a fixed east and west axis; Transi′tion, passage from one place or state to another: change: (mus.) a change of key.—adjs. Transi′tional, Transi′tionary, containing or denoting transition: of intermediate character between species or genera, transmutational: characteristic of one epoch or style in its transition to another.—adv. Transi′tionally.—adj. Trans′itive, passing over: having the power of passing: (gram.) denoting a verb which has a direct object.—adv. Trans′itively.—n. Trans′itiveness.—adv. Trans′itorily.—n. Trans′itoriness.—adj. Trans′itory, going or passing away: lasting for a short time: speedily vanishing.—n. Trans′it-trade, the trade of carrying foreign goods through a country.

Translate, trans-lāt′, v.t. to remove to another place: to render into another language: to explain: to transfer from one office to another: to transform.—adj. Translā′table, capable of being translated or rendered into another language.—n. Translā′tion, the act of translating: removal to another place: the rendering into another language: a version: (slang) the process of working up new things from old materials: motion free from rotation: the automatic retransmission of a telegraphic message.—adjs. Translā′tional, Trans′lātory.—n. Translā′tor:—fem. Translā′tress. [Fr.,—L. trans, over, ferre, latum, to carry.]

Transleithan, trans-lī′than, adj. beyond the Leitha, the boundary river between the archduchy of Austria and Hungary.

Transliterate, trans-lit′e-rāt, v.t. to express the words of one language in the alphabetic characters of another.—ns. Transliterā′tion; Translit′erātor.

Translucent, trans-lū′sent, adj. shining through: allowing light to pass, but not transparent: clear.—ns. Translū′cence, Translū′cency.—adv. Translū′cently.—adj. Translū′cid, translucent. [L. translucens—trans, across, lucēre, to shine—lux, lucis, light.]

Translunar, trans-lū′nar, adj. beyond the moon.—Also Trans′lūnary.

Transmeable, trans′mē-a-bl, adj. capable of being traversed.—v.t. Trans′mēate.—n. Transmeā′tion.

Transmigrate, trans′mi-grāt, v.i. to migrate or remove across, esp. to another country: to pass into another country or state.—adj. Trans′migrant.—ns. Transmigrā′tion, the act of removing to another country: the passing into another state: the passage of the soul after death into another body; Trans′migrātor.—adj. Transmī′grātory, passing to another place, body, or state.

Transmit, trans-mit′, v.t. to send across to another person or place: to suffer to pass through:—pr.p. transmit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. transmit′ted.—n. Transmissibil′ity.—adjs. Transmis′sible, Transmit′tible, that may be transmitted from one to another, or through any body or substance.—ns. Transmis′sion, Transmit′tal, act of transmitting: the sending from one place or person to another: passage through.—adj. Transmis′sive, transmitted: derived from one to another.—ns. Transmit′tance, transfer; Transmit′ter. [L. trans, across, mittĕre, missum, to send.]

Transmogrify, trans-mog′ri-fī, v.t. (coll.) to transform into something else, as by magic.—n. Transmogrificā′tion.

Transmorphism, trans-mor′fizm, n. the evolution of one thing from another. [L. trans, over, Gr. morphē, form.]

Transmute, trans-mūt′, v.t. to change to another form or substance.—adj. Transmū′table, that may be transmuted or changed into a different form, nature, or substance.—ns. Transmū′tableness, Transmūtabil′ity.—adv. Transmū′tably.—adj. Transmū′tant.—ns. Transmūtā′tion, a changing into a different form, nature, or substance; Transmūtā′tionist.—adj. Transmū′tative.—n. Transmū′ter. [L. trans, over, mutāre, to change.]

Transom, tran′sum, n. a thwart beam or lintel, esp. the horizontal mullion or crossbar of a window: in ships, the beam across the sternpost to strengthen the afterpart.—n. Trans′om-win′dow, a window divided into two parts by a transom. [L. transtrum, a cross-bank—trans, across.]

Transpadane, trans-pā′dān, adj. situated beyond the Po (L. Padanus), with reference to Rome.

Transparency, trans-pār′en-si, n. the quality of being transparent: clearness: that which is transparent: a picture on semi-transparent material seen by means of light shining through, a positive picture on glass, to be viewed by transmitted light: a humorous translation of the German title Durchlaucht—also Transpār′ence.—adj. Transpār′ent, that may be distinctly seen through: clear.—adv. Transpār′ently.—n. Transpār′entness. [L. trans, through, parēre, to appear.]

Transpicuous, tran-spik′ū-us, adj. (Milt.) that can be seen through, transparent. [L. transpicĕre, to see through—trans, through, specĕre, to look.]

Transpire, tran-spīr′, v.t. to breathe or pass through the pores of the skin.—v.i. to exhale: to become public, to come to light: to occur (a bad use).—adj. Transpīr′able.—n. Transpirā′tion, act or process of transpiring; exhalation through the skin.—adj. Transpīr′atory.—n. Trans′piry, act of transpiring. [L. trans, through, spirāre, to breathe.]

Transplant, trans-plant′, v.t. to remove and plant in another place: to remove.—adj. Transplan′table.—ns. Transplantā′tion, act of transplanting, the removal of a living plant to another place, the removal of living tissue from one part of the body, or from one individual, to another; Transplan′ter, a machine for moving trees.

Transpontine, trans-pon′tin, adj. situated across a bridge, esp. belonging to the part of London on the Surrey side of the Thames, hence melodramatic from the tastes of the theatres there.

Transport, trans-pōrt′, v.t. to carry across or from one place to another: to banish: to carry away by violence of passion or pleasure.—ns. Trans′port, carriage from one place to another: a vessel for conveyance: the conveyance of troops and their necessaries by sea or land: ecstasy; Transportabil′ity.—adj. Transpor′table, that may be carried across.—ns. Transpor′tal, transportation; Transpor′tance (Shak.), conveyance, removal; Transportā′tion, removal: banishment.—p.adj. Transpor′ted, carried away with ecstatic emotion.—adv. Transpor′tedly.—ns. Transpor′tedness; Transpor′ter.—p.adj. Transpor′ting, carrying away with emotion: passionate: ravishing.—adv. Transpor′tingly.—ns. Trans′port-rid′er, a carrier; Trans′port-ship, -vess′el, a ship used for transporting, esp. for conveying troops, stores, &c. [L. trans, across, portāre, to carry.]

Transpose, trans-pōz′, v.t. to put each in the place of the other: to change, as the order of words, or the key in music.—adj. Transpō′sable.—ns. Transpō′sal, a change of place or order; Transpō′ser; Transposi′tion, act of putting one thing in place of another: state of being transposed; a change of the order of words: (mus.) a change of key into a higher or lower scale.—adjs. Transposi′tional; Transpos′itive.—adv. Transpos′itively.—n. Transpos′itor. [Fr.,—L. transponĕre—trans, across, ponĕre, to place.]

Trans-shape, trans-shāp′, v.t. (Shak.) to change into another shape, to transform.

Transubstantiate, tran-sub-stan′shi-āt, v.t. to change to another substance.—ns. Transubstantiā′tion, a change into another substance: (R.C.) the conversion, in the consecration of the elements of the Eucharist, of the whole substance of the bread and wine into Christ's body and blood, only the appearances of bread and wine remaining; Transubstantiā′tionalist, Transubstan′tiātor. [L. trans, across, substantia, a substance.]

Transude, tran-sūd′, v.i. to ooze or pass through the pores or interstices of a membrane or substance.—pr.p. transūd′ing; pa.p. transūd′ed.—n. Transudā′tion.—adj. Transū′datory. [L. trans, through, sudāre, to sweat.]

Transumptive, tran-sump′tiv, adj. transferred from one to another.—ns. Transumpt′, a copy of a writing; Transump′tion, the act of taking from one place to another.

Transverse, trans-vėrs′, adj. turned or lying across.—adv. crosswise.—n. Transver′sal, a line drawn across several others so as to cut them all.—adv. Transver′sally.—adj. Trans′versary.—adv. Transverse′ly, in a transverse or cross direction.—n. Transver′sion. [L. trans, across, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Transylvanian, tran-sil-vā′ni-an, adj. belonging to Transylvania, in Austro-Hungary.

Trap, trap, n. an instrument for snaring animals: an ambush: a stratagem: a contrivance for hindering the passage of foul air from a waste-pipe, &c.: a trap-door: any rickety structure: a carriage, a vehicle: (slang) a policeman.—v.t. to catch in a trap:—pr.p. trap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. trapped.—ns. Trap′-ball, an old game played with a ball or bat and trap; Trap′-door, a door in a floor shutting like the catch of a trap; Trap′-fall, a trap-door which gives way beneath the feet; Trap′per, one who traps animals for their fur, &c.; Trap′piness, the state of being trappy or unsafe; Trap′ping; Trap′-stair, a stair or kind of ladder surmounted by a trap-door.—adj. Trap′py, treacherous. [A.S. træppe; cog. with Old High Ger. trapa, a snare (whence Fr. trappe, by which the Eng. word has been modified).]

Trap, trap, n. a term loosely applied to many rocks of volcanic origin, so called because lying often in steps or terraces.—adjs. Trap′pēan, Trap′pous, Trap′py.—ns. Trap′-tū′fa, -tuff, a variety of tufa consisting of the detrital matter of trap-rock. [Sw. trapp—trappa, a stair.]

Trap, trap, v.t. to drape or adorn with gay clothes: to ornament:—pr.p. trap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. trapped.—n. a horse-cloth: (pl.) one's personal belongings, luggage.—n.pl. Trap′pings, gay clothes: ornaments, esp. those put on horses. [Fr. drap—Low L. drappus, cloth; cf. Drab, Drape.]

Trapan, tra-pan′, v.t. to trap, to ensnare:—pr.p. trapan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. trapanned′.—n. a snare: a stratagem: a trapanner.—n. Trapan′ner. [From trap, instrument for snaring.]

Trape, trāp, v.i. to run about idly or like a slattern.—n. Trapes, a slattern: a tramp.—v.i. Trapes, Traipse, to gad about idly.

Trapezium, tra-pē′zi-um, n. a plane figure having four unequal sides, no two of which are parallel: one of the wrist-bones—also Trapēze′:—pl. Trapē′zia, Trapē′ziums.—n. Trapēze′, a swing of one or more cross-bars used in gymnastic exercises.—adjs. Trapē′zian, having opposed trapeziform faces; Trapē′ziform, having the form of a trapeze.—n. Trap′ezoid (also Trapē′zoid), a plane four-sided figure like a trapezium, having two of its opposite sides parallel.—adj. Trapezoid′al, having the form of a trapezoid. [Gr. trapezion dim. of trapeza, a table; from tetra, four, pous, podos, a foot.]

Trappist, trap′ist, n. a member of a monastic body, a branch of the Cistercians, noted for the extreme austerity of the rule—so named from the abbey of La Trappe in the French department of Orne.—n. Trap′pistine, a nun of this order of La Trappe.

Trash, trash, n. a clog fastened to a dog or other animal to restrain his movements.—v.t. to encumber, check.

Trash, trash, v.t. to crop: to strip off superfluous leaves.—n. refuse, matter unfit for food, rubbish good for nothing, a worthless person.—n. Trash′ery, trash, rubbish.—adv. Trash′ily.—ns. Trash′iness, the state or quality of being trashy; Trash′trie (Scot.), trash.—adj. Trash′y, like trash; worthless. [Prob. Scand., Ice. tros, fallen twigs.]

Trauma, traw′ma, n. an abnormal condition of the body caused by external injury.—adj. Traumat′ic, produced by wounds.—adv. Traumat′ically.—n. Traum′atism, trauma. [Gr., a wound.]

Travail, trav′āl, n. excessive labour: toil: labour in childbirth.—v.i. to labour: to suffer the pains of childbirth.—p.adj. Trav′eiled (Spens.), toiled. [O. Fr. travail—Low L. travaculum, a shackle—L. trabs, a beam.]

Travail, tra-vā′ye, n. an appliance used among some North American Indians as a means of transporting sick persons, goods, &c.—a kind of litter attached by two poles on each side to a pack-saddle, the other ends trailing on the ground:—pl. Travaux (tra-vō′). [Fr.]

Trave, trāv, n. a beam: a wooden frame to confine unruly horses while being shod. [O. Fr. traf, tref—L. trabs, trabis, a beam.]

Travel, trav′el, v.i. to walk: to journey: to pass: to move.—v.t. to pass: to journey over:—pr.p. trav′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. trav′elled.—n. act of passing from place to place: journey: labour: (pl.) an account of a journey.—p.adj. Trav′elled, having made journeys: knowing.—ns. Trav′eller, one who travels: a wayfarer: one who travels for a mercantile house: a ring that slides along a rope or spar; Trav′eller's-joy, the virgin's-bower, Clematis Vitalba; Trav′eller's-tale, a story that cannot be accepted, a tall story, an astounding lie, a whopper; Trav′eller's-tree, a remarkable Madagascar tree, its stem resembling a plantain, but sending out leaves only on two opposite sides, like a great expanded fan.—adj. Trav′elling.—ns. Trav′elling-bag, a bag for carrying necessaries on a journey, toilet articles, &c.; Trav′elling-carr′iage, a heavy carriage, fitted up for travelling in before railways; Trav′elling-cou′vert, a set of table utensils, arranged to pack up easily for travelling; Trav′elling-crane, a crane fixed on a carriage which may be moved on rails; Trav′elling-dress, a plain and easy dress to wear when travelling.—p.adjs. Trav′el-soiled, -stained, showing the marks of travel; Trav′el-taint′ed (Shak.), fatigued with travel, harassed. [A form of travail.]

Traverse, trav′ėrs, adj. turned or lying across: denoting a method of cross-sailing.—n. anything laid or built across: something that crosses or obstructs: a turn: (law) a plea containing a denial of some fact alleged by an opponent: a work for protection from the fire of an enemy: a gallery from one side of a large building to another.—v.t. to cross: to pass over: to survey: to plane across the grain of the wood: (law) to deny an opponent's allegation.—v.i. (fencing) to use the motions of opposition or counteraction: to direct a gun to the right or left of its position.—adv. athwart, crosswise—(obs.) Trav′ers.—adj. Trav′ersable, that may be traversed or denied.—ns. Trav′erser; Trav′erse-tā′ble, a table or platform for shifting carriages to other rails; Trav′ersing-plat′form, a platform to support a gun and carriage which can easily be turned round. [L. trans, across, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Travertin, -e, trav′er-tin, n. the Italian name for limestone formed by springs holding lime in solution. [It. travertino—L. tiburtinus (lapis), stone of Tibur.]

Travesty, trav′es-ti, adj. having on the vesture or appearance of another: disguised so as to be ridiculous.—n. a kind of burlesque in which the original characters are preserved, the situations parodied.—v.t. to turn into burlesque. [Fr. travestir, to disguise—L. trans, over, vestīre, to clothe.]

Trawl, trawl, v.i. to fish by dragging a trawl along the bottom.—v.t. to drag, to take with a trawl.—n. a wide-mouthed bag-net for trawling: a long line buoyed upon water, with baited hooks at intervals.—ns. Traw′ler, one who, or that which, trawls: a vessel engaged in trawling—a method adopted in deep-sea fishing; Traw′ling. [O. Fr. trauler, also troller, to go hither and thither.]

Tray, trā, n. a shallow trough-like vessel: a salver. [M. E. treye—A.S. treg.]

Treachery, trech′ėr-i, n. faithlessness.—ns. Treach′er, Treach′etour, Treach′our (obs.), a traitor.—adj. Treach′erous, full of treachery: faithless.—adv. Treach′erously.—n. Treach′erousness. [O. Fr. tricherie—tricher—Teut., Mid. High Ger. trechen, to draw. Trick is a doublet.]

Treacle, trē′kl, n. the dark, viscous uncrystallisable syrup obtained in refining sugar, also the drainings of crude sugar, properly distinguished from treacle as molasses.—ns. Trea′cle-sleep, a sweet and refreshing sleep; Trea′cliness, viscosity.—adj. Trea′cly, composed of, or like, treacle. [Orig. 'an antidote against the bite of poisonous animals,' O. Fr. triacle—L. theriacum—Gr. thēriaka (pharmaka), antidotes against the bites of wild beasts—thērion, a wild beast.]

Tread, tred, v.i. to set the foot down: to walk or go: to copulate, as fowls.—v.t. to walk on: to press with the foot: to trample in contempt: to subdue:—pa.t. trod; pa.p. trod or trod′den.—n. pressure with the foot: a step, way of stepping.—ns. Tread′er; Tread′ing; Tread′le, Tred′dle, the part of any machine which the foot moves.—vs.i. to work a treadle.—ns. Tread′ler; Tread′ling; Tread′-mill, a mill in which a rotary motion is produced by the weight of a person or persons treading or stepping from one to another of the steps of a cylindrical wheel, used chiefly as an instrument of prison discipline; Tread′-wheel, a form of tread-mill with steps on its exterior surface, by treading on which the wheel is turned.—Tread down, to trample to destruction; Tread in one's footsteps, or steps, to follow one's example; Tread on, or upon, to trample with contempt: to come close after; Tread on one's toes, to give offence to one; Tread on, or upon, the heels of, to follow close after; Tread out, to press out with the feet: to extinguish; Tread underfoot, to treat with scorn: to destroy. [A.S. tredan; Ice. trodha, Ger. treten.]

Treague, trēg, n. (Spens.) a truce. [It. tregua—Low L. treuga—Goth. triggwa.]

Treason, trē′zn, n. betraying of the government or an attempt to overthrow it: treachery; disloyalty.—adj. Trea′sonable, pertaining to, consisting of, or involving treason.—n. Trea′sonableness.—adv. Trea′sonably.—adj. Trea′sonous.—Treason felony, the crime of desiring to depose the sovereign, intimidate parliament, stir up a foreign invasion, &c.—declared by statute in 1848.—Constructive treason, anything which may be interpreted as equivalent to actual treason by leading naturally to it; High treason, offences against the state; Misprision of treason, knowledge of the principal crime and concealment thereof; Petty treason, the murder of a husband by a wife, a master by a servant, &c. [O. Fr. traïson (Fr. trahison)—trahir—L. tradĕre, to betray.]

Treasure, trezh′ūr, n. wealth stored up: riches: a great quantity collected: great abundance: anything much valued: (obs.) a treasure-house.—v.t. to board up: to collect for future use: to value greatly: to enrich.—ns. Treas′ure-chest, a box for keeping articles of value; Treas′ure-cit′y, a city for stores, magazines, &c.; Treas′ure-house, a house for holding treasures; Treas′urer, one who has the care of a treasure or treasury: one who has charge of collected funds; Treas′urership; Treas′ury, a place where treasure is deposited: a department of a government which has charge of the finances: one of a class of subterranean structures, now believed to be merely sepulchral; Treas′ury-bench, the first row of seats on the Speaker's right hand in the House of Commons, occupied by the members of the government. [Fr. trésor—L. thesaurus—Gr. thēsauros.]

Treasure-trove, trezh′ūr-trōv, n. treasure or money found in the earth, the owner unknown. [Treasure and trové, pa.p. of O. Fr. trover, to find.]

Treat, trēt, v.t. to handle in a particular manner: to discourse on: to entertain, as with food or drink, &c.: to manage in the application of remedies: to use.—v.i. to handle a subject in writing or speaking: to negotiate: to give an entertainment.—n. an entertainment, esp. if of anything unusual: one's turn to provide such.—adj. Treat′able, moderate.—ns. Treat′er; Treat′ing; Treat′ise, a written composition in which a subject is treated: a formal essay; Treat′ment, the act or manner of treating: management: behaviour to any one: way of applying remedies; Treat′y, the act of treating, negotiation: a formal agreement between states: (Shak., same as Entreaty). [O. Fr. traiter—L. tractāre, to manage—trahĕre, tractum, to draw.]

Treble, treb′l, adj. triple: threefold: (mus.) denoting the treble, that plays or sings the treble.—n. the highest of the four principal parts in the musical scale.—v.t. to make three times as much.—v.i. to become threefold:—pa.p. treb′led (-ld).—adj. Treb′le-dā′ted, living three times as long as man.—n. Treb′leness.—p.adj. Treb′le-sin′ewed (Shak.), having threefold sinews, very strong.—adv. Treb′ly. [O. Fr.,—L. triplus.]

Trecento, trā-chen′tō, n. the 14th century in Italian art, &c.—n. Trecen′tist, an admirer of it. [It.]

Trechometer, tre-kom′e-tėr, n. an odometer. [Gr. trechein, to run, metron, measure.]

Tredille, tre-dil′, n. a game at cards for three.—Also Tredrille′.

Tree, trē, n. a plant having a single trunk, woody, branched, and of a large size: anything like a tree: wood, as in the compounds axle-tree, saddle-tree, &c.: a cudgel: (B.) a cross.—v.t. to drive into a tree, to corner: to form on a tree.—v.i. to take refuge in a tree.—ns. Tree′-cac′tus, the giant cactus or saguaro; Tree′-calf, a light-brown calf bookbinding, stained by acids into a conventional pattern, supposed to resemble the trunk of a tree and its branches; Tree′-dove, one of many arboricole Indian pigeons; Tree′-fern, a fern with a tree-like, woody stem, and a head of fronds resembling the leaves of palms, found only in tropical countries; Tree′-frog, a family of Amphibians, more closely related in structure to the toads than to frogs proper.—adjs. Tree′less, having no trees; Trēēn, wooden, made of wood: (Spens.) of trees.—ns. Tree′nail, Tre′nail, a long wooden pin or nail to fasten the planks of a ship to the timbers; Tree′-nymph, a hamadryad; Tree′-of-lib′erty, a tree dedicated to liberty, set up in some public place; Tree′-of-life, arbor vitæ: a tree in the garden of Eden, described in Gen. ii. 9; Tree′ship, existence as a tree; Tree′-top, the top of a tree; Tree′-wor′ship, dendrolatry. [A.S. treó, treów; Ice. tré, Gr. drus, Sans. dru.]

Trefoil, trē′foil, n. a three-leaved plant, as the white and red clover: (archit.) an ornament like trefoil.—n. Tref′le, a trefoil.—adj. Trefle (tref′lā), ending in a three-lobed figure (her.). [L. trifolium—tres, three, folium, a leaf.]

Trehala, trē-hä′la, n. a kind of manna excreted by the insect Larinus maculatus, in the form of cocoons—also Turkish manna.—n. Trē′halōse, a sugar extracted from trehala.

Treillage, trel′āj, n. a frame to train shrubs and fruit-trees upon. [Fr.]

Trek, trek, v.i. to drag a vehicle: to journey by ox-wagon.—n. the distance from one station to another.—n. Trek′ker, a traveller. [Dut. trekken, to draw.]

Trellis, trel′is, n. a structure of cross-barred or lattice work, for supporting plants, &c.: a shed, &c., of trellis-work.—adj. Trell′ised, having a trellis, or formed as a trellis.—n. Trell′is-work, lattice-work. [O. Fr. treillis—L. trichila, a bower.]

Tremando, trā-man′dō, adv. (mus.) in a trembling, wavering manner. [It.]

Trematoda, trem-a-tō′da, n.pl. a class of flat-worms whose members are parasitic in or on a great variety of animals, the body unsegmented, leaf-like or more or less cylindrical, and provided with adhesive suckers.—n. Trem′atode, one of the foregoing—also Trem′atoid.—adj. Trem′atoid, suctorial. [Gr. trēmatōdēs, porous—trēma, a hole.]

Tremble, trem′bl, v.i. to shake, as from fear, cold, or weakness: to shiver: to shake, as sound.—n. the act of trembling: a morbid trembling.—ns. Trem′blement; Trem′bler; Trem′bling.—adv. Trem′blingly.—n. Trem′bling-pop′lar, the aspen.—adj. Trem′bly, tremulous.—adv. tremulously.—adjs. Trem′ūlant, Trem′ūlous, trembling: affected with fear: quivering.—adv. Trem′ūlously.—n. Trem′ūlousness. [O. Fr. trembler—L. tremulus, trembling—tremĕre, to shake.]

Tremella, trē-mel′a, n. a genus of fungi, of the division Hymenomycetes, soft and gelatinous, mostly growing on decaying wood—Witches' Meat, Fairy Butter.—adjs. Trem′elloid, Trem′ellose.

Tremendous, trē-men′dus, adj. such as astonishes or terrifies by its force or greatness: dreadful.—adv. Tremen′dously.—n. Tremen′dousness.

Tremex, trē′meks, n. a genus of hymenopterous insects. [Gr. trēma, a hole.]

Tremolite, trem′ō-līt, n. one of the amphibole group of minerals, composed of silica, magnesia, and lime, occurring usually in long prisms, white or gray, vitreous, translucent to opaque, usually associated with crystalline schistose rocks.—adj. Tremolit′ic. [From the Val Tremola in the Alps.]

Tremolo, trem′ō-lō, n. (mus.) a tremulous effect suggesting passion: the device in an organ by which this is produced—also Trem′olant, Trem′ulant.—adv. Tremolan′do, in a tremulous manner. [It.]

Tremor, trem′or, n. a shaking or quivering, any involuntary shaking.—adj. Trem′orless. [Tremble.]

Trench, trensh, v.t. to dig a ditch: to dig deeply with the spade or plough.—v.i. to encroach.—n. a long narrow cut in the earth: (fort.) an excavation to interrupt the approach of an enemy: an excavated approach made by besiegers.—n. Tren′chancy, causticity.—adjs. Tren′chant, Tren′ching, cutting: sharp: severe—(Spens.) Tren′chand.—ns. Tren′cher; Trench′-plough, a plough for trenching or turning up the land more deeply than usual.—v.t. to plough with a trench-plough. [O. Fr. trencher (Fr. trancher), acc. to Littré from L. truncāre, to maim—truncus, maimed.]

Trencher, tren′shėr, n. a wooden plate formerly used for cutting meat on at meals: the table: food: pleasures of the table.—ns. Tren′cher-cap, a style of college-cap: a mortar-board; Tren′cher-friend (Shak.), one who frequents the table of another, a parasite; Tren′cher-knight, -man (Shak.), one who can do feats in the way of eating, a feeder; Tren′cher-mate, a table-companion, parasite. [O. Fr. trenchoir—trencher, to cut.]

Trend, trend, v.i. to tend, to run, to go in a particular direction: to incline, lean.—n. tendency. [A.S. trendan.]

Trental, tren′tal, n. a service of thirty masses for thirty days, one each day, for a deceased person. [Low L. trentale—L. triginta, thirty.]

Trepan, trē-pan′, v.t. to ensnare:—pr.p. trepan′ning: pa.t. and pa.p. trepanned′. [Same as trapan, of which it is an erroneous spelling.]

Trepan, trē-pan′, n. (surg.) a small cylindrical saw used in perforating the skull: a powerful rock-boring tool.—v.t. to remove a circular piece of the skull with a trepan, in order to relieve the brain from pressure or irritation.—ns. Trepanā′tion, Trepan′ning; Trepan′ner. [Fr.,—Low L. trepanum—Gr. trypănon—trypan, to bore.]

Trepang, trē-pang′, n. the Malay name for a species of Holothuria, much esteemed in China as a food delicacy—bêche-de-mer, sea-slug.

Trephine, tre-fēn′, or tre-fīn′, n. the modern trepan, having a little sharp borer called the centre-pin.—v.t. to perforate with the trephine.

Trepidation, trep-i-dā′-shun, n. a state of confused hurry or alarm: an involuntary trembling.—adj. Trep′id, quaking. [L. trepidāre, -ātum, to hurry with alarm—trepidus, restless.]

Trespass, tres′pas, v.i. to pass over a limit or boundary: to enter unlawfully upon another's land: to inconvenience by importunity: to intrude: to injure or annoy another: to sin.—n. act of trespassing: any injury to another's person or property: a sin.—ns. Tres′passer; Tres′pass-off′ering, an offering in expiation of a trespass or sin (See Lev. xiv. 12-18). [O. Fr. trespasser (Fr. trépasser)—L. trans, across, passāre, to pass.]

Tress, tres, n. a lock or curl of hair: a ringlet (esp. in pl.)—v.t. to form into tresses.—adjs. Tressed, having tresses: formed into tresses or ringlets: curled; Tress′y, pertaining to tresses, like tresses. [Fr. tresse, through Low L. tricia, trica, from Gr. tricha, threefold—treis, three.]

Tressure, tresh′ūr, n. (her.) a subordinary, half the breadth of the orle, and usually borne double, and flowered and counter-flowered with fleurs-de-lis.—p.adj. Tres′sured, having a tressure: arranged in the form of, or occupying the position of, a tressure. [Fr., from tresser, to plait.]

Trestle, tres′l, n. a movable support fastened to a top-piece: the frame of a table—also, Tress′el.—ns. Trest (Scot.), a beam: a stool; Tres′tle-bridge, one whose bed rests on framed sections or trestles; Tres′tle-work, a series of trestles forming a viaduct. [O. Fr. trestel (tréteau); ety. dub.; perh. through a Low L. dim. from L. transtrum, a beam.]

Tret, tret, n. an allowance to purchasers of 4 lb. on every 104 lb. for waste. [Norm. Fr. trett, deduction (Fr. trait)—O. Fr. traire—L. trahĕre, to draw.]

Treviss, trev′is, n. a bar or beam separating stalls: a stall itself. [O. Fr. travers, across.]

Trews, trōōz, n.pl. trousers, esp. of tartan cloth.—n. Trews′man, one wearing trews. [Ir. trius, Gael. triubhas. Cf. Trousers.]

Trey, trā, n. (Shak.) a three at cards or dice: a card or die of three spots. [O. Fr. treis—L. tres, three.]

Triable, trī′a-bl, adj. subject to legal trial.—n. Trī′ableness.

Triact, trī′akt, adj. having three rays.—Also Triac′tinal, Trī′actine.

Triad, trī′ad, n. the union of three: a Welsh composition arranged in groups of three: an association of three kindred deities.—adj. Triad′ic.—n. Trī′adist, a composer of triads. [L. trias, triadis—Gr. trias, triados—treis, three.]

Triadelphous, trī-a-del′fus, adj. (bot.) having stamens united into three bundles. [Gr. treis, tria, three, adelphos, a brother.]

Trial, trī′al, n. a trying: the act of trying: examination by a test: the state of being tried: suffering: temptation: judicial examination: attempt: a piece of ware used to test the heat of a kiln.—ns. Trī′al-day (Shak.), day of trial; Trī′al-fire (Shak.), a fire for trying or proving; Trī′al-trip, an experimental trip of a new vessel, to test her sailing-powers, &c.—On trial, on probation, as an experiment.

Trialism, trī′a-lizm, n. the doctrine of the existence of body, soul, and spirit in man.—ns. Trīal′ity, threeness; Trī′alogue, a colloquy of three persons.

Triandria, trī-an′dri-a, n. an order of plants having three equal stamens.—n. Trian′der, such a plant.—adjs. Trian′drian, Trian′drous. [Gr. treis, tria, three, anēr, andros, a male.]

Triangle, trī′ang-gl, n. (math.) a plane figure with three angles and three sides: a musical instrument of percussion, formed of a steel rod bent in triangle-form, open at one angle: a frame of three halberds stuck in the ground to which soldiers were formerly bound to be flogged (generally pl.).—adjs. Trī′angled, Triang′ūlar, having three angles.—n. Triangūlar′ity.—adv. Triang′ūlarly.—v.t. Triang′ūlāte, to survey by means of a series of triangles.—adv. Triang′ūlātely.—n. Triangūlā′tion, act of triangulating: the series of triangles so used.—adj. Triang′ūloid. [Fr.,—L. triangulum—tres, three, angulus, an angle.]

Triapsal, trī-ap′sal, adj. having three apses.—Also Triap′sidal.

Triarchy, trī′ar-ki, n. government by three persons: a state governed by three persons. [Gr. triarchia—treis, tria, three, archē, beginning, sovereignty.]

Trias, trī′as, n. (geol.) the oldest group of the Mesozoic or Secondary strata, formerly associated with the Permian rocks under the name of the New Red Sandstone.—adj. Trias′sic. [So called by the German geologists, from their threefold grouping of the system, from Gr. trias, union of three.]

Triaxial, trī-ak′si-al, adj. having three axes.—n. Triax′on. [L. tres, tri-, three, axis, axis.]

Tribasic, trī-bā′sik, adj. having three hydrogen atoms replaceable by equivalents of a base—of some acids.

Tribble, trib′l, n. a horizontal frame for drying paper, having wires stretched across it.

Tribe, trīb, n. an aggregate of stocks—a stock being an aggregate of persons considered to be kindred—or an aggregate of families, forming a community usually under the government of a chief: a number of things having certain common qualities.—adj. Trib′al.—n. Trib′alism.—adv. Trib′ally.—ns. Tribe′let; Tribes′man. [L. tribus, orig. applied to one of the three divisions of the ancient Roman people—tri-, tres, three.]

Triblet, trib′let, n. a tapering mandrel on which rings, nuts, &c. are forged.

Tribometer, trī-bom′e-tėr, n. a sled-like apparatus for measuring sliding friction.

Tribonyx, trib′ō-niks, n. a genus of Australian gallinules. [Gr. tribein, to rub, onyx, a claw.]

Tribrach., trī′brak, n. (poet.) a foot of three short syllables.—adj. Tribrach′ic. [L.,—Gr. tribrachys,—tri-, root of treis, three, brachys, short.]

Tribulation, trib-ū-lā′shun, n. severe affliction: distress. [L.,—tribulāre, -ātum, to afflict—tribulum, a sledge for rubbing out corn—terĕre, to rub.]

Tribunal, trī-bū′nal, n. the bench on which a judge and his associates sit to administer justice: court of justice: the confessional. [L.]

Tribune, trib′ūn, n. a magistrate elected by the Roman plebeians to defend their rights: a champion of popular rights: the raised platform from which speeches were delivered, any platform or pulpit.—ns. Trib′unāte, Trib′uneship.—adjs. Tribuni′tial, Tribuni′cian, Tribuni′tian. [L. tribunus—tribus, a tribe.]

Tribute, trib′ūt, n. a fixed amount paid at certain intervals by one nation to another for peace or protection: a personal contribution: acknowledgment, or homage paid.—adv. Trib′ūtarily.—n. Trib′utariness.—adj. Trib′ūtary, paying tribute: subject: yielding supplies of anything, subsidiary: paid in tribute.—n. one who pays tribute: a stream which contributes water to another.—ns. Trib′ute-mon′ey, money paid as tribute; Trib′ūter, a miner paid by a proportion of the ore raised. [L. tributum—tribuĕre, to assign—tribus, a tribe.]

Tricapsular, trī-kap′sū-lar, adj. (bot.) three-capsuled: having three capsules to each flower.

Tricaudate, trī-kaw′dāt, adj. having three tail-like processes, as a butterfly's wing.

Trice, trīs, v.t. (naut.) to haul or lift up by means of a rope:—pr.p. trīc′ing; pa.p. triīced. [Ger. trissen.]

Trice, trīs, n. a very short time: an instant. [Perh. from thrice, while one can count three; or from Sp. tris, noise of breaking glass; cf. Scot. 'in a crack.']

Tricennial, trī-sen′i-al, adj. pertaining to thirty years: occurring every thirty years. [L. tricennium, thirty years—triginta, thirty, annus, a year.]

Tricentenary, trī-sen′te-nā-ri, n. a space of three hundred years. [L. trecenti, three hundred—tres, three, centum, a hundred.]

Tricephalous, trī-sef′a-lus, adj. three-headed [Gr., treis, three, kephalē, a head.]

Triceps, trī′seps, adj. three-headed.—Also Tricip′ital. [L., tres, three, caput, head.]

Tricerion, trī-sē′ri-on, n. in Greek ecclesiastical use, a candlestick with three lights. [Late Gr.,—Gr. treis, three, kēros, wax.]

Trichangia, trī-kan′ji-a, n.pl. the capillary blood vessels. [Gr. thriks—trichos, hair, angeion, a vessel.]

Trichatrophia, trik-a-trō′fi-a, n. a brittle condition of the hair.—ns. Trich′ia, a folding inward of the eyelashes; Trichī′asis, a kidney disease: a morbid swelling of the breasts: trichia. [Gr. thrix, trichos, hair, atrophia, atrophy.]

Trichina, tri-kī′na, n. a parasitic worm, which in its mature state infests the intestinal canal, and in its larval state the muscular tissue of man and certain animals, esp. the hog:—pl. Trichī′næ:—ns. Trichinī′asis (more usually Trichinō′sis), the disease caused by the presence of trichinæ in the body; Tricninisā′tion.—adjs. Trich′inōsed, Trichinot′ic, Trich′inous. [Gr. trichinos, small like a hair—thrix, trichos, hair.]

Trichite, trī′kīt, n. a spicule of some sponges.—adj. Trichit′ic.

Trichogenous, trī-koj′e-nus, adj. helping the hair to grow.—ns. Trichoclā′sia, Trichoclā′sis, a brittle condition of the hair; Trich′ogen, a preparation for causing the hair to grow; Trichogyne (trik′ō-jīn), the slender portion of the procarp in red algæ, a receptive organ of reproduction; Trichol′ogy, the knowledge of the hair; Trichō′ma, a morbid condition of the hair, introversion of the eyelid.—adjs. Trichom′atose; Trichopath′ic, relating to disease of the hair.—ns. Trichop′athy, the treatment of diseases of the hair; Trich′ophōre (bot.), the cell or cells in certain algæ supporting the trichogyne: a sac-like body from which the chitinous parapodial appendages of an annelid are developed.—adjs. Trichophor′ic, Trichoph′orous.—ns. Trichoph′yton, a fungus growth round the hair-bulbs causing baldness, ringworm, &c.; Trichophytō′sis, disease of the skin due to the presence of the foregoing; Trichorex′is, brittleness of the hair; Trichorrhē′a, a falling of the hair; Trichō′sis, any disease of the hair.

Trichoptera, trī-kop′te-ra, n.pl. the caddis-flies.—adjs. Trichop′teran, Trichop′terous.

Trichotomous, trī-kot′ō-mus, adj. divided into three parts, or into threes—also Trichotom′ic.—adv. Trichot′omously.—n. Trichot′omy, division into three parts. [Gr. tricha, threefold, treis, three; tomē, a cutting—temnein, to cut.]

Trichromatic, trī-krō-mat′ik, adj. characterised by three colours, having the three fundamental colour-sensations of red, green, and purple, of the normal eye, as opposed to the colour-blind eye, which has but two.—Also Trichrō′mic. [Gr. treis, three, chrōma, colour.]

Trichronous, trī′krō-nus, adj. in ancient prosody, consisting of three times or moræ, trisemic. [Gr. treis, three, chronos, time.]

Trick, trik, v.t. to dress, to decorate.—n. Trick′ing, the act of one who tricks: (Shak.) dress, ornament. [Celt.; W. treciaw, to adorn.]

Trick, trik, n. any fraud or stratagem to deceive, an illusion: a clever contrivance to puzzle, amuse, or annoy: a particular habit or manner, skill, adroitness, manner: a parcel of cards falling to a winner at one turn: any toy or gimcrack: a turn as at the helm: (slang) a watch.—v.t. to deceive, to cheat.—ns. Trick′er; Trick′ery, act or practice of playing tricks: artifice: stratagem: imposition.—adv. Trick′ily.—n. Trick′iness.—adj. Trick′ish, addicted to tricks: artful in making bargains.—adv. Trick′ishly, in a trickish manner: artfully: knavishly.—n. Trick′ishness, the state of being trickish or deceitful.—adv. Trick′ly, cleverly, deftly.—n. Trick′scene, a scene in which changes are made before the audience.—adjs. Trick′sey, Trick′sy, trickish, exhibiting artfulness: pretty, dainty, neat.—n. Trick′siness, state of being tricksey.—adj. Trick′some.—ns. Trick′ster, one who practises tricks, a cheat; Trick′-wig, a kind of wig worn by actors, the hair of which can be made to stand on end by a device.—adj. Trick′y. [O. Fr. tricher, to beguile—L. tricāri, to trifle.]

Trickle, trik′l, v.i. to flow gently or in a small stream.—n. a trickling rill.—n. Trick′let, a little rill.—adj. Trick′ly, trickling. [M. E. triklen, prob. for striklen, freq. of striken, to go.]

Trick-track, trik′-trak, n. a form of backgammon in which pegs as well as pieces are used.—Also Tric′-trac, Tick′-tack. [Fr. tric trac]

Triclinic, trī-klin′ik, adj. (min.) having three axes obliquely inclined to each other. [Gr. treis, three, klinein, to bend.]

Triclinium, trī-klin′i-um, n. a couch running round three sides of a table for reclining on at meals: a dining-room with couches on three sides. [L.,—Gr. triklinos—treis, three, klinē, a couch.]

Tricolour, Tricolor, trī′kul-or, n. the national flag of France, of three colours, red, white, and blue, in vertical stripes.—adj. Trī′coloured, having three colours. [Fr. tricolore—L. tres, three, color, colour.]

Triconsonantal, trī-kon′sō-nan-tal, adj. composed of three consonants.—Also Triconsonan′tic.

Tricorn, trī′korn, adj. having three horns.—n. a hat with three points or corners. [L. tricornis, three-horned—tres, three, cornu, a horn.]

Tricornigerous, trī-kor-nij′e-rus, adj. bearing three horns. [L. tres, three, cornu, a horn, gerĕre, to bear.]

Tricornute, -d, trī-kor′nūt, -ed, adj. having three horn-like processes.

Tricorporate, trī-kor′pō-rāt, adj. having three bodies and only one head common to the three.

Tricot, trē′kō, n. a hand-knitted woollen fabric, or machine fabric imitating it: a soft, slightly-ribbed cloth for women's garments. [Fr. tricot, knitting, tricoter, to knit, from Teut.; Ger. stricken.]

Tricrotic, trī-krot′ik, adj. having three beats.—n. Trī′crotism.—adj. Trī′crotous. [Gr. treis, three, krotos, a beat.]

Tricuspid, trī-kus′pid, adj. having three cusps or points: (anat.) denoting certain of the teeth, and the valve of the right ventricle of the heart.—adj. Tricus′pidate (bot.), three-pointed or ending in three points. [L. tricuspis, tricuspidis—tri, tris, thrice, cuspis, a point.]

Tricycle, trī′si-kl, n. a velocipede with three wheels.—v.i. to ride on such.—n. Trī′cyclist. [Gr. tri-, root of treis, three, kyklos, circle, wheel.]

Tridacna, trī-dak′na, n. a genus of bivalves, the giant clam, without the shell weighing 20 lb., with the shell so much even as 500 lb. [Gr. treis, three, daknein, to bite.]

Trident, trī′dent, n. the three-pronged spear or sceptre of Neptune, god of the ocean: any three-toothed instrument.—adjs. Trī′dent, Trident′āte, Trī′dented, having three teeth or prongs. [Fr.,—L. tres, three, dens, dentis, tooth.]

Tridentine, trī-den′tin, adj. pertaining to the Council of Trent (1545-63), or to its decrees.—n. a Roman Catholic. [L. Tridentum, Trent.]

Tridimensional, trī-di-men′shun-al, adj. having three dimensions—length, breadth, thickness.

Triduum, trid′ū-um, n. a space of three days: a three days' service of prayer preparatory to a saint's day, &c.—adj. Trid′ūan, lasting three days. [L.]

Tridymite, trid′i-mīt, n. a brittle mineral composed of silica, which occurs in various acid igneous rocks in the form of thin transparent six-sided plates, several of which are usually grouped together.

Triennial, trī-en′yal, adj. continuing three years: happening every third year.—adv. Trienn′ially. [L. triennis—tres, three, annus, a year.]

Trier, trī′ėr, n. one who tries by experiment: one who tries, as a judge: one of Cromwell's commissioners for examining into the qualifications of ministers: (Shak.) one who brings to the test, a test.

Trierarch, trī′ėr-ärk, n. the commander of an ancient Greek trireme—also a person obliged to furnish ships to the state.—adj. Trī′erarchal.—n. Trī′erarchy, the office of trierarch: the system of requisitioning vessels from wealthy citizens. [Gr. triērēs, a trireme, archein, to rule.]

Trieteric, -al, trī-e-tėr′ik, -al, adj. triennial. [Gr., treis, three, etos, a year.]

Trifacial, trī-fā′shal, adj, threefold and pertaining to the face, esp. of the fifth cranial nerve.—n. the trigeminal nerve. [L. tres, three, facies, face.]

Trifarious, trī-fā′ri-us, adj. arranged in three rows: facing three ways.

Trifle, trī′fl, v.i. to act or talk lightly: to indulge in light or silly amusements: to waste or spend idly or unprofitably (with).—n. anything of little value: a light confection of whipped cream or white of egg, with fruit, wine, &c.—n. Trī′fler.—adj. Trī′fling, of small value or importance: trivial.—adv. Trī′flingly.—n. Trī′flingness. [O. Fr. trufle, dim. of truffe, a gibe, also a truffle.]

Triflorous, trī-flō′rus, adj. three-flowered.—Also Triflō′ral.

Trifoliate, -d, trī-fō′li-āt, -ed, adj. three-leaved.—ns. Trifō′lium, a genus of small plants of the bean family—the clovers with trifoliate leaves and purple, red, white, or yellow flowers; Trī′foly (Browning), trefoil. [L. tres, three, folium, leaf.]

Triforium, trī-fō′ri-um, n. the arcade over the arches of a church between nave and side aisles:—pl. Trifō′ria. [L. tri, tris, thrice, foris, a door.]

Triform, trī′form, adj. having a triple form—also Trī′formed.—n. Triform′ity.—adj. Triform′ous. [L. triformis—tres, three, forma, form.]

Trifurcate, -d, trī-fur′kāt, -ed, adj. having three forks or branches.—v.i. Trifur′cate, to divide into three parts.—n. Trifurcā′tion. [L. trifurcus—tri, tris, thrice, furca, a fork.]

Trig, trig, adj. trim, neat: tight, sound.—n. a dandy.—adv. Trig′ly.—n. Trig′ness. [Prob. Scand., Ice. tryggr, fine.]

Trig, trig, n. a skid for a wheel, &c.: the mark for players at skittles, &c.—v.t. to stop, to obstruct, to skid.

Trigamous, trig′am-us, adj. (bot.) having three sorts of flowers, male, female, and hermaphrodite, in the same flower-head.—ns. Trig′amist, one who marries three wives; Trig′amy, the state of having three husbands or wives at the same time. [Gr. tri, tris, three, gamos, marriage.]

Trigeminal, trī-jem′i-nal, adj. triple, threefold.—adj. Trigem′inous, born three at a birth.—n. Trigemi′nus, the trifacial nerve.

Trigger, trig′ėr, n. a catch which when pulled looses the hammer of a gun in firing: a catch to hold a wheel when driving on steep ground. [Dut. trekker—trekken, to pull.]

Trigla, trig′la, n. the typical genus of Triglidæ, the gurnards.—adj. Trig′loid.

Triglot, trī′glot, adj. containing three languages. [Gr. treis, three, glōssa, glōtta, tongue.]

Triglyph, trī′glif, n. a three-grooved tablet at equal distances along the frieze in Doric architecture.—adjs. Triglyph′ic, -al, consisting of, or pertaining to, triglyphs: containing three sets of characters or sculptures. [L. triglyphus—Gr. triglyphos—treis, three, glyphein, to carve.]

Trigon, trī′gon, n. a three-cornered figure, a triangle—also Trigō′non: (astrol.) the junction of three signs, the zodiac being divided into four trigons—the first or watery trigon, Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces; the earthly, Taurus, Virgo, Capricornus; the airy, Gemini, Libra, Aquarius; the fiery, Aries, Leo, Sagittarius.—adjs. Trig′onal, triangular in cross-section: three-angled, esp. in botany; Trigon′ic, pertaining to a trigon; Trig′onous, three-angled. [Gr. trigōnon—tri, tris, thrice, gōnia, an angle.]

Trigoneutic, trī-gō-nū′tik, adj. producing three broods in a year, of insects.—n. Trigoneu′tism. [Gr. treis, three, goneuein, to beget.]

Trigonometry, trig-ō-nom′e-tri, n. the branch of mathematics which treats of the relations between the sides and angles of triangles.—n. Trigonom′eter, an instrument for solving plane right-angled figures by inspection.—adjs. Trigonomet′ric, -al, pertaining to trigonometry: done by the rules of trigonometry.—adv. Trigonomet′rically.—Trigonometrical survey, the survey of a country by triangulation and trigonometrical calculation upon a single base. [Gr. trigōnon, a triangle, metron, a measure.]

Trigram, trī′gram, n. same as Trigraph.—adjs. Trigrammat′ic, Trigram′mic. [Gr. tri, tris, thrice, gramma, a letter.]

Trigraph, trī′graf, n. a combination of three letters sounded as one, a triphthong. [Gr. tri, tris, thrice, and graphē, a writing—graphein, to write.]

Trigynia, trī-jin′i-a, n. an order of plants having three pistils or styles.—n. Trī′gyn, a plant with three styles.—adjs. Trīgyn′ian, Trig′ynous. [Gr. tri, tris, thrice, gynē, a woman.]

Trihedral, trī-hē′dral, adj. having three equal sides.—n. Trihē′dron, a figure having three equal bases or sides. [Gr. treis, three, hedra, a seat.]

Trijugate, trī′jōō-gāt, adj. (bot.) having three pairs of leaflets or pinnæ.—Also Trī′jugous.

Trilabe, trī′lāb, n. a three-pronged surgical instrument for removing calculi from the bladder. [Gr. treis, three, labē, a hold.]

Trilaminar, trī-lam′i-nar, adj. having three laminæ, lamellæ, or layers.—Also Trīlam′inate.

Trilateral, trī-lat′ėr-al, adj. having three sides.—adv. Trilat′erally.—n. Trilat′eralness. [L. tres, three, latus, side.]

Trilemma, trī-lem′a, n. a dilemmatic syllogism with three alternative propositions.

Trilingual, trī-ling′gwal, adj. consisting of three tongues or languages.—Also Triling′uar. [L. tres, three, lingua, tongue.]

Triliteral, trī-lit′ėr-al, adj. consisting of three letters.—n. Trilit′eralism. [L. tres, three, litera, a letter.]

Trilith, trī′lith, n. a form of megalithic monument consisting of two upright stones supporting another lying crosswise—also Trī′lithon.—adj. Trilith′ic. [Gr. treis, three, lithos, stone.]

Trill, tril, v.t. and v.i. to shake: to utter with a tremulous vibration, to quaver: to pronounce with a quick vibration of the tongue.—n. a quaver or tremulous vibration, warbling. [It. trillare, to shake; imit.]

Trill, tril, v.i. to trickle: (obs.) to twirl. [Scand., Sw. trilla, to roll.]

Trilling, tril′ing, n. a compound threefold crystal: any one child of a triplet.

Trillion, tril′yun, n. a million raised to the third power, or multiplied twice by itself: in France, a thousand multiplied by itself three times, a million million.—adj. Trill′ionth. [Fr.,—L. tres, three, Low L. millio, a million.]

Trillium, tril′i-um, n. a North American genus of low perennial herbs of the lily family—including wake-robin, three-leaved nightshade, &c.

Trilobate, -d, trī-lō′bāt, or trī′lō-bāt, -ed, adj. having three lobes.—Also Trī′lobed.

Trilobite, trī′lō-bīt, n. one of an order of fossil crustacea entirely confined to the Paleozoic rocks.—adj. Trilobit′ic.

Trilogy, tril′ō-ji, n. the name given by the Greeks to a group of three tragedies, either connected by a common subject or each representing a distinct story—the Oresteia of Æschylus, which embraces the Agamemnon, the Chœphorœ, and the Eumenides. [Gr. trilogia—tri, tris, thrice, logia, speech—legein, to say.]

Trim, trim, adj. in good order: nice.—v.t. to make trim: to put in due order: to dress: to decorate: to clip: to reduce to proper form: to arrange for sailing: to rebuke sharply, to thrash.—v.i. to balance or fluctuate between parties:—pr.p. trim′ming; pa.t. and pa.p. trimmed.—n. dress: ornaments: state of a ship as to sailing qualities: arrangement.—adv. Trim′ly.—ns. Trim′mer, one who trims: one who fluctuates between parties, a time-server: a scold: a small horizontal beam on a floor into which the ends of joists are framed: a float bearing a baited hook and line, used in fishing for pike; Trim′ming, that which trims: ornamental parts, esp. of a garment, dish, &c.: (pl.) fittings.—adv. Trim′mingly.—n. Trim′ness. [A.S. trymian, to strengthen, set in order—trum, firm.]

Trimensual, trī-men′sū-al, adj. happening every three months—also Trimes′tral, Trimes′trial.—n. Trimes′ter, a period of three months.

Trimera, trim′e-ra, n.pl. a division of beetles with tarsi three-jointed.—adj. Trim′erous. [Gr. treis, three, meros, part.]

Trimeter, trim′e-tėr, n. a division of a verse consisting of three measures.—adjs. Trim′eter, Trimet′ric, -al, consisting of three measures, esp. iambic. [Gr. trimetros—treis, three, metron, measure.]

Trimethyl, trī-meth′il, adj. containing three methyl radicals in combination.—n. Trimeth′ylamine, an organic base resembling ammonia in some of its properties, and having a strong herring-brine odour—incorrectly called propylamine.

Trimorphism, trī-mor′fizm, n. (biol.) the existence of an organism in three distinct forms, as in certain butterflies, in the common flower Lythrum salicaria, &c.—adjs. Trimor′phic, Trimor′phous.

Trimurti, tri-mōōr′ti, n. the name of the Hindu triad, or the gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva when thought of as an inseparable unity, though three in form.

Trinal, trī′nal, adj. threefold.—adjs. Trī′nary, ternary; Trine, threefold: of three.—n. a triad: the aspect of two planets, as seen from the earth, distant from each other one-third of the zodiac or 120°. [L. trinus—tres, tria, three.]

Trindle, trin′dl, n. a piece of wood, &c., laid between the cords and boards of a book to flatten before cutting: a wheel of a barrow.—v.i. to roll, to trot.—v.t. to trundle. [A variant of trendle.]

Trinervate, trī-nėr′vāt, adj. three-nerved.—Also Trī′nerved.

Tringa, tring′gä, n. a genus of sandpipers, of family Scolopacidæ—containing the knot, &c.—adjs. Trin′gine, Trin′goid.

Tringle, tring′gl, n. a rod on which the rings of a curtain run: a small moulding of rectangular cross-section, in a Doric triglyph, &c.: a strip of wood at the edge of a gun-platform to turn the recoil of the truck. [Fr.]

Trinity, trin′i-ti, n. the union of three in one Godhead: the persons of the Godhead: any symbolical representation of the persons of the Trinity.—adj. Trinitā′rian, pertaining to the Trinity, or to the doctrine of the Trinity.—n. one who holds the doctrine of the Trinity: a member of the Trinitarian order.—n. Trinitā′rianism, the tenets of Trinitarians.—n.pl. Trinitā′rians, a religious order founded at Rome in 1198 to redeem Christian captives from the infidels—also Mathurins and Redemptionists.—ns. Trin′ity-house, a corporation entrusted with the regulation and management of the lighthouses and buoys of the shores and rivers of England, and with the licensing and appointing of pilots for the English coast, founded at Deptford in 1518; Trin′ity-Sun′day, the Sunday next after Whitsunday, the Festival of the Holy Trinity; Trin′ity-term, formerly one of the fixed terms of the English law-courts that commenced on Friday next after Trinity Sunday. [L. trinitas, three—trini, three each—tres, three.]

Trinket, tring′ket, n. a small ornament for the person: anything of little value.—v.i. to deal in a mean and underhand way: to intrigue.—ns. Trink′eter, a mean intriguer; Trink′etry, trinkets collectively. [Skeat suggests that M. E. trenket, trynket, may be from an O. Fr. trenquer, to cut, a by-form of trencher, to cut.]

Trinket, tring′ket, n. a vessel to drink out of. [Prob. conn. somehow with preceding.]

Trinket, tring′ket, n. a topsail. [O. Fr. trinquet—L. triquetrus, three-cornered.]

Trinomial, trī-nō′mi-al, adj. (math.) consisting of three names or terms connected by the sign plus or minus.—n. a trinomial quantity.—ns. Trinō′mialism; Trinō′mialist; Trinomial′ity.—adj. Trinō′mially. [L. tres, three, nomen, name.]

Trio, trē′o, or trī′o, n. three united: (mus.) a composition for three performers. [It.,—L. tres, three.]

Triodion, trī-ō′di-on, n. a book of Greek offices for the services from the Sunday before Septuagesima to Easter. [Gr. treis, three, hodos, a way.]

Triolet, trē′ō-let, n. a stanza of eight lines on two rhymes—the 1st, 3d, 4th, and 5th lines rhyming, as also the 2d and 6th. Again, the words of the 1st, 4th, and 7th lines are the same, while the 7th and 8th repeat the first two. [Fr.]

Triones, trī-ō′nēz, n.pl. a name applied to the seven principal stars in the constellation Ursa Major. [L.]

Trionym, trī′ō-nim, n. a name consisting of three terms.—adj. Trion′ymal.

Trip, trip, v.i. to move with short, light steps: to stumble and fall: to err, to go wrong, to make a slip in chastity: to fail.—v.t. to cause to stumble by striking one's feet from under him (with up): to overthrow by taking away support: to catch: to catch in a fault: to loosen, as an anchor, from the bottom, by a long rope: to turn, as a yard, from a horizontal to a vertical position: to fold in the middle, as a deep stage-drop: to strike against:—pr.p. trip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. tripped.—n. a light, short step: a catch by which an antagonist is thrown: one of the points in coursing, when the hare is thrown off its legs: a false step: a mistake: a short voyage or journey, a jaunt.—ns. Trip′-book, a book in which the records and accounts of the trip of a fishing-boat are made up and kept: Trip′-hamm′er, a large hammer used in forges, a tilt-hammer; Trip′per, a cheap excursionist, a tourist doing a certain round: one who stumbles or who makes another stumble; Trip′-slip (U.S.), a strip of paper on which a car-conductor must punch a hole when a fare is taken. [M. E. trippen; cog. with Dut. trippen, trappen, to tread upon, trippelen, to trip, Sw. trippa, to trip.]

Tripartite, trip′ar-tīt, or trī-pär′tīt, adj. divided into three parts: having three corresponding parts: relating to three parties.—adv. Trip′artitely.—n. Triparti′tion, a division into three. [L. ter, thrice, partitus, pa.p. of partīri, to divide—pars, a part.]

Tripe, trīp, n. entrails: parts of the compound stomach of a ruminant, esp. of sheep or horned cattle, prepared as food—the parts used being the paunch or rumen (yielding plain tripe), and the smaller reticulum (yielding honeycomb tripe).—ns. Tripe′man, one who prepares tripe or who hawks it about; Trī′pery, a place for the preparation or sale of tripe.—Tripe de Roche, a name originally given to various species of lichens of the genera Gyrophora and Umbilicaria, nutritious though bitter, nauseous, and purgative. [Celt.; Ir., triopas, W. tripa.]

Tripedal, trip′e-dal, or trī′ped-al, adj. having three feet. [L. tres, three, pes, pedis, a foot.]

Tripennate, trī-pen′āt, adj. (bot.) three-winged. [L. tri, tris, thrice, penna, a wing.]

Tripersonal, trī-pėr′sun-al, adj. consisting of three persons.—ns. Triper′sonalist, a believer in the Trinity; Tripersonal′ity.

Tripetalous, trī-pet′al-us, adj. (bot.) having three petals or flower-leaves. [Gr. treis, three, petalon, a leaf.]

Triphthong, trif′thong, n. a combination of three vowels to form one sound.—adj. Triphthong′al. [Gr. treis, three, phthongos, sound.]

Triphyllous, trī-fil′us, adj. (bot.) three-leaved. [Gr. tri, tris, thrice, phyllon, a leaf.]

Triphysite, trif′i-sīt, n. one of a Spanish sect of the 7th century who maintained the existence of three natures in Christ—the human, the divine, and a third resulting from the union of the other two. [Gr. treis, three, physis, nature.]

Tripitaka, tri-pit′a-ka, n. the whole body of the northern Buddhist canonical writings, comprising the three divisions of Sutras, or discourses of the Buddha for the laity; Vinaya, or discipline for the order; and Abhidharma, or metaphysics. [Sans. tri, three, pitaka, basket.]

Triple, trip′l, adj. consisting of three united: three times repeated: (Shak.) third.—v.t. to treble.—adjs. Trip′le-crowned, having three crowns: wearing the triple crown, as the pope; Trip′le-head′ed, having three heads.—n. Trip′let, three of a kind, or three united: three lines rhyming together: (mus.) a group of three notes occupying the time of two, indicated by a slur and the figure 3: (coll.) one of three children born at one birth.—adj. Trip′le-turned (Shak.), three times faithless.—n. Trī′plex, triple time in music.—adj. Trip′licate, threefold: made thrice as much.—n. a third copy or thing corresponding to two others of the same kind.—v.t. to make threefold.—ns. Triplicā′tion, act of making threefold or adding three together; Triplic′ity, the state of being threefold: tripleness: (Spens.) a triad: (astrol.) the division of the signs according to the number of the elements.—adv. Trip′ly.—Triple Alliance, the league of England, Sweden, and the Netherlands formed against France in 1668: the alliance of Britain, France, and Holland against Spain in 1717: the alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy, formed in 1883, and directed to check French or Russian aggression; Triple crown (her.), see Tiara; Triple time (mus.), time or rhythm of three beats, or of three times three beats, in a bar.—The Triple Event, winning the Oaks, St Leger, and Derby. [Fr.,—L. tri-plus—tri-, tres, three, -plus, akin to Eng. -fold.]

Tripod, trī′pod, n. anything on three feet or legs, as a stool, &c.—adj. having three legs or supports.—adj. Trip′odal. [Gr. tripous, tripodos—tri, treis, three, pous, foot.]

Tripoli, trip′ō-li, n. a mineral substance employed in polishing metals, marble, glass, &c. [Orig. brought from Tripoli in Africa.]

Tripos, trī′pos, n. a university examination for honours at Cambridge: the list of successful candidates in an honours examination at Cambridge: a tripod. [Prob. traceable to the custom by which a B.A., known as Mr Tripos, sat on a three-legged stool and disputed in the Philosophy School at Cambridge on Ash Wednesday, his speech being called the Tripos speech.]

Tripping, trip′ing, n. the act of tripping: a light kind of dance.—adv. Tripp′ingly, in a tripping manner: with a light, quick step.—n. Tripp′ingness.

Tripsacum, trip′sa-kum, n. a genus of American grasses, including the gama-grass.

Tripsis, trip′sis, n. pulverisation: the process of shampooing. [Gr.,—tribein, to rub.]

Triptote, trip′tōt, n. a noun used in three cases only. [Fr.,—Gr. triptōton—treis, three, ptōtos, falling,—piptein, to fall.]

Triptych, trip′tik, n. a set of tablets consisting of three leaves, each painted with a distinct subject, but joined together by hinges, and capable of being folded so as to present a new face. [Gr. tri, thrice, ptyx, ptychos, a fold, a leaf—ptyssein, to fold.]

Tripudium, trī-pū′di-um, n. among the Romans, a religious dance, also a mode of divination based on observation of the action of birds feeding.—adj. Tripū′diary.—n. Tripudiā′tion, dancing. [L., prob. from tres, three, pes, pedis, foot.]

Triquetrous, trī-kwet′rus, adj. three-sided: triangular—also Triquet′ral.—n. Triquet′ra, an ornament consisting of three interlaced arcs, common in early art in northern Europe.—adv. Triquet′rously.—n. Triquet′rum, one of the triangular Wormian bones in the lambdoid suture of the skull. [L. tres, three, -quetrus, prob. a mere formative.]

Triradiate, trī-rā′di-āt, adj. radiating in three directions.—adv. Trirā′dially.

Trireme, trī′rēm, n. an ancient galley—esp. a war-galley—having three banks or rows of oars. [Fr.,—L. triremis—tri, tres, three, remus, an oar.]

Trisagion, tri-sā′gi-on, n. a hymn used in the early and Oriental Churches, and in the Greek Church, consisting of the words 'O Holy God, holy and mighty, holy and immortal, have mercy on us.' The name is often applied erroneously to the Tersanctus. [Gr. tris, thrice, hagios, holy.]

Trisect, trī-sekt′, v.t. to cut or divide into three equal parts.—n. Trisec′tion, the division of anything, as an angle, into three equal parts. [L. tri, thrice, secāre, sectum, to cut.]

Triseme, trī′sēm, adj. and n. consisting of three semeia, equal to three short syllables, as the tribrach, iambic, and trochee.—Also Trisē′mic. [Gr. treis, three, sēma, a sign.]

Triserial, trī-sē′ri-al, adj. in three rows or series—also Trisē′riate.—advs. Trisē′rially, in three series; Triseriā′tim, in three rows, triserially.

Trisetum, trī-sē′tum, n. a genus of grasses, of the tribe Aveneæ, mostly perennial tufted grasses with flat leaves and shining spikelets. [L. tres, three, setum, a bristle.]

Triskele, tris′kēl, n. a three-armed cross, the fylfot. [Gr. treis, three, skelos, a leg.]

Trismegistus, tris-me-gis′tus, adj. thrice greatest, an epithet used only in 'Hermes Trismegistus,' the Greek name of the Egyptian god Thoth, originator of Egyptian culture, the god of writing, of religion, and of the arts and sciences.

Trismus, tris′mus, n. tetanic spasm of the muscles of mastication, lockjaw. [Gr.,—trizein, to gnash.]

Trisoctahedron, tris-ok′ta-hē-dron, n. a solid bounded by twenty-four equal faces, three corresponding to each face of an octahedron.

Trispermous, trī-sper′mus, adj. three-seeded.—n. Trisper′mum, a poultice made of the crushed seeds of cummin, bay, and smallage.

Trisplanchnic, trī-splangk′nik, adj. pertaining to the viscera of the three great cavities of the body, the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal. [Gr. treis, three, splangchna, viscera.]

Trisporic, trī-spor′ik, adj. having three spores.—Also Trispō′rous.

Tristesse, tris-tes′, n. (arch.) sadness.—adjs. Trist, Trist′ful. (Shak.), sad, sorrowful, gloomy.—adv. Trist′fully. [Fr. triste—L. tristis, sad.]

Tristichous, tris′ti-kus, adj. (bot.) grouped in three rows. [Gr. treis, three, stichos, a row.]

Tristigmatic, trī-stig-mat′ik, adj. having three stigmas.—Also Tristig′matōse.

Trisulcate, trī-sul′kāt, adj. having three forks or prongs: (bot.) having three furrows. [L. trisulcus—tri, tris, thrice, sulcus, a furrow.]

Trisyllable, trī-, or tri-sil′a-bl, n. a word of three syllables.—adjs. Trisyllab′ic, -al, pertaining to a trisyllable: consisting of three syllables.—adv. Trisyllab′ically. [Gr. treis, three, syllabē, syllable.]

Tritagonist, tri-tag′on-ist, n. the third actor in the Greek drama. [Gr. tritos, third, agonistēs, an actor.]

Trite, trīt, adj. worn out by use: used till its novelty and interest are lost: hackneyed.—adv. Trite′ly.—n. Trite′ness. [It. trito—L. tritus, rubbed, pa.p. of terĕre, to rub.]

Triternate, trī-ter′nāt, adj. thrice ternate—of a ternate leaf in which each division is divided into three parts, and each of these into three leaflets, thus making twenty-seven, as in some Umbelliferæ:—Also Trip′licate-ter′nate.

Tritheism, trī′thē-izm, n. the doctrine of three Gods: the opinion that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are actually different beings.—n. Trī′theist, one who maintains the doctrine of tritheism.—adjs. Tritheis′tic, -al. [Gr. treis, three, theos, a god.]

Trithionic, trī-thī-on′ik, adj. containing three sulphur atoms.—n. Trithī′ōnāte, a salt of trithionic acid. [Gr. treis, three, theion, sulphur.]

Tritical, trit′i-kal, adj. trite, common.—adv. Trit′ically.—n. Trit′icalness. [Formed from trite, in imitation of critical.]

Triticum, trit′i-kum, n. a genus of grasses including the varieties of wheat.—adj. Tritic′eous. [L. 'wheat'—terĕre, tritum, to rub.]

Tritoma, tri-tō′ma, n. a genus of tufted herbaceous plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceæ.

Triton, trī′ton, n. (myth.) a marine demi-god, one of the trumpeters of Poseidon (Neptune), his trumpet being a wreathed univalve shell: a genus of molluscs with a wreathed univalve shell. [Gr. Trītōn.]

Tritone, trī′tōn, n. an interval in music composed of three whole steps or tones.

Tritorium, trī-tō′ri-um, n. a vessel for separating liquids of different densities.—Also Tritū′rium.

Tritubercular, trī-tū-ber′kū-lar, adj. having three tubercles or cusps—also Trituber′culate.—n. Trituber′culism.

Triturate, trit′ū-rāt, v.t. to rub or grind to a fine powder.—adj. Trit′urable, that may be reduced to a fine powder by grinding.—ns. Triturā′tion; Triturā′tor; Trit′urāture. [Late L. triturāre, -ātum—L. terĕre, to rub.]

Triumph, trī′umf, n. in ancient Rome, a solemn procession in honour of a victorious general: joy for success: victory: (Shak.) a trump card.—v.i. to celebrate a victory with pomp: to rejoice for victory: to obtain victory: to be prosperous: to boast, exult (with over): (Shak.) to shine brightly.—v.t. (Milt.) to boast over.—adj. Trium′phal, pertaining to triumph: used in celebrating victory.—n. (Milt.) a token of victory.—adj. Trium′phant, celebrating or rejoicing for a triumph: expressing joy for success: victorious.—adv. Trium′phantly.—n. Trī′umpher.—adv. Trī′umphingly, in a triumphing manner: with triumph or exultation.—Triumphal arch, an arch erected in connection with the triumph of a Roman general, any decorative arch in public rejoicings, &c.—Church triumphant (see Church). [L. triumphus; akin to Gr. thriambos, a hymn to Bacchus.]

Triumvir, trī-um′vir, n. one of three men in the same office or government:—pl. Trium′virī, Trium′virs.—adj. Trium′viral.—n. Trium′virate (Shak. Trium′viry), an association of three men in office or government, or for any political ends—esp. that of Pompey, Crassus, and Cæsar (60 B.C.), and that of Octavian (Augustus), Mark Antony, and Lepidus (43 B.C.): any trio or triad. [L. trium-, from tres, three, vir, a man.]

Triune, trī′ūn, adj. being three in one.—n. Triū′nity. [Coined from L. tri-, root of tres, three, unus, one.]

Trivalent, trī′vā-lent, or triv′-, adj. equivalent in combining or displacing power to three monad atoms.—n. Trī′valence (or triv′-). [L. tres, three, valens, -entis, pr.p. of valĕre, to be strong.]

Trivalve, trī′valv, adj. having three valves.—Also Trī′valved, Trival′vular.

Trivet, triv′et, n. a stool or other thing supported on three feet: a movable iron frame in a kitchen fire-grate for supporting kettles, &c.—Right as a trivet (coll.), standing steadily like a tripod: perfectly right. [O. Fr. trepied—L. tripes, tripedis—tres, three, pes, a foot.]

Trivial, triv′i-al, adj. that may be found anywhere, of little importance; trifling: common, vernacular.—v.i. Triv′ialise, to render paltry.—ns. Triv′ialism, a trivial matter or remark; Trivial′ity, the state or quality of being trivial: that which is trivial, a trifle.—adv. Triv′ially.—ns. Triv′ialness; Triv′ium, in medieval schools the name given to the first three liberal arts—viz. grammar, rhetoric, and logic. [L. trivialis, (lit.) 'at the cross-roads or public streets'—trivium, a place where three ways meet—tres, three, via, a way.]

Tri-weekly, trī′-wēk′li, adj. once every three weeks: three times a week.

Trocar, trō′kar, n. a surgical instrument used for withdrawing superfluous fluid from the body. [Fr.,—trois, three, carre, side.]

Trochanter, trō-kan′tėr, n. a rough eminence on the outer aspect of the upper part of the thigh-bone for the insertion of various muscles which rotate the thigh outwards: the second joint of an insect's leg.—adjs. Trochantē′rian, Trochanter′ic.—n. Trochan′tin, the lesser trochanter of the femur.—adj. Trochantin′ian. [Gr.,—trechein, to run.]

Troche, trō′kē (better trōch or trōk), n. a lozenge, usually round, of some medicinal ingredients mixed into a paste with sugar and mucilage.—Also Trochisk (trō′kisk), Trochis′cus. [Gr. trochos, a pill.]

Trochee, trō′kē, n. a metrical foot of two syllables, so called from its tripping or joyous character: in Latin verse, consisting of a long and a short, as nūmĕn; in English verse, of an accented and unaccented syllable, as tri′pod.—n. Trochā′ic, a trochaic verse or measure.—adjs. Trochā′ic, -al, consisting of trochees. [Gr., trochaios (pous, foot), running, tripping—trochos, a running—trechein, to run.]

Trochidæ, trok′i-dē, n.pl. a genus of gasteropodous molluscs, the top-shells—the typical genus Trō′chus.—adj. Trō′chiform.

Trochite, trō′kīt, n. one of the wheel-like joints of the stem of an encrinite.—adj. Trochit′ic.

Trochiter, trok′i-tėr, n. the greater tuberosity of the humerus, admitting several of the muscles of the shoulders.—adj. Trochitē′rian.

Trochlea, trok′lē-a, n. a pulley-like cartilage through which the superior oblique muscle of the eye-ball passes: in the elbow-joint, the articular surface of the lower extremity of the humerus, grasped by the greater sigmoid cavity of the ulna.—adjs. Troch′lēar, shaped like a pulley; Troch′lēary, relating to the trochlea. [L. trochlea—Gr. trochalia, a pulley.]

Trochoid, trō′koid, n. the curve traced by a fixed point in a wheel which rolls in a right line.—adjs. Trō′choid, -al. [Gr. trochæidēs, round like a wheel—trochos, wheel, eidos, form.]

Troctolite, trok′tō-līt, n. a variety of Gabbro composed of white feldspar and dark olivine.

Trod, trod, n. (obs.) tramp, track.—Hot trod (Scott), the pursuit of moss-troopers. [Tread.]

Troggs, trogz, n.pl. (Scot.) clothes.—n. Trog′gin, peddlers' goods.

Troglodyte, trog′lō-dīt, n. a cave-dweller.—adjs. Trog′lodyte, Troglodyt′ic, -al, cave-dwelling.—n. Trog′lodytism. [Fr.,—Gr. trōglodytēs—trōglē, a cave, dyein, to enter.]

Trogon, trō′gon, n. one of a family of tropical and esp. South American birds of the order Picariæ, with brilliant plumage—the most celebrated species the Quetzal or Resplendent Trogon of Guatemala.—adj. Trō′gonoid.

Troika, troi′ka, n. a Russian vehicle having three horses abreast. [Russ. troe, troi, three.]

Trojan, trō′jan, adj. pertaining to ancient Troy.—n. an inhabitant of ancient Troy: (coll.) a plucky fellow: (Shak.) a boon companion.

Troke, trōk, n. (Scot.) exchange: small wares: familiar intercourse.—v.i. to exchange, deal.—n. Trō′king, dealing, making petty bargains, familiar intercourse with. [Truck.]

Troll, trōl, n. in Scandinavian mythology, a supernatural being of small size, dwelling in a cave, hill, &c. [Ice. troll (Ger. droll). Cf. Droll.]

Troll, trōl, v.t. to move circularly: to sing the parts of in succession, as of a catch or round: to angle or fish for in a certain way: to fish for.—v.i. to roll: to move or run about: to sing a catch: to stroll, ramble: to fish, esp. for pike, with rod and line, using revolving lure, artificial or natural, such as spoon-bait, minnow, &c.—n. a moving round, repetition: a round song.—ns. Troll′er; Troll′ey, Troll′y, a costermonger's cart: a metallic roller or pulley used in many electric street-railways in connection with an overhead electric conductor: a small truck running in a furnace, or in mines: lace whose pattern is outlined with a thicker thread or a flat border made up of several such threads; Troll′ing; Troll′ing-bait, -spoon, a metallic revolving lure used in trolling. [O. Fr. troller, trauler (Fr. trôler), to stroll; Old High Ger. trollen, to run.]

Troll-my-dame, trol′-mi-dām, n. (Shak.) an old game.—Also Nine-holes, Pigeon-holes, and Trunks.

Trollop, trol′op, n. (Scot.) a loitering, slatternly woman: a woman negligently dressed: a draggle-tail: a strumpet.—v.i. to draggle: to work in a slovenly way.—adjs. Troll′oping, Troll′opish, Troll′opy. [From troll, in the sense of running about.]

Trombone, trom′bōn, n. a deep-toned brass musical wind instrument of the trumpet kind, consisting of a tube bent twice on itself.—n. Trom′bonist. [It.; augm. of tromba, a trumpet.]

Trommel, trom′el, n. a revolving cylindrical sieve for cleaning or sizing ore. [Ger. trommel, a drum.]

Tromometer, trō-mom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring slight earthquake shocks.—adj. Tromomet′ric. [Gr. tromos, a trembling, metron, a measure.]

Trompe, tromp, n. the apparatus by which the blast is produced in the Catalan forge.—Also Tromp.

Tron, tron, or trōn, n. the most ancient system of weight used in Scotland, the Tron or Trone being a heavy beam or balance set up in the market-place, and employed for the weighing of heavy wares.—n. Tron′age, a royal tax on wool. [O. Fr. trone—L. trutina, a pair of scales.]

Trona, trō′na, n. the native soda of Egypt, a grayish hydrous sodium carbonate. [Natron.]

Troncheon, tron′shun, n. (Spens.) a headless spear.—adj. Tronçonnée (her.), shivered, as a tilting-spear, dismembered. [Truncheon.]

Troop, trōōp, n. a crowd or collection of people: a company: soldiers taken collectively, an army, usually in pl.: a small body of cavalry, forming the unit of formation, consisting usually of sixty men, corresponding to a company of infantry: the command of a troop of horse.—v.i. to collect in numbers: to march in a company, or in haste.—ns. Troop′er, a private cavalry soldier: a cavalry horse: a troop′-ship; Troop′-horse, a cavalry horse; Troop′-ship, a vessel for conveying soldiers.—Trooping the colours, a ceremony performed at the public mounting of garrison guards.—Household troops (see House). [Fr. troupe, prob. through Low L. forms, from L. turba, a crowd.]

Tropæolum, trō-pē′ō-lum, n. a genus of plants, natives of South America, annual or perennial herbs of trailing or climbing habits—Nasturtium, &c. [Gr. tropaios, pertaining to turning.]

Troparion, trō-pā′ri-on, n. in the offices of the Greek Church, a short hymn or a stanza of a hymn:—pl. Tropā′ria. [Gr. tropos, a musical mode.]

Trope, trōp, n. (rhet.) a word or expression changed from its proper sense for emphasis, a figure of speech—-metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony: a short cadence peculiar to Gregorian melodies—also Differentia and Distinctio: formerly, a phrase occasionally interpolated in different parts of the mass: (geom.) the reciprocal of a node.—adj. Trō′pical, figurative.—adv. Trō′pically.—n. Trō′pist, one who uses tropes or who explains Scripture by them.—adjs. Trōpolog′ic, -al, expressed or varied by tropes or figures.—adv. Trōpolog′ically.—v.t. Tropol′ogise, to use as a trope.—n. Trōpol′ogy, a tropical or figurative mode of speech: a treatise on tropes: that interpretation of Scripture which reads moral meanings into any and every passage. [Fr.,—L. tropus—Gr. tropos—trepein, to turn.]

Trophic, -al, trof′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to nutrition and its processes.—adj. Trophē′sial.—n. Troph′esy, deranged nutrition owing to disorder of the motor nerve force pertaining to the nutritive function.—n.pl. Trō′phi, the mouth-parts of an insect—labium, labrum, maxillæ, mandibles, lingua: the teeth of the pharynx of a rotifer. [Gr. trophē, food.]

Trophonian, trō-fō′ni-an, adj. pertaining to Trophonius, the mythical builder of the temple of Apollo at Delphi and the treasury of King Hyrieus in Bœotia.

Trophotropism, trof′ō-trō-pizm, n. the movements of the organs in a growing plant, as towards nutrient substances, induced by the chemical nature of its surroundings.—adj. Trophotrop′ic. [Gr. trophē, food, trepein, to turn.]

Trophy, trō′fi, n. a memorial of a victory, consisting of a pile of arms erected on the field of battle: anything taken from an enemy and preserved as a memorial of victory: something that is evidence of victory: an ornamental group of weapons, flags, memorials of the chase, &c.—v.t. to adorn with trophies.—adj. Trō′phied, adorned with trophies. [Fr. trophée—L. tropæum—Gr. tropaion—tropē, a turning—trepein, to turn.]

Tropic, trop′ik, n. one of the two circles on the celestial sphere, 23° 28′ on each side of the equator, where the sun turns, as it were, after reaching its greatest declination north or south: one of two circles on the terrestrial globe corresponding to these: (pl.) the regions lying between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.—adjs. Trop′ic, -al, pertaining to the tropics: being within or near the tropics.—adv. Trop′ically.—n. Trop′ic-bird, a genus of bird the family Phaëthontidæ, usually seen in tropical regions. [Through L. tropicus, from Gr. tropikos, relating to a turning—tropos, a turning.]

Troppo, trop′pō, adj. (mus.) too much: excessively. [It.; cf. Fr. trop, too much.]

Trot, trot, v.i. to go, lifting the feet quicker and higher than in walking: to walk or move fast: to run.—v.t. to ride at a trot:—pr.p. trot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. trot′ted.—n. the pace of a horse or other quadruped when trotting: a toddling child: (slang) a crib, translation.—ns. Trot′ter, one that trots: a trotting-horse: the foot of an animal, as a sheep: (slang) the human foot; Trottoir (trot-wor′), a footway at the side of a street.—Trot out, to exhibit the paces of: to show. [O. Fr. trotter, troter—Low L. trotāre, to go; prob. from Old High Ger. trottōn, freq. of tretan, to tread.]

Trot-cosy, trot′-kō′zi, n. (Scot.) a covering to keep the neck and head warm in travelling, drawn over the head and hat, and buttoned beneath the chin.

Troth, troth, or trōth, n. truth, confidence: faith: fidelity.—v.t. to plight.—adj. Troth′-plight (Shak.), betrothed, affianced.—n. betrothal.—n. Troth′-ring, a betrothal ring. [A.S. treówth.]

Troubadour, trōō′ba-dōōr, n. one of a class of poets of chivalric love, who first appeared in Provence, and flourished from the 11th to the 13th century (see Langue d'oc). [Fr., from Prov. trobador—trobar (Fr. trouver), to find—L. turbāre, to move.]

Trouble, trub′l, v.t. to put into a confused state: to agitate: to disturb: to annoy: to busy or engage overmuch: to put to inconvenience.—v.i. to take pains.—n. disturbance: affliction: disease: uneasiness: that which disturbs or afflicts.—ns. Troub′le-mirth, a kill-joy; Troub′ler.—adj. Troub′lesome, causing or giving trouble or inconvenience: vexatious: importunate: troublous.—adv. Troub′lesomely.—n. Troub′lesomeness.—adj. Troub′lous, full of trouble or disorder: agitated: tumultuous: disturbing.—Cast oil on troubled waters (fig.), to appease, calm, quieten. [O. Fr. tourbler—Low L. turbulāre—L. turbāre, to disturb—turba, a crowd.]

Trough, trof, n. a long, hollow vessel for water or other liquid: a long tray: a long narrow channel: a concavity or hollow. [A.S. trog; Ger. trog.]

Trounce, trowns, v.t. to punish or beat severely. [O. Fr. troncer, to cut—L. truncus, a trunk.]

Troupe, trōōp, n. a company, esp. of actors, dancers, or acrobats. [Fr. See Troop.]

Troupial, Troopial, trōō′pi-al, n. a bird of the family Icteridæ, the Hang-nests, famed for its exquisite song. [From their going in flocks, Fr. troupe, a troop.]

Trous-de-loup, trōō-de-lōō, n.pl. conical pits dug in the ground, each with a vertical stake in the middle—a defence against cavalry. [Fr.]

Trousers, trow′zėrz, n.pl. long breeches: a garment worn by males on the lower limbs and trussed or fastened up at the waist by braces or belt.—adj. Trou′sered, wearing trousers.—n. Trou′sering, material for making trousers. [O. Fr. trousses, breeches worn by pages.]

Trousse, trōōs, n. a collection of small implements in a case, esp. of surgical instruments. [Fr.]

Trousseau, trōō-sō′, n. the lighter articles of a bride's outfit: (rare) a bundle:—pl. Trousseaux (-sōz′). [Fr., a dim. of trousse, a bundle.]

Trout, trowt, n. a common name for fresh-water fish of the genus Salmo: the Salmo Fario, Trutta, or Common Trout, much sought after by anglers.—n. Trout′-bas′ket, an osier or willow creel for carrying trout.—adj. Trout′-col′oured, speckled like a trout: white, with spots of black, bay, or sorrel.—ns. Trout′-farm, a place where trout are reared artificially; Trout′let, Trout′ling, a little trout; Trout′-rod, a fishing-rod for trout; Trout′-spoon, a small revolving spoon used as a lure for trout; Trout′-stream, a stream in which trout are caught. [A.S. truht—L. tructa, tructus—Gr. trōktēs, a sea-fish with sharp teeth—trōgein, to gnaw.]

Trouvère, trōō-vār′, n. one of the medieval narrative or epic poets of northern France. For their language, the langue d'oui, see under Langue d'oc.

Trover, trō′vėr, n. the gaining possession of goods: an action brought to recover goods from a person to whom they do not belong, but who has in some way obtained possession of them. [O. Fr. trover, to find (Fr. trouver)—Low L. tropāre, to compose.]

Trow, trō, v.i. to hold as true: (B.) to trust: to believe: to think. [A.S. treów-ian, to trust; cf. Ice. trúa, Ger. trauen.]

Trowel, trow′el, n. a tool used in spreading mortar, paint, &c., and in gardening.—v.t. to dress with a trowel.-Lay on with a trowel, to spread thickly: to flatter grossly. [O. Fr. truelle—L. trulla, dim. of trua, a ladle.]

Troy-weight, troi′-wāt, n. the system of weights used in England for gold, silver, and precious stones. The troy pound contains 5760 grains, and is to the avoirdupois pound as 144 to 175, while the troy ounce is to the avoirdupois ounce as 192 to 175. [From Troyes, in France, the pound weight of which was adopted in England in the 14th century.]

Truant, trōō′ant, n. an idler: a boy who, idly or without excuse, absents himself from school.—adj. wandering from duty: loitering: idle.—v.i. to play truant.—ns. Tru′ancy, Tru′antship.—Play truant, to stay from school without leave. [O. Fr. truand—Celt.; W. truan, wretched, Bret. truek, a beggar.]

Truce, trōōs, n. a suspension of hostilities between two armies or states for a period specially agreed upon: cessation.—n. Truce′-break′er, one who violates a truce or engagement.—adj. Truce′less, without truce: relentless.—Truce of God, in the 11th and 12th centuries, a cessation of private feuds observed in France, Italy, England, &c. from Wednesday evening to Monday morning in each week during Advent and Lent, and on certain of the principal saints' days and holy days of the Church.—Flag of truce (see Flag). [M. E. trewes, treowes, pl. of trewe, a truce; cf. True.]

Truck, truk, v.t. to exchange or barter.—v.i. to traffic by exchange.—n. exchange of goods: barter: (coll.) small goods: rubbish.—ns. Truck′age, the practice of exchanging or bartering goods; Truck′er; Truck′-farmer (U.S.), a market-gardener; Truck′-house, Truck′ing-house, a house for storing goods.—v.i. Truck′le, to yield meanly to the demands of another.—ns. Truck′ler; Truck′ling.—adj. fawning, slavish.—n. Truck′-sys′tem, the practice of paying workmen in goods instead of money.—Truck Act, a statute of 1831, extended in 1887, requiring workmen's wages to be paid in money instead of goods. [O. Fr. troquer, to truck; Sp. trocar, to barter, It. truccare, to truck.]

Truck, truk, n. a wheel: a railway-wagon for heavy articles: a platform running on wheels: a small wooden cap at the top of a mast or flag-staff: a circular piece of wood or metal for moving ordnance.—v.t. to convey by truck.—ns. Truck′age, conveyance by trucks: charge for carrying articles on a truck; Truck′-bol′ster, a beam in the middle of a railway-truck supporting the body of the car; Truck′le, a small wheel or castor: a truckle-bed.—v.t. to move on rollers.—v.i. to sleep in a truckle-bed.—n. Truck′le-bed, a low bed on wheels that may be pushed under another. [L. trochus, a wheel—Gr. trochos—trechein, to run.]

Truculent, truk′ū-lent (trōō′kū-lent, according to some), adj. very fierce: barbarous: cruel: inspiring terror.—ns. Truc′ulence, Truc′ulency.—adv. Truc′ulently. [L. truculentus—trux, wild, fierce.]

Trudge, truj, v.i. to travel on foot: to travel with labour or effort: to march heavily on.—n. a weary walk. [Skeat suggests that the word is orig. to walk in heavy shoes, from Sw. dial. truga, trudja, a snow-shoe, Norw. truga, Ice. thrúga, a snow-shoe.]

True, trōō, adj. agreeing with fact: worthy of belief or confidence: certain: trusty: genuine: normal: (anat.) complete: exact: straight: right: rightful: honest.—v.t. to make straight in position, &c.—n. (obs.) truth, a pledge: a truce.—n. True′-blue, a faithful partisan.—adjs. True′-born, of true or genuine birth: having a right by birth; True′-bred, of a true or genuine birth: of good breeding or manners; True′-derived′ (Shak.), legitimate; True′-devot′ed (Shak.), full of honest zeal; True′-dispos′ing (Shak.), just; True′-heart′ed, sincere.—ns. True′-heart′edness; True′-love, one truly or really beloved: a sweetheart: the herb-Paris (see Herb).—adj. affectionate.—ns. True′-love′-knot, True′-lov′er's-knot, lines interwoven with many involutions, fancifully held as an emblem of interwoven affection; True′ness; True′-penn′y (Shak.), an honest fellow.—adv. Tru′ly.—True bill, a bill of indictment endorsed, after investigation, by a grand jury, as containing a well-founded charge; True rib, a rib attached to spine and sternum—opp. to Floating rib. [A.S. treówe; Ice. tryggr, Ger. treu.]

Truffle, truf′l, n. a globose underground edible fungus, used for its agreeable flavour in the preparation of many dishes.—adj. Truff′led, cooked with truffles. [O. Fr. truffle (Fr. truffe), prob. from L. tuber.]

Truism, trōō′izm, n. a plain or self-evident truth.—adj. Truismat′ic.

Truite, trwē-tā′, adj. having a delicately crackled surface, of porcelain, &c. [Fr.]

Trull, trul, n. a drab: a vagrant woman of loose habits. [Allied to Ger. trolle.]

Trullan, trul′an, adj. pertaining to the trullus or dome-roofed hall in the imperial palace at Constantinople, and esp. to the Quinisext Council held therein in 691. [Low L. trullus, a dome—L. trulla, a ladle.]

Trumeau, trōō-mō′, n. any piece of wall between two openings:—pl. Trumeaux′ (-mōz′). [Fr.]

Trump, trump, v.t. to deceive; to introduce unfairly.—adj. Trumped′-up, forged, worthless.—n. Trum′pery, something showy but worthless: rubbish: nonsense, idle talk.—adj. showy and worthless.—Trump up, to forge: collect from any quarter. [Fr. tromper, to deceive, orig. to play on the trump.]

Trump, trump, n. a trumpet: a Jew's-harp. [O. Fr. trompe (It. tromba); cf. Old High Ger. trumba, Ger. tromme, Eng. drum, which is thus a doublet of trump.]

Trump, trump, n. a card of the leading suit that triumphs or wins: one of the suit of cards which takes any other: an old game of cards: (coll.) a good, trusty fellow.—v.i. to play a trump card.—v.t. to play a trump card upon.—Call, Signal, for trumps, in whist, a conventional signal indicating that the player wishes his partner to lead trumps. [From triumph, confused with trump, to deceive.]

Trumpet, trum′pet, n. the most ancient of wind instruments, formed of a long, narrow, straight tube, bent twice on itself, the last fifteen inches tapering into a bell, and sounded by means of a cupped mouthpiece—much used in military signalling: in organs, a powerful reed-stop having a trumpet-like sound: a cry resembling a trumpet-sound: (fig.) one who praises.—v.t. to publish by trumpet: to proclaim: to sound the praises of.—v.i. to sound a trumpet.—ns. Trum′pet-call, a call or summons on the trumpet, any call to action; Trum′peter, one who sounds on the trumpet the regimental calls and signals: one who proclaims, praises, or denounces: a genus of crane-like birds of British Guiana, &c.: one of the whistling swans: a kind of domestic pigeon: a large New Zealand food-fish; Trum′pet-fish, also Snipe-fish, a sea-fish so named from its trumpet-like or tubular muzzle; Trum′pet-flow′er, the popular name of various plants which produce large trumpet-shaped flowers—as the genera Bignonia and Tecoma (Bignoniaceæ), and Solandra (Solonaceæ); Trum′pet-mā′jor, a head-trumpeter in a band or regiment.—adj. Trum′pet-shaped, formed like a trumpet.—ns. Trum′pet-shell, a shell of the genus Triton; Trum′pet-tone, the sound of a trumpet: a loud voice.—adj. Trum′pet-tongued, having a voice or tongue loud as a trumpet.—n. Speak′ing-trum′pet (see Speak).—Blow one's own trumpet, to sound one's own praises; Feast of trumpets, a Jewish feast in which trumpets played an important part; Flourish of trumpets (see Flourish). [O. Fr. trompette, dim. of trompe.]

Truncate, trung′kāt, v.t. to cut off: to lop: to maim.—adjs. Trunc′ate, -d, appearing as if cut off at the tip: ending in a transverse line.—adv. Trun′cately.—n. Truncā′tion.—Truncated cone, pyramid, a cone, pyramid, having the vertex cut off by a line parallel to the base. [L. truncāre, -ātum—truncus.]

Truncheon, trun′shun, n. a short staff: a cudgel: a baton or staff of authority.—v.t. to beat with a truncheon: to cudgel.—adj. Trun′cheoned, furnished with a truncheon: armed with a lance.—ns. Trun′cheoneer, Trun′cheoner, one armed with a truncheon. [O. Fr. tronçon—tronc.]

Trundle, trun′dl, n. anything round: a wheel: a truck: a trundle-bed: (her.) a. spool of golden thread.—v.t to roll, as on wheels.—v.i. to roll: twirl: bowl along.—ns. Trun′dle-bed, a bed moving on trundles or low wheels: a truckle-bed; Trun′dle-tail (Shak.), a round tail, a dog with a tail curled up. [A.S. trendel, a circle, wheel.]

Trunk, trungk, n. the stem of a tree: the body of an animal apart from the limbs: the main body of anything: anything long and hollow: the proboscis of an elephant: the shaft of a column, the dado or body of a pedestal: a water-course of planks leading from the race to the water-wheel: a large hollow piston in which a connecting-rod plays: a portable box or chest for clothes, &c., esp. on a journey: a flume, penstock.—adjs. Trunc′al, pertaining to the trunk, principal; Trunked, having a trunk: (Spens.) beheaded.—ns. Trunk′-fish, the coffer-fish; Trunk′ful, as much as will fill a trunk; Trunk′-hose, -breech′es, large hose or breeches formerly worn over the lower part of the body and the upper part of the legs; Trunk′-line, the main-line of a railway, canal, &c.; Trunk′-road, a main-road; Trunk′-sleeve (Shak.), a sleeve with the upper part puffed; Trunk′-work, work involving secrecy as by means of a trunk. [O. Fr. tronc—L. truncus, a stock—truncus, maimed.]

Trunnion, trun′yun, n. one of the knobs on each side of a gun, on which it rests on the carriage: in steam-engines, a hollow gudgeon on each side of an oscillating cylinder, serving as a support to it.—adj. Trunn′ioned, provided with trunnions.—n. Trunn′ion-plate, a raised rim forming a shoulder around the trunnion of a gun. [Fr. trognon, a stalk—tronc, a stump—L. truncus.]

Truss, trus, n. a bundle: timbers fastened together for binding a beam or supporting a roof: in ships, the rope or iron for keeping the lower yard to the mast: a tuft of flowers at the top of the main stalk or stem: a bandage or apparatus used in hernia to retain reduced parts, or to hinder protusion.—v.t. to bind up: to pack close: to furnish with a truss: to draw tight and tie: to skewer in cooking.—n. Truss′-beam, a wooden beam strengthened by a tie-rod.—adj. Trussed.—n. Truss′ing, in ship-building, diagonal timbers or iron plates crossing the ribs internally, and consolidating the whole together. [O. Fr. trosser, orig. torser, to bind together—L. tortus, pa.p. of torquēre, to twist.]

Trust, trust, n. trustworthiness: confidence in the truth of anything: confident expectation: a resting on the integrity, friendship, &c. of another: faith: hope: credit (esp. sale on credit or on promise to pay): he who, or that which, is the ground of confidence: that which is given or received in confidence: charge: an arrangement by which property is handed to or vested in a person, in the trust or confidence that he will use and dispose of it for the benefit of another, also the estate so managed for another: in modern commerce, an arrangement for the control of several companies under one direction, to cheapen expenses, regulate production, beat down competition, and so obtain a maximum return.—adj. held in trust.—v.t. to place trust in: to believe: to give credit to: to sell upon credit: to commit to the care of: to expect confidently.—v.i. to be confident or confiding.—ns. Trust′-deed, a deed conveying property to a trustee; Trustee′, one to whom anything is entrusted: one to whom the management of a property is committed in trust for the benefit of others; Trustee′ship; Trust′er; Trust-estate′, an estate held by trustees.—adj. Trust′ful, trusting: worthy of trust.—adv. Trust′fully.—n. Trust′fulness.—adv. Trust′ily.—n. Trust′iness.—adj. Trust′ing, confiding.—adv. Trust′ingly.—adj. Trust′less, treacherous, unfaithful.—ns. Trust′lessness; Trust′worthiness.—adjs. Trust′worthy, worthy of trust or confidence: trusty; Trust′y (comp. Trust′ier, superl. Trust′iest), that may be trusted: deserving confidence: honest: strong: firm: (Shak.) involving trust.—Active, or Special, trust, a trust in which the trustee's power of management depends upon his having the right of actual possession; Breach of trust, a violation of duty by a trustee, executor, &c.; In trust, as a charge, for safe-keeping; On trust, on credit. [Scand., Ice. traust, trust; Ger. trost, consolation.]

Truth, trōōth, n. that which is true or according to the facts of the case: agreement with reality: true state of things, or facts: practice of speaking or disposition to speak the truth: fidelity: genuineness: righteous conduct: a true statement: an established principle: in the fine arts, a faithful adherence to nature.—adj. Truth′ful, full of truth: according to, or adhering to, truth: reliable.—adv. Truth′fully.—ns. Truth′fulness; Truth′iness.—adj. Truth′less.—ns. Truth′lessness; Truth′-lov′er; Truth′-tell′er, one who speaks the truth.—adjs. Truth′-writ, truthfully written; Truth′y, truthful.—God's truth, a thing or statement absolutely true; In truth, truly, in fact; Of a truth (B.), truly. [A.S. treówthu—treówe, true.]

Trutinate, trōō′ti-nāt, v.t. (obs.) to weigh.—n. Trutinā′tion. [L. trutināri—Gr. trytanē, a balance.]

Truttaceous, tru-tā′shi-us, adj. pertaining to, or like, a trout. [Trout.]

Try, trī, v.t. to put to the test or proof: to sift: to prove by experiment: to purify: to examine judiciously: to determine, settle: to examine carefully or experimentally: to experience: to attempt: to use as means: to put to severe trial, cause suffering to: to bring to a decision, to settle.—v.i. to endeavour: to make an effort: (Shak.) to prove by experience: (obs.) to keep a ship's bows to the sea during a gale:—pa.t. and pa.p. tried (trīd).—n. a trial: effort: in Rugby football, the score of three points gained by a player who succeeds in placing the ball with his hand over the enemy's line.—adj. Tried, proved, experienced.—n. Trī′er.—adjs. Try′able, Trī′able, capable of being tried; Trye (Spens.), proved excellent.—n. Try′-house, a place in which oil is extracted from blubber, &c.—adj. Try′ing, making trial or proof of: adapted to try: searching: severe.—Try on, to put on for trial, as a garment: to attempt; Try back, to revert, hark back. [O. Fr. trier, to pick out, to cull (the grain from the straw), from an assumed L. tritare—terĕre, tritum, to rub.]

Trygon, trī′gon, n. a genus of cartilaginous fishes, of the order of Rays and family Trygonidæ—the sting-ray. [Gr. trygōn, a sting-ray.]

Tryma, trī′ma, n. a drupe with fleshy exocarp, dehiscent. [Gr. tryma, a hole.]

Trypeta, trī-pē′ta, n. a genus of flies, family Trypetidæ, of greenish-yellow colour, forming gall-like deformations in the flower-heads of composite plants. [Gr. trypētēs, a borer—trypan, to bore.]

Trypographic, trip-ō-graf′ik, adj. pertaining to a method of printing by the use of paper stencils. [Gr. trypan, to bore, graphein, to write.]

Trypsin, trip′sin, n. a ferment which occurs in the secretion of the pancreas, and may be isolated from the pancreatic juice, as pepsin from the gastric.—adj. Tryp′tic.—n. Tryp′tōne, a substance formed from proteids by pancreatic juice. [Gr., from tribein, to rub, the substance having been first found on rubbing down the pancreas with glycerine.]

Trysail, trī′sāl, or trī′sl, n. a reduced sail used by small craft, instead of their mainsail, in a storm: a small fore-and-aft sail set with a boom and gaff.

Tryst, trīst, n. an appointment to meet: appointed place of meeting: a market.—v.t. to make an appointment with.—v.i. to agree to meet.—ns. Trys′ter; Trys′ting-day, a fixed day of meeting; Trys′ting-place, an arranged meeting-place.—Bide tryst, to wait for a person at the appointed place and time. [A variant of trust.]

Tsetse, tset′sē, n. a dipterous insect of South Africa (Glossina morsitans), not much larger than the common house-fly, brownish, with four yellow bars across the abdomen, strangely limited within sharply defined areas or 'fly-belts.' Its bite is fatal to the ox, horse, and dog.

Tsung-tuh, tsung′-tu′, n. a Chinese viceroy, the highest provincial governor.

Tub, tub, n. a two-handed open wooden vessel: a vessel made of staves and hoops: a small cask: anything like a tub: the quantity a tub holds: (slang) a pulpit: a clumsy boat: a receptacle for bathing water: the act of bathing in a tub.—v.t. to set, to bathe, in a tub.—v.i. to take a bath in a tub.—n. Tub′bing, the art of, or the material for, making tubs: in mining, a method of keeping out the water in sinking a shaft in watery ground: a tub-bath: rowing in clumsy boats.—adjs. Tub′bish, round and fat; Tub′by, sounding like an empty tub: dull: wanting elasticity of sound: round like a tub.—ns. Tub′-fast (Shak.) a process of treating venereal disease by sweating in a hot tub; Tub′ful, as much as a tub will hold; Tub′-gig, a Welsh car; Tub′-thump′er (slang), a ranting preacher; Tub′-wheel, a kind of bowl-shaped water-wheel like the turbine, with spiral flanges at the exterior. [Low Ger. tubbe; Dut. tobbe.]

Tuba, tū′ba, n. a large, low-pitched trumpet-shaped instrument: in organs, a reed-stop of large scale: (anat.) a tube, or tubular organ:—pl. Tū′bæ, Tū′bas (-bē, -bas). [L.]

Tube, tūb, n. a pipe: a long hollow cylinder for the conveyance of fluids, &c.: a canal: the body of a musical instrument: a telescope: a cylindrical receptacle for holding semi-fluid substances, as pigments.—v.t. to furnish with, enclose in, a tube.—n. Tū′bage, the act or process of lining a heavy gun by insertion of a tube of wrought-iron, &c.: (med.) the insertion of a tube into the larynx, &c.—adjs. Tū′bal, Tū′bar.—n. Tube′-well, a pipe used to obtain water from beneath the ground, having a sharp point and a number of perforations just above the point.—adjs. Tubic′olar, Tū′bicole, Tubic′olous, inhabiting a tube: spinning a tubular web; Tū′biflorous, having tubular flowers; Tū′biform, shaped like a tube.—n. Tū′bing, the act of making tubes: tubes collectively: material for tubes.—adjs. Tū′būlar, having the form of a tube: having a sound like that made by the passage of air through a tube; Tūbūlā′rian, hydriform in tubular shape with wide disc; Tū′būlate, -d, Tū′būlous, Tū′būlose, formed like a tube: formed of tubes.—n. Tū′būle, a small tube.—adj. Tū′būliform, having the form of a small tube. [Fr.,—L. tubus, a pipe.]

Tuber, tū′bėr, n. a knob in roots: a rounded, fleshy underground stem, as in the potato, formed by a part of the stem becoming thick and fleshy: a swelling.—ns. Tuber′culum, Tū′bercule, a little tuber: a small rounded elevation on a bodily organ.—adjs. Tuberif′erous, bearing tubers; Tū′beriform.—ns. Tuberos′ity, Tū′berousness.—adjs. Tū′berous, Tū′berōse, having, or consisting of, tubers: knobbed. [L. tuber, a swelling, from root of L. tumēre, to swell.]

Tubercle, tū′bėr-kl, n. a small tuber or swelling: a pimple: a small knob on leaves: the characteristic product of a specific micro-organism, the Bacillus tuberculosis—a new formation belonging to the group of Granulomata or granulative growths, which, in virtue of their recognised infectiveness, have been classed as Infective Granulomata.—adjs. Tū′bercled, having tubercles; Tuber′cular; Tuber′culate, -d, Tuber′culose, Tuber′culous, pertaining to tubercles: pimpled: affected with, or caused by, tubercles.—ns. Tuber′culin, -e, a liquid prepared by Koch in 1890, a forty to fifty per cent. glycerine solution of a pure cultivation of the tubercle bacillus, injected into the subcutaneous tissues of persons affected with tuberculosis; Tuberculisā′tion.—v.t. Tuber′culise.—adjs. Tuber′culoid; Tuber′culōsed.—ns. Tuberculō′sis, a specific infective disease induced by the invasion of the Bacillus tuberculosis, and characterised by the presence of tubercle or other tubercular formations—consumption or phthisis; Tuber′culum, a tubercle. [L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber.]

Tuberose, tū′be-rōs, or tūb′rōz, n. a genus of Liliaceæ—the Common Tuberose, a garden and greenhouse bulb, having creamy-white, fragrant flowers. [From L. tuberosa, tuberous, used in the botanical name Polianthes tuberosa; the second pronunciation shows popular confusion with rose.]

Tubisen, tū′bi-sen, n. a trumpeter.—v.i. Tubic′inate, to blow a trumpet. [L.]

Tuck, tuk, n, a rapier: a blow, tap: a blast, flourish. [O. Fr. estoc; perh. cog. with Ger. stock, a stock.]

Tuck, tuk, v.t. to draw or press in or together: to stuff, cram: to fold under: to gather up: to enclose by pressing clothes closely around: (slang) to eat (with in).—n. a horizontal fold in a garment: (naut.) the afterpart of a ship, immediately under the stern or counter, where the ends of the bottom planks are collected and terminate by the tuck-rail: (slang) eatables, pastry.—n. Tuck′er, a piece of cloth tucked or drawn over the bosom, worn by women and children: (slang) food, also work that scarcely yields a living wage.—v.t. (Amer. slang) to tire exceedingly.—ns. Tuck′-in (slang), a hearty meal—also Tuck′-out; Tuck′-shop (slang), a confectioner's or a pastry-cook's shop.—Tuck up, to gather up: to contract: to make tucks: (slang) to hang. [A.S. tucian, to pull; cog. with Low Ger. tukken, Ger. zucken; also with A.S. teón, Ger. ziehen, to draw.]

Tuckahoe, tuk′a-hō, n. an edible but tasteless underground fungus growing as a saprophyte on the roots of the trees in the southern United States—also called Indian bread.

Tucket, tuk′et, n. (Shak.) a flourish on a trumpet.—n. Tuck′et-sō′nance (Shak.), the sound or signal of the tucket. [It. toccata, a touch—toccare, to touch.]

Tudor, tū′dor, adj. pertaining to the royal line of the Tudors (1485-1603): pertaining to the Tudor style of architecture.—Tudor flower, a trefoil ornament frequent in Tudor architecture; Tudor rose, the conventional five-lobed flower adopted as a badge by Henry VII.; Tudor style (archit.), a rather indefinite term applied to the Late Perpendicular, and the transition from that to Elizabethan—it is characterised by a flat arch, shallow mouldings, and a profusion of panelling on the walls.

Tuesday, tūz′dā, n. the third day of the week. [A.S. Tíwes dæg, the day of Tíw (the god of war)=Ger. die(n)s-tag; cf. L. dies Martis. Tíw (Ice. Týr, Old High Ger. Zío) is cog. with Gr. Zeus, Dios, and L. Ju-piter, Jovis.]

Tufa, tū′fa, n. a variety of calcium carbonate usually deposited from springs—calcareous tufa; the word was formerly used as synonymous with tuff.—adj. Tufā′ceous. [It. tufa—L. tofus, a soft stone.]

Tuff, tuf, n. generally volcanic tuff, the name given to the comminuted rock-débris ejected from a volcanic orifice. [Fr. tuf, tuffe—It. tufo, tufa—L. tofus.]

Tuft, tuft, n. a green knoll: a grove, clump. [A.S toft—Ice. topt, tupt, a piece of ground.]

Tuft, tuft, n. a number of small things in a knot: a cluster: a dense head of flowers: (university slang) a titled undergraduate, from the tuft or tassel in the cap: an imperial.—v.t. to separate into tufts: to adorn with tufts.—adjs. Tuft′ed, Tuft′y.—ns. Tuft′-hunt′er, one over-eager to form acquaintance with persons of rank or consequence: a mean hanger-on of the great; Tuft′-hunt′ing, the practice of a tuft-hunter. [O. Fr. tuffe (Fr. touffe), from the Teut., as Low Ger. topp, Ger. zopf.]

Tug, tug, v.t. to pull with effort: to drag along.—v.i. to pull with great effort: to struggle:—pr.p. tug′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. tugged.—n. a strong pull: a steam-vessel for towing ships: a strong rope.—ns. Tug′-boat, a strongly-built steamship for towing vessels; Tug′ger, one who tugs.—adv. Tug′gingly.—n. Tug′-of-war, a laborious contest: a contest in which opposing teams tug at the end of a rope, in their efforts to pull one another over a line marked on the ground between them. [Closely conn. with tuck and tow (v.).]

Tuille, twēl, n. in armour, a steel plate hanging below the tassets.—n. Tuillette′ (dim.). [Fr.,—L. tegula, a tile.]

Tuism, tū′izm, n. the theory that all thought is directed to a second person or to one's future self as such.

Tuition, tū-ish′un, n. care over a young person: teaching, the fee paid for such.—adj. Tui′tionary. [L. tuitio—tuēri, tuitus, to see.]

Tula-work, tōō′la-wurk, n. niello-work, a kind of decorative work, done chiefly on silver, executed largely at Tula in Russia.

Tulchan, tul′kan, n. a calf's skin stuffed with straw, and set beside a cow, to make her give her milk freely.—Tulchan bishops, the titular bishops of the Scottish Church, who in 1572 agreed to hold office, letting all the revenues of their charge, except a miserable pittance, be absorbed by the nobles as lay patrons. [Orig. unknown.]

Tulip, tū′lip, n. a genus of bulbous plants of the order Liliaceæ, with over forty species, having highly-coloured bell-shaped flowers.—adj. Tū′lip-eared, prick-eared, as a dog.—ns. Tulipomā′nia, a craze for the cultivation of tulips; Tū′lip-tree, a large North American tree, having tulip-like flowers; Tū′lip-wood, the soft, fine, straight-grained wood of the tulip-tree. [O. Fr. tulipe, tulippe, tulipan—Turk. tulbend, a turban.]

Tulle, tōōl, n. a delicate kind of thin silk network fabric of a very open structure used for the trimmings of ladies' dresses, and also for caps and veils. [Fr.: from Tulle, in the department of Corrèze.]

Tullian, tul′i-an, adj. relating to, or resembling, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the Roman orator.

Tumble, tum′bl, v.i. to fall: to come down suddenly and violently: to roll: to twist the body, as a mountebank: to fall rapidly, as prices: to go hastily: (slang) to understand, twig.—v.t. to throw headlong: to turn over: to throw about while examining: to disorder, rumple.—n. act of tumbling: a fall: a rolling over, a somersault: confusion.—ns. Tum′ble-bug, one of several kinds of scarabæoid beetles, which roll up balls of dung to protect their eggs; Tum′ble-car, a one-horse car.—adj. Tum′ble-down, dilapidated.—ns. Tum′bler, one who tumbles: one who plays any of the feats or tricks of the acrobat or contortionist: a large drinking-glass, so called because formerly, having a pointed base, it could not be set down without tumbling: a kind of domestic pigeon, so called from its tumbling on the wing: a kind of greyhound: a kind of spring-latch in a lock, preventing the bolt being shot in either direction: a piece attached to the hammer of a firearm lock, receiving the thrust of the mainspring and forcing the hammer forward so as to strike and explode the charge: a porpoise: one of a gang of London street ruffians early in the 18th century, whose favourite frolic was to set women on their heads: a tumbril: one of a set of levers from which hang the heddles in some looms; Tum′blerful, as much as will fill a tumbler; Tum′bler-stand, a tray for tumblers, as in connection with a soda-water fountain; Tum′bler-tank, in plumbing, a flush-tank in which water gathers in one chamber before being tilted over so as to discharge its contents; Tum′bler-wash′er, a revolving stand fitted with projecting pipes on which tumblers are hung to be washed automatically; Tum′ble-weed, a name given to several plants whose globular flowering heads are detached in autumn and rolled about, scattering their seed; Tum′bling, the act of falling.—adj. Tum′bly, uneven.—Tumble in, or home, to incline in above the extreme breadth, of a ship's sides: to fit, as a piece of timber into other work: to go to bed; Tumble over, to toss about carelessly, to upset: to fall over; Tumble to (slang), to comprehend; Tumble up, to get out of bed: to throw into confusion. [A.S. tumbian; cf. Old High Ger. tūmilōn (Ger. taumeln), Ice. tumba, to dance.]

Tumbrel, tum′brel, Tumbril, tum′bril, n. a cart with two wheels for conveying the tools of pioneers, artillery stores, &c.: a dung-cart: the name given to the carts which conveyed victims to the guillotine during the French Revolution. [O. Fr. tomberel (Fr. tombereau)—tomber, to fall, because the body of the cart could be tumbled without unyoking.]

Tumefy, tū′me-fī, v.t. to cause to swell.—v.i. to swell: to rise in a tumour:—pa.t. and pa.p. tū′mefīed.—n. Tumefac′tion, tumour: swelling. [L. tumefacĕre—tumēre, to swell, facĕre, to make.]

Tumid, tū′mid, adj. swollen or enlarged: inflated: falsely sublime: bombastic.—n. Tumes′cence.—adj. Tumes′cent.—n. Tumid′ity.—adv. Tū′midly.—n. Tū′midness. [L. tumidus—tumēre, to swell.]

Tumour, tū′mor, n. a morbid swelling on any of the cutaneous, mucous, or serous surfaces in any part of the body, of independent growth. [L. tumor—tumēre, to swell.]

Tump, tump, n. (prov.) a hillock.—v.t. to gather a mass of earth round a plant.—adj. Tump′y, uneven.

Tump-line, tump′-līn, n. a strap across the forehead or breast by means of which a burden is carried through the Canadian forests. [Temple-line.]

Tumult, tū′mult, n. uproar of a multitude: violent agitation with confused sounds: high excitement.—adv. Tumult′ūarily.—n. Tumult′ūariness.—adjs. Tumult′ūary, Tumult′ūous, full of tumult: disorderly: agitated: noisy.—v.i. Tumult′ūate, to make a tumult.—n. Tumultūā′tion.—adv. Tumult′ūously.—ns. Tumult′ūousness; Tumult′us, commotion. [L. tumultus—tumēre, to swell.]

Tumulus, tū′mū-lus, n. a mound of earth over a grave: a barrow:—pl. Tū′mūlī.—adjs. Tū′mūlar, -y, Tū′mūlous.—v.t. Tū′mūlate, to cover with a mound.—n. Tūmūlos′ity. [L.,—tumēre, to swell.]

Tun, tun, n. a large cask: an obsolete liquid measure of capacity—in old ale and beer measure, 216 gallons; in old wine measure, 252 gallons.—v.t. to store in a tun.—ns. Tun′-bell′y, a big pot-belly; Tun′-dish (Shak.), a wooden funnel; Tun′nage, a tax on imported wines; Tun′ning, the act of brewing, the amount brewed at one time. [A.S. tunne.]

Tundra, tōōn′dra, n. one of the level treeless plains of northern Russia, both in Europe and Asia. [Russ.]

Tune, tūn, n. a melodious succession of notes or chords in a particular key: the relation of notes and intervals to each other causing melody: state of giving the proper sound: harmony: a melody or air: frame of mind, temper.—v.t. to adjust the tones, as of a musical instrument: to play upon, celebrate in music: to give a certain character to.—adj. Tū′nable.—n. Tū′nableness.—adv. Tū′nably.—adj. Tune′ful, full of tune or harmony: melodious: musical.—adv. Tune′fully.—n. Tune′fulness.—adj. Tune′less, without tune or melody: silent.—ns. Tū′ner, one who tunes or adjusts the sounds of musical instruments: one who makes music, or sings: in organs, an adjustable flap for altering the pitch of the tone; Tū′ning, the art of bringing musical instruments into tune; Tū′ning-fork, a steel two-pronged instrument, designed when set in vibration to give a musical sound of a certain pitch; Tū′ning-hamm′er, a tuning-wrench with hammer attachment for regulating tension in stringed instruments.—Tune up, to begin to sing or play.—Change one's tune, Sing another tune, to alter one's attitude, or one's way of talking; In tune, harmonious; Out of tune, inharmonious; To the tune of, to the amount of. [A doublet of tone.]

Tungsten, tung′sten, n. a rare metal, chiefly derived from wolfram, which is a tungstate of iron and manganese, and likewise found in scheelite, which is a tungstate of lime.—n. Tung′state, a salt of tungstic acid.—adjs. Tungsten′ic; Tungstenif′erous; Tung′stic.—n. Tung′stite, native oxide of tungsten. [Sw.,—tung, heavy, sten, stone.]

Tungusic, tun-gōō′sik, adj. pertaining to the Tunguses, an ethnographic group of the Ural-Altaic family.—n. Tun′gus, one of this people or their language.—adj. Tungu′sian.

Tunic, tū′nik, n. a loose frock worn by females and boys: an ecclesiastical short-sleeved vestment, worn over the alb at mass by the sub-deacon, very similar to the dalmatic, but smaller: a military surcoat: the ordinary fatigue-coat of a private soldier, also the coat of an officer: (anat.) a membrane that covers some organ: (bot.) a covering, as of a seed.—n. Tunicā′ta, a class of remarkable animals, many of which are popularly known as Ascidians or sea-squirts—now regarded as occupying a lowly place among vertebrate or chordate animals.—adjs. Tū′nicate, -d (bot.), covered with a tunic or with layers.—n. Tū′nicle, a little tunic: as an ecclesiastical vestment, the same as tunic. [Fr. tunique—L. tunica, an under-garment of both sexes.]

Tun-moot, tun′-mōōt, n. an assembly of the town or village. [A.S. tún, town, gemót, meeting.]

Tunnel, tun′el, n. an arched passage cut through a hill or under a river, &c.: the long underground burrow of certain animals, as the mole: any mine-level open at one end: (Spens.) a flue, chimney.—v.t. to make a passage through: to hollow out:—pr.p. tunn′elling; pa.t. and pa.p. tunn′elled.—n. Tunn′el-net, a net wide at the mouth and narrow at the other end. [O. Fr. tonnel (Fr. tonneau), a cask; also O. Fr. tonnelle, an arched vault, dim. of tonne, a cask.]

Tunny, tun′i, n. a very large fish of the mackerel family (Scombridæ), fished chiefly on the Mediterranean coasts. [L. thunnus—Gr. thynnos—thynein, to dart along.]

Tup, tup, n. a ram: the striking-face of a steam-hammer, &c.—v.t. and v.i. to cover with (of a ram): to butt. [Conn. with Low Ger. tuppen, toppen, to pull by the hair; Ger. tupfen, to touch.]

Tupaia, tū-pā′ya, n. the genus of squirrel-shrews found in the Malay Peninsula, &c.

Tupelo, tū′pe-lō, n. a genus of trees, natives chiefly of the southern parts of the United States, including the Black Gum Tree, the Ogeechee Lime or Sour Gum Tree, &c.

Tuque, tūk, n. a Canadian cap made by tucking in one tapered end of a long cylindrical bag, closed at both ends. [Fr. toque.]

Turakoo, tōō′ra-kōō, n. one of the plantain-eaters, a large bird found in Africa, light green, with carmine wing-feathers.—n. Tu′racin, the red colouring matter of its feathers. [African.]

Turanian, tū-rā′ni-an, adj. a philological term which came to be used for the non-Aryan languages of the Ural-Altaic or Finno-Tartar group—sometimes extended so as to include the Dravidian tongues of India, also of the agglutinative type, thus erroneously suggesting affinity between non-Aryan and non-Semitic groups of languages which are probably quite unconnected. [From Turan=not-Iran, a term used by the Sassanian kings of Persia for those parts of their empire outside of Iran, and still the name for Turkestan among the Persians.]

Turban, tur′ban, n. a head-covering worn by Eastern nations, consisting of a cap with a sash wound round it: a circular head-dress worn by ladies: the whole whorls of a shell.—n. Tur′band (Shak.), a turban.—adj. Tur′baned, wearing a turban. [Earlier forms turbant, tulipant (Fr. turban, Port. turbante), from Pers. dulband.]

Turbary, tur′ba-ri, n. the right to go upon the soil of another and dig turf, and carry off the same: a place where peat is dug. [L. turba, turf.]

Turbellaria, tur-be-lā′ri-a, n.pl. a class of flat-worms with ciliated skin—the same as Planaria (q.v.).—adjs. Turbellā′rian; Turbellar′iform.

Turbid, tur′bid, adj. disordered: having the sediment disturbed: muddy: thick.—adv. Tur′bidly.—ns. Tur′bidness, Turbid′ity. [L. turbidus—turba, tumult.]

Turbillion, tur-bil′yun, n. a whirl, vortex. [Fr. tourbillon—L. turbo, a whirl.]

Turbine, tur′bin, n. a horizontal water-wheel with vertical axis, receiving and discharging water in various directions round the circumference—by parallel, outward, or inward flow.—adj. Tur′binal, turbinate.—n. (anat.) a scroll-like bone.—adjs. Tur′binate, -d, shaped like a top or inverted cone: spiral: (anat.) whorled in shape: whirling like a top.—ns. Turbinā′tion; Tur′bine-pump, a pump in which water is raised by the inverted action of a turbine-wheel; Turb′ine-steam′er, a vessel impelled by a steam-turbine.—adjs. Tur′biniform, Tur′binoid, top-shaped. [Fr.,—L. turbo, turbinis, a whirl—turbāre, to disturb—turba, disorder.]

Turbit, tur′bit, n. a domestic pigeon having white body, coloured wings, and short beak.

Turbo, tur′bō, n. the typical genus of the family of scutibranchiate gasteropods, Turbinidæ.—n. Tur′binite, a fossil shell of this family. [L. turbo, a top.]

Turbot, tur′bot, n. a highly esteemed food-fish of the genus Rhombus and family Pleuronectidæ or Flat-fishes, abundant in the North Sea. [O. Fr., turbot, prob. formed from L. turbo, a spinning-top.]

Turbulent, tur′bū-lent, adj. tumultuous, disturbed: in violent commotion: disposed to disorder: restless: producing commotion.—ns. Tur′bulence, Tur′bulency.—adv. Tur′bulently. [Fr.,—L. turbulentus—turba, a crowd.]

Turco, tur′kō, n. a popular name for one of the Tirailleurs Algériens, a body of native Algerian troops recruited for the French service.

Turcophile, tur′kō-fil, n. one who favours the Ottoman Turks.—n. Tur′cophilism. [Low L. Turcus, Turk, Gr. philein, to love.]

Turcopolier, tur′kō-po-lēr, n. the commander of the light infantry of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem—always an Englishman. [O. Fr.,—Low L. Turcopuli—Late Gr. tyrcopouloi, light-armed soldiers—Tourcos, Turk, poulos, a child.]

Turdus, tur′dus, n. a genus of Passerine birds of the Turdidæ family, the thrushes.—adjs. Tur′diform, Tur′dine, Tur′doid, like a thrush.

Tureen, tū-rēn′, tu-rēn′, n. a large dish for holding soup at table. [Fr. terrine—L. terra, earth.]

Turf, turf, n. the surface of land matted with the roots of grass, &c.: a cake of turf cut off: sod: peat: race-ground: horse-racing, the race-course:—pl. Turfs—(obs.) Turves.—v.t. to cover with peat or sod.—adj. Turf′-clad, covered with turf.—n. Turf′-drain, a drain in which turf is used for a covering.—adj. Tur′fen, made or covered with turf.—ns. Turf′-hedge, a combination of turf and hedge-plants, forming a fence; Tur′finess; Tur′fite (slang), one devoted to horse-racing; Turf′-spade, a long narrow spade for digging turf.—adj. Tur′fy, resembling or abounding in turf: pertaining to horse-racing. [A.S. turf; Ice. torf.]

Turgent, tur′jent, adj. swelling: rising into a tumour: inflated: bombastic.—adv. Tur′gently.—ns. Turges′cence, Turges′cency.—adjs. Turges′cent, swelling: growing big; Tur′gid, swollen: extended beyond the natural size: pompous: bombastic.—ns. Turgid′ity, Tur′gidness.—adv. Tur′gidly.—n. Turgor (tur′gor), state of being full, the normal condition of the capillaries. [L. turg-ens, -entis, pr.p. of turgēre, to swell.]

Turion, tū′ri-on, n. a shoot from an underground bud, growing upward into a new stem.—adj. Turionif′erous. [L. turio, a shoot.]

Turk, turk, n. a native of Turkey, an Ottoman—more widely, a member of a race formerly classed among the 'Turanian' peoples, now more usual to say, of the Mongolo-Tartar ethnological group, and speaking languages of the Ural-Altaic family: a savage fellow: a Mohammedan: a Turkish horse: the plum-weevil or curculio.—ns. Turk′ey-car′pet, a soft thick kind of carpet; Turk′ey-hone, -stone, a kind of oilstone brought from Turkey, and used for hones; Turk′ey-mer′chant, one whose trade is with Turkey or the Turkish East; Turk′ey-red, a fine durable red dye, obtained from madder, but now mostly prepared chemically, first produced in Turkey; Turk′ey-stone, the turquoise.—adj. Turk′ish, pertaining to the Turks or to Turkey.—n. the language of the Turks.—ns. Turk′ish-bath, a kind of hot-air bath in which the patient, after being sweated, is rubbed down, and conducted through a series of cooling-chambers until he regains his normal temperature; Turk's′-head, a kind of knot: a long broom with spherical head: a kind of cooking-pan, having a tin core in the centre.—Turn Turk, to become a Mohammedan: to go to the bad: to become hopelessly obstinate.

Turkey, turk′i, n. a large gallinaceous bird, a native of America—not Turkey.—ns. Turk′ey-buzz′ard, a vulture found largely in North and South America; Turk′ey-cock, the male of the turkey: a foolishly proud person.

Turkis, turk′is, n. an older spelling of turquoise.—Also Turk′ois.

Turkoman, tur′kō-man, n. a member of a branch of the Turkish race, found in Central Asia to the north of Persia.

Turlough, tur′loh, n. a shallow pond in Ireland, dry in summer. [Ir. turloch.]

Turmeric, tur′mėr-ik, n. the rhizome or root-stock of Curcuma longa, a handsome herbaceous plant cultivated all over India, its yellowish tubers yielding a deep-yellow powder used as a chemical test for the presence of alkalies. [Cf. Fr. terre-mérite—as if from L. terra, earth, and merita, deserved; both prob. corr. from an Oriental name.]

Turmoil, tur′moil, n. harassing labour: disturbance.—v.t. to harass with commotion: to weary.—v.i. to be disquieted or in commotion. [Perh. L. tremĕre, to shake.]

Turn, turn, v.i. to whirl round: to hinge: to depend: to issue: to take a different direction or tendency: to become by a change, hence to rebel: to return: to be fickle: to result: to be shaped on the lathe: to sour: to become giddy: to be nauseated: to change from ebb to flow or from flow to ebb: to become inclined in the other direction.—v.t. to cause to revolve: to reverse: to pass round: to direct, apply: to send, drive: to fold, remake: to translate: to make sour: to change the position or the direction of: to nauseate, to make giddy: to direct the mind to: to infatuate or make mad: to cause to return with profit: to transfer: to convert: to form in a lathe: to shape: to round: to adapt: to blunt.—n. act of turning: new direction or tendency, disposition: a walk to and fro: chance: a turning-point, crisis: (mus.) a melodic embellishment, consisting of a principal tone with two auxiliary tones lying respectively next above and below it: a spell of work, a job: (coll.) a nervous shock: change: a winding: a bend: form: manner: opportunity, convenience: act of kindness or malice: a type turned upside down, owing to a temporary want of the proper letter.—ns. Turn′about, a merry-go-round; Turn′back, the strap from the hames to the hip-strap; Turn′buckle, a form of coupling so arranged as to regulate the length or tension of the connected parts; Turn′-cap, a chimney-cowl rotating on a vertical axis; Turn′coat, one who turns his coat—that is, abandons his principles or party; Turn′cock, one who turns on the water for the mains, regulates the fire-plugs, &c., of a water company.—adj. Turn′-down, folded down.—ns. Turn′er, one who, or that which, turns: a tumbler, gymnast, esp. a member of the German Turnvereine or gymnastic bodies, instituted by F. L. Jahn in 1811; Turn′ery, art of turning or of shaping by a lathe: things made by a turner, also the place where these are made: ornamentation by means of the lathe; Turn′ing, a winding: deviation from the proper course: turnery, the art of shaping wood, metal, ivory, or other hard substances into forms having a curved (generally circular or oval) transverse section, and also of engraving figures composed of curved lines upon a smooth surface, by means of a turning-lathe: (mil.) a manœuvre for turning an enemy's position: in pottery, the shaping of a vase: (pl.) chips; Turn′ing-lathe, a lathe used by turners; Turn′ing-point, the point on which a question turns, and which decides the case: a grave and critical period; Turn′ing-rest, a support on a lathe serving as a fulcrum for a hand turning-tool; Turn′ing-saw, a thin-bladed saw contrived for cutting curved wood for chair-backs, &c.—also Sweep-saw, Frame-saw, Scroll-saw; Turn′ing-steel, a piece of hard bar-steel for turning the edge of a tool, &c.; Turn′ing-tool, a tool for shaping the cutting edges of the tools used in seal-engraving; Turn′key, one who turns the keys in a prison: a warder; Turn′-out, the act of coming forth: a strike: a striker: a crowd of spectators: a carriage and its horses: quantity of produce yielded.—adj. Turn′over, made to be turned over or reversed.—n. act of turning over, upset, overthrow: a small pie made by turning half of the circular crust over the other which has been covered with fruit, &c.: an apprentice turned over to a new master to complete his apprenticeship: the total amount of the sales in a business for a specified time.—ns. Turn′pike, a gate set across a road to stop those liable to toll: a turnpike-road—originally a frame consisting of two cross-bars armed with pikes, and turning on a post; Turn′pike-man, a man who collects tolls at a tollgate; Turn′pike-road, a road on which turnpikes or tollgates are established; Turn′-screw, a screw-driver; Turn′skin, a werewolf; Turn′spit, one who turns a spit: a person engaged in some menial occupation: a long-bodied, short-legged dog employed to drive a wheel by which roasting-spits were turned—closely allied to the Dachshund (q.v.); Turn′stile, a revolving frame in a footpath which prevents the passage of cattle, but allows the passage of one person at a time; Turn′stile-reg′ister, a device for recording the number of persons passing through a turnstile; Turn′stone, a small grallatorial bird, intermediate between the true plovers and sandpipers, so called from its habit of turning over pebbles on the beach in search of food; Turn′-ta′ble (same as Traverse-table); Turn′-up, a disturbance: something that appears unexpectedly.—Turn about, to move the face or front to another quarter; Turn about, Turn and turn about, alternately; Turn a, or the, corner (see Corner); Turn a deaf ear to, to ignore; Turn adrift, to unmoor and let float away: to cast off; Turn again, to return: to make a stand; Turn against, to use to the injury of: to render hostile: to rebel against; Turn an enemy's flank, line, or position, to manœuvre so as to attack an enemy in the rear: to outwit; Turn a penny (see Penny); Turn around one's finger, to make any one subservient to one's will; Turn aside, to avert; to deviate: to avert the face; Turn away, to dismiss from service, to discharge: to avert, to look in another direction: to deviate, to depart from; Turn back, to cause to retreat: to return; Turn down, to double or fold down: to hide the face of: to lessen or lower; Turn forth, to expel; Turn in, to bend inward: to enter: (coll.) to go to bed; Turn into, to become by a process of change; Turn off, to deviate: to dismiss: to divert: to complete, achieve by labour: to shut off: (slang) to hang; Turn on, to set running (as water): to depend on: to confront in fight; Turn one's hand to, to apply one's self; Turn one's head, or brain, to make one giddy: to fill with pride or conceit; Turn out, to drive out, to expel: to put to pasture (as cattle): to make for market or for use: to project: to prove in the result: to muster: to leave one's work to take part in a strike: (coll.) to get out of bed; Turn over, to roll over: to change sides: to sell goods to the amount of: to examine by turning the leaves; Turn round, to reverse one's position or party; Turn the back, to flee, to retreat; Turn the back upon, to quit with contempt, to forsake; Turn the edge of, to blunt; Turn the scale, to decide, determine; Turn the stomach, to nauseate; Turn to, to have recourse to: to point to: to result in; Turn turtle (see Turtle); Turn up, to point upwards: to appear, happen: place with face up: to bring the point uppermost: to refer to in a book; Turn upon, to cast back upon, retort; Turn upside down, to throw into complete confusion.—Be turned of, to have advanced beyond—of age; By turns, one after another: at intervals; Ill turn, an injurious act: a change for the worse; In turn, in order of succession; Not to turn a hair, to be quite undisturbed or unaffected; On the turn, at the turning-point, changing; Serve a turn, to answer the purpose; Take one's turn, to occupy one's allotted place; Take turns, to take each the other's place alternately; To a turn, exactly, perfectly. [A.S. tyrnan; Ger. turnen; Fr. tourner; all from L. tornāre, to turn in a lathe—tornus, a turner's wheel—Gr. tornos.]

Turner, tur′nėr, n. a Scotch copper coin worth 2d., issued by James VI. [Prob. turney.]

Turney, tur′ni, n. a copper coin current in Ireland under Edward III.—coined at Tours.

Turnip, tur′nip, n. a biennial plant, with lyrate hispid leaves, the upper part of the root becoming, esp. in cultivation, swollen and fleshy—cultivated as a culinary esculent, and for feeding cattle and sheep.—n. Tur′nip-fly, a muscid fly whose maggots burrow in turnip-roots. [Perh. orig. turn-nep—turn, implying something round, and nep—A.S. nǽp, a turnip.]

Turnsole, turn′sōl, n. a name sometimes given to the Heliotrope and other plants, esp. to the euphorbiaceous Chrozophora tinctoria, from which a deep-purple dye is obtained. [Fr.,—tourner—sol, for soleil—L. sol, the sun.]

Turnus, tur′nus, n. the tiger-swallowtail, a black-striped United States butterfly.

Turpentine, tur′pen-tīn, n. a semi-solid resinous substance secreted by various coniferous trees (the name turpentine is commonly understood to mean the product of the Scotch pine, the swamp pine of America, and the Pinus maritima of France; Venice turpentine is obtained from the larch, and Chian turpentine from the 'Turpentine-tree'—see Pistachio): the oil or spirit of turpentine.—ns. Tur′pentine-moth, a moth whose larvæ bore into the twigs of pine and fir, causing exudation of resin and destroying the twig; Tur′pentine-tree, the terebinth-tree—Pistachia terebinthus.—adj. Tur′pentin′ic.—n. Turps, oil or spirits of turpentine. [O. Fr. turbentine—L. terebinthina (resina), (the resin) of the terebinth—Gr. terebinthos.]

Turpeth, tur′peth, n. the root of Ipomœa (Convolvulus) Turpethum, a Ceylon plant of cathartic properties.—Turpeth mineral, an old name for the yellow basic mercury sulphate.

Turpitude, tur′pi-tūd, n. baseness: extreme depravity or wickedness: vileness of principles and actions. [L. turpitudo—turpis, base.]

Turquoise, tur-koiz′, or tur-kēz′, n. an opaque greenish-blue mineral from Persia, valued as a gem, essentially a phosphate of alumina, harder than feldspar but softer than quartz, occurring as thin veins in slate rock.—n. Turquoise′-green, a pale colour between green and blue—also adj. [O. Fr.; because first brought through Turkey from Persia.]

Turret, tur′et, n. a small tower on a building and rising above it: a movable building containing soldiers, engines, &c., used in medieval sieges: a tower, often revolving, for offensive purposes, on land and water: the raised portion above an American railroad car, for ventilation, &c.—adj. Turr′eted, furnished with turrets: formed like a tower.—ns. Turr′et-gun, a gun designed for use in a revolving turret; Turr′et-ship, an ironclad ship-of-war, whose guns are placed in one or more revolving turrets placed on deck.—adjs. Turric′ulate, -d, having small turrets. [O. Fr. touret (Fr. tourelle).]

Turtle, tur′tl, Turtle-dove, tur′tl-duv, n. a genus of Columbidæ, of graceful build, with small head and slender bill, long wings, and long rounded tail, flying swiftly and noiselessly, noted for their beauty of form and colour, their soft cooing, and their affection towards each other and their young. [A.S. turtle; Ger. turtel, Fr. tourtereau, tourterelle; all from the L. name turtur.]

Turtle, tur′tl, n. any tortoise, but esp. the edible Green Turtle, prized for the soup made from its flesh, chief glory of aldermanic banquets—Calipash is the part of the animal that belongs to the upper shield, a fatty, gelatinous substance of a dull-greenish colour; Calipee, the yellowish meat of the lower shield.—v.t. to pursue turtles.—ns. Tur′tleback, a turtle-shaped projection on the bows or stern of a ship for the purpose of keeping off heavy seas; Tur′tler, a hunter of turtles; Tur′tle-shell, tortoise-shell: a turtle-cowry; Tur′tle-soup, a soup the chief ingredient of which is turtle meat; Turt′ling, the catching of turtles.—Green turtle, a species of turtle which attains great size and is the source of real turtle-soup—its eggs also are much prized; Mock turtle, a soup made of calf's head in lieu of turtle meat; Turn turtle, to capsize, as a boat. [A corr. of tortoise, or of Sp. tortuga, or Port. tartaruga, a tortoise.]

Tuscan, tus′kan, adj. of or belonging to Tuscany in Italy: denoting the simplest of the five classic orders of architecture, being a Roman modification of the Doric style, with unfluted columns, and without triglyphs. [L. Tuscanus.]

Tush, tush, interj. pshaw! be silent! an exclamation of impatience, &c.—v.i. to express contempt, &c.

Tusk, tusk, n. a long, protruding tooth on either side of the mouth of certain animals: a sharp point: the share of a plough.—v.t. to gore with the tusks.—adjs. Tusked, Tusk′y.—n. Tusk′er, an elephant whose tusks are grown. [A.S. tusc, tux; Ice. toskr.]

Tuskar, tus′kar, n. an iron implement with wooden shaft, for cutting peat. [Ice. torfskeri—torf, turf, skera, to cut.]

Tusser-silk, tus′ėr-silk, n. a kind of dark fawn-coloured silk, generally made without brocading or patterns. [Hind. tassar—Sans. tassara, shuttle.]

Tussilago, tus-i-lā′gō, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Compositæ, suborder Corymbiferæ—the only British species, Tussilago farfara, sometimes called Colt's-foot. [L.]

Tussock, tus′ok, n. a tuft of grass or twigs.—ns. Tuss′ock-grass, a large grass of the same genus with the Cock's-foot Grass of Britain, native to the Falkland Islands, remarkable for forming great tufts—also Tuss′ac-grass; Tuss′ock-moth, a grayish-white moth about an inch long, the caterpillars of which do great mischief in hop-grounds, and are known as Hop-dogs.—adj. Tuss′ocky, abounding in tufts. [Perh. conn. with obs. tusk, a tuft; cf. Dan. dusk.]

Tut, tut, interj. an exclamation of rebuke, or impatience, &c.—v.i. to express impatience by such.

Tut, tut, n. a piece of work.—v.i. to work by the piece.—ns. Tut′work; Tut′worker; Tut′workman.

Tutelage, tū′te-lāj, n. guardianship: state of being under a guardian.—adjs. Tū′telar, Tū′telary, protecting: having the charge of a person or place. [L. tutela—tutāri, to guard—tuēri, to see.]

Tutenag, tū′te-nag, n. the zinc imported into Europe from China and the East Indies during the 18th century. [Fr. tutenague, prob. from Pers. and Ar. tūtiya, an oxide of zinc, and -nāk, a suffix, or perh. Hind. nāga, lead.]

Tutiorism, tū′ti-or-izm, n. in R. C. moral theology, the doctrine that in a case of doubt between right and wrong one should take the safer course, i.e. the one in verbal accordance with the law—the same as Rigorism, and the opposite of Probabilism.—n. Tu′tiorist, a rigorist in foregoing sense. [L. tutior, safer, comp. of tutus, safe.]

Tutor, tū′tor, n. one who looks to or takes care of: one who has charge of the education of another: one who hears the lessons of and examines students: a teacher: (Scots law) a guardian of the person as well as of the estate of a boy under fourteen, or girl under twelve:—fem. Tū′toress.—v.t to instruct: to treat with authority or sternness.—n. Tū′torage, the office or authority of a tutor: education, as by a tutor.—adj. Tutō′rial, belonging to, or exercised by, a tutor.—adv. Tutō′rially.—ns. Tū′toring; Tū′torism, Tū′torship; Tū′trix, a female guardian. [L. tutor, a guardian—tuēri, tuitus, to look to.]

Tutsan, tut′san, n. a species of St John's wort, once regarded as a panacea—also called Park-leaves. [O. Fr. toutesaine, tout—L. totus, all, sain—L. sanus, sound.]

Tutti, tōōt′ti, adj. (mus.) all together, as opposed to solo.—n. a concerted movement, rendered by all the voices or instruments together. [It., pl. of tutto, all—L. totus, all.]

Tutti-frutti, tōōt′ti-frōōt′ti, n. a confection, esp. ice-cream, flavoured with different kinds of fruit. [It.]

Tutty, tut′i, n. impure zinc protoxide. [O. Fr. tutie—Late L. tutia—Ar. tūtiya. Cf. Tutenag.]

Tutu, tōō′tōō, n. a New Zealand shrub whose black fruit makes a light wine resembling claret, while the seeds yield a poison like strychnine, and the bark, tannin—also called Tupa-kihi, Wineberry-shrub, and Toot-plant. [Maori.]

Tutulus, tū′tū-lus, n. a conical Etruscan female headdress:—pl. Tū′tulī. [L.]

Tu-whit, tū-hwit′, Tu-whoo, tū-hwōō′, n. an imitation of the note of the owl.—v.i. Tu-whoo′, to cry tu-whoo.

Tuzz, tuz, n. (prov.) a tuft of wool, &c.—n. Tuz′zi-muzzy, a posy: the feather hyacinth.—adj. shaggy.—n. Tuz′zy (dim.), a tuft, cluster. [Tussock.]

Twaddle, twod′l, v.i. to talk in a silly manner.—n. silly talk: a senseless talker.—ns. Twadd′ler; Twadd′ling, twaddle or silly talk.—adj. Twadd′ly, consisting of twaddle. [Earlier form twattle, a variant of tattle.]

Twain, twān, n. two, a couple, pair.—In twain, asunder. [A.S. twégen (masc.), two.]

Twa-lofted, twä′-lof′ted, adj. (Scot.) having two lofts or stories.

Twang, twang, n. a sharp, quick sound, as of a tight string when pulled and let go: a nasal tone of voice.—v.i. to sound as a tight string pulled and let go: to sound with a quick, sharp noise: to have a nasal sound.—v.t. to make to sound with a twang.—v.i. Twang′le, to twang frequently.—v.t. to cause to twangle. [Tang.]

Twattle, twot′l, v.i. to twaddle.—v.t. to repeat idly.—n. chatter: a dwarf.—ns. Twatt′ler, a chatterer; Twatt′ling, a chattering.—adj. gabbling: trifling. [Prob. related to Ice. thwætta, chatter.]

Twayblade, twā′blād, n. a European orchid, a plant a foot high bearing a raceme of green flowers and a pair of broad ovate leaves—hence the name.

Tweak, twēk, v.t. to twitch, to pull: to pull with sudden jerks.—n. a sharp pinch or twitch: any perplexity. [A by-form of twitch.]

Tweed, twēd, n. a kind of woollen twilled cloth of various patterns, much used for men's suits.—adj. made of tweed. [From a mistaken reading of 'tweels' upon an invoice; not, as supposed, from the Tweed valley.]

Tweedle, twē′dl, v.t. to handle lightly: (obs.) to wheedle.—v.i. to wriggle.—n. a sound such as is made by a fiddle—hence the humorous formations Tweedledum, Tweedledee, used to indicate distinctions that are the slightest possible. [Perh. a variant of twiddle; also confused with wheedle.]

'Tween, a contraction of between.—adj. 'Tween′-deck, lodging between decks.—n. and adv. 'Tween′-decks.

Tweezers, twēz′ėrz, n.sing. nippers: small pincers for pulling out hairs, &c.—n. Tweez′er-case, a case for carrying tweezers. [Perh. traceable to A.S. twisel, a fork; some confusion is possible with obs. tweeze, a surgeon's case of instruments.]

Twelfth, twelfth, adj. the last of twelve.—n. one of twelve equal parts: (mus.) a tone twelve diatonic degrees above or below a given tone.—ns. Twelfth′-cake, an ornamental cake partaken of on Twelfth-night; Twelfth′-day, -tide, the twelfth day after Christmas, the Epiphany; Twelfth′-night, the eve of Twelfth-day or evening before Epiphany. [A.S. twelfta—twelf.]

Twelve, twelv, adj. ten and two.—n. the number next after eleven: the figures representing twelve: (pl.) same as duodecimo.—ns. Twelve′-mo, same as duodecimo, written 12mo; Twelve′-month, twelve months: a year.—adjs. Twelve′-penn′y, worth a shilling: trifling, insignificant; Twelve′score, twelve times twenty, or two hundred and forty.—n. twelvescore yards, a common range in archery, used also in measurements.—Twelve-day writ, a writ in actions on bills, &c., warning defendant to appear within twelve days, otherwise judgment would go against him; Twelve Tables, the name given to the earliest code of Roman law, civil, criminal, and religious, made by the decemvirs in 451-449 B.C.—Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, a work of the 2d century after Christ, in which, on the model of Jacob's blessing of the tribes in Genesis xlix., discourses and prophecies of Christ are put into the mouths of the fathers of Israel; The Twelve, the twelve apostles. [A.S. twelf (Ger. zwölf, and Goth. twa-lif), that is 'two and ten' (for twá-, cf. Two; and for -lif, cf. Eleven).]

Twenty, twen′ti, adj. twice ten: nineteen and one: an indefinite number.—n. the number next after nineteen: the figures representing twenty: an old English division of infantry.—adj. Twen′tieth, next after the nineteenth.—n. one of twenty equal parts of anything.—adv. Twen′tyfold, twenty times as many.—adj. Twen′ty-four, twenty and four.—n. the number made up of four and twenty: (pl., print.) a form of composed type or plates containing twenty-four leaves or forty-eight pages, properly arranged for printing and folding: a book made up of sections of twenty-four pages.—n. Twen′ty-four′-mo, written 24mo, a leaf from a sheet of paper folded for a book in twenty-four equal parts: a book made up of leaves folded in twenty-four equal parts. [A.S. twentig, from twén=twegen, twain, two—tig (Goth. tigjus), ten; Ger. zwanzig.]

Twibill, twī′bil, n. a double-headed battle-axe. [A.S. twi-, two, bill, a bill.]

Twice, twīs, adv. two times: once and again: doubly.—n. Twī′cer, one who is both compositor and pressman.—adj. Twice′-told, told twice: hackneyed.—At twice, at two distinct times. [A.S. twíges—twíwa—twá, two.]

Twiddle, twid′l, v.t. to twirl idly, to play with.—v.i. to revolve: to trifle with something.—n. a twirl of the fingers.—ns. Twidd′ler; Twidd′ling-line, formerly a piece of small rope for steadying the steering-wheel: a string attached to a compass-gimbal, by which the compass-card may be started so as to play freely.—Twiddle one's fingers, to be idle. [Ety. dub.]

Twig, twig, n. a small shoot or branch of a tree: a divining-rod.—v.i. to be active.—adjs. Twig′gen (Shak.), covered with osier; Twig′gy, abounding in twigs or shoots; Twig′some, full of twigs. [A.S. twíg—twí-, double; Ger. zweig.]

Twig, twig, v.t. (slang) to observe narrowly: to understand.—v.i. to understand, see. [Prob. Ir. tuigim, discern; cf. Gael. tuig, understand.]

Twilight, twī′līt, n. the faint light after sunset and before sunrise: an uncertain view: partial darkness.—adj. of twilight: faintly illuminated: obscure.—v.t. to illuminate faintly.—Twilight of the gods, the same as Ragnarök (q.v.). [Lit. ''tween light,' A.S. twí-, from twá, two, and light.]

Twill, twil, or Tweel, twēl, n. a woven fabric, in which the warp is raised one thread, and depressed two or more threads for the passage of the weft—thus giving a curious appearance of diagonal lines: a fabric with a twill.—v.t. to weave with a twill. [Low Ger. twillen, to make double, twill, a forked branch; cf. Sw. tvilling, twin, Ger. zwillich, twill.]

Twilled, twild, adj. (Shak., Tempest, iv. 64) a dubious word, either 'hedged,' from twill, to weave with a twill, or more probably 'covered with reeds or sedges,' from obsolete twill, a reed.

Twilly, twil′i, n. a cotton-cleaning machine: willowing-machine. [Willow.]

Twin, twin, v.i. (obs.) to be parted in twain.—v.t. to part in twain: to deprive. [See next word.]

Twin, twin, n. a pair: one of two born at a birth: one very like another: a union of two similar crystals, or of two halves of one crystal holding a reversed position to each other, as if one had been turned half round about an axis (the twinning axis), perpendicular to a plane (the twinning plane), which is not for either a plane of symmetry.—adj. twofold, double: being one of two born at a birth: very like another: consisting of two parts nearly alike.—v.t. to couple, mate.—v.i. to be born at the same birth: to bring forth two at once: to be paired or suited:—pr.p. twin′ning; pa.p. twinned.—adj. Twin′-born, born at the same birth.—ns. Twin′-broth′er, one of two brothers who are twins; Twin′-flower, a slender, creeping evergreen—Linnæa borealis; Twin′ling.—adj. Twinned, produced at one birth: united.—ns. Twin′ning; Twin′-screw, a steam-vessel with two propellers on separate shafts; Twin′ship; Twin′-sis′ter, one of two sisters who are twins.—The Twins, the constellation Gemini. [A.S. getwinn, twinn, double—twí, two.]

Twine, twīn, n. a cord composed of two or more threads twisted together: a twist: an intertwining.—v.t. to wind, as two threads together: to twist together: to wind about: to encircle: to blend, intermingle.—v.i. to unite closely: to bend: to make turns: to ascend spirally round a support.—ns. Twine′-hold′er, a case for holding a ball of twine to be unwinded as required; Twī′ner, one who, or that which, twines.—adj. Twī′ning, twisting, winding.—adv. Twī′ningly. [A.S. twín, double-thread (Dut. twijn)—twí-, double.]

Twinge, twinj, v.t. to twitch or pinch: to affect with a sharp, sudden pain.—v.i. to have or suffer a sudden, sharp pain, like a twitch.—n. a twitch, a pinch: a sudden, sharp pain. [M. E. twingen, cog. with Ger. zwingen, to constrain; also with Ger. zwangen, to press.]

Twinkle, twing′kl, v.i. to blink: to shine with a trembling, sparkling light: to sparkle: to open and shut the eyes rapidly: to quiver.—ns. Twink′le, Twink′ling, a quick motion of the eye: the time occupied by a wink: an instant: the scintillation of the fixed stars; Twink′ler. [A.S. twinclian.]

Twire, twīr, v.i. (obs.) to glance obliquely: (Shak.) to twinkle, to gleam—also Tweer.—n. a shy look. [Cf. Bavarian zwiren, to spy, glance. Cf. Queer and Thwart.]

Twire, twīr, v.t. (obs.) to twist, twirl. [Perh. conn. with A.S. thweran, to stir, churn; cf. Old High Ger. dweran, to stir.]

Twirl, twėrl, v.t. to turn round rapidly, esp. with the fingers.—v.i. to turn round rapidly: to be whirled round.—n. a whirl: a rapid circular motion.—n. Twirl′er.—Twirl one's thumbs, to do nothing, be idle. [A.S. thwirel, a whisk for whipping milk—thweran, to churn, stir; Ger. quirl, querl, a stirring-spoon; cf. Ice. thvara, a stick for stirring, Gr. toryne, L. trua.]

Twissel, twis′l, adj. (obs.) double.—n. anything double.—adj. Twiss′el-tongued, double-tongued.

Twist, twist, v.t. to twine: to unite or form by winding together: to form from several threads: to encircle with something: to wreathe: to wind spirally: to turn from the true form or meaning: to fabricate, compose: to cause to move spirally, to bend: to wrest, wrench: to insinuate.—v.i. to be united by winding: to be bent, to move spirally: to revolve: to writhe.—n. that which is twisted: a cord: a single thread: manner of twisting: a contortion: a small roll of tobacco: a strong silk thread: (obs.) coarse cloth: a wrench, strain: a peculiar bent, perversion: (slang) a mixed drink, also an appetite for food.—adjs. Twist′able; Twist′ed.—n. Twīst′er, one who, or that which, twists: a whirling wind, a tornado: the inner part, of the thigh of a rider on horseback: a ball, as in cricket, billiards, &c., sent with a twist.—v.t. Twist′le (Scot.), to twist.—n. a wrench.—Twist of the wrist, the turning movement of the wrist in any work requiring dexterity, any quick action. [A.S. twist, a rope—twí-, two; Ger. zwist, discord.]

Twit, twit, v.t. to remind of some fault, &c.:—pr.p. twit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. twit′ted.—n. a reproach.—n. Twit′ter.—adj. Twit′ting.—adv. Twit′tingly, in a twitting manner. [A.S. æt-witan, to reproach—æt, against, witan (Scot. wyte, Ger. ver-weisen), to blame.]

Twitch, twich, v.t. to pull with a sudden jerk: to pluck: to snatch.—v.i. to be suddenly jerked: to move spasmodically: to carp, sneer.—n. a sudden, quick pull: a spasmodic contraction of the muscles: a loop fixed to a stick for fixing on the upper lip of a refractory horse during shoeing, &c.: the sudden narrowing almost to nothing of a vein of ore.—ns. Twitch′er; Twitch′ing. [A.S. twiccian, to pluck; Ger. zwicken.]

Twitter, twit′ėr, n. a chirp, as of a bird: a tremulous broken sound: a slight trembling of the nerves.—v.i. to make a succession of small tremulous noises: to feel a slight trembling of the nerves, to palpitate.—v.t. to chirp out.—ns. Twitterā′tion, a flutter; Twitt′ering, act of twittering: the sound of twittering: nervous excitement.—adv. Twitt′eringly. [A freq. of twit, allied to titter, &c.; cf. Ger. zwitschern, Sw. qvittra.]

Twitter-bone, twit′ėr-bōn, n. an excrescence on a horse's hoof.—adj. Twitt′er-boned, shaky.

Two, tōō, adj. one and one.—n. the sum of one and one: a figure representing two: a pair.—n. Two′-deck′er, a vessel of war carrying guns on two decks.—adjs. Two′-edged, having two edges; Two′-faced, having two faces, hence double-dealing, false; Two′fold, folded twice: multiplied by two: double.—adv. doubly.—adjs. Two′-forked, Twī′-forked, double-pronged, bifurcate; Two′-front′ed, having fronts on opposite sides; Two′-hand′ed, having, or used with, two hands: ambidexterous, handy: to be used by two persons; Two′-head′ed, having two heads: directed by two authorities; Two′-leaved, having two distinct leaves; Two′-legged, furnished with two legs; Two′-line (print.), having a depth of body equal to double that of the size specified, as two-line nonpareil or pica; Two′-lipped, having two lips: divided so as to resemble two lips; Two′-mast′ed, having two masts; Two′-nee′dle, perforated with two needles.—n. Two′ness, the state of being two, doubleness.—adj. Two′-part′ed, bipartite, divided into two nearly to the base.—n. Twopence (tup′ens, or tōō′pens), the sum of two pennies: (Shak.) a gilt coin worth two pence.—adj. Twopenny (tup′en-i, or tōō′pen-i), of the value of twopence: cheap, worthless.—n. ale sold at twopence a quart.—adjs. Two′-ply, consisting of two thicknesses: woven double; Two′-ranked, alternately arranged in two exactly opposite rows, distichous, bifarious; Two′-sid′ed, having two surfaces, or two aspects or phases: facing two ways, turned in two directions, often with implied sense of double-dealing or deceit; Two′some, two, twofold; Two′-tongued, double-tongued, deceitful; Two′-way, arranged so as to permit a fluid to be turned into either of two channels: (math.) having a double mode of variation; Twī′-nā′tured, Twy′-nā′tured, double natured—human and animal in one.—Be two, to be at variance; In two, asunder. [A.S. twá (fem.), twégen (masc.), twa, tú (neut.); Ger. zwei, Goth. twai; also Gr. dyo, L. duo, Sans. dva, Gael. da, do.]

Twyer, twī′ėr, n. a tube through which the blast of air enters a blast-furnace.—Also Tuy′ere, Tweer, Tuy′er, Twi′er. [Fr. tuyère, a nozzle.]

Tyburn, tī′burn, n. the historic place of execution in London.—ns. Ty′burn-tick′et, a certificate of exemption from certain parochial offices formerly granted to the prosecutor of a felon to conviction; Ty′burn-tipp′et, a halter; Ty′burn-tree, the gallows.

Tychonic, tī-kon′ik, adj. pertaining to the Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), or his system.

Tycoon, tī-kōōn′, n. the title by which the Shoguns of Japan were known to foreigners from 1854 to 1868.—n. Tycoon′āte, the shogunate. [Jap. taikun, great prince—Chin. ta, great, kiun, prince.]

Tye, tī, v.t. to wash ore in a tye.—n. a narrow buddle or inclined hutch for washing ore. [Prob. A.S. thweán, to wash.]

Tye, tī, n. an old form of tie: a runner of thick rope or chain, which forms part of the purchase used for hoisting the topsail and top-gallant yards.—ns. Tye′-block, the block on the yard through which the tye is rove, and passes on to be secured at the masthead; Ty′ing, the act of fastening, a fastening.

Tylarus, til′a-rus, n. one of the fleshy pads of the toe:—pl. Tyl′arī. [Gr. tylos, a knot.]

Tylopod, tī′lō-pod, adj. having padded digits, as the camel.—n. one of the Tylopoda. [Gr. tylos, a knot, pous, podos, a foot.]

Tylosis, tī-lō′sis, n. (bot.) a growth formed in the cavity of a duct by intrusion from a contiguous growing cell: an inflammation of the eyelids: callosity:—pl. Tylō′ses.—adj. Tylot′ic. [Gr.]

Tylote, tī′lōt, n. a cylindrical spicule, knobbed at both ends.—adj. Ty′lōtāte. [Gr. tylōtos—tylos, a knot.]

Tymp, timp, n. the crown of the opening in front of the hearth in a blast-furnace.

Tympan, tim′pan, n. an ancient Irish musical instrument: a frame covered with parchment or cloth, on which the blank sheets are placed to be impressed. [Fr.,—L. tympanum, a drum.]

Tympanum, tim′pan-um, n. (anat.) the membrane which separates the external from the internal ear, often called the drum of the ear: in certain birds, the labyrinth at the bottom of the windpipe: (archit.) the triangular space between sloping and horizontal cornices, or in the corners or sides of an arch: the panel of a door: a water-raising current wheel, originally drum-shaped.—adjs. Tym′panal, Tympan′ic, like a drum: pertaining to the tympanum.—n. a bone of the ear, supporting the drum-membrane.—adj. Tym′paniform, like a tympanum.—ns. Tym′panist, one who plays a drum; Tympanī′tēs, flatulent distension of the belly.—adj. Tympanit′ic.—ns. Tympanī′tis, inflammation of the membrane of the ear; Tym′pany, any swelling, turgidity: tympanites.—Tympanic membrane, the drum-membrane of the ear; Tympanic resonance, the peculiar high-pitched quality of sound produced by percussion over the intestines, &c., when they contain air; Tympanic ring, an annular tympanic bone, to which the tympanic membrane is attached. [L.,—Gr. tympanon, typanon, a kettledrum—typtein, to strike.]

Tynewald, Tinewald, tin′wold, n. the parliament of the Isle of Man. [Cf. Shetland tingwall—Ice. thing-völlr—ting, a parliament, völlr, a wood.]

Type, tīp, n. a mark or figure struck or stamped upon something: an emblem or figure of something to come, esp. the foreshadowing in the Old Testament of something realised in the New (the antitype): an exemplar, pattern: a representative style, model: the principal device on a coin or medal: a model in nature made the subject of a copy: (nat. hist.) that which combines best the characteristics of a group: the order in which the symptoms of a disease exhibit themselves: a chemical compound which represents the composition and structure of many more complex compounds, esp. Gerhardt's four types—hydrochloric acid, water, ammonia, and marsh-gas: a piece of metal, wood, or other material, on one end of which is cast or engraved a character, sign, &c. used in printing (the sizes are designated by different names in respect of their body—i.e. the depths of the face which comes in contact with the ink plus the bevel and beard.

Again, differences in width render the type fat or lean, or, if strongly marked, extended or condensed; differences in style or face are endless—Roman and Italic compose the text of all books in English; Antique (1), Gothic (2), Clarendon (3), and Black-letter (4) are approved styles for display. In America types are designated according to the number of 'points' of which the body consists. The point is 1⁄12 of a Pica; Nonpareil would accordingly be called six points. On the Continent the point is 1⁄12 of a Cicero, a body between Pica and English): the whole types used in printing.—v.t. to constitute a type of: to reproduce in type: to typify.—adj. Ty′pal.—ns. Type′-bar, a line of type cast in one piece, as in a linotype or typograph; Type′-block, a body of metal or wood on which a type is cut or cast; Type′-cast′ing, the act of founding type in moulds; Type′-cut′ter, one who engraves dies for printing-types; Type′-cyl′inder, the cylinder of a rotary printing-machine on which types or plates are fastened for printing; Type′-found′er, one who founds or casts printers' type; Type′-found′ing; Type′-found′ry, a place where type is founded or manufactured; Type′-gauge, a type-measure: a gauge for estimating the size of type.—adj. Type′-high, of the standard height of type—of a woodcut, &c.—ns. Type′-hold′er, a bookbinder's pallet or holder for use in hand-stamping; Typem′bryo, an embryo at the stage when it first exhibits the type of structure of the phylum or sub-kingdom to which it belongs; Type′-met′al, metal used for making types, a compound of tin, antimony, copper, and lead; Type′-scale, a measuring-rod for type; Type′-set′ter, a compositor: a machine which combines types in proper order for printing; Type′-set′ting.—v.t. and v.i. Type′write, to produce by means of a typewriter: to practise typewriting.—ns. Type′writer, a machine for producing legible characters on paper by mechanical means without the use of a pen: an operator on a typewriting machine; Type′writing.—adjs. Typ′ic, -al, pertaining to, or constituting, a type: emblematic: figurative: (nat. hist.) combining the characteristics of a group: connotative, indicative.—n. Typical′ity.—adv. Typ′ically.—ns. Typ′icalness; Typificā′tion; Typifī′er.—v.t. Typ′ify, to make a type of: to represent by an image or resemblance: to prefigure:—pa.p. and pa.t. typ′ifīed.—ns. Ty′pist, one who uses a typewriter; Typo (tī′pō), a compositor; Ty′pocosmy (Bacon), universal terminology; Ty′pograph, a machine for making and setting type; Typog′rapher, a printer; Typograph′ia (pl.), miscellany relating to printers and printing: (sing.) a book of instruction in printing.—adjs. Typograph′ic, -al, pertaining to typography or printing.—adv. Typograph′ically.—ns. Typog′raphist, a student of typography; Typog′raphy, the art of printing: (orig.) the art of representing by types or symbols: the general appearance of printed matter.—adj. Typolog′ical, pertaining to typology.—ns. Typol′ogy, the doctrine of Scripture types or figures; Typomā′nia, a craze for printing one's lucubrations.—Type genus (biol.), a generic type; Type species (biol.), a specific type.—Unity of type, the fundamental agreement in structure seen in organic beings of the same class or order. [Fr. type—L. typus—Gr. typos—typtein, to strike.]

Typha, tī′fa, n. one of two distinct reed-like plants called Bulrush. [Gr. typhē, cat-tail.]

Typhlitis, tif-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the cæcum and vermiform appendix—also Typhloënterī′tis.—adj. Typhlit′ic. [Gr. typhlos, blind.]

Typhoëan, tī-fō′ē-an, adj. pertaining to Typhoëus, a monster of Greek mythology, buried under Etna.

Typhoid, tī′foid, adj. pertaining to a widely-spread form of enteric or intestinal fever, long confounded with typhus, on account of the characteristic rash of rose-coloured spots—now proved to depend on defective hygienic conditions, and particularly on imperfect disposal of excreta—also Typhoid Fever.—adjs. Ty′phoidal; Typhomalā′rial, having both typhoid and malarial characteristics.—n. Typhomā′nia, a form of sleepless stupor and delirium in some cases of typhus fever—also Typhō′nia. [Gr. typhōdēs—typhos, smoke, eidos, likeness. Cf. Typhus.]

Typhoon, tī-fōōn′, n. a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas.—adj. Typhon′ic. [Port. tufão—Ar., Pers., Hind. tūfān, a hurricane, perh. traceable to Gr. typhōn, whence obs. Eng. typhon, a whirlwind. The Chinese t'ai fung, a great wind, pao fung, fierce wind, are prob. independent.]

Typhus, tī′fus, n. an extremely contagious and very fatal kind of continued fever, specially associated with filth and overcrowding, often occurring as an epidemic—Jail-fever, Camp-fever, &c.—adj. Ty′phous, relating to typhus. [Through Late L. from Gr. typhos, smoke, hence stupor arising from fever—typhein, to smoke.]

Typolite, tip′ō-līt, n. a stone or fossil imprinted with the impression of a plant or animal. [Gr. typos, impression, lithos, stone.]

Typonym, tī′pō-nim, n. a name based upon a type, as a specimen or species.—adjs. Typon′ymal, Typonym′ic. [Gr. typos, type, onyma, name.]

Typorama, tip-ō-rä′ma, n. a model or representation in fac-simile. [Gr. typos, type, horama, view.]

Typtology, tip-tol′ō-ji, n. the so-called science or theory of spirit-rapping.—adj. Typtolog′ical.—n. Typtol′ogist, one by whose means spirit-rappings are alleged to be induced: one who professes to believe in the genuineness of these. [Gr. typtein, to strike, logia—legein, to say.]

Tyr, tir, n. the name of a war-god in the old Norse mythology, a son of Odin. [Ice. Týr.]

Tyrant, tī′rant, n. one who uses his power arbitrarily and oppressively: (orig.) an absolute monarch or irresponsible magistrate with unlimited powers or an overruling influence.—v.t. to tyrannise over.—n. Ty′ran (Spens.), a tyrant.—v.t. to play the tyrant over.—n. Tyr′anness (Spens.), a female tyrant.—adjs. Tyran′nic, -al, Tyr′annous, pertaining to or suiting a tyrant: unjustly severe: imperious: despotic.—advs. Tyran′nically, Tyr′annously.—n. Tyran′nicalness.—adj. Tyran′nicidal.—n. Tyran′nicide, the act of killing a tyrant: one who kills a tyrant.—n.pl. Tyran′nidæ, a family of Passerine birds, the typical genus Tyran′nus, the tyrant-birds or tyrant-flycatchers.—v.i. Tyr′annise, to act as a tyrant: to rule with oppressive severity.—v.t. to act the tyrant to.—adj. Tyr′annish.—n. Tyr′anny, the government or authority of a tyrant: absolute monarchy cruelly administered: oppression: cruelty: harshness. [O. Fr. tirant (Fr. tyran)—L. tyrannns—Gr. tyrannos (Doric koiranos).]

Tyrian, tir′i-an, adj. pertaining to Tyre: deep-purple, like the dye formerly prepared at Tyre.—n. a native of Tyre.—Tyrian cynosure, the constellation Ursa Minor, a familiar guide to Tyrian mariners.

Tyriasis, ti-rī′a-sis, n. elephantiasis Arabum: the falling out of the hair.—Also Tyrō′ma. [Gr. tyros, cheese.]

Tyro, Tiro, tī′rō, n. one learning any art: one not yet well acquainted with a subject:—pl. Ty′ros.—ns. Tyroc′iny, pupilage (see Tirocinium); Ty′ronism, state of being a tyro. [L. tiro, a young recruit.]

Tyrolese, tir-ol-ēz′, adj. relating to Tyrol, or to its people.—n. a native of Tyrol.—n. Tyrolienne′, a Tyrolese peasants' dance, or its music.

Tyrotoxicon, tī-rō-tok′si-kon, n. a ptomaine in milk or cheese. [Gr. tyros, cheese, toxicon, poison.]

Tyrrhenian, ti-rē′ni-an, adj. Etruscan—also Tyrrhēne′.—n. an Etruscan.—Tyrrhenian Sea, that part of the Mediterranean between Tuscany and Sardinia and Corsica. [Gr. Tyrrhēnia, Etruria.]

Tyrtæan, tir-tē′an, adj. of or pertaining to Tyrtæus, a Greek martial poet of the 7th century B.C.

Tzigany, tsig′a-ni, n. a Hungarian gipsy.—adj. [Hung. Cigany, Gipsy; cf. It. Zingano, Zingaro, Ger. Zigeuner.]

the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel in our alphabet—evolving amongst the Greeks as V, with the value of u. From V, the lapidary and capital form, the uncial and cursive forms U and u were developed, gradually V becoming appropriated as the symbol for the consonant, and the medial form u as the symbol for the vowel.

Uberous, ū′ber-us, adj. (Browning) yielding abundance, fruitful.—n. U′berty, fruitfulness. [L. uber.]

Ubiquity, ū-bik′wi-ti, n. existence everywhere at the same time: omnipresence.—ns. Ubī′ety, the state of being in a definite place, whereness: omnipresence; Ubiquitā′rian, one who believes in the relative omnipresence of the human nature of Christ, and accordingly in His actual necessary bodily presence in the Eucharist.—adj. omnipresent—also adj. and n. Ubiquā′rian (rare).—adjs. Ubiq′uitous, Ubiq′uitary, being everywhere.—adv. Ubiq′uitously. [Fr. ubiquité, formed from L. ubique, everywhere.]

Udal, ū′dal, adj. applied to land held solely by uninterrupted succession, under no feudal superior.—n. a freehold estate.—n. U′daller, a holder of such. [Ice. ódhal, a homestead.]

Udder, ud′ėr, n. the mammary glands of various animals, esp. cows, &c.—adjs. Udd′ered; Udd′erful; Udd′erless. [A.S. úder; cog. with Ger. euter; also conn. with L. uber, Gr. outhar.]

Udometer, ū-dom′e-tėr, n. a rain-gauge.—adj. Udomet′ric. [L. udus, wet, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Ug, ug, n. (prov.) a surfeit.—v.i. to feel a loathing.—v.t. to give a surfeit to. [Ice. uggr, fear.]

Ugly, ug′li, adj. offensive to the eye: deformed: hateful: ill-natured: very severe, dangerous, as an ugly wound.—n. (coll.) an ugly person: a hood formerly worn by ladies as a shade for the eyes.—v.t. (rare) to make ugly.—n. Uglificā′tion.—v.t. Ug′lify, to make ugly.—adv. Ug′lily, in an ugly manner.—n. Ug′liness.—adj. Ug′some, hideous.—n. Ug′someness.—Ugly customer, a dangerous antagonist; Ugly man, the actual person who garrottes the victim in a confederacy of three, the others, the fore-stall and back-stall, covering his escape. [Ice. uggligr, frightful, uggr, fear; akin to Goth. ogan, A.S. oge, fear.]

Ugrian, ōō′gri-an, adj. pertaining to the Ugrians, a name used by Castrén for Ostiaks, Voguls, and Magyars belonging to the Ugro-Finnic division of the Ural-Altaic peoples.—Also Ug′ric.

Uhlan, ū′lan, n. one of a kind of light cavalry for outpost duty, &c., armed with a lance, famous esp. in the Prussian army. [Polish ulan, orig. a light Tartar horseman—Turk, oglān, a young man.]

Ukase, ū-kās′, n. a Russian decree having the force of law, emanating from the Czar directly or from the senate: any official proclamation. [Russ. ukazŭ, an edict—y-, prefix, kazatĭ, show.]

Ulcer, ul′sėr, n. a dangerous sore, discharging matter: (fig.) a sore, a strain.—v.i. Ul′cerate, to be formed into an ulcer.—v.t to affect with an ulcer or ulcers.—n. Ulcerā′tion, that part or effect of an inflammatory process in which the materials of inflamed tissues, liquefied or degenerate, are cast off, in solution or very minute particles, from free surfaces, or, more rarely, are absorbed from the substance of the body: an ulcer.—adjs. Ul′cered, affected with an ulcer; Ul′cerous, of the nature of an ulcer: affected with an ulcer.—adv. Ul′cerously, in an ulcerous manner.—n. Ul′cerousness. [Fr. ulcère—L. ulcus, ulcĕris; Gr. helkos, a wound.]

Ulema, ōō′le-ma, n. the collective name (which can not be used as a singular) of the body of professional theologians and doctors of divinity, and therefore of law, in any Mohammedan country. [Ar., plur. of ‛âlim, learned.]

Ulex, ū′leks, n. a genus of shrubs of the Bean family, including the furze, gorse, or whin. [L.]

Uliginose, ū-lij′i-nōs, adj. growing in swampy places.—Also Ulig′inous. [L. uliginosus—uligo—uvēre, to be wet.]

Ulitis, ū-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the gums.—ns. Ulon′cus, swelling of the gums; Ulorrhā′gia, bleeding from the gums. [Gr. oula, gums.]

Ullage, ul′āj, n. the quantity a cask lacks of being full.—n. Ull′ing. [O. Fr. eullage—œiller, to fill up, prob. from L. ova, the brim.]

Ulmaceous, ul-mā′shus, adj. relating to an order of trees of which the elm is the type.—adjs. Ul′mic, Ul′mous, pertaining to ulmin.—ns. Ul′min, a dark-brown gummy substance exuded from excrescences in the elm, oak, &c., and present in peat, vegetable mould, &c.; Ul′mus, the genus of the elms. [L. ulmus, an elm.]

Ulna, ul′na, n. the inner and larger of the two bones of the forearm:—pl. Ul′næ.—adv. Ul′nad, toward the ulna.—adj. Ul′nar.—n. Ulnā′re, an element of the primitive carpus situated on the ulnar side—represented in man by the cuneiform bone:—pl. Ulnā′ria. [L. ulna; Eng. ell.]

Ulodendron, ū-lō-den′dron, n. a genus of fossil trees with lepidodendroid cortical scars.

Ulosis, ū-lō′sis, n. the process by which a scar is formed, cicatrisation. [Gr. oulē, a scar.]

Ulotrichous, ū-lot′ri-kus, adj. having crisp woolly hair.—adj. and n. Ulot′richan:—ns.pl. Ulot′richi, Ulot′riches. [Gr. oulos, woolly, thrix, trichos, hair.]

Ulster, ul′stėr, n. a long and loose kind of overcoat worn by men and women, usually having a hood and belt.—n. Ul′ster-cus′tom, the form of tenant-right long customary in Ulster, and legalised by statute in 1870 and 1881 (see Tenant-right).—adj. Ul′stered, wearing an ulster.

Ulterior, ul-tē′ri-or, adj. on the further side: beyond: in the future: remoter, beyond what is seen or avowed.—adv. Ultē′riorly, in an ulterior or remote manner. [L. ulterior (comp. of ulter), that is beyond or on the other side.]

Ultimate, ul′ti-māt, adj. furthest: last: incapable of further division.—adv. Ul′timately.—n. Ultimā′tum, the final proposition or terms for a treaty:—pl. Ultimā′ta.—adj. Ul′timo, in the last (month).—n. Ul′timo-gen′iture, the same as Borough-English (q.v.)—opp. to Primogeniture.—Ultimus hæres (law), the crown or the state, which succeeds to the property of those who die intestate, without leaving next of kin, or who, being bastards, have no next of kin. [L. ultimus, the last, superl. of ulter.]

Ultra, ul′tra, adj. going beyond, extreme—in composition, as in Ultra-classical, Ultra-fashionable, Ultra-conservative, Ultra-critical, &c.—n. an ultraist: a fanatic.—ns. Ul′traism, the principles of ultraists; Ul′traist, one who carries to extremes the opinions or principles of his party.—Ultra vī′res, beyond one's power or rights. [L. ultra, beyond, vires, pl. of vis, strength.]

Ultramarine, ul-tra-ma-rēn′, adj. situated beyond the sea.—n. the most beautiful and durable sky-blue colour, so called either from its intense blue, or from the lapis lazuli, from which it is made, being brought from Asia, beyond the sea.

Ultramontane, ul-tra-mon′tān, adj. being beyond the mountains (i.e. the Alps): originally used in Italy of the French, Germans, &c.; afterwards applied by the northern nations to the Italians, hence its present meaning—viz. holding or denoting extreme views as to the Pope's rights and supremacy.—ns. Ultramon′tanism, ultramontane or extreme views as to the Pope's rights; Ultramon′tanist, one who holds to ultramontanism. [L. ultra, beyond, montanus—mons, montis, a mountain.]

Ultramundane, ul-tra-mun′dān, adj. being beyond the world, or beyond the limits of our system.

Ultra-protestant, ul′tra-prot′es-tant, n. a supporter of extreme Protestant views.—Also adj.

Ultra-sensual, ul′tra-sen′sū-al, adj. beyond the range or reach of the senses.

Ultra-tropical, ul′tra-trop′ik-al, adj. situated beyond the tropics: warmer than the tropics.

Ultroneous, ul-trō′nē-us, adj. spontaneous, voluntary.—adv. Ultrō′neously.—n. Ultrō′neousness. [L. ultro, spontaneously.]

Ululant, ul′ū-lant, adj. howling.—v.i. Ul′ulāte, to hoot or screech.—n. Ululā′tion, howling, wailing. [L. ululāre, to hoot.]

Umbel, um′bel, n. a form of flower in which a number of stalks, each bearing a flower, radiate from one centre.—adjs. Um′bellate, -d, bearing umbels.—n. Umbell′ifer, any plant of the parsley family.—adj. Umbellif′erous, bearing or producing umbels.—n. Um′bellule, a secondary umbel. [L. umbella, dim. of umbra, a shade.]

Umber, um′bėr, n. a brown earthy mineral used as a pigment.—adjs. Um′bered, tinged with umber; Um′bery, relating to, or like, umber. [Umbria.]

Umbilic, -al, um-bil′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to the navel.—adjs. Umbil′icate, -d, navel-shaped.—n. Umbil′icus, the navel: a depression at the axial base of a spiral shell, as in many gasteropods.—Umbilical cord, the navel-string; Umbilical duct, the passage connecting the umbilical vesicle with the primitive intestine; Umbilical hernia, the protrusion of a part through or near the umbilicus; Umbilical region, the middle portion of the abdomen. [L. umbilīcus, the navel; Gr. omphalos.]

Umbles, um′blz, n.pl. the entrails of a deer.—n. Um′ble-pie (see Humble-pie). [O. Fr. nombles (with initial n for l), from lomble—le, the article, omble—L. umbilicus, the navel. The Eng. form numbles, by loss of initial n, as in numpire, &c., became umbles, sometimes written humbles, whence humble-pie, now associated in popular etymology and meaning with humble=low.]

Umbo, um′bō, n. the boss of a shield: a knob: the point of a bivalve shell immediately above the hinge:—pl. Umbō′nes, Um′bos.—adjs. Um′bōnal, protuberant; Um′bōnāte, -d (bot.), having a central umbo, boss, or low rounded projection.—n. Umbonā′tion.—adjs. Umbon′ic; Umbon′ulate. [L.]

Umbra, um′bra, n. a shadow: (astron.) the dark cone projected from a planet or satellite on the side opposite to the sun: an uninvited guest whom an invited one brings with him: one of the Umbridæ, the mud-minnows: a sciænoid fish, the umbrine.—adjs. Um′bral, pertaining to an umbra; Um′brāted (her.), shadowed; (obs.) Umbrat′ic, -al, Um′bratile, shadowy, secluded.—ns. Umbrā′tion, adumbration; Um′brere, Um′briere (Spens.), the visor of a helmet.—adj. Umbrif′erous, casting a shade. [L.]

Umbraculum, um-brak′ū-lum, n. (bot.) any umbrella-shaped appendage, as the cap borne on the seta of Marchantia.—adjs. Umbrac′ulate, nearly covered by a projecting process, as the face of some Orthoptera; Umbraculif′erous, bearing an umbraculum; Umbrac′uliform, having the general form of an umbrella, as a mushroom.

Umbrage, um′brāj, n. suspicion of injury: offence: a shade of foliage: a slight appearance.—v.t. to shade.—adj. Umbrā′geous, shady or forming a shade.—adv. Umbrā′geously.—n. Umbrā′geousness. [Fr. ombrage—L. umbra, a shadow.]

Umbrella, um-brel′a, n. a familiar covered sliding frame carried in the hand, as a screen from rain or sunshine.—n. Umbrell′a-bird, a fruit-crow of South America, so called from its radiating crest.—adj. Umbrellaed (um-brel′äd), provided with an umbrella.—ns. Umbrell′a-grass, an Australian grass with millet-like seeds; Umbrell′a-stand, a stand in the hall of a house for holding umbrellas; Umbrell′a-tree, a small magnolia of the United States. [It. ombrella, dim. of ombra, a shade—L. umbra.]

Umbrette, um-bret′, n. the umber-bird, found in Africa and Madagascar, remarkable for the enormous domed nest which it builds.

Umbrian, um′bri-an, adj. pertaining to Umbria, in central Italy.—n. a native thereof: the old language, akin to Latin, Sabine, and Oscan, to some extent preserved in the Eugubine tablets.

Umbril, um′bril, n. the visor or face-defence of a helmet, the shade.—Also Um′brel.

Umiak, ōōm′yak, n. the large skin boat of the Eskimo, capable of carrying from 1½ to 3 tons.

Umlaut, ōōm′lowt, n. Grimm's word for a vowel-change in the Teutonic languages brought about on a preceding vowel by the vowel i (or e) modifying the first in the direction of e or i—German gänse, the plural of gans, &c.

Umpire, um′pīr, n. a third person called in to decide a dispute: an arbitrator.—v.i. to act as umpire.—v.t. to decide as umpire.—ns. Um′pirage, Um′pireship. [For numpire; M. E. nompere—O. Fr. nompair—non, not, pair, a peer. From the sense of 'unequal,' 'odd,' the meaning passes to an odd man, an arbitrator, a third party, who gives his casting vote.]

Umquhile, um′hwīl, adv. and adj. a Scotch form of Um′while, formerly, late, whilom.

Unable, un-ā′bl, adj. not able: not having sufficient strength, power, or skill: weak: impotent.

Unaccented, un-ak-sent′ed, adj. without accent or stress in pronunciation: not marked with an accent.

Unacceptable, un-ak-sept′a-bl, adj. not acceptable, not pleasing or welcome.—n. Unaccept′ableness.

Unaccommodated, un-a-kom′ō-dāt-ed, adj. not accommodated, unfurnished with accommodation.—adj. Unaccomm′odating, not compliant.

Unaccompanied, un-a-kum′pa-nid, adj. not accompanied, escorted, or attended: not connected: (mus.) having no instrumental accompaniment.

Unaccomplished, un-ak-kum′plisht, adj. unfinished: lacking accomplishments or acquirements.—n. Unaccom′plishment.

Unaccountable, un-ak-kownt′a-bl, adj. not accountable or to be accounted for: not responsible.—ns. Unaccountabil′ity, Unaccount′ableness, the state or quality of being unaccountable.—adv. Unaccount′ably, inexplicably.

Unaccustomed, un-a-kus′tomd, adj. not accustomed or used.—n. Unaccus′tomedness.

Unacknowledged, un-ak-nol′ejd, adj. not acknowledged or recognised: not confessed: not noticed.—adj. Unacknowl′edging, unthankful.

Unacquaintance, un-ak-kwānt′ans, n. want of acquaintance: ignorance.—adj. Unacquaint′ed, not acquainted: (Spens.) unusual.—n. Unacquaint′edness.

Unacquired, un-a-kwīrd′, adj. not acquired or gained.—adj. Unacquir′able, not acquirable.—n. Unacquir′ableness.

Unacted, un-ak′ted, adj. not acted or performed.—adj. Unac′tive, inactive: without efficacy.

Unadmire, un-ad-mīr′, v.t. not to admire.—adj. Unadmired′, not admired.

Unadvised, un-ad-vīzd′, adj. not advised: not prudent or discreet: rash.—n. Unadvīsabil′ity.—adj. Unadvīs′able, not advisable.—n. Unadvīs′ableness.—advs. Unadvīs′ably; Unadvīs′edly.—n. Unadvīs′edness, imprudence: rashness.

Unaffected, un-af-fekt′ed, adj. not affected or moved: without affectation: not affected or artificial: plain: real: sincere.—adv. Unaffect′edly, in an unaffected manner: without affectation.—n. Unaffect′edness, the state of being unaffected.

Unagreeable, un-a-grē′a-bl, adj. not agreeable.—n. Unagree′ableness.—adv. Unagree′ably.

Unalienable, un-āl′yen-a-bl, adj. inalienable.—adv. Unāl′ienably.

Unalist, ū′nal-ist, n. one who holds only one benefice—opp. to Pluralist. [L. unus, one.]

Unallied, un-a-līd′, adj. having no alliance or connection.—adj. Unallī′able, incapable of such.

Unalloyed, un-al-loid′, adj. not alloyed or mixed: pure.—Also Unallayed′.

Unalterable, un-awl′tėr-a-bl, adj. not capable of alteration or change.—ns. Unalterabil′ity, Unal′terableness.—adv. Unal′terably.—adj. Unal′tered, not altered or changed.

Unambiguous, un-am-big′ū-us, adj. not ambiguous, clear.—adv. Unambig′uously.—n. Unambig′uousness.

Unambitious, un-am-bish′us, adj. not ambitious.—adv. Unambi′tiously.

Unamendable, un-a-men′da-bl, adj. not capable of being amended or corrected.

Un-American, un-a-mer′i-kan, adj. not in accordance with American ideas or feeling,—v.t. Un-Amer′icanise, to make un-American.

Unamiable, un-ā′mi-a-bl, adj. not amiable, ill-natured.-ns. Unamiabil′ity, Unā′miableness.

Unamused, un-a-mūzd′, adj. not amused.—adj. Unamū′sing.—adv. Unamū′singly.—adj. Unamū′sive, not giving amusement.

Unanchor, un-ang′kor, v.t. to loose from anchorage.—v.i. to become loose or unattached.

Unanealed, Unaneled, un-a-nēld′, adj. (Shak.) not having received extreme unction.

Unanimity, ū-na-nim′i-ti, n. state of being unanimous.—adj. Unan′imous, of one mind: agreeing in opinion or will: done with the agreement of all.—adv. Unan′imously.—n. Unan′imousness, unanimity. [L. unus, one, animus, mind.]

Unanswerable, un-an′sėr-a-bl, adj. not answerable or capable of refutation.—ns. Unanswerabil′ity, Unan′swerableness, the state of being unanswerable.—adv. Unan′swerably, in an unanswerable manner.—adj. Unan′swered, not answered: unrequited.

Unapostolic, -al, un-ap-os-tol′ik, -al, adj. not in accordance with apostolic usage or authority.

Unapparel, un-a-par′el, v.t. to uncover, unclothe.—adj. Unappar′elled, not wearing clothes.

Unappealable, un-a-pēl′a-bl, adj. not admitting of an appeal to a higher court, conclusive, final.

Unappeasable, un-a-pē′za-bl, adj. incapable of being appeased, implacable.—adj. Unappeased′, not appeased or pacified.

Unappliable, un-a-plī′a-bl, adj. inapplicable.—adj. Unapplied′, not put to any special purpose.

Unappreciable, un-a-prē′shi-a-bl, adj. inappreciable.—adjs. Unapprē′ciated, not appreciated; Unapprē′ciātive, inappreciative.

Unapprehended, un-a-prē-hen′ded, adj. not apprehended or understood.—adjs. Unapprehen′sible, inapprehensible; Unapprehen′sive, not apprehensive or fearful: not intelligent.—n. Unapprehen′siveness.

Unapproachable, un-a-prōch′a-bl, adj. that cannot be approached or attained.—n. Unapproach′ableness.—adv. Unapproach′ably.—adj. Unapproached′, not approached, impossible to be approached.

Unappropriate, un-a-prō′pri-āt, adj. inappropriate: unappropriated.—v.t. to take from the possession of individuals and make common to all.—adj. Unapprō′priāted, not appropriated: not applied to any other purpose: not granted to any person, corporation, &c.

Unapt, un-apt′, adj. not suitable or qualified for: dull, inapt.—adv. Unapt′ly.—n. Unapt′ness.

Unarm, un-ärm′, v.t. to deprive of arms, to disarm: to make harmless.—v.i. to take off one's armour.—adjs. Unarmed′, without weapons, defenceless: unprotected by any covering—scales, prickles, &c.: unaided, as by a glass; Unar′moured, not armoured, not plated with armour, of ships.

Unartful, un-ärt′fōōl, adj. artless, genuine: inartistic.—n. Unart′fully.

Unartificial, un-är-ti-fish′al, adj. inartificial.—adv. Unartifi′cially.

Unascendable, un-a-sen′da-bl, adj. that cannot be ascended.—adj. Unascen′ded, not having been ascended.

Unascertainable, un-as-ėr-tān′a-bl, adj. that cannot be ascertained or known certainly.—adj. Unascertained′, not certainly known.

Unaspirated, un-as′pi-rā-ted, adj. pronounced or written without an aspirate.

Unaspiring, un-as-pīr′ing, adj. not aspiring, unambitious.—adv. Unaspir′ingly.

Unassailable, un-a-sā′la-bl, adj. not assailable: incontestable.—adj. Unassailed′, not assailed or attacked.

Unassimilated, un-a-sim′i-lā-ted, adj. not assimilated, not absorbed into the system as nutriment: not brought into conformity with something.

Unassuming, un-a-sūm′ing, adj. not assuming: not forward or arrogant: modest.

Unattached, un-a-tacht′, adj. not attached, as of a student not living in college but in outside lodgings, at Oxford and elsewhere: not seized for debt: not assigned to a particular regiment or company, on half-pay.

Unattainable, un-a-tān′a-bl, adj. beyond one's reach.—n. Unattain′ableness.—adv. Unattain′ably.

Unattended, un-a-tend′ed, adj. not accompanied or attended: not attended to.—adjs. Unattend′ing, not attending; Unattent′ive, inattentive.

Unattractive, un-a-trakt′iv, adj. not attractive.—adv. Unattract′ively.—n. Unattract′iveness.

Unauthentic, un-aw-then′tik, adj. not authentic.—adj. Unauthen′ticāted, not attested.—n. Unauthentic′ity.

Unauthorised, un-aw′thor-īzd, adj. not sanctioned by proper authority.—adj. Unauthor′itātive.

Unavailing, un-a-vāl′ing, adj. not availing, or of no avail or effect: useless.—n. Unavailabil′ity.—adj. Unavail′able, not available.—adv. Unavail′ingly.

Unavoidable, un-a-void′a-bl, adj. not avoidable: that may not be rendered null or void: inevitable.—n. Unavoid′ableness.—adv. Unavoid′ably.—adj. Unavoid′ed, not avoided: (Shak.) unavoidable, inevitable.

Unaware, un-a-wār′, adv. without being or making aware: suddenly: unexpectedly—also Unawares′.—At unawares, unexpectedly, at a sudden disadvantage.

Unbacked, un-bakt′, adj. never yet ridden: without any to help or encourage: not supported by bets, of a racehorse, &c.

Unbalanced, un-bal′anst, adj. not in a state of equipoise: without mental balance, unsteady: (book-k.) not adjusted so as to show debtor and creditor balance.—n. Unbal′ance, want of balance, derangement.—v.t. to throw out of balance.

Unballast, un-bal′ast, v.t. to discharge the ballast from.—adj. Unball′asted, not provided with ballast: unsteady.

Unbank, un-bangk′, v.t. to take a bank from: to make a fire burn up by raking off the ashes from the top, opening draughts, &c.—adj. Unbank′able, not bankable.

Unbaptised, un-bap′tīzd, adj. not having received baptism, unchristian: unholy.

Unbar, un-bär′, v.t. to remove a bar or hinderance from: to unfasten: to open.

Unbarbed, un-bärbd′, adj. (Shak.) not shaven, untrimmed: without barbs or plumes.

Unbarricade, un-bar′i-kād, v.t. to throw open.—adj. Unbarricādoed (-kā′dōd), unobstructed.

Unbearable, un-bār′a-bl, adj. intolerable.—n. Unbear′ableness.—adv. Unbear′ably.

Unbeaten, un-bē′tn, adj. not beaten with blows: untrodden: unconquered.

Unbeauteous, un-bū′tē-us, adj. not beautiful.—adj. Unbeau′tiful, ugly.

Unbeavered, un-bē′vėrd, adj. without a beaver or hat: having the beaver of the helmet open.

Unbecoming, un-bē-kum′ing, adj. not becoming: unsuited to the wearer, the place, &c.: not befitting, indecorous, improper.—adv. Unbecom′ingly.—n. Unbecom′ingness.

Unbecoming, un-bē-kum′ing, n. the transition from existence to non-existence.

Unbed, un-bed′, v.t. to rouse from bed.—adj. Unbed′ded, not yet having had the marriage consummated—of a bride.

Unbefool, un-bē-fōōl′, v.t. to change from the condition of a fool: to undeceive.

Unbefriend, un-bē-frend′, v.t. to fail to befriend.—adj. Unbefrien′ded, not supported by friends.

Unbegotten, un-bē-got′n, adj. not yet begotten: existing independent of any generating cause.—Also Unbegot′.

Unbeknown, un-bē-nōn′, adj. (prov.) unknown.—Also Unbeknownst′.

Unbelief, un-bē-lēf′, n. want of belief: disbelief, esp. in divine revelation.—n. Unbelievabil′ity, incapability of being believed.—adjs. Unbeliev′able; Unbelieved′.—n. Unbeliev′er, one who does not believe, esp. in divine revelation: an incredulous person.—adj. Unbeliev′ing, not believing, esp. divine revelation.—adv. Unbeliev′ingly, in an unbelieving manner.

Unbend, un-bend′, v.t. to free from being in a bent state: to make straight: to free from strain or exertion: to set at ease.—v.i. to become relaxed: to behave with freedom from stiffness, to be affable.—adj. Unbend′ing, not bending: unyielding: resolute.—n. a relaxing.—adv. Unbend′ingly.—n. Unbend′ingness.

Unbeneficial, un-ben-e-fish′al, adj. not advantageous.—adj. Unben′efited, having received no benefit.

Unbenighted, un-bē-nī′ted, adj. not involved in darkness, intellectual or moral.

Unbeseem, un-bē-sēm′, v.t. to be unworthy.—adj. Unbeseem′ing, unbecoming.—adv. Unbeseem′ingly.

Unbias, un-bī′as, v.t. to free from bias or prejudice.—adj. Unbī′assed, free from bias or prejudice: impartial.—adv. Unbī′assedly.—n. Unbī′assedness.

Unbid, un-bid′, adj. (Spens.) not bid or prayed for.—adjs. Unbid′, Unbid′den, not bid or commanded: spontaneous: uninvited.

Unbitt, un-bit′, v.t. (naut.) to take off the turns of a cable from around the bitts.

Unblamable, un-blā′ma-bl, adj. not deserving of blame: faultless.—adv. Unblā′mably.—adj. Unblamed′.

Unbleached, un-blēcht′, adj. not having been bleached.—adj. Unbleach′ing.

Unblemished, un-blem′isht, adj. not blemished or stained: free from reproach or deformity: pure.—adj. Unblem′ishable.

Unblenched, un-blensht′, adj. (Milt.) not startled or confounded.—adj. Unblench′ing, not flinching.

Unbless, un-bles′, v.t. (Shak.) to make unhappy.—adjs. Unblessed′, Unblest′.—n. Unbless′edness.—adj. Unbliss′ful, not blest: unhappy.

Unblock, un-blok′, v.i. at whist, to throw away a high card so as not to interrupt one's partner's long suit.

Unbloody, un-blud′i, adj. not stained by blood, not cruel.—adjs. Unblood′ed, not thoroughbred; Unblood′ied, not made bloody.—adv. Unblood′ily.

Unblown, un-blōn′, adj. not sounded: yet in the bud, not yet having bloomed.

Unblushing, un-blush′ing, adj. not blushing: without shame: impudent.—adv. Unblush′ingly, in an unblushing or impudent manner.

Unbolt, un-bōlt′, v.t. to remove a bolt from: to open.—v.i. to disclose.—adj. Unbolt′ed, not fastened by bolts: not separated by bolting or sifting: coarse.

Unbonnet, un-bon′et, v.t. and v.i. to uncover the head.—adj. Unbonn′eted, with no bonnet on: (Shak.) without taking off the cap, on equal terms.

Unbookish, un-book′ish, adj. not given to reading, ignorant.—Also Unbooked′ (rare).

Unbosom, un-bōōz′um, v.t. to disclose what is in the bosom or mind: to tell freely.—n. Unbos′omer, one who blabs or discloses secrets.

Unbought, un-bawt′, adj. not bought or sold, obtained without buying: not bribed.

Unbound, un-bownd′, adj. not bound: loose: wanting a cover.—adj. Unbound′ed, not bounded or limited: boundless: having no check or control.—adv. Unbound′edly.—n. Unbound′edness.

Unbrace, un-brās′, v.t. to undo the braces or bands of: to loose or relax.—adj. Unbraced′.—n. Unbrā′cedness.

Unbreathed, un-brēthd′, adj. (Shak.) not breathed, not exercised or practised.—adjs. Unbreath′able, not respirable; Unbreath′ing, not breathing.

Unbred, un-bred′, adj. not well-bred: unpolished: rude: (Shak.) not yet born.

Unbreech, un-brēch′, v.t. to free the breech of, as a cannon from its fastenings.

Unbridle, un-brī′dl, v.t. to free from the bridle, to let loose.—adj. Unbrī′dled, unrestrained: licentious.—n. Unbrī′dledness.

Unbroken, un-brō′kn, adj. entire: unsubdued: undisturbed—also Unbroke′ (Shak.).—adv. Unbrō′kenly.—n. Unbrō′kenness.

Unbrotherly, un-bruth′ėr-li, adj. not becoming a brother.—n. Unbroth′erliness.

Unbuckramed, un-buk′ramd, adj. not stiffened with buckram, not stiff, easy.

Unburden, un-bur′dn, v.t. to take a burden off: to free the mind from any weight or anxiety: to disclose—also Unbur′then.—adj. Unbur′dened.

Unburiable, un-ber′i-a-bl, adj. unfit to be buried.—adj. Unbur′ied, not buried.—v.t. Unbur′y, to disinter: to reveal.

Unburned, un-burnd′, adj. not burned, scorched, or baked.—Also Unburnt′.

Uncalled, un-kawld′, adj. not called, uninvited.—Uncalled for, quite unnecessary or superfluous.

Uncandid, un-kan′did, adj. not candid.—adv. Uncan′didly.—ns. Uncan′didness; Uncan′dour.

Uncanny, un-kan′i, adj. weird: unearthly: supposed to possess supernatural powers: dangerous, severe.—adv. Uncann′ily.—n. Uncann′iness.

Uncanonic, -al, un-ka-non′ik, -al, adj. not agreeable to the canons, not according to the canon of Scripture.—n. Uncanon′icalness.—v.t. Uncan′onise, to deprive of canonical authority.—adj. Uncan′onised, not canonised.

Uncap, un-kap′, v.t. to remove a cap from.—v.i. to take off one's cap or hat.

Uncape, un-kāp′, v.t. (Shak.) either to uncouple hounds, to let out of a bag, as a fox, or to throw off the dogs so as to commence the hunt: to unhood, in hawking.

Uncared, un-kārd′, adj. not regarded (with for).—adj. Uncare′ful, not careful or cautious.

Uncase, un-kās′, v.t. to take out of a case: to free from a covering: to flay.—v.i. (Shak.) to undress.

Unceasing, un-sē′sing, adj. not ceasing, continual.—adv. Uncea′singly.

Unceremonious, un-ser-ē-mō′ni-us, adj. not ceremonious, informal.—adv. Unceremō′niously.—n. Unceremō′niousness.

Uncertain, un-sėr′tān, adj. not certain, doubtful: not to be depended upon: not sure of the result.—adv. Uncer′tainly.—ns. Uncer′tainness; Uncer′tainty, state of being uncertain or doubtful: want of certainty: that which is uncertain.

Unchallenged, un-chal′enjd, adj. not challenged or called in question.—adj. Unchall′engeable.—adv. Unchall′engeably.

Unchancy, un-chan′si, adj. (Scot.) unlucky, uncanny: dangerous, inconvenient.—n. Unchance′, misfortune.

Unchangeable, un-chān′ja-bl, adj. not capable of change.—ns. Unchangeabil′ity, Unchange′ableness.—adv. Unchange′ably.—adjs. Unchanged′; Unchan′ging.—adv. Unchan′gingly.

Uncharge, un-chärj′, v.t. to free from a charge or burden: to acquit.—adj. Uncharged′.

Uncharitable, un-char′i-ta-bl, adj. not charitable, harsh in judgment.—n. Unchar′itableness.—adv. Unchar′itably.—n. Unchar′ity, want of charity.

Uncharm, un-chärm′, v.t. to free from the power of some charm.—adj. Unchar′ming, not charming.

Unchaste, un-chāst′, adj. not chaste, lewd.—adv. Unchāste′ly.—n. Unchas′tity, lewdness, incontinence.

Unchecked, un-chekt′, adj. not checked or hindered, unrestrained: uncontradicted.—adj. Uncheck′able.

Uncheerful, un-chēr′fōōl, adj. not cheerful, gloomy: grudging.—n. Uncheer′fulness.

Unchivalrous, un-shiv′al-rus, adj. not chivalrous or honourable.—Also Unchiv′alric.

Unchristian, un-kris′tyan, adj. not Christian, not converted to Christianity: contrary to the character of Christianity, cruel, harsh: (coll.) improper, unusual.—v.t. to make unchristian.—v.t. Unchris′tianise, to cause to change from the Christian faith.—adv. Unchris′tianly.—n. Unchris′tianness.

Unchurch, un-church′, v.t. to deprive of the rights of a church: to refuse the name of church to.

Uncial, un′shal, adj. applied to that variety of majuscule writing, with large round characters, used in ancient MSS.—n. an uncial letter, uncial writing: a MS. written in uncials.—v.t. Un′cialise, to shape like uncials. [Lit. 'an inch long'—L., from uncia, a twelfth part, an inch.]

Unciform, un′si-form, adj. hook-shaped.—adjs. Uncif′erous, having a hook, as an ovipositor; Un′cinal, Un′cinate, hooked at the end.—n.pl. Uncinā′ta, a division of marine chætopod worms—serpulas and other tubicolous worms.—ns. Uncinā′tum, the unciform bone of the carpus; Uncī′nus, a hooklet, hamulus, one of the uncial teeth of the radula:—pl. Uncī′ni (ī).—adj. Unciros′trāte, having a hooked beak. [L. uncus, a hook.]

Uncircumcision, un-sėr-kum-sizh′un, n. want of circumcision: (B.) those who are not circumcised.—adj. Uncir′cumcised, not circumcised.

Uncivil, un-siv′il, adj. not civil or courteous, rude: (Spens.) not civilised, wild.—adj. Unciv′ilised, barbarous.—adv. Unciv′illy, not civilly or politely.

Unclassable, un-klas′a-bl, adj. incapable of being classed or classified.

Uncle, ung′kl, n. the brother of one's father or mother: an old man generally: a pawnbroker.—n. Un′cleship, the state of being an uncle.—Uncle Sam, the United States or its people.—Talk like a Dutch uncle (see Dutch). [O. Fr. (Fr. oncle)—L. avunculus, extension of avus, a grandfather.]

Unclean, un-klēn′, adj. not clean: foul: (B.) ceremonially impure: sinful: lewd.—n. Unclean′liness.—adj. Unclean′ly.—n. Unclean′ness, the state or quality of being unclean: dirtiness: (B.) want of ceremonial purity: moral impurity: sinfulness.

Unclinch, un-klinsh′, v.t. to cause to be no longer clinched: to open or set straight, as the closed hand.—Also Unclench′.

Uncloak, un-klōk′, v.t. to take the cloak off any one.—v.i. to take the cloak off.

Unclose, un-klōz′, v.t. to make not close, to open.—adjs. Unclose (un-klōs′), open, babbling; Unclosed (un-klōzd′), open, unenclosed.

Unclothe, un-klōth′, v.t. to take the clothes off: to make naked.—adj. Unclothed′.

Uncloud, un-klowd′, v.t. to free from clouds.—adj. Uncloud′ed, free from clouds, clear.—n. Uncloud′edness.—adj. Uncloud′y.

Unco, ung′kō, adj. (Scot.) strange, unusual.—n. any strange person or thing: (pl.) news.—adv. remarkably, very. [Uncouth.]

Uncock, un-kok′, v.t. to release and let down the hammer of a firearm without exploding the charge: to open up a hay-cock, &c., spreading the hay out.

Uncoif, un-koif′, v.t. to take the head-covering from.—adj. Uncoifed′, without a coif.

Uncoin, un-koin′, v.t. to deprive metallic money of its character as coin.—adj. Uncoined′, not coined: (Shak.) unalloyed, unfeigned.

Uncollected, un-kol-ek′ted, adj. not collected or gathered: absent in mind, not having one's thoughts collected.

Uncoloured, un-kul′urd, adj. not coloured, undyed, white: truthful, not exaggerated.

Uncolt, un-kōlt′, v.t. (Shak.) to unhorse, to deprive of a colt or horse.

Uncombine, un-kom-bīn′, v.t. to separate.—v.i. to become separated.

Uncomely, un-kum′li, adj. not comely: indecent.—n. Uncome′liness, want of comeliness: unseemliness.

Uncomfortable, un-kum′fur-ta-bl, adj. not comfortable, causing discomfort or disquiet: awkwardly situated.—n. Uncom′fortableness.—adv. Uncom′fortably.

Uncommerciable, un-kom-er′shi-a-bl, adj. not capable of being made material for commerce.—adj. Uncommer′cial, not engaged in commerce: not in the spirit of commerce.

Uncommitted, un-ko-mit′ed, adj. not committed or done: not entrusted: not bound by any pledge or promise: not referred to a committee.

Uncommon, un-kom′un, adj. not common, strange.—adv. (coll.) very.—adv. Uncomm′only.—n. Uncomm′onness.

Uncommunicative, un-ko-mū′ni-kā-tiv, adj. not communicative, reserved.—adjs. Uncommū′nicable; Uncommū′nicated.—n. Uncommū′nicativeness.

Uncompact, un-kom-pakt′, adj. incompact.—adj. Uncompact′ed, not compact or firm.

Uncompanied, un-kum′pa-nid, adj. unaccompanied.—adjs. Uncompan′ionable, not companionable or sociable; Uncompan′ioned, without a companion, or an equal, alone.

Uncomplaining, un-kom-plā′ning, adj. not complaining.—adv. Uncomplain′ingly.

Uncomplaisant, un-kom′plā-zant, adj. not complaisant or civil.—adv. Uncom′plaisantly.

Uncompliable, un-kom-plī′a-bl, adj. unwilling to comply.—adj. Uncomplī′ant, incompliant.

Uncomposable, un-kom-pō′za-bl, adj. incapable of being composed or reconciled.

Uncomprehensive, un-kom-prē-hen′siv, adj. not comprehensive: incomprehensive: (Shak.) incomprehensible.

Uncompromising, un-kom′prō-mī-zing, adj. not admitting of compromise or adjustment: unyielding: obstinate.—adv. Uncom′promisingly.—n. Uncom′promisingness.

Unconceivable, un-kon-sē′va-bl, adj. inconceivable.—n. Unconcei′vableness.—adv. Unconcei′vably.

Unconcern, un-kon-sern′, n. want of concern, anxiety, or solicitude.—adj. Unconcerned′, not concerned: carelessly secure.—adv. Unconcer′nedly, in an unconcerned manner: without anxiety.—ns. Unconcer′nedness, Unconcern′ment.

Unconclusive, un-kon-klōō′siv, adj. inconclusive.—adjs. Unconclu′dent (obs.), not decisive; Unconclu′dible, not to be concluded; Unconclu′ding, inconclusive.—n. Unconclu′dingness.

Unconditioned, un-kon-dish′und, adj. not subject to conditions or limitations: infinite: inconceivable.—adj. Uncondi′tional, not conditional, absolute, unreserved.—n. Unconditional′ity.—adv. Uncondi′tionally.—n. Uncondi′tionalness.

Unconfinable, un-kon-fī′na-bl, adj. not to be confined: (Shak.) unbounded.—adj. Unconfined′, not confined, unrestrained: broad.—adv. Unconfī′nedly.

Unconfirmed, un-kon-firmd′, adj. not confirmed: not verified by further testimony: not yet having received the rite of confirmation: not yet having election as bishop confirmed by an archbishop: weak.

Unconform, un-kon-form′, adj. (Milt.) not conformed, unlike.—n. Unconformabil′ity.—adj. Unconfor′mable.—n. Unconfor′mableness.—adv. Unconfor′mably.—n. Unconfor′mity.

Unconfused, un-kon-fūzd′, adj. not confused, free from confusion.—adv. Unconfū′sedly.

Unconnected, un-kon-ek′ted, adj. not connected, separate: not coherent, rambling, vague: without connections of family, &c.

Unconquerable, un-kong′kėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be conquered or brought under control.—n. Uncon′querableness.—adv. Uncon′querably.—adj. Uncon′quered.

Unconscionable, un-kon′shun-a-bl, adj. not conformable to conscience: unreasonable: inordinate.—n. Uncon′scionableness.—adv. Uncon′scionably.

Unconscious, un-kon′shus, adj. not conscious: not self-conscious, not perceiving.—adv. Uncon′sciously.—n. Uncon′sciousness.

Unconsecrated, un-kon′sē-krā-ted, adj. not formally consecrated.—v.t. Uncon′secrate, to deprive of consecrated character.

Unconsidered, un-kon-sid′ėrd, adj. not considered, esteemed, or attended to.—adj. Unconsid′erāte, inconsiderate.—n. Unconsid′erāteness, inconsiderateness.—adj. Unconsid′ering, not considering.

Unconstant, un-kon′stant, adj. (Shak.) inconstant.—adv. Uncon′stantly.

Unconstitutional, un-kon-sti-tū′shun-al, adj. not constitutional: contrary to the constitution.—n. Unconstitutional′ity.—adv. Unconstitū′tionally.

Unconstrained, un-kon-strānd′, adj. not under constraint, voluntary: not embarrassed.—adv. Unconstrain′edly.—n. Unconstraint′.

Uncontemporaneous, un-kon-tem-po-rā′ne-us, adj. not contemporary: original.

Uncontented, un-kon-ten′ted, adj. discontented.—ns. Unconten′tedness; Unconten′tingness.

Uncontested, un-kon-tes′ted, adj. not contested, indisputable.—adj. Uncontes′table, incontestable.

Uncontradicted, un-kon-tra-dik′ted, adj. not contradicted or denied.—adj. Uncontradic′table, incapable of being contradicted.

Uncontriving, un-kon-trī′ving, adj. not contriving, with little ability to contrive.

Uncontrollable, un-kon-trō′la-bl, adj. not capable of being controlled: indisputable.—n. Uncontroll′ableness.—adv. Uncontroll′ably.—adj. Uncontrolled′.—adv. Uncontroll′edly.

Unconventional, un-kon-ven′shun-al, adj. not conventional, free in one's ways.—n. Unconventional′ity.

Unconversable, un-kon-ver′sa-bl, adj. not disposed to converse freely, reserved.

Unconverted, un-kon-ver′ted, adj. not converted, not having experienced a quickening change of heart.—n. Unconver′sion, impenitence.—adj. Unconver′tible, not convertible.

Uncorrupt, un-kor-upt′, adj. not corrupt.—adj. Uncorrupt′ed, not made corrupt.—ns. Uncorrupt′edness; Uncorruptibil′ity.—adj. Uncorrupt′ible, incorruptible.—n. Uncorrup′tion, incorruption.—adj. Uncorrupt′ive, incorruptible.—adv. Uncorrupt′ly, truly.—n. Uncorrupt′ness, integrity.

Uncountable, un-kown′ta-bl, adj. innumerable.—adj. Uncount′ed, not counted or numbered.

Uncouple, un-kup′l, v.t. to loose from being coupled: to disjoin: to set loose.—adj. Uncoup′led, not coupled: not married: (her.) découplé.

Uncourteous, un-kurt′yus, adj. not courteous.—adv. Uncourt′eously.

Uncourtly, un-kōrt′li, adj. not courtly, unpleasing, uncivil.—n. Uncourt′liness.

Uncouth, un-kōōth′, adj. awkward, ungraceful, esp. in manners or language, grotesque, odd.—adv. Uncouth′ly.—n. Uncouth′ness. [A.S. uncúdh—un-, not, cúdh, gecúdh, known—cunnan, to know.]

Uncovenanted, un-kuv′e-nan-ted, adj. not promised by covenant: not bound by a covenant, esp. not subscribing to the famous Solemn League and Covenant of 1643.—Uncovenanted civil service, a branch of the East Indian civil service whose members pass no entrance examination, and may resign their offices at pleasure—opp. to Covenanted service; Uncovenanted mercies, such mercies as God may bestow on those not embraced within the covenant of grace—that is, those outside the ordinary channels of grace.

Uncover, un-kuv′ėr, v.t. to remove the cover of: to lay open: to expose successively lines of formation of troops by the wheeling to right or left of the lines in front.—v.i. to take off the hat.—adj. Uncov′ered, having no covering, naked, esp. having no covering on the head.

Uncowl, un-kowl′, v.t. to deprive of a cowl, esp. of a monk: to uncover by taking off anything that veils or hides.

Uncreate, un-kre-āt′, v.t. to deprive of existence.—adj. Uncreā′ted, not yet created: not produced by creation.—n. Uncreā′tedness.

Uncreditable, un-kred′i-ta-bl, adj. (obs.) discreditable.—n. Uncred′itableness (obs.).

Uncritical, un-krit′i-kal, adj. not critical, without appetite or ability for critical analysis: not in accordance with the rules of criticism.—adv. Uncrit′ically.

Uncross, un-kros′, v.t. to change from a crossed position.—adj. Uncrossed′, not crossed: not limited as regards negotiability by being crossed, of a cheque, &c.

Uncrown, un-krown′, v.t. to deprive of a crown, to dethrone.—adj. Uncrowned′, not yet wearing a crown, not yet formally crowned: possessing kingly power without the actual title and dignity.

Unction, ungk′shun, n. an anointing: that which is used for anointing: ointment: that quality in language which raises emotion or devotion: warmth of address: divine or sanctifying grace.—n. Unctūos′ity, state or quality of being unctuous: oiliness: greasiness.—adj. Unc′tūous, oily: greasy.—adv. Unc′tūously.—n. Unc′tūousness, unctuosity.—Extreme unction (R.C. Church), the sacrament of anointing persons with consecrated oil in their last hours. [L. unctio—unguĕre, unctum, to anoint.]

Uncultivable, un-kul′ti-va-bl, adj. not capable of being cultivated.—adjs. Uncult′ (obs.), rude; Uncul′tivāted, not cultivated; Uncul′tūred, not cultured.

Uncurbable, un-kur′ba-bl, adj. not able to be curbed.—adj. Uncurbed′, not curbed.

Uncurl, un-kurl′, v.t. to loose from curls or ringlets.—v.i. to relax from a curled state.

Uncus, ung′kus, n. a hook or claw, or a hook-like process: the head of the malleolus or lateral tooth of the mastax of a wheel-animalcule:—pl. Un′ci (sī). [L. uncus, a hook.]

Uncustomed, un-kus′tomd, adj. not liable to payment of customs or duty, or having evaded it, smuggled.—adj. Uncus′tomable, not subject to customs.

Uncut, un-kut′, adj. not cut, untrimmed, as the edges of the leaves of a book.

Undate, -d, un′dāt, -ed, adj. waved or wavy: rising and falling in waves.—adj. Undé (her.), wavy, undulating. [L. undatus, pa.p. of undāre, to rise in waves—unda, a wave.]

Undaunted, un-dän′ted, adj. not daunted: bold: intrepid.—adv. Undaun′tedly, in an undaunted or bold manner.—n. Undaun′tedness, the state or quality of being undaunted or fearless: boldness.

Undecagon, un-dek′a-gon, n. (geom.) a figure having eleven angles. [L. undecim, eleven, Gr. gōnia, an angle.]

Undeceive, un-dē-sev′, v.t. to free from deception or mistake.—adj. Undeceiv′able.

Undecency, un-dē′sen-si, n. (obs.) indecency.—adj. Undē′cent (obs.), indecent.—adv. Undē′cently (obs.).

Undecennial, un-dē-sen′i-al, adj. pertaining to a period of eleven years, occurring on the eleventh year, or every eleven years.—Also Undecenn′ary. [L. undecim, eleven.]

Undecided, un-dē-sī′ded, adj. not having the mind made up, irresolute.—adj. Undecī′dable, that cannot be decided.—adv. Undecī′dedly.—n. Undecī′dedness.

Undecimole, un-des′i-mōl, n. (mus.) a group of eleven notes to be taken in the time of eight.

Undeck, un-dek′, v.t. to divest of ornaments.—adj. Undecked′, not adorned: having no deck, as a vessel.

Undeclinable, un-dē-klī′na-bl, adj. indeclinable: that cannot be avoided.—adj. Undeclined′, not having cases with different terminations.

Undeeded, un-dēd′ed, adj. (Shak.) not signalised by any great action.

Undefiled, un-dē-fīld′, adj. not made unclean, unpolluted, spotless, innocent.

Undefined, un-dē-fīnd′, adj. not defined or explained precisely: indefinite.—v.i. Undefine′, to make indefinite.—adj. Undefī′nable, not capable of being defined.

Undeify, un-dē′i-fī, v.t. to deprive of the nature of a god: to deprive a god of his due honour.

Undelighted, un-dē-lī′ted, adj. not delighted.—adj. Undelight′ful, not affording delight.

Undemonstrative, un-dē-mon′stra-tiv, adj. not showing feeling openly, reserved, quiet.—adj. Undemon′strable, indemonstrable.—n. Undemon′strativeness.

Undeniable, un-dē-nī′a-bl, adj. not deniable or able to be denied: true.—n. Undenī′ableness.—adv. Undenī′ably.

Undenominational, un-dē-nom-i-nā′shun-al, adj. free from denominationalism, not sectarian.—n. Undenominā′tionalism, the absence of denominationalism, as in the education of children.

Undependable, un-dē-pen′da-bl, adj. not to be depended upon.—n. Undepen′dableness.—adj. Undepen′ding (obs.), independent.

Undepressed, un-dē-prest′, adj. not pressed down or sunk: not dejected or cast down.

Undeprived, un-dē-prīvd′, adj. not deprived of anything, not dispossessed.

Under, un′dėr, prep. in a lower position than: beneath: below: less than, falling short of: in subjection, subordination, oppression, liability, &c.: during the time of: undergoing: in accordance with: in, in course of.—adv. in a lower degree or condition: in subjection: below: less.—adj. lower in position, rank, or degree: subject: subordinate.—Under arms, in readiness to use arms or weapons; Under fire, exposed to the fire or shot of any enemy; Under one's hand (see Hand); Under one's nose, under one's close observation; Under sail, moved by sails: in motion; Under the breath, with low voice, very softly; Under the lee, to the leeward; Under the rose (see Rose); Under water, below the surface of the water; Under way, moving: having commenced a voyage. [A.S. under; Goth. undar, Ice. undir, Ger. unter, L. inter.]

Underact, un-dėr-akt′, v.t. to act a part inefficiently.—n. Underac′tion, subordinate action: inefficient action.

Underbear, un-dėr-bār′, v.t. (Shak.) to support, to endure, to line.—n. Un′derbearer.

Underbid, un-dėr-bid′, v.t. to bid or offer less than, as at an auction.

Underbill, un-dėr-bil′, v.t. to bill under the actual measure or weight.

Underbitten, un′dėr-bit′n, adj. not bitten in by a corrosive acid deep enough to print from—of copperplates, &c.

Under-board, un′dėr-bōrd, adv. (obs.) secretly—opp. to Above-board.

Underbred, un′dėr-bred, adj. of inferior breeding or manners, vulgar: not pure-bred.

Underbrush, un′dėr-brush, n. brushwood or shrubs in a forest growing beneath large trees: undergrowth.—v.t. to clear away such—also Un′derbush.—vs.i. Un′derbrush, Un′derbush, to work amongst underbrush.

Underbud, un′dėr-bud, n. (coll.) a young girl who has not yet come out in society.

Underbuy, un-dėr-bī, v.t. to buy a thing at a price lower than that paid by another: to pay less than the value for.

Undercast, un′dėr-kast, n. an air-passage crossing a road in a mine by means of an air-tight box or channel beneath it.

Undercharge, un-dėr-chärj′, v.t. to charge less than the proper sum.—n. a charge less than the proper sum.

Underclay, un′dėr-klā, n. the bed of clay almost always found under coal-seams, considered as the soil in which grew the plants that formed the coal.

Under-clerk, un′dėr-klärk, n. a subordinate clerk.—n. Un′der-clerk′ship.

Undercliff, un′dėr-klif, n. a subordinate or lower cliff on a shore, composed of material that has fallen from the higher cliff above.

Underclothes, un′dėr-klōthz, n.pl. clothes worn under others—also Un′derclothing.—adj. Underclothed′.

Undercoat, un′dėr-kōt, n. a coat for wearing in the house, one worn under an overcoat: the under-fur of a long-haired animal.

Under-colour, un′dėr-kul′ur, n. a colour below another, a subdued colour.—adj. Un′der-col′oured, not coloured sufficiently.

Undercroft, un′dėr-kroft, n. a vault under the choir or chancel of a church: a vault or secret walk underground.

Undercurrent, un′dėr-kur-ent, n. a current under the surface of the water: any influence or feeling not apparent on the surface.—adj. running below or unseen.

Undercurved, un-dėr-kurvd′, adj. curved so as to pass below the body—of parts of the upper surface of an insect.

Undercut, un-dėr-kut′, v.t. to cut under, as a mass of coal: to strike a heavy blow upward: to go to the foundation of.—adj. made so as to cut from the under side: effected by undercutting: having the parts in relief cut under.—n. Un′dercut, the act or effect of cutting under: a blow dealt upward: the tenderloin.

Underditch, un-dėr-dich′, v.t. to make a deep ditch so as to drain the surface of.—n. Un′derditch, a drain under the surface of the ground.

Underdo, un-dėr-dōō′, v.t. to do less than is requisite, esp. to cook insufficiently.—n. Underdo′er, one who does less than is necessary.—adj. Underdone′, done less than is requisite: insufficiently cooked.

Underdrain, un-dėr-drān′, v.t. same as Underditch.—Also n. Un′derdrain.

Underdraw, un-dėr-draw′, v.t. to represent inadequately in art, or by words.

Underestimate, un-dėr-es′ti-māt, v.t. to estimate at too low a rate: to set too low a value on.—n. an insufficiently high opinion.

Under-exposed, un-dėr-eks-pōzd′, adj. (phot.) not exposed to the light long enough to make a good negative.

Underfang, un-dėr-fang′, v.t. (Spens.) to undertake, to circumvent, to entrap. [A.S. underfangen, underfón—under, under, fón, to take.]

Underfeed, un-dėr-fēd′, v.t. to feed inadequately.—adjs. Underfed′; Underfeed′ing.

Underfoot, un-dėr-fōōt′, adj. downtrodden, abject.—v.t. to shore up, to underpin.—adv. under the feet, below.

Underfurrow, un-dėr-fur′ō, v.t. to cover with a furrow, as manure, to plough in.—adv. under a furrow.

Undergarment, un′dėr-gär-ment, n. any article of clothing worn under another.

Undergird, un-dėr-gird′, v.t. to gird or bind under or below: to gird round the bottom.

Underglaze, un-dėr-glāz′, adj. suitable for underglaze painting, of a pigment.—Underglaze painting, in ceramics, painting in a vitrifiable pigment before the glaze is applied.

Undergo, un-dėr-gō′, v.t. to go under or be subjected to: to endure or suffer: to pass through: to sustain without sinking: to partake of.—adj. Undergō′ing, suffering.

Under-grade, un′dėr-grād, adj. in bridge-building, having the truss below the roadway, as in a deck-bridge.

Undergraduate, un-dėr-grad′ū-āt, n. a student who has not taken his first degree.—adj. pertaining to such.—n. Undergrad′uateship.

Underground, un′dėr-grownd, adj. under the surface of the ground.—n. that which is underground.—v.t. to place underground.—adv. Underground′, beneath the surface of the earth.

Undergrow, un-dėr-grō, v.t. to grow beneath the normal size.—n. Un′dergrowth, shrubs or low woody plants growing among trees: copsewood.

Underhand, un-dėr-hand′, adj. and adv. secretly: by secret means: by fraud: in cricket, delivered with the hand underneath—opp. to Over-arm and Round-arm.—adj. Underhan′ded, clandestinely carried on: short-handed.—adv. Underhan′dedly.—n. Underhan′dedness.

Underhew, un-dėr-hū′, v.t. to hew less than is proper, esp. to hew unfairly timber which should be square, so that it appears to contain more cubic feet than it really does.

Underhold, un′dėr-hōld, n. in wrestling, an unfair seizing of the opponent under the arms.

Underhung, un-dėr-hung′, adj. hanging over, protruding from beneath: running on rollers on a rail below it—of a sliding-door—opp. to Overhung.

Underkeep, un-dėr-kēp′, v.t. (Spens.) to keep under or in subjection.

Underlap, un-dėr-lap′, v.t. to be folded under, to extend beneath the edge of.

Underlay, un-dėr-lā′, v.t. to lay under or to support by something laid under.—v.i. to incline from the perpendicular.—n. Un′derlay, a piece of paper pasted under woodcuts, stereotype plates, &c. in a form, to bring them up to the necessary level for printing.—n. Underlay′er, one who underlays.

Underlease, un′dėr-lēs, n. a lease granted by a lessee for a shorter period than that covered by his own lease.

Underlet, un-dėr-let′, v.t. to let below the proper value: to sublet.—ns. Underlet′ter; Underlet′ting.

Underlie, un-dėr-lī′, v.t. to lie under or beneath: to be liable to.—adj. Underly′ing, lying under or lower in position: supporting, fundamental.

Underline, un-dėr-līn′, v.t. to draw a line under or below, as a word.—n. Un′derline, an announcement of a theatrical performance to follow placed in an advertisement of the present one.

Underlinen, un-dėr-lin′en, n. linen underwear—loosely applied to cotton or even woollen underclothing generally.

Underling, un′dėr-ling, n. an inferior person or agent: a sorry, mean fellow.

Underman, un-dėr-man′, v.t. to provide with an insufficient number of men.—adj. Undermanned′.

Undermentioned, un′dėr-men-shund, adj. mentioned underneath or hereafter.

Undermine, un-dėr-mīn′, v.t. to form mines under, in order to destroy: to destroy secretly the foundation or support of anything.—n. Undermī′ner, one who undermines, a secret enemy.

Undern, un′dern, n. nine o'clock in the morning, the third hour, the period from that till noon.

Underneath, un-dėr-nēth′, adv. beneath: below: in a lower place.—prep. under: beneath.

Undernote, un′dėr-nōt, n. a subdued note, an undertone.—adj. Undernō′ted, noted below.

Underpay, un-dėr-pā′, v.t. to pay insufficiently.—p.adj. Underpaid′.—n. Underpay′ment.

Underpin, un-dėr-pin′, v.t. to pin or support underneath: to support or prop: to lay stones under, as the sills of a building, for it to rest on.—n. Un′derpinning, the act of underpinning or supporting by introducing a new structure as foundation, the act or practice of placing stones under the sills of a building: the stones so placed, an additional foundation wall: a method of well-sinking where a wall is laid in sections.

Underplay, un-dėr-plā′, v.t. and v.i. to play a low card at whist while keeping up a higher one of the same suit.—n. Un′derplay, the act of so doing.

Underplot, un′dėr-plot, n. a plot under or subordinate to the main plot in a play or tale: a secret scheme, a trick.

Underproof, un-dėr-prōōf′, adj. lower or weaker than proof, of alcohol.

Underprop, un-dėr-prop′, v.t. to prop from under or beneath: to support.

Underquote, un-dėr-kwōt′, v.t. to offer at a lower price than another.

Underrate, un-dėr-rāt′, v.t. to rate under the value.—n. Un′derrate, a price less than the worth.

Underrun, un-dėr-run′, v.t. to run beneath: (naut.) to haul along underneath it, as a boat, to clear it, if any part happens to be foul.—v.i. to move under.—n. Underrun′ning, a method of trawling in which the hooks are cleared and again baited in the same operation.

Undersay, un-dėr-sā′, v.t. (Spens.) to say by way of derogation or contradiction.

Underscore, un-dėr-skōr′, v.t. to draw a score or line under, as for emphasis.

Undersecretary, un′dėr-sek-rē-tā-ri, n. a secretary subordinate to the principal secretary.—n. Undersec′retaryship.

Undersell, un-dėr-sel′, v.t. to sell under or cheaper than another: to defeat fair trade, by selling for too small a price.—n. Undersell′er.

Underset, un-dėr-set′, v.t. to set under: to prop: to sublet.—ns. Un′derset, a current of water below the surface; Un′dersetter (B.), prop, support; Un′dersetting, underpinning: the pedestal.

Undershapen, un-dėr-shā′pn, adj. (Tenn.) under the usual shape or size.

Undersheriff, un′dėr-sher-if, n. a deputy sheriff.—n. Un′der-sher′iffry.

Undershrub, un′dėr-shrub, n. a shrubby plant, but hardly to be called a shrub, a small shrub.

Undersign, un-dėr-sīn′, v.t. to sign or write one's name under or at the foot of.—The undersigned, the person or persons subscribing.

Underskirt, un′dėr-skirt, n. a petticoat, the foundation skirt of a draped gown.

Undersleeve, un′dėr-slēv, n. a sleeve worn under another and generally separable.

Undersong, un′dėr-song, n. the burden or chorus of a song: an underlying meaning.

Under-sparred, un′dėr-spärd, adj. not having enough spars—of a ship.

Understand, un-dėr-stand′, v.t. to comprehend: to have just ideas of: to know thoroughly: to be informed of: to learn: to suppose to mean: to mean without expressing: to imply.—v.i. to have the use of the intellectual faculties: to be informed: to learn.—adj. Understan′dable.—p.adj. Understan′ded (obs.), understood (with of).—n. Understan′ding, the act of comprehending: the faculty or the act of the mind by which it understands or thinks: the power to understand: knowledge: exact comprehension: agreement of minds: harmony.—adj. knowing, skilful.—adv. Understan′dingly.—Understands′, in Scotch Version of Psalms, used for Understandest. [A.S. understandan, to stand under or in the midst of a thing.]

Understate, un-dėr-stāt′, v.t. to state or represent under or below the truth.—n. Understatement.

Understock, un-dėr-stok′, v.t. to supply with an insufficient amount of stock.

Understrapper, un′dėr-strap-ėr, n. an inferior agent, an underling, a subordinate, a petty fellow.—adj. Un′derstrapping, subservient.

Understratum, un′dėr-strā-tum, n. a substratum:—pl. Un′derstrāta.

Understudy, un′dėr-stud-i, v.t. and v.i. to study a dramatic part so as to be able to take the place of the actor playing it, if necessary.—n. an actor who prepares a part in this way.

Undertake, un-dėr-tāk′, v.t. to take under one's management: to take upon one's self: to attempt: to answer for, warrant: to take in, understand: to assume, to have charge of.—v.i. to take upon one's self: to be bound: to manage all the arrangements of a burial.—adj. Undertā′kable, capable of being undertaken.—ns. Undertā′ker, one who undertakes, a projector, a contractor: one who is surety or guarantee for another: one who manages funerals: formerly a contractor for the royal revenue in England, one of those who undertook to manage the House of Commons for the king in the 'Addled Parliament' of 1614: one of the English and Scotch settlers in Ireland on forfeited lands in the 16th century; Undertā′king, that which is undertaken: any business or project engaged in.

Undertenant, un′dėr-ten-ant, n. one who sublets a farm, house, &c. from the actual tenant.—n. Un′dertenancy.

Undertide, un′dėr-tīd, Undertime, un′dėr-tīm, n. (Spens.) the after-part of the day.—adj. Un′dertimed, under-exposed—of a photograph.

Undertone, un′dėr-tōn, n. a low tone: a low state of the physical faculties: a low, subdued colour.—adj. Un′dertōned.

Undertow, un′dėr-tō, n. an undercurrent in a different direction from that at the surface—seen esp. at the mouths of great rivers, or where tide and half-tides prevail.

Undervalue, un-dėr-val′ū, v.t. to value below the real worth: to esteem lightly.—n. a value or price under the real worth: low rate or price.—ns. Undervaluā′tion, an undervaluing: rate below the worth; Underval′uer.

Underviewer, un′dėr-vū-ėr, n. the person who has charge of the underground workings of a coal-mine.

Underwing, un′dėr-wing, n. a moth with conspicuous underwings, esp. one of genus Catocala.—adj. Un′derwinged.

Underwood, un′dėr-wōōd, n. low wood or trees growing under large ones: coppice.

Underwork, un-dėr-wurk′, v.t. to work for a less price than: to undermine or destroy clandestinely.—v.i. to do less work than is requisite.—n. Un′derwork, subordinate work.—ns. Un′derworker; Un′der-workman.

Under-world, un′dėr-wurld, n. the lower or inferior world, Hades, the place of departed souls: the portion of the world below the horizon: the opposite side of the world.

Underwrite, un-dėr-rīt′, v.t. to write under something else: to subscribe: to subscribe one's name to for insurance: (Shak.) to submit to.—v.i. to practise insuring.—ns. Un′derwriter, one who insures, as shipping, so called because he underwrites his name for a certain amount to the conditions of the policy; Un′derwriting.

Undescendible, un-dē-sen′di-bl, adj. not descendible, unfathomable: not capable of descending to heirs.—Also Undescen′dable.

Undescribable, un-des-krī′ba-bl, adj. indescribable.—adj. Undescribed′, not described.

Undeserver, un-de-zėr′vėr, n. (Shak.) one who is not deserving or worthy.—adj. Undeserved′, not deserved.—adv. Undeser′vedly.—n. Undeser′vedness.—adj. Undeser′ving.—adv. Undeser′vingly.

Undesigning, un-de-zī′ning, adj. not designing: artless: straightforward: sincere.—adj. Undesigned′.—adv. Undesign′edly.—n. Undesign′edness.

Undesirable, un-dē-zī′ra-bl, adj. not to be wished for.—ns. Undesirabil′ity; Undesir′ableness.—adv. Undesir′ably.—adjs. Undesired′; Undesir′ing; Undesir′ous.

Undespairing, un-des-pār′-ing, adj. not yielding to despair.—adv. Undespair′ingly.

Undespondent, un-des-pon′dent, adj. not despondent.—adv. Undespond′ently.

Undetermined, un-de-tėr′mind, adj. not determined or settled: not defined.—adjs. Undeter′minable, indeterminable; Undeter′minate, indeterminate.—ns. Undeter′minateness; Undeterminā′tion.

Undeviating, un-dē′vi-ā-ting, adj. not deviating: steady: regular.—adv. Undē′viatingly.

Undevout, un-dē-vowt′, adj. not devout.—adv. Undevout′ly.—n. Undevout′ness.

Undigenous, un-dij′e-nus, adj. originated by water. [L. unda, a wave, gignĕre, to produce.]

Undigested, un-di-jes′ted, adj. not digested—adj. Undiges′tible, indigestible.

Undignified, un-dig′ni-fīd, adj. not dignified, not consistent with dignity.—v.t. Undig′nify, to make undignified.

Undilution, un-dil-ū′shun, n. the quality of being undiluted.—adj. Undilū′ted.

Undine, un-dēn′, n. a spirit of the waters, a water-nymph, without a soul—they marry readily with men, and an undine herself receives a soul on bearing a child. [L. unda, a wave.]

Undiscernible, un-di-zer′ni-bl, adj. indiscernible—also Undiscer′nable.—adv. Undiscer′nedly.—n. Undiscer′nibleness.—adv. Undiscer′nibly.—adj. Undiscer′ning.

Undisciplined, un-dis′i-plind, adj. not disciplined, not properly trained and exercised.—adj. Undis′ciplinable.

Undiscording, un-dis-kor′ding, adj. (Milt.) not discording or making discord.

Undiscoverable, un-dis-kuv′ėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be discovered.—adv. Undiscov′erably.—adj. Undiscov′ered, not discovered or found out, unseen, hid.

Undiscriminating, un-dis-krim′i-nā-ting, adj. not discriminating, not quick to detect differences.

Undisguised, un-dis-gīzd′, adj. not disguised, frank, open, plain.—adj. Undisguis′able.—adv. Undisguis′edly.

Undispensed, un-dis-penst′, adj. not dispensed.—adjs. Undispen′sable; Undispen′sing.

Undisposed, un-dis-pōzd′, adj. not sold, allocated, or otherwise arranged.

Undisputable, un-dis′pū-ta-bl, adj. indisputable.—n. Undis′putableness.—adv. Undis′putably.—adj. Undispū′ted, not disputed, not called in question.—adv. Undispū′tedly.

Undissolved, un-di-zolvd′, adj. not dissolved, not broken.—adjs. Undissol′vable, not to be loosened or broken; Undissol′ving, not dissolving.

Undistinguished, un-dis-ting′gwisht, adj. not distinguished: not marked out by conspicuous qualities, not famous: not having an air or appearance of distinction.—adj. Undisting′uishable, indistinguishable.—n. Undisting′uishableness.—adv. Undisting′uishably.—adj. Undisting′uishing, not discriminating.

Undistracted, un-dis-trak′ted, adj. not distracted, not having the attention drawn away from.—adv. Undistrac′tedly.—n. Undistrac′tedness.—adj. Undistrac′ting.

Undisturbed, un-dis-turbd′, adj. not disturbed.—adv. Undistur′bedly.—n. Undistur′bedness.

Undiverted, un-di-ver′ted, adj. not diverted or turned away from: not amused.

Undivided, un-di-vī′ded, adj. not divided or disunited.—adj. Undivī′dable.—adv. Undivī′dedly.—n. Undivī′dedness.

Undo, un-dōō′, v.t. to reverse what has been done: to bring to naught: to loose: to open: to unravel: to impoverish: to ruin, as in reputation: (Shak.) to leave undone.—ns. Undo′er; Undo′ing, the reversal of what has been done: ruin.—adj. Undone′, not done: ruined: untied, unfastened.

Undoctor, un-dok′tor, v.t. (Carlyle) to divest of the character of a doctor.

Undomesticate, un-dō-mes′ti-kāt, v.t. to make unfit for home life: to untame.—adj. Undomes′ticāted, not domesticated, not tamed.—n. Undomesticā′tion.

Undoubted, un-dowt′ed, adj. indubitable: unsuspected.—adj. Undoubt′able, indubitable.—advs. Undoubt′ably; Undoubt′edly.—adjs. Undoubt′ful, not doubtful: unsuspicious; Undoubt′ing, not doubting.—adv. Undoubt′ingly.

Undrape, un-drāp′, v.t. to strip of clothing, to uncover.—adj. Undraped′, not covered with artistic drapery, not clothed, nude.

Undraw, un-draw′, v.t. to draw aside.—adj. Undrawn′, not drawn or dragged away: not delineated: not drawn from a cask.

Undreamed, un-drēmd′, adj. not dreamed, not thought of—also Undreamt, un-dremt′ (with of).—adj. Undream′ing, not dreaming.

Undress, un-dres′, v.t. to take off the dress or clothes: to strip: to take the dressing from a wound.—v.i. to take off one's clothes.—n. (also Un′dress) a loose dress: the plain dress worn by soldiers when off duty.—adj. pertaining to ordinary dress, as opposed to uniform, &c.—adj. Undressed′, not dressed.

Undue, un-dū′, adj. not due or owing: improper: immoderate: excessive.—n. Undue′ness.

Undulate, un′dū-lāt, v.t. to wave, or to move like waves: to cause to vibrate.—v.i. to wave: to vibrate.—adj. wavy.—adj. Un′dulant, undulating.—adv. Un′dulātely.—adj. Un′dulāting.—adv. Un′dulātingly.—ns. Undulā′tion, an undulating: a waving motion or vibration: waviness, a set of waved lines: a feeling as if of an undulatory motion about the heart: the peculiar motion of the matter within an abscess on being pressed when it is ripe for opening; Undulā′tionist, one who holds an undulatory theory.—adjs. Un′dulātive, undulatory; Un′dulātory, moving like waves: relating to the theory of light which considers its transmission as wave-motion in a medium filling space; Un′dulose, Un′dulous, undulating. [Low L. undulāre, -ātum—L. unda, a wave.]

Undutiful, un-dū′ti-fōōl, adj. not dutiful—also Undū′teous.—adv. Undū′tifully.—n. Undū′tifulness.

Undying, un-dī′ing, adj. not dying, unceasing.—adv. Undy′ingly.—n. Undy′ingness.

Unearned, un-ernd′, adj. not gained by labour.—Unearned increment (see Increment).

Unearth, un-ėrth′, v.t. to take out of, drive, or draw from the earth or a burrow, as a fox or badger: to uncover, to disclose.—n. Unearth′liness, quality of being unearthly.—adj. Unearth′ly, supernatural.

Uneasy, un-ē′zi, adj. not at ease: restless: feeling pain: constrained: not easy to be done.—ns. Unease′ (arch.), Uneas′iness, state of being uneasy or not at ease: want of ease: disquiet.—adv. Uneas′ily.

Uneatable, un-ē′ta-bl, adj. not fit to be eaten.—n. Uneat′ableness.—adj. Uneat′en, not eaten.

Uneath, un-ēth′, adv. (Spens.) not easily, hardly. [A.S. uneáthe—un-, not, eáthe, easy.]

Uneath, un-ēth′, adv. (Spens.) underneath, beneath, below. [Underneath.]

Uneducated, un-ed′ū-kāt-ed, adj. not educated.—v.t. Uned′ucate, to deprive of the results of education.

Unembodied, un-em-bod′id, adj. disembodied, incorporate: not collected into a body.

Unemotional, un-ē-mō′shun-al, adj. not emotional, not readily giving way to feeling or causing emotion.—adv. Unemō′tionally.—adj. Unemō′tioned, impassive.

Unemployed, un-em-ploid′, adj. out of work: not put to use or profit.—n. Unemploy′ment.

Unencumbered, Unincumbered, un-en-, un-in-kum′bėrd, adj. not encumbered, esp. in law, free from encumbrance by lien, claim, lease, or charge of any kind.—v.t. Unencum′ber, to disencumber.—n. Unencum′beredness.

Unending, un-en′ding, adj. having no end, everlasting, eternal.—adj. Unen′ded, infinite.—adv. Unen′dingly.—n. Unen′dingness.

Unendurable, un-en-dūr′a-bl, adj. intolerable.—adv. Unendūr′ably.

Un-English, un-ing′glish, adj. not English in character.—adj. Un-Eng′lished, not translated into English.

Unentangle, un-en-tang′gl, v.t. to disentangle.—adj. Unentang′led.

Unentertaining, un-en-tėr-tā′ning, adj. not entertaining or amusing.—n. Unentertain′ingness.

Unenviable, un-en′vi-a-bl, adj. not to be envied.—adv. Unen′viably.—adjs. Unen′vied, not envied; Unen′vious, not envious.

Unequal, un-ē′kwal, adj. not equal or alike in any quality, extent, duration, &c.: insufficient: varying, not uniform.—adj. Unē′qualled, not to be equalled.—adv. Unē′qually.—n. Unē′qualness.

Unequitable, un-ek′wi-ta-bl, adj. inequitable.—adv. Uneq′uitably.

Unequivocal, un-ē-kwiv′ō-kal, adj. not equivocal.—adv. Unequiv′ocally.—n. Unequiv′ocalness.

Unerring, un-er′ing, making no error, infallible: not missing the mark.—adv. Unerr′ingly.—n. Unerr′ingness.

Unessential, un-es-sen′shal, adj. not essential: unnecessary: unimportant: (Milt.) void of real being.—v.t. Uness′ence (Lamb), to deprive of essence.

Uneven, un-ē′vn, adj. not even, smooth, straight, uniform, or just: odd, not divisible by two without remainder: ill-matched: difficult.—adv. Unē′venly.—n. Unē′veness, quality of not being even: want of an even surface: want of smoothness or uniformity.

Uneventful, un-ē-vent′fōōl, adj. not eventful, without striking events.—adv. Unevent′fully.

Unexaminable, un-eg-zam′i-na-bl, adj. incapable of being examined.—adj. Unexam′ined, not examined.

Unexceptionable, un-ek-sep′shun-a-bl, adj. not liable to exception: unobjectionable: faultless.—n. Unexcep′tionableness.—adv. Unexcep′tionably.—adj. Unexcep′tional, not forming an exception, usual.—adv. Unexcep′tionally.—adj. Unexcep′tive, not exceptive.

Unexclusive, un-eks-klōō′siv, adj. not exclusive, comprehensive.—adv. Unexclu′sively.

Unexcusable, un-eks-kū′za-bl, adj. inexcusable.—n. Unexcū′sableness.

Unexpected, un-eks-pek′ted, adj. not expected, coming without warning, sudden.—adj. Unexpec′tant, not expectant.—adv. Unexpect′edly.—n. Unexpec′tedness.

Unexperienced, un-eks-pē′ri-enst, adj. inexperienced: untried.—n. Unexpē′rience (obs.), inexperience.—adj. Unexpē′rient (Shak.), inexperienced.

Unexpert, un-eks-pert′, adj. inexpert, ignorant.—adv. Unexpert′ly.

Unexpressive, un-eks-pres′iv, adj. not expressive: incapable of being expressed.—adj. Unexpress′ible, inexpressible.—adv. Unexpress′ibly.

Unextinguishable, un-eks-ting′gwish-a-bl, adj. inextinguishable.—adv. Unexting′uishably.

Unfadable, un-fā′da-bl, adj. not able to fade or perish.—adj. Unfā′ding, not losing strength, not subject to decay.—adv. Unfā′dingly.—n. Unfā′dingness.

Unfailing, un-fā′ling, adj. not failing or liable to fail.—adj. Unfail′able (obs.), infallible.—n. Unfail′ableness.—adv. Unfail′ingly.—n. Unfail′ingness.

Unfair, un-fār′, adj. not fair: dishonest: unequal.—v.t. (Shak.) to deprive of beauty.—adv. Unfair′ly.—n. Unfair′ness, the state of being unfair, dishonest, or unjust.

Unfaith, un-fāth′, n. want of faith: faithlessness.—adj. Unfaith′ful, not faithful: violating trust: not having faith, infidel: not trustworthy.—adv. Unfaith′fully, in an unfaithful manner: negligently: imperfectly.—n. Unfaith′fulness, the quality of being unfaithful: violation of promise, duty, &c.: treacherous.

Unfaltering, un-fawl′tėr-ing, adj. not faltering.—adv. Unfal′teringly.

Unfamiliar, un-fa-mil′yar, adj. not familiar.—n. Unfamiliar′ity.—adv. Unfamil′iarly.

Unfashionable, un-fash′un-a-bl, adj. not fashionable: incapable of being fashioned: shapeless.—n. Unfash′ionableness.—adv. Unfash′ionably.—adj. Unfash′ioned, shapeless, without regular form.

Unfasten, un-fas′n, v.t. to loose, as from a fastening: to unfix. v.i. to become untied.—n. Unfas′tener.

Unfathered, un-fä′thėrd, adj. having no father, fatherless: not acknowledged by its father.—adj. Unfä′therly, not like a father.

Unfathomable, un-fath′om-a-bl, adj. that cannot be fathomed, too deep to be measured or to be understood.—n. Unfath′omableness.—adv. Unfath′omably.—adj. Unfath′omed, not sounded.

Unfavourable, un-fā′vur-a-bl, adj. not favourable or propitious.—n. Unfā′vourableness.—adv. Unfā′vourably.

Unfeared, un-fērd′, adj. not feared.—adj. Unfear′ful, not fearful.—adv. Unfear′fully.

Unfeather, un-feth′ėr, v.t. to strip of feathers.—adj. Unfeath′ered.

Unfeeling, un-fē′ling, adj. without feeling: without kind feelings: hard-hearted.—adv. Unfeel′ingly.—n. Unfeel′ingness.

Unfeigned, un-fānd′, adj. not feigned: real: sincere.—adv. Unfeign′edly.—n. Unfeign′edness.—adj. Unfeign′ing.

Unfellow, un-fel′ō, v.t. to separate as fellows, to dissociate.—adj. Unfell′owed, unmatched.

Unfenced, un-fenst′, adj. not fenced round, defenceless.—v.t. Unfence′, to deprive of a fence.

Unfermented, un-fėr-ment′ed, adj. not having undergone fermentation: not leavened.

Unfetter, un-fet′ėr, v.t. to take the fetters from: to set at liberty.—adj. Unfett′ered, unrestrained.

Unfeudalise, un-fū′dal-īz, v.t. to free from feudal rights or character.

Unfigured, un-fig′ūrd, adj. not figured, not marked with figures of any kind: literal.

Unfilial, un-fil′yal, adj. not filial or becoming a child: undutiful.—adv. Unfil′ially.

Unfinished, un-fin′isht, adj. not finished.—n. Unfin′ish, lack of finish.—adj. Unfin′ishable, that cannot be finished.—n. Unfin′ishing, the act of leaving unfinished.

Unfirmamented, un-fėr′ma-men-ted, adj. not having a bounding firmament, limitless.

Unfit, un-fit′, adj. unsuitable, improper.—v.t. to disqualify.—adv. Unfit′ly.—n. Unfit′ness.—adj. Unfit′ting, unsuitable.—adv. Unfit′tingly.

Unfix, un-fiks′, v.t. to make not fixed: to loose the fixing of: to unsettle.—adj. Unfixed′.—ns. Unfix′edness; Unfix′ity.

Unflagging, un-flag′ing, adj. not flagging or drooping: maintaining strength or spirit.

Unflattering, un-flat′ėr-ing, adj. not flattering.—adv. Unflatt′eringly.

Unflesh, un-flesh′, v.t. to remove the flesh from.—adjs. Unfleshed′, deprived of flesh, reduced to a skeleton: not having tasted blood; Unflesh′ly, ethereal, spiritual; Unflesh′y, fleshless.

Unflinching, un-flin′shing, adj. doing without flinching or shrinking, brave, steadfast.—adv. Unflin′chingly.—n. Unflin′chingness.

Unfold, un-fōld′, v.t. to open the folds of: to release from a fold: to spread out: to tell.—v.i. to spread open, expand, develop.—ns. Unfold′er; Unfold′ing; Unfold′ment.

Unfool, un-fōōl′, v.t. (Shak.) to restore from folly, or from being a fool.

Unforbidden, un-for-bid′n, adj. not forbidden, permitted.—n. Unforbidd′enness.

Unforced, un-fōrst′, adj. not forced.—adv. Unfor′cedly.—adj. Unfor′cible, without strength.

Unforeknown, un-fōr-nōn′, adj. not previously known or foreseen.—adj. Unforeknow′able, incapable of being known beforehand.

Unforesee, un-fōr-sē′, v.t. not to foresee.—adjs. Unforesee′able, incapable of being foreseen; Unforesee′ing, not looking forward or provident; Unforeseen′, not foreseen.

Unforgiveable, un-for-giv′a-bl, adj. incapable of being forgiven.—adj. Unforgiv′en, not forgiven.—n. Unforgiv′er.—adj. Unforgiv′ing, not forgiving, implacable.—n. Unforgiv′ingness.

Unforgotten, un-for-got′en, adj. not forgotten or neglected—also Unforgot′.—adj. Unforget′table, that cannot be forgotten.

Unform, un-form′, v.t. to unmake.—adjs. Unfor′mal, informal; Unfor′malised, not made formal; Unformed′, not formed or arranged into order: having the form destroyed: structureless, amorphous: immature, not yet formed.

Unfortunate, un-for′tū-nāt, adj. not fortunate, prosperous, or successful.—n. one who is unfortunate, esp. a fallen woman.—adv. Unfor′tunately.—n. Unfor′tunateness.

Unfossilised, un-fos′il-īzd, adj. not fossilised.—adj. Unfossilif′erous, destitute of fossils.

Unfounded, un-fown′ded, adj. not founded or established: having no foundation, baseless: (Milt.) without bottom, bottomless.—adv. Unfoun′dedly.

Unframed, un-frāmd′, adj. not formed or fashioned: not furnished with a frame.

Unfrankable, un-frang′ka-bl, adj. incapable of being franked or sent by post free of expense.

Unfrequent, un-frē′kwent, adj. infrequent.—n. Unfre′quency, infrequency.—v.t. Unfrequent′, to cease to frequent.—adj. Unfrequen′ted, not frequented: rarely visited.—adv. Unfre′quently, infrequently.

Unfriendly, un-frend′li, adj. not friendly, kind, or favourable.—adv. in an unkind manner.—n. Unfriend′, one who is not a friend.—adj. Unfrien′ded, not supported by friends.—ns. Unfrien′dedness, the state of being unfriended; Unfrien′dliness, unkindness; Unfriend′ship, unfriendliness.

Unfrightful, un-frīt′fōōl, adj. not frightful or terrifying.—adj. Unfright′ed, not frighted or terrified.

Unfruitful, un-frōōt′fōōl, adj. yielding no fruit, barren.—adv. Unfruit′fully.—n. Unfruit′fulness.

Unfurl, un-furl′, v.t. to loose from being furled: to unfold, display: to spread.—v.i. to be spread out.

Unfurnished, un-fur′nisht, adj. not furnished with furniture, &c., unsupplied generally.—v.t. Unfur′nish, to deprive of furniture, &c.

Unfused, un-fūzd′, adj. not fused or melted: not supplied with a fuse.—adj. Unfū′sible, infusible.

Ungainly, un-gān′li, adj. awkward: clumsy: uncouth.—adv. in an awkward manner.—n. Ungain′liness. [M. E. un-gein, inconvenient—A.S. un-, not, Ice. gegn, ready, serviceable.]

Ungallant, un-gal′ant, adj. not gallant or courteous to women.—adv. Ungall′antly.

Ungarment, un-gär′ment, v.t. to unclothe.—adj. Ungar′mented, unclad.

Ungartered, un-gär′tėrd, adj. not held in place by garters: not wearing garters.

Ungathered, un-gath′ėrd, adj. not gathered or picked: pertaining to printed sheets folded but not yet gathered in regular order for binding.

Ungenerous, un-jen′e-rus, adj. not generous or liberal.—adv. Ungen′erously.

Ungenial, un-jē′ni-al, adj. not genial or kindly: not congenial: not favourable to natural growth.

Ungenteel, un-jen-tēl, adj. not genteel or polite.—adv. Ungenteel′ly.

Ungentle, un-jen′tl, adj. (Spens.) not gentle, uncourteous.—adj. Ungen′tlemanlike, not like a gentleman.—n, Ungen′tlemanliness.—adj. Ungen′tlemanly, acting in a manner unbecoming a gentleman.—adv. in manner unlike a gentleman.—n. Ungen′tleness, want of gentleness, rudeness, incivility.—adv. Ungent′ly, harshly.

Unget, un-get′, v.t. to treat one as if he had not been begotten, to disinherit.

Ungild, un-gild′, v.t. to deprive of gilding.—adjs. Ungil′ded, Ungilt′, not gilt.—n. Ungil′ding, the act of taking off gilding or any decoration.

Unglaze, un-glāz′, v.t. to take the glass from.—adj. Unglazed′, not provided with glass: not coated over with a vitreous substance, as earthenware.

Unglorified, un-glō′ri-fīd, adj. not glorified or honoured.—v.t. Unglō′rify, to deprive of glory.—adj. Unglō′rious, inglorious.

Unglue, un-glōō′, v.t. to separate anything glued, cemented, or fixed in any way.

Ungodly, un-god′li, adj. not godly, neglecting God: sinful, polluted by sin: (slang) outrageous, vexatious.—v.t. Ungod′, to divest of divinity: to make godless.—adv. Ungod′lily, in an ungodly manner.—n. Ungod′liness, the quality of being ungodly: disregard of God and His commands: wickedness: an act of disobedience or irreverence.

Ungotten, un-got′n, adj. not gained—also Ungot′: (Shak.) not begotten.

Ungovernable, un-guv′ėr-na-bl, adj. that cannot be governed, refractory, unruly.—n. Ungov′ernableness.—adv. Ungov′ernably.—adj. Ungov′erned, without government: unbridled.

Ungracious, un-grā′shus, adj. without graciousness of manner, rude: (obs.) wicked, hateful.—adjs. Ungraced′, not graced or honoured; Ungrace′ful, not graceful.—adv. Ungrace′fully.—n. Ungrace′fulness.—adv. Ungrā′ciously.—n. Ungrā′ciousness.

Ungrammatical, un-gra-mat′i-kal, adj. not according to the rules of grammar.—adv. Ungrammat′ically.

Ungrateful, un-grāt′fōōl, adj. not feeling or manifesting gratitude: disagreeable, irksome: not repaying one's labour, thankless.—n. Ungrate′, an ungrateful person.—adj. ungrateful.—adv. Ungrate′fully.—n. Ungrate′fulness.

Ungrounded, un-grown′ded, adj. without ground or basis, unreal, false.—adv. Ungroun′dedly.—n. Ungroun′dedness.

Ungrudging, un-gruj′ing, adj. not grudging, liberal.—adj. Ungrudged′.—adv. Ungrudg′ingly.

Ungual, ung′gwal, adj. relating to, like, or having a nail, claw, or hoof.—adj. Ung′uical.—n. Ung′uicorn, the horny nail at the tip of a bird's mandible.—adj. Unguic′ūlar, relating to a nail or claw.—n.pl. Unguicūlā′ta, a superordinal division of mammals with claws.—adjs. Unguic′ūlate, -d, having claws: furnished with a claw or narrow base, as the petal in some flowers.—n. Unguic′ūlus, a diminutive claw or similar appendage at the end of an insect's foot.—adjs. Unguif′erous, bearing an unguis of one kind or other; Ung′uiform, shaped like a claw; Ung′uinal, pertaining to the unguis or nail; Unguiros′tral, with a nail at the end of the bill.—ns. Ung′uis, a nail, claw, hoof, or any structure resembling such: the narrow part of the base of a petal, acting as a footstalk: a measure equal to the length of the nail of the little finger, ½-inch; Ungula (ung′gū-la), a surgical instrument for use in removing a dead fœtus: a hoof-shaped section of a cylinder, cone, or other solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to the base.—adj. Ungular (ung′gū-lar), like an ungula, ungual.—n.pl. Ungulata (ung-gū-lā′ta), an order of mammals, including (1) the Artiodactyla (with an even number of toes)—e.g. pig, hippopotamus, peccary, camel, and ruminants like cattle, sheep, and deer; (2) the Perissodactyla (with an odd number of toes)—e.g. tapir, rhinoceros, and horse.—adj. Ungulate (ung′gū-lāt), hoof-shaped: hoofed, having the digits enclosed in hoofs. [L. unguis, a nail.]

Unguarded, un-gär′ded, adj. without guard or protection: careless.—adv. Unguar′dedly.—n. Unguar′dedness.

Unguent, ung′gwent, n. ointment.—n. Unguentā′rium, a vessel for holding unguents.—adjs. Ung′uentary, pertaining to unguents; Unguen′tous, of the nature of an unguent; Ung′uinous, oily, unctuous. [L. unguentum—unguĕre, to anoint.]

Unguided, un-gī′ded, adj. not guided.—adj. Unguid′able, incapable of being guided.—adv. Unguid′ably.

Unguilty, un-gil′ti, adj. (Spens.) not conscious of guilt.—adv. Unguil′tily.—n. Unguil′tiness.

Unhair, un-hār′, v.t. to deprive of hair.—v.i. to become free from hair.

Unhallowed, un-hal′ōd, adj. unholy: profane: very wicked.—n. Unhall′owing.

Unhand, un-hand′, v.t. to take the hands off: to let go.—adv. Unhand′ily, awkwardly.—n. Unhand′iness.—adjs. Unhan′dled, not handled or managed: not broken-in; Unhand′y, not handy: awkward: not convenient.

Unhandsome, un-han′sum, adj. not handsome, ill-made: unbecoming in action, ungracious: clumsy, inconvenient.—adv. Unhand′somely.—n. Unhand′someness.

Unhang, un-hang′, v.t. to remove from a hanging position, from its hinges, &c.—adjs. Unhanged′, Unhung′, not hanged, not put to death by hanging.

Unhappy, un-hap′i, adj. not happy or fortunate: miserable: marked by evil: (Shak.) mischievous, wicked.—adj. Unhapp′ied (Shak.), made unhappy.—adv. Unhapp′ily, in an unhappy or unfortunate manner: (Shak.) censoriously.—n. Unhapp′iness, the state of being unhappy: misfortune: misery: (Shak.) a mischievous prank.

Unhardy, un-här′di, adj. not hardy or capable of enduring hardship, not resolute.

Unharmed, un-härmd′, adj. not harmed.—adj. Unharm′ful, harmless.—adv. Unharm′fully.

Unhat, un-hat′, v.t. to remove the hat from.—v.i. to take off the hat from respect.—n. Unhat′ting.

Unhazarded, un-haz′ar-ded, adj. not exposed to any risk.—adj. Unhaz′ardous, not hazardous or risky.

Unhealthy, un-hel′thi, adj. not healthy: wanting health or soundness of body: unfavourable to health: not indicating health.—n. Unhealth′, unhealthiness.—adj. Unhealth′ful.—adv. Unhealth′fully.—n. Unhealth′fulness.—adv. Unheal′thily.—n. Unheal′thiness, state or quality of being unhealthy or unfavourable to health: unsoundness.

Unheard, un-herd′, adj. not heard: not granted a hearing: not known, obscure (often with of).

Unheeded, un-hē′ded, adj. not heeded, unnoticed.—adv. Unheed′edly.—adj. Unheed′ful, not heedful, rash.—advs. Unheed′fully, Unheed′ily (Spens.).—adj. Unheed′ing, heedless, careless.—adv. Unheed′ingly.—adj. Unheed′y, careless: precipitate.

Unhesitating, un-hez′i-tā-ting, adj. not hesitating or doubting: prompt: ready.—adv. Unhes′itatingly, without hesitation.

Unhinge, un-hinj′, v.t. to take from the hinges: to render unstable, to unsettle: to deprive of support.—n. Unhinge′ment.

Unhistoric, -al, un-his-tor′ik, -al, adj. not historic, not mentioned in history: not in accordance with history.

Unholy, un-hō′li, adj. not sacred or hallowed, wicked, sinful.—adv. Unhō′lily.—n. Unhō′liness.

Unhomogeneous, un-hō-mō-jē′nē-us, adj. not homogeneous.—n. Unhomogē′neousness.

Unhonest, un-on′est, adj. (obs.) dishonest, unchaste.—n. Unhon′esty.

Unhoop, un-hōōp′, v.t. to remove the hoops of, as a barrel: to remove the stiff hoops of, as a woman.

Unhoped, un-hōpt′, adj. not hoped for or expected.—adj. Unhope′ful.—adv. Unhope′fully.

Unhouse, un-howz′, v.t. to deprive of or drive from a house or shelter.—adj. Unhoused′, unsheltered, deprived of shelter.

Unhouseled, un-howz′ld, adj. (Shak.) not having received the sacrament.

Unhuman, un-hū′man, adj. not having the qualities of a human being.—v.t. Unhū′manise.

Unhurt, un-hurt′, adj. not hurt.—adj. Unhurt′ful.—adv. Unhurt′fully.—n. Unhurt′fulness.

Uniat, ū′ni-at, n. a member of any community of Oriental Christians that acknowledges the papal supremacy, all else—clerical matrimony, communion in both kinds, church discipline, rites, and liturgy—being allowed to remain Greek.—Also U′niāte. The Uniats are also called United Greeks.

Uniauriculate, ū-ni-aw-rik′ū-lāt, adj. having a single ear-like process, as a bivalve-shell.

Uniaxial, ū-ni-ak′si-al, adj. having a single axis or line of growth—also Uniax′al.—adv. Uniax′ially.

Unicameral, ū-ni-kam′e-ral, adj. consisting of but one chamber, of a legislative body.

Unicamerate, ū-ni-kam′e-rāt, adj. having one chamber or loculus, unilocular.

Unicapsular, ū-ni-kap′sū-lar, adj. having but one capsule to each flower.

Unicolour, ū-ni-kul′ur, adj. having but one colour.—adjs. Unicol′ourate, Unicol′oured.

Unicorn, ū′ni-korn, n. a fabulous animal mentioned by ancient Greek and Roman authors as a native of India, with a body like that of a horse and one straight horn on the forehead: (B.) an unfortunate translation of the Hebrew reêm, Assyr. rímu, anticipated by the monokerōs of the Septuagint—variously understood as the rhinoceros, the urus, the wild ox, ox-antelope. [L. unus, one, cornu, a horn.]

Unicostate, ū-ni-kos′tāt, adj. one-ribbed, having but one principal costa, rib, or nervure.

Unicuspid, ū-ni-kus′pid, adj. having but one cusp, as an incisor or canine tooth.—Also Unicus′pidate.

Unideal, un-ī-dē′al, adj. not ideal, realistic, prosaic.—n. Unidē′alism.

Unidentate, ū-ni-den′tāt, adj. having but one tooth.—adj. Unidentic′ulate, having but one denticle.

Unidiomatic, un-id-i-o-mat′ik, adj. not according to the idiom of a language.

Unifacial, ū-ni-fā′shal, adj. having but one face or front surface, as a coral.

Unifarious, ū-ni-fā′ri-us, adj. with the parts arranged in one rank, uniserial.

Unifoil, ū′ni-foil, adj. bearing only a single leaf.—n. a single leaf.—adjs. Unifō′liate, having a single leaflet, unifoliar; Unifō′liar, Unifō′liolāte, having a single leaflet, but compound in structure.

Uniform, ū′ni-form, adj. having one or the same form: having always the same manner or character: consistent with itself: agreeing with another.—n. a dress or livery of the same kind for persons who belong to the same body, as of a soldier.—v.t. U′niformise, to make uniform.—adj. Uniformitā′rian.—ns. Uniformitā′rianism, the doctrine in geology of Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875), that the present is the type of all preceding ages, so far as these are revealed by the fossiliferous strata; Uniform′ity, state of being uniform: agreement with a pattern or rule: sameness: likeness between the parts of a whole.—adv. U′niformly.—n. U′niformness.—Act of Uniformity, an intolerant measure passed in 1662, by which a number of clergymen, variously stated at from 800 to 2000, were driven out of the English national church.

Unify, ū′ni-fī, v.t. to make into one.—adjs. U′nifīable, capable of being made one; Unif′ic, making one.—ns. Unificā′tion; U′nifīer. [L. unus, one, facĕre, to make.]

Unigenital, ū-ni-jen′i-tal, adj. only-begotten.—ns. Unigen′iture, the state of being the only begotten; Unigen′itus, the name of the famous obscurantist bull issued by Clement XI. in 1713, at the instance of the Jesuits, in condemnation of the Jansenist Quesnel's admirable annotations on the New Testament.

Uniglobular, ū-ni-glob′ū-lar, adj. consisting of a single globe or globular part.

Unijugate, ū-ni-jōō′gāt, adj. having one pair of leaflets—of a pinnate leaf.

Unilateral, ū-ni-lat′e-ral, adj. one-sided.—n. Unilateral′ity.—adv. Unilat′erally.

Unillumed, un-i-lūmd′, adj. not illumed.—adj. Unillū′minated.

Unilobed, ū′ni-lōbd, adj. having but one lobe.—Also U′nilobar.

Unilocular, ū-ni-lok′ū-lar, adj. having but one loculus or cavity, as the heart of an amphioxus.

Unimaginable, un-i-maj′i-na-bl, adj. not imaginable, inconceivable.—n. Unimag′inableness.—adv. Unimag′inably.—adj. Unimag′inātive, not imaginative, prosaic.—n. Unimag′inātiveness.—adj. Unimag′ined, not imagined.

Unimpeachable, un-im-pē′cha-bl, adj. not to be impeached: not liable to be accused: free from fault: blameless.—ns. Unimpeachabil′ity, Unimpeach′ableness.—adv. Unimpeach′ably.—adj. Unimpeached′, not impeached.

Unimportance, un-im-pōr′tans, n. want of importance.—adj. Unimpor′tant, not important, trivial.

Unimposed, un-im-pōzd′, adj. not imposed or exacted.—adj. Unimpō′sing, not imposing or commanding respect: voluntary.

Unimpressible, un-im-pres′i-bl, adj. not capable of being impressed, not readily impressed.—n. Unimpressibil′ity.

Unimproved, un-im-prōōvd′, adj. not improved, made better, or cultivated, cleared, or built upon: not used, unemployed, inactive.

Unindividualised, un-in-di-vid′ū-al-īzd, adj. not separated into individual parts—of certain eruptive rocks.

Uninflammable, un-in-flam′a-bl, adj. incapable of being set on fire.—n. Uninflammabil′ity.

Uninfluenced, un-in′flōō-enst, adj. not subject to, or acted upon by, influence: not biassed or prejudiced.

Uninformed, un-in-formd′, adj. not having received information, untaught: not imbued with life or activity.

Uningenuous, un-in-jen′ū-us, adj. not ingenuous, disingenuous.—n. Uningen′uousness.

Uninhabitable, un-in-hab′i-ta-bl, adj. not inhabitable.—ns. Uninhabitabil′ity, Uninhab′itableness.—adj. Uninhab′ited, not inhabited.

Uninominal, ū-ni-nom′i-nal, adj. consisting of a single word or term in a scientific nomenclature.—Also Uninō′mial.

Uninstructed, un-in-struk′ted, adj. not instructed or taught.—adj. Uninstruc′tive, not serving to instruct.—adv. Uninstruc′tively.

Unintelligent, un-in-tel′i-jent, adj. not intelligent.—n. Unintell′igence.—adv. Unintell′igently.—n. Unintelligibil′ity.—adj. Unintell′igible, not capable of being understood.—n. Unintell′igibleness.—adv. Unintell′igibly.

Unintentional, un-in-ten′shun-al, adj. done or happening without intention or design, involuntary.—n. Unintentional′ity.—adv. Uninten′tionally.

Uninterested, un-in′tėr-es-ted, adj. not interested or personally concerned in, not engaging the attention of.—adj. Unin′teresting, not interesting.—adv. Unin′terestingly.—n. Unin′terestingness.

Unintermitted, un-in-tėr-mit′ed, adj. not intermitted or interrupted.—adv. Unintermitt′edly.—adj. Unintermitt′ing, not intermitting.—adv. Unintermitt′ingly.

Uninterpretable, un-in-tėr′pre-ta-bl, adj. incapable of being interpreted.

Uninterrupted, un-in-tėr-rup′ted, adj. not interrupted, incessant.—adv. Uninterrup′tedly.

Uninuclear, ū-ni-nū′klē-ar, adj. with a single nucleus.—Also Uninū′cleate.

Uninvented, un-in-ven′ted, adj. not invented.—adj. Uninven′tive, not inventive or apt at inventing.—adv. Uninven′tively.

Uniola, ū-nī′ō-la, n. a genus of perennial American grasses with creeping root-stocks, broad leaves, and large compressed spikelets in an open or spiked panicle—Spike-grass, Union-grass, Seaside oat.

Union, ūn′yun, n. a uniting: that which is united or made one: something formed by the combination of parts or individual things or persons: concord: harmony in colour: agreement between parts: the state of wedlock: a device emblematic of union borne in the canton of a flag, the canton used separately as a flag, the union-jack: a combination as among workmen for class protection: several parishes united for joint support and management of their poor, also the workhouse for such: (pl.) textile fabrics made up of more than one kind of fibre, as of wool and cotton.—adj. Ūn′ioned, showing evidence of union.—n.pl. Ūnion′idæ, a family of lamellibranchiate molluscs represented in Britain by two genera, Ū′nio and Anodonta.—ns. Ūnionist, one who advocates or supports union, esp. an upholder of the Union and opponent of secession before the American Civil War, also one opposed to granting Home Rule to Ireland, whether a natural Conservative or one of the Liberals who fell away from Mr Gladstone on this question in 1886; Ūnion-jack, the national flag adopted by Great Britain and Ireland, consisting of a union of the crosses of St George, St Andrew, and St Patrick.—The Union, the legislative incorporation of England and Scotland in 1707, or of Ireland with both in 1801. [Fr. union—L. unio, -onis—unus, one.]

Uniparous, ū-nip′a-rus, adj. producing one at a birth: (bot.) having but one axis or stem. [L. unus, one, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Uniped, ū′ni-ped, adj. having only one foot.—n. one having but one foot.

Unipeltate, ū-ni-pel′tāt, adj. with a carapace of one piece, as a crustacean.—n. one of the Unipeltā′ta, the adult Squillidæ, as a division of stomatopods.

Unipersonal, ū-ni-pėr′son-al, adj. existing as only one person: (gram.) used in only one person.—ns. Uniper′sonalist; Unipersonal′ity.

Unipolar, ū-ni-pō′lar, adj. (elect.) showing only one kind of polarity: (biol.) having one process only.—n. Unipolar′ity.

Unique, ū-nēk′, adj. single or alone in any quality: without a like or equal.—adv. Unique′ly.—ns. Unique′ness; Uniq′uity. [Fr.,—L. unicus—unus.]

Uniserial, ū-ni-sē′ri-al, adj. placed in one series.—adv. Unisē′rially.—adj. Unisē′riate.—adv. Unisē′riately.

Uniserrate, ū-ni-ser′āt, adj. having one row of teeth or serrations.—adj. Uniser′rūlate, having one row of small serrations.

Unisexual, ū-ni-sek′sū-al, adj. of one sex only, as a plant.—n. Unisexual′ity.—adv. Unisex′ually.

Unison, ū′ni-son, n. oneness or agreement of sound: concord: harmony—adj. U′nisōnal.—adv. U′nisōnally.—n. U′nisōnance, state of being unisonant: accordance of sounds.—adjs. U′nisōnant, U′nisōnous, being in unison. [L. unus, one, sonus a sound, sonāre, to sound.]

Unit, ū′nit, n. one: a single thing or person: the least whole number: anything taken as one: any known determinate quantity by constant application of which any other quantity is measured.—adj. U′nital.—n. Unitā′rian, one who asserts the unity of the Godhead as opposed to the Trinity, and ascribes divinity to God the Father only.—adj. pertaining to Unitarians or their doctrine.—n. Unitā′rianism, the doctrines or principles of a Unitarian.—adj. U′nitary, pertaining to unity or to a unit: (biol.) monistic, as opposed to dualistic: whole, integral.—n. U′nitāte, the remainder after dividing a number by any digit.—v.t. to obtain the unitate of.—n. Unitā′tion. [L. unitum, pa.p. of unīre, to unite—unus, one.]

Unite, ū-nīt′, v.t. to make one: to join two or more into one: to join: to make to agree or adhere.—v.i. to become one: to grow or act together.—adj. Unī′ted, joined, made one: harmonious.—adj. Unī′tedly, in union: together.—ns. Unī′ter, one who unites; Uni′tion, act of uniting, conjunction; U′nitism, monism.—adj. U′nitive, harmonising, uniting.—adv. Unī′tively.—Unitas Fratrum, or United Brethren (see Moravian); United Greeks (see Uniat); United Irishmen, an organisation originally formed to help Grattan in carrying his reforms, but which quickly became a rebel organisation, and caused the rising of 1798; United Presbyterian (see Presbyter); United Provinces, the seven northern provinces of Holland—Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gelderland, Groningen, Friesland, and Overyssel, united in 1579 under the Union of Utrecht; United States, a federal union of states, esp. that of North America.

Unity, ū′ni-ti, n. oneness: state of being one or at one: agreement: the arrangement of all the parts to one purpose or effect: harmony: (math.) any quantity taken as one.—The unities (of place, time, and action), the three canons of the classical drama—that the scenes should be at the same place, that all the events should be such as might happen within a single day, and that nothing should be admitted not directly relevant to the development of the plot.

Univalent, ū-niv′a-lent, adj. having a valence of one.—ns. Univ′alence, Univ′alency.

Univalve, ū′ni-valv, adj. having one valve or shell only.—n. a shell of one valve only: a mollusc whose shell is composed of a single piece.—adj. Unival′vular.

Universal, ū-ni-vėr′sal, adj. comprehending, affecting, or extending to the whole: comprising all the particulars: applied to a great variety of uses.—n. a universal proposition, a general term, a universal concept.—n. Universalisā′tion.—v.t. Univer′salise.—ns. Univer′salism, the doctrine or belief of universal salvation, or the ultimate salvation of all mankind, and even of the fallen angels; Univer′salist, a believer in universalism.—adj. pertaining to such beliefs.—adj. Universalist′ic.—n. Universal′ity, state or quality of being universal.—adv. Univer′sally.—n. Univer′salness.—adj. Universan′imous, of one mind. [L. universalis—universus.]

Universe, ū′ni-vėrs, n. the whole system of created things: all created things viewed as one whole: the world.—adj. Universolog′ical.—ns. Universol′ogist; Universol′ogy, the science of the universe, or of all forms of human activity. [L. universum, neut. sing. of universus, whole, unus, one, versus, vertĕre, to turn.]

University, ū-ni-vėr′si-ti, n. a corporation of teachers or assemblage of colleges for teaching the higher branches of learning, and having power to confer degrees. [L. universitas, a corporation—universus.]

Univocal, ū-niv′ō-kal, adj. having one meaning only: having unison of sounds.—n. a word with but one meaning.—n. Univ′ocacy.—adv. Univ′ocally.—n. Univocā′tion, agreement of name and meaning. [L. univocus—unus, one, vox, vocis, a voice.]

Unjaundiced, un-jän′dist, adj. not jaundiced, not affected by jealousy.

Unjoyful, un-joi′fōōl, adj. not joyful.—adj. Unjoy′ous, not joyous or cheerful.—adv. Unjoy′ously.

Unjust, un-just′, adj. not just or controlled by justice: contrary to justice: dishonest, faithless.—adj. Unjus′tifīable, not justifiable.—n. Unjus′tifīableness.—advs. Unjus′tifīably; Unjust′ly.—n. Unjust′ness.

Unked, ung′ked, adj. (prov.) strange, ugly, inconvenient.—Also Unk′id, Unk′eth, Unk′ard. [Uncouth.]

Unkempt, un′kemt, adj. uncombed: unpolished, rough. [Pfx. un-, not, A.S. cemban, to comb—camb, a comb.]

Unkennel, un-ken′el, v.t. to drive from a kennel or hole: to rouse from secrecy or retreat.

Unkind, un-kīnd′, adj. contrary to kind or nature: wanting in kindness: cruel.—n. Unkīnd′liness, want of kindliness.—adj. Unkīnd′ly, contrary to kind or nature: malignant: not kind.—adv. (Milt.) in a manner contrary to kind or nature: in an unkindly manner: cruelly.—n. Unkīnd′ness, want of kindness or affection: cruelty.—adj. Unkin′dred (obs.), not related.—adv. Unkin′dredly.

Unking, un-king′, v.t. to strip of royal power.—adv. Unking′ly, unbecoming a king.

Unknightly, un-nīt′li, adj. contrary to the rules of chivalry, unbecoming a knight.—n. Unknight′liness.

Unknit, un-nit′, v.t. to separate or loose what is knit or knotted: to open.

Unknowable, un-nō′a-bl, adj. incapable of being known.—n. that which cannot be known, the first or original cause: that which is cognisable only in its relations.—n. Unknow′ableness.—adv. Unknow′ably.—adj. Unknow′ing, ignorant, obtuse.—adv. Unknow′ingly.—n. Unknow′ingness.—adj. Unknown′, not known, mentally apprehended, recognised, or made know.—n. Unknown′ness.

Unlaboured, un-lā′burd, adj. showing no traces of labour, unwrought: unrestrained, easy.—adj. Unlabō′rious, not toilsome.—adv. Unlabō′riously.—adj. Unlā′bouring, not labouring.

Unlace, un-lās′, v.t. to loose from being laced: to loose the dress of.—adj. Unlast′ (Spens.), unlaced.

Unlaid, un-lād′, adj. not laid or fixed: not having parallel water-marked lines, as paper: untwisted: not allayed or pacified.

Unlarded, un-lär′ded, adj. not larded or mixed with lard, unadulterated.

Unlawful, un-law′fōōl, adj. not lawful or permitted by law.—n. Unlaw′, lawlessness, any breach of law: an injury, injustice: a fine exacted from a transgressor of the law.—adv. Unlaw′fully.—n. Unlaw′fulness.

Unlead, un-led′, v.t. (print.) to take out the leads from matter set up.

Unlearn, un-lėrn′, v.t. to forget or lose what has been learned.—v.i. to become ignorant.—adj. Unlear′ned, not learned: ignorant.—adv. Unlear′nedly.—n. Unlear′nedness.

Unleave, un-lēv′, v.t. (obs.) to strip of leaves.—v.i. to lose leaves.

Unlectured, un-lek′tūrd, adj. not taught in lectures, not subjected to instruction or admonition in lectures.

Unleisured, un-lē′zhōōrd, adj. not having leisure.—n. Unlei′suredness.

Unless, un-les′, conj. at or for less: if not: supposing that not: save, except. [Formerly on les, on lesse, in phrase on lesse that, in less than.]

Unlettered, un-let′ėrd, adj. unlearned, illiterate.—n. Unlett′eredness.

Unlicensed, un-lī′senst, adj. having no license, done without a license.

Unlicked, un-likt′, adj. not licked into shape, shapeless, not smooth—from the old notion that the she-bear licks her cubs into shape, hence ungainly, awkward.

Unlike, un-līk′, adj. not like or similar: having no resemblance.—adv. in another manner to.—ns. Unlike′lihood, Unlike′liness, improbability.—adj. Unlike′ly, not likely: improbable: likely to fail.—adv. in an unlikely manner, improbably.—n. Unlike′ness, want of resemblance.

Unlimber, un-lim′bėr, v.t. to remove the limbers from, to take off the limbers of.—v.i. to detach the limbers from the guns.

Unlimited, un-lim′i-ted, adj. not limited, bounded, defined, or restrained.—adj. Unlim′itable (obs.), illimitable.—adv. Unlim′itedly.—n. Unlim′itedness.

Unlink, un-lingk′, v.t. to separate the links of, to untwist.—adj. Unlinked′, not joined by links.

Unliquidated, un-lik′wi-dā-ted, adj. not determined, settled, or adjusted.

Unliquored, un-lik′urd, adj. not moistened with liquor: not in liquor, sober.

Unlive, un-liv′, v.t. to undo by living: (obs.) to deprive of life.—adj. Unlived′ (Shak.), bereft of life.—n. Unlīve′liness, want of liveliness.

Unload, un-lōd′, v.t. to take the load from: to discharge: to disburden: (U.S. slang) to sell in great quantity, as risky stock, &c.—v.i. to discharge freight.—ns. Unload′er; Unload′ing.

Unlocated, un-lō-kā′ted, adj. not located: (U.S.) not surveyed or marked off.

Unloose, un-lōōs′, v.t. to make loose: to set free.—v.t. Unloos′en, to unloose.

Unlord, un-lord′, v.t. to strip of the dignity of a lord.—adjs. Unlord′ed, not raised to the rank of lord; Unlord′ly, not lordly.

Unlosable, un-lōō′za-bl, adj. that cannot be lost.—adj. Unlost′, not lost.

Unlove, un-luv′, v.t. to cease to love.—n. the absence of love.—adjs. Unlov′able, not deserving to be loved, unlikely to be loved; Unloved′, not loved.—n. Unlove′liness, want of loveliness, amiability, or beauty.—adjs. Unlove′ly, not lovely; Unlov′ing, not loving.—adv. Unlov′ingly.—n. Unlov′ingness.

Unlucky, un-luk′i, adj. not lucky or fortunate: ill-omened.—adv. Unluck′ily, in an unlucky or unfortunate manner.—n. Unluck′iness, the state or quality of being unlucky or unfortunate.

Unmagistrate, un-maj′is-trāt, v.t. to degrade from the position of magistrate.

Unmaidenly, un-mā′dn-li, adj. unbecoming a maiden.—v.t. Unmaid′en, to deflower.

Unmailable, un-mā′la-bl, adj. incapable of being mailed or sent to its proper destination by post.

Unmake, un-māk′, v.t. to destroy the make or form and qualities of.—adjs. Unmade′, not made: reduced to its original form; Unmā′kable, that cannot be made.—n. Unmā′king, act of destroying.—Unmade up, not worked up into form.

Unmalleable, un-mal′ē-a-bl, adj. that cannot be hammered, stubborn, unyielding.—n. Unmalleabil′ity.

Unman, un-man′, v.t. to deprive of the powers of a man, as courage, virility, &c.: to deprive of men.—adj. Unman′like, not manlike.—n. Unman′liness, effeminacy.—adjs. Unman′ly, not becoming a man: unworthy of a noble mind: base: cowardly; Unmanned′, not manned or furnished with men: (Shak.) not tamed or made subject to man, maiden, virgin.

Unmanageable, un-man′āj-a-bl, adj. not manageable, not easily controlled or directed.—n. Unman′ageableness.—adv. Unman′ageably.—adj. Unman′aged, not controlled: not broken in.

Unmannerly, un-man′ėr-li, adj. not mannerly: ill-bred.—adv. in an unmannerly manner.—adj. Unmann′ered, wanting in good manners: uncivil: rude.—n. Unmann′erliness, state or quality of being unmannerly: want of good manners: rudeness.

Unmanufactured, un-man-ū-fak′tūrd, adj. not manufactured or worked up from its natural state: not simulated or put on.

Unmarketable, un-mär′ket-a-bl, adj. not suitable for the market, not saleable.

Unmarried, un-mar′id, adj. not married.—adjs. Unmarr′iable (obs.), not marriageable; Unmarr′iageable, not fit to marry, not yet old enough to be married.—n. Unmarr′iageableness.—v.t. Unmarr′y, to dissolve the marriage of.

Unmask, un-mask′, v.t. to take a mask or any disguise off: to expose.—v.i. to put off a mask.—adj. Unmasked′.

Unmastered, un-mas′tėrd, adj. not subdued, not conquerable.—adj. Unmas′terable, that cannot be mastered.

Unmatched, un-macht′, adj. matchless, without an equal.—adj. Unmatch′able, not to be equalled.—n. Unmatch′edness.

Unmaterial, un-ma-tē′ri-al, adj. not material.—adj. Unmatē′rialīsed, not in bodily shape: not yet having become actual or taken shape.

Unmeaning, un-mē′ning, adj. having no meaning: without intelligence.—adv. Unmean′ingly.—n. Unmean′ingness.—adj. Unmeant (un-ment′), not meant.

Unmeasured, un-mezh′ūrd, adj. not measured, boundless: irregular.—adj. Unmeas′urable, immeasurable.—n. Unmeas′urableness.—adv. Unmeas′urably.

Unmechanise, un-mek′a-nīz, v.t. to destroy the mechanism of, to throw out of order.

Unmeddle, un-med′l, v.i. to repair the effects of meddling.—adj. Unmedd′ling, not meddling.—n. Unmedd′lingness.

Unmedicinable, un-mē-dis′in-a-bl, adj. that cannot be cured: unable to cure.

Unmeet, un-mēt′, adj. not meet, unfit.—adv. Unmeet′ly.—n. Unmeet′ness.

Unmelodious, un-mē-lō′di-us, adj. not melodious, harsh.—n. Unmelō′diousness.

Unmentionable, un-men′shun-a-bl, adj. unworthy of being mentioned.—n. Unmen′tionableness.—n.pl. Unmen′tionables, otherwise inexpressibles, a would-be humorous name for trousers.

Unmerciful, un-mer′si-fōōl, adj. showing no mercy: exorbitant.—adv. Unmer′cifully.—n. Unmer′cifulness.

Unmerited, un-mer′i-ted, adj. not merited, undeserved: obtained without service.—adj. Unmer′itable (Shak.), without merit.—n. Unmer′itedness.—adj. Unmer′iting, not deserving.

Unmethodical, un-me-thod′i-kal, adj. not methodical.—adj. Unmeth′odised, not regulated by method.

Unmilitary, un-mil′i-ta-ri, adj. not in accordance with military methods, without military spirit.

Unminded, un-mīn′ded, adj. not heeded, forgotten.—adj. Unmind′ful, not keeping in mind, regardless.—adv. Unmind′fully.—n. Unmind′fulness.

Unmiraculous, un-mi-rak′ū-lus, adj. not miraculous.—adv. Unmirac′ulously.

Unmistakable, un-mis-tā′ka-bl, adj. incapable of being mistaken: clear: distinct.—n. Unmistā′kableness.—adv. Unmistā′kably.

Unmitigable, un-mit′i-ga-bl, adj. that cannot be mitigated or alleviated.—advs. Unmit′igably, Unmit′igātedly.—adj. Unmit′igāted, not mitigated or abated, having full force.

Unmitre, un-mī′tėr, v.t. to deprive of a mitre, to degrade from the dignity of bishop.

Unmixed, un-mikst′, adj. free from any foreign admixture, unadulterated.—adv. Unmix′edly.

Unmodernise, un-mod′ėr-nīz, v.t. to give an old-fashioned form or manner to.

Unmodified, un-mod′i-fīd, adj. not modified, qualified, or limited.—adj. Unmod′ifīable, that cannot be modified.—n. Unmod′ifīableness.

Unmonopolise, un-mō-nop′ō′-līz, v.t. to free from monopoly.—adj. Unmonop′olising, not including in a monopoly.

Unmoor, un-mōōr′, v.t. to loose from being moored or anchored.—v.i. to weigh anchor.

Unmoral, un-mor′al, adj. not moral.—adjs. Unmor′alīsed, not moralised upon, having no moral attached; Unmoralīs′ing, not given to making moral reflections.—n. Unmoral′ity.

Unmounted, un-mown′ted, adj. not mounted: not placed on horseback: not set or arranged with any suitable background, &c., for display or protection, as a precious stone, a drawing or photograph for framing, a lantern or microscopic slide, &c.

Unmoved, un-mōōvd′, adj. not moved, firm: not touched by emotion, calm.—adjs. Unmov′able, Unmove′able, immovable.—advs. Unmov′ably, immovably; Unmov′edly.—adj. Unmov′ing, not moving: unaffecting.

Unmuffle, un-muf′l, v.t. to take a muffle or covering from.—v.i. to throw off concealments.

Unmultiply, un-mul′ti-plī, v.t. to reverse the process of multiplication, to find the factors of.

Unmurmuring, un-mur′mur-ing, adj. not murmuring.—adv. Unmur′muringly.

Unmuscular, un-mus′kū-lar, adj. not muscular or physically strong.—adj. Unmuscled (un-mus′ld), with the muscles relaxed.

Unmusical, un-mū′zi-kal, adj. not musical or harmonious: not skilled in music.—n. Unmusical′ity.—adv. Unmū′sically.

Unnamable, un-nā′ma-bl, adj. not to be named.—adj. Unnamed′, not named.

Unnatural, un-nat′ū-ral, adj. not natural or according to nature: without natural affection.—v.t. Unnat′uralise.—adj. Unnat′uralised, not naturalised.—ns. Unnat′uralism, Unnatural′ity.—adv. Unnat′urally.—n. Unnat′uralness.

Unnavigable, un-nav′i-ga-bl, adj. not navigable.—n. Unnavigabil′ity.—adj. Unnav′igated, not sailed on or over.

Unnecessary, un-nes′e-sa-ri, adj. not necessary: useless: needless.—adv. Unnec′essarily, without necessity.—n. Unnec′essariness.

Unneedful, un-nēd′fōōl, adj. not needful.—adv. Unneed′fully.

Unneighboured, un-nā′burd, adj. having no neighbours.—n. Unneigh′bourliness.—adj. Unneigh′bourly, not neighbourly, friendly, or social.—adv. in an unneighbourly manner.

Unnerve, un-nėrv′, v.t. to deprive of nerve, strength, or vigour: to weaken.—adj. Unner′vate (obs.), enervated.

Unniggardly, un-nig′ard-li, adj. not niggardly or miserly.—adj. Unnigg′ard, not niggard, liberal.

Unnoble, un-nō′bl, adj. (Spens.) ignoble.—v.t. to deprive of nobility.

Unnumbered, un-num′bėrd, adj. (Milt.) not to be numbered, innumerable.—adj. Unnum′berable, innumerable.

Unobjectionable, un-ob-jek′shun-a-bl, adj. not liable to objection.—adv. Unobjec′tionably.

Unobservance, un-ob-zer′vans, n. state of being unobservant, inattention: lack of observance of some law.—adjs. Unobser′vable, not to be observed; Unobser′vant, not observant or attentive; Unobserved′, not observed.—adv. Unobser′vedly.-adj. Unobser′ving, not observing.

Unobstructed, un-ob-struk′ted, adj. not obstructed or hindered, clear.—adj. Unobstruc′tive, offering no obstacle.

Unobtrusive, un-ob-trōō′siv, adj. not obtrusive or forward.—adv. Unobtru′sively, in an unobtrusive or modest manner.—n. Unobtru′siveness, state of being unobtrusive: modesty.

Unode, ū′nōd, n. (geom.) a limiting case of a conical point, in which the tangent cone has become a pair of coincident planes.

Unoffending, un-o-fen′ding, adj. not offending, blameless.—adj. Unoffen′sive, inoffensive.

Unordained, un-or-dānd′, adj. not appointed or established: not having received ordination.

Unorder, un-or′dėr, v.t. to cancel an order.—adjs. Unor′dered, disordered: not ordered or commanded: Unor′derly, not orderly.

Unorganised, un-or′gan-īzd, adj. not organised or having organic structure.

Unoriginal, un-ō-rij′in-al, adj. not original: (Milt.) without origin, birth, or source.—adjs. Unorig′ināte, -d.—n. Unorig′inātedness.—adv. Unorig′inātely.

Unornamental, un-or-na-men′tal, adj. not ornamental.—adj. Unor′namented, not ornamented.

Unorthodox, un-or′thō-doks, adj. not orthodox.—n. Unor′thodoxy, heterodoxy, heresy.

Unostentatious, un-os-ten-tā′shus, adj. not ostentatious or showy.—adv. Unostentā′tiously.—n. Unostentā′tiousness.

Unowned, un-ōnd′, adj. not avowed or acknowledged as one's own property or one's own work.

Unpack, un-pak′, v.t. to take out of a pack: to open.—n. Unpack′er.

Unpainful, un-pān′fōōl, adj. not painful.—adj. Unpained′, not pained.

Unpalatable, un-pal′ā-ta-bl, adj. not agreeable.—adv. Unpal′atably.

Unparalleled, un-par′a-leld, adj. without parallel or equal.—adj. Unpar′allelable, incapable of being paralleled.

Unpardonable, un-pär′don-a-bl, adj. that cannot be pardoned or forgiven.—n. Unpar′donableness.—adv. Unpar′donably.

Unparliamentary, un-pär-li-men′tar-i, adj. contrary to the usages of proceeding in Parliament: not such as can be spoken in Parliament.

Unpassable, un-pas′a-bl, adj. impassable: not current.—n. Unpass′ableness.

Unpassionate, un-pash′un-āt, adj. dispassionate.—adv. Unpas′sionately.—adj. Unpas′sioned, free from passion.

Unpathed, un-pätht′, adj. pathless.—adj. Unpath′wayed, without pathway.

Unpatronised, un-pā′tron-izd, adj. without the support of patrons: not traded with usually.

Unpeaceable, un-pē′sa-bl, adj. not peaceable.—n. Unpeace′ableness.—adj. Unpeace′ful.—adv. Unpeace′fully.

Unpeerable, un-pēr′a-bl, adj. not to be matched.—adj. Unpeered′, unequalled.

Unpensioned, un-pen′shund, adj. not rewarded by a pension: not kept in one's pay.

Unperceivable, un-per-sē′va-bl, adj. not to be perceived.—adv. Unpercei′vably.—adj. Unperceived′, not perceived.—adv. Unpercei′vedly, so as not to be perceived.

Unperformed, un-per-formd′, adj. not performed or fulfilled: not represented on the stage.

Unperishing, un-per′ish-ing, adj. not perishing.—adj. Unper′ishable.—adv. Unper′ishably.

Unperplexed, un-per-plekst′, adj. not perplexed.—v.t. Unperplex′, to separate.

Unpersonable, un-per′sun-a-bl, adj. not personable.—adj. Unper′sonal, not personal.—n. Unpersonal′ity.

Unpersuadable, un-per-swā′da-bl, adj. not to be persuaded.—ns. Unpersuā′dableness, Unpersuā′sibleness; Unpersuā′sion.—adj. Unpersuā′sive, not persuasive.

Unperturbed, un-per-turbd′, adj. not perturbed.—n. Unpertur′bedness.

Unpervert, un-per-vėrt′, v.t. to reconvert.—adj. Unpervert′ed, not perverted.

Unphilosophical, un-fil-ō-sof′i-kal, adj. not philosophical—also Unphilosoph′ic.—adv. Unphilosoph′ically.—n. Unphilosoph′icalness.—v.t. Unphilos′ophise, to divest of the character of philosopher.

Unpick, un-pik′, v.t. to take out by picking: to unfasten, undo.—adjs. Unpick′able, that cannot be picked; Unpicked′, not picked.

Unpierced, un-pērst′, adj. not pierced.—adj. Unpierce′able, not to be pierced.

Unpiteous, un-pit′e-us, adj. merciless, cruel.—adv. Unpit′eously.—n. Unpit′eousness.—adjs. Unpit′ied, not pitied; Unpit′iful, having no pity.—adv. Unpit′ifully.—n. Unpit′ifulness.—adj. Unpit′ying, showing no pity.—adv. Unpit′yingly.

Unplaced, un-plāst′, adj. not arranged in proper places, confused.—v.t. Unplace′, to displace.

Unplanted, un-plan′ted, adj. not planted or cultivated.—v.t. Unplant′, to strip of plants.

Unplausible, un-plaw′zi-bl, adj. not plausible.—adv. Unplau′sibly, not plausibly.—adj. Unplau′sive, not approving.

Unpleaded, un-plē′ded, adj. not pleaded.—adj. Unplea′dable, incapable of being pleaded.

Unpleasant, un-plez′ant, adj. not pleasant: disagreeable.—adj. Unpleasable (-plē′), not to be pleased.—n. Unpleas′ance.—adv. Unpleas′antly, in an unpleasant manner: disagreeably.—ns. Unpleas′antness, state or quality of being unpleasant: disagreeableness; Unpleas′antry, want of pleasantness: any unpleasant occurrence, any particular discomfort.—adjs. Unpleased (-plēzd′), displeased; Unpleasing (-plē′), displeasing, disgusting.—adv. Unpleasingly (-plē′).—n. Unpleasingness (-plē′).—adj. Unpleas′urable, not giving pleasure.—adv. Unpleas′urably.

Unpliant, un-plī′ant, adj. not pliant, stiff, stubborn.—adj. Unplī′able, not pliable.—advs. Unplī′ably; Unplī′antly.

Unplugged, un-plugd′, adj. free from plugs: not short-circuited by a plug.—v.t. Unplug′, to remove a plug from.

Unplumb, un-plum′, v.t. to remove the lead from.—adj. not plumb or vertical.—adj. Unplumbed′, not measured by a plumb-line: unfathomed.

Unpoetical, un-pō-et′i-kal, adj. not poetical, prosaic—also Unpoet′ic.—adv. Unpoet′ically.—n. Unpoet′icalness.

Unpointed, un-poin′ted, adj. not pointed, blunt: having no vowel points, as in Hebrew: with the joints uncemented, of a wall.

Unpolicied, un-pol′i-sid, adj. without organised civil polity: impolitic.—adj. Unpol′itic, impolitic.

Unpolish, un-pol′ish, v.t. to take the polish from, to make rough.—adj. Unpol′ished.

Unpolite, un-pō-līt′, adj. not polite, rude.—adv. Unpolite′ly.—n. Unpolite′ness.

Unpopular, un-pop′ū-lar, adj. not popular: disliked by the people.—n. Unpopular′ity, the state of being unpopular.—adv. Unpop′ularly, in an unpopular manner: not popularly.

Unpossessed, un-po-zest′, adj. not possessed, not in possession (with of).—adj. Unpossess′ing (Shak.), having no possessions.

Unpossibility, un-pos-i-bil′i-ti, n. impossibility.—adj. Unposs′ible, impossible.

Unposted, un-pōs′ted, adj. not having a fixed post: not posted up for public information: (coll.) not posted or informed about anything.

Unpractical, un-prak′ti-kal, adj. not practical, disinclined to give attention to things immediately useful or profitable: not workable in detail.—n. Unpractical′ity.—adv. Unprac′tically.

Unpractised, un-prak′tist, adj. having no practice or experience: not carried out in practice, not usually done: not yet familiar through practice.—n. Unprac′tisedness.

Unprecedented, un-pres′ē-den-ted, adj. having no precedent: novel.—adv. Unprec′edentedly.

Unpredict, un-prē-dikt′, v.i. (Milt.) to recall what has been predicted or foretold.

Unpregnant, un-preg′nant, adj. (Shak.) stupid, unapt for business: indifferent to (with of).

Unprejudicate, un-prē-jōō′di-kāt, adj. unprejudiced.—n. Unprejud′icateness.

Unprejudiced, un-prej′ōō-dist, adj. not prejudiced: impartial.—n. Unprej′udice, absence of prejudice.—adv. Unprej′udicedly.—n. Unprej′udicedness.

Unprelate, un-prel′āt, v.t. to deprive of the dignity of prelate.—adj. Unprelat′ical.

Unpremeditated, un-prē-med′i-tā-ted, adj. not planned beforehand, not previously thought of.—adj. Unpremed′itable, not to be foreseen, unforeseen.—adv. Unpremed′itatedly.—ns. Unpremed′itatedness; Unpremeditā′tion.

Unprepared, un-prē-pārd′, adj. without preparation, done without such.—n. Unpreparā′tion, unpreparedness.—adv. Unprepār′edly.—n. Unprepār′edness.

Unprepossessing, un-prē-po-zes′ing, adj. not predisposing in one's favour, unpleasing.—adj. Unprepossessed′, not prepossessed or prejudiced.

Unprescribed, un-prē-skrībd′, adj. not prescribed or laid down beforehand.

Unpresentable, un-prē-zen′ta-bl, adj. not presentable, not fit to be seen.

Unpretending, un-prē-ten′ding, adj. not pretending or making pretence: modest.—adv. Unpreten′dingly.—adj. Unpreten′tious, not pretentious.—n. Unpreten′tiousness.

Unprevented, un-prē-ven′ted, adj. not hindered or prevented: (obs.) not preceded by anything.—adj. Unpreven′table, impossible to be prevented.—n. Unpreven′tableness.

Unpriced, un-prīst′, adj. having no fixed price: beyond price, priceless.

Unpriest, un-prēst′, v.t. to strip of the rank of priest.—adj. Unpriest′ly, unbecoming a priest.

Unprince, un-prins′, v.t. to deprive of princely dignity.—adj. Unprince′ly, unbecoming a prince.

Unprincipled, un-prin′si-pld, adj. without settled principles: not restrained by conscience: profligate.—v.t. Unprin′ciple, to destroy the moral principles of.—n. Unprin′cipledness.

Unprizable, un-prī′za-bl, adj. (Shak.) incapable of being valued, either as so far above or below price.

Unproductive, un-prō-duk′tiv, adj. not productive, profitable, or efficient, not effecting some particular result (with of).—adv. Unproduc′tively.—ns. Unproduc′tiveness; Unproductiv′ity.

Unprofessional, un-prō-fesh′un-al, adj. having no profession: beyond the limits of one's profession: contrary to the rules or the usual etiquette of a particular profession.—adv. Unprofes′sionally.

Unprofitable, un-prof′i-ta-bl, adj. not profitable: bringing no profit: serving no purpose.—n. Unprof′itableness.—adv. Unprof′itably.—adjs. Unprof′ited, profitless; Unprof′iting, unprofitable.

Unprogressive, un-prō-gres′iv, adj. not progressive.—n. Unprogress′iveness.

Unpromising, un-prom′i-sing, adj. not promising or affording a good prospect of success, &c.—v.t. Unprom′ise, to revoke a promise.—adj. Unprom′ised, not promised.

Unpronounceable, un-prō-nown′sa-bl, adj. difficult to pronounce: not fit to be mentioned.—adj. Unpronounced′, not pronounced.

Unproper, un-prop′ėr, adj. improper: (Shak.) common to all.—adv. Unprop′erly.

Unpropitious, un-prō-pish′us, adj. not propitious, inauspicious.—adj. Unpropi′tiable, incapable of being propitiated.—adv. Unpropi′tiously.—n. Unpropi′tiousness.

Unproportionable, un-prō-pōr′shun-a-bl, adj. disproportionable.—n. Unpropor′tionableness.—adjs. Unpropor′tionate, not proportionate; Unpropor′tioned, not proportioned.

Unproselyte, un-pros′ē-līt, v.t. to prevent from being made a proselyte.

Unprosperous, un-pros′pėr-us, adj. not prosperous or fortunate.—adv. Unpros′perously.—n. Unpros′perousness.

Unpropected, un-prō-tek′ted, adj. not protected.—n. Unprotec′tedness.

Unprotestantise, un-prot′es-tan-tīz, v.t. to pervert from Protestantism, to strip of Protestant features.

Unproved, un-prōōvd′, adj. not proved.—adjs. Unprov′able, Unprove′able, incapable of being proved.—n. Unproved′ness.

Unprovided, un-prō-vī′ded, adj. not furnished or provided for, unprepared.—v.t. Unprovide′, to unfurnish, to deprive of what is necessary.—adv. Unprovī′dedly.—adj. Unprov′ident, improvident.

Unprovoked, un-prō-vōkt′, adj. not having received provocation, uncalled for.—adv. Unprovō′kedly.

Unprudent, un-prōō′dent, adj. imprudent—also Unpruden′tial.—n. Unpru′dence, imprudence.

Unpublished, un-pub′lisht, adj. not made public, esp. still in MS. or privately printed form: secret.—adj. Unpub′lic, not public.

Unpucker, un-puk′ėr, v.t. to smooth out the puckers or creases of, to relax.

Unpunctual, un-pungk′tū-al, adj. not punctual.—n. Unpunctual′ity.—adv. Unpunc′tually.

Unpunishable, un-pun′ish-a-bl, adj. that cannot be punished.—adv. Unpun′ishably.—adj. Unpun′ished, not punished.

Unpure, un-pūr′, adj. impure.—adv. Unpure′ly.—n. Unpure′ness.

Unqualified, un-kwol′i-fīd, adj. not possessing the proper qualifications for anything, incompetent: given without restrictions, absolute.—adv. Unqual′ifiedly.—n. Unqual′ifiedness.—v.t. Unqual′ify, to disqualify.

Unquenchable, un-kwen′sha-bl, adj. that cannot be quenched or extinguished.—n. Unquen′chableness.—adv. Unquen′chably.

Unquestionable, un-kwes′tyun-a-bl, adj. not questionable or to be questioned: (Shak.) not questioning or inquisitive.—ns. Unquestionabil′ity, Unques′tionableness, the quality of being unquestionable: that which cannot be questioned.—adv. Unquest′ionably, without question or doubt.—adj. Unques′tioned, not called in question, undoubted, not examined, indisputable.—n. Unques′tioningness.

Unquiet, un-kwī′et, adj. not at rest, disturbed: causing restlessness.—v.t. to disquiet.—n. Unquies′cence, inquietude.—adv. Unquī′etly.—ns. Unquī′etness, state of disturbance, restlessness; Unquī′etude, inquietude.

Unquizzable, un-kwiz′a-bl, adj. incapable of being quizzed or ridiculed.

Unravel, un-rav′el, v.t. to take out of a ravelled state: to unfold or explain: to separate.—v.i. to be disentangled.—adj Unrav′elable.—ns. Unrav′eller; Unrav′elment.

Unread, un-red′, adj. not informed by reading, ignorant: not perused.—adj. Unreadable (un-rē′da-bl), indecipherable, too dull to be read.—n. Unrea′dableness.

Unready, un-red′i, adj. not ready or prepared: slow: awkward: (Shak.) not dressed.—adv. Unread′ily.—n. Unread′iness.

Unreal, un-rē′al, adj. not real: having appearance only, illusive.—v.t. Unrē′alīse, to divest of reality.—ns. Unrē′alism, Unreal′ity, want of reality or existence.—adv. Unrē′ally.

Unreasonable, un-rē′zn-a-bl, adj. not agreeable to reason: exceeding the bounds of reason, immoderate: not influenced by reason.—ns. Unrea′son, lack of reason; Unrea′sonableness, the state or quality of being unreasonable: exorbitance.—adv. Unrea′sonably, in an unreasonable manner: excessively.—adjs. Unrea′soned, not argued out; Unrea′soning, not reasoning.—adv. Unrea′soningly.—Abbot of Unreason (see Misrule).

Unrecalling, un-rē-kawl′ing, adj. not to be recalled.—adj. Unrecall′able, that cannot be recalled.

Unreckoned, un-rek′nd, adj. not reckoned.—adj. Unreck′onable, that cannot be reckoned, immeasurable.

Unreclaimed, un-rē-klāmd′, adj. not reclaimed.—adj. Unreclaim′able, irreclaimable.—adv. Unreclaim′ably.

Unrecognised, un-rek′og-nīzd, adj. not recognised.—adj. Unrec′ognisable.—adv. Unrec′ognisably.

Unreconciled, un-rek′on-sīld, adj. not reconciled, restored to friendship, or made consistent.—adj. Unrec′oncilable, irreconcilable.—n. Unreconcil′ableness.—adv. Unrec′oncilably.

Unreconstructed, un-rē-kon-struk′ted, adj. not reconstructed: (U.S.) not yet admitted as a state of the Union.

Unrecoverable, un-rē-kuv′ėr-a-bl, adj. that cannot be recovered: sick beyond hope of recovery.—adv. Unrecov′erably.—adj. Unrecov′ered.

Unredeemed, un-rē-dēmd′, adj. not redeemed or ransomed: not fulfilled: unmitigated: not recalled into the treasury by payment of the value in money: not taken out of pawn.—adj. Unredeem′able, that cannot be redeemed.

Unredressed, Unredrest, un-rē-drest′, adj. without redress: (Spens.) unrescued.

Unreeve, un-rēv′, v.t. (naut.) to withdraw a rope from any block, thimble, dead-eye, &c. through which it had formerly passed.

Unreformable, un-rē-for′ma-bl, adj. not reformable.—ns. Unreformā′tion; Unrefor′medness.

Unregenerate, un-rē-jen′e-rāt, adj. not renewed in heart through regeneration, unreconciled to God.—ns. Unregen′eracy, Unregenerā′tion.

Unregretful, un-rē-gret′fōōl, adj. without having any regrets.—n. Unregret′fulness.

Unrein, un-rān′, v.t. to loosen the rein of.—adj. Unreined′, unchecked.

Unrelated, un-rē-lā′ted, adj. not related.—adj. Unrel′ative, not relative.

Unrelenting, un-rē-len′ting, adj. not relenting: inflexible: cruel.—adv. Unrelen′tingly.—n. Unrelen′tingness.

Unreliable, un-rē-lī′a-bl, adj. that cannot be relied upon, untrustworthy.—ns. Unreliabil′ity, Unrelī′ableness.

Unrelievable, un-rē-lē′va-bl, adj. that cannot be relieved.—adj. Unrelieved′, not relieved.—adv. Unrelie′vedly.

Unremembered, un-rē-mem′bėrd, adj. not remembered.—adj. Unremem′bering, not remembering.—n. Unremem′brance.

Unremitting, un-rē-mit′ting, adj. not remitting or relaxing: continued: incessant.—adj. Unremit′ted, not remitted or forgiven: without remission.—advs. Unremit′tedly; Unremit′tingly.—n. Unremit′tingness.

Unremorseful, un-rē-mors′fōōl, adj. feeling no remorse.—adv. Unremorse′fully.—adj. Unremorse′less, having no remorse or pity.—adv. Unremorse′lessly.

Unremoved, un-rē-mōōvd′, adj. not removed, unshaken.—adj. Unremov′able.—n. Unremov′ableness.—adv. Unremov′ably.

Unrepair, un-rē-pār′, n. an unsound state.—adj. Unrepair′able, irreparable.

Unrepealed, un-rē-pēld′, adj. not repealed.—adj. Unrepeal′able, incapable of being repealed.

Unrepentant, un-rē-pen′tant, adj. not repentant or penitent.—n. Unrepen′tance, impenitence.—adjs. Unrepen′ted, not repented of; Unrepen′ting, not repenting.—adv. Unrepen′tingly.

Unrepining, un-rē-pī′ning, adj. not repining.—adv. Unrepī′ningly.

Unreprievable, un-rē-prē′va-bl, adj. that cannot be reprieved.—adj. Unreprieved′, not reprieved.

Unreproachable, un-rē-prō′cha-bl, adj. irreproachable.—n. Unreproa′chableness.—adv. Unreproa′chably.

Unreproved, un-rē-prōōvd′, adj. not reproved: (Milt.) not liable to reproof, blameless.—adj. Unreprov′able, incapable of being reproved.—adv. Unreprov′edly.—n. Unreprov′edness.

Unrequited, un-rē-kwī′ted, adj. not requited.—adj. Unrequī′table, not requitable.—adv. Unrequī′tedly.

Unreserved, un-rē-zėrvd′, adj. not reserved or restrained: withholding nothing.—n. Unreserve′, absence of reserve.—adv. Unreser′vedly, without reservation: frankly.—n. Unreser′vedness.

Unresisted, un-rē-zis′ted, adj. not resisted.—n. Unresis′tance.—adv. Unresis′tedly.—adjs. Unresis′tible, irresistible; Unresis′ting, not making resistance.—adv. Unresis′tingly.

Unresolved, un-rē-zolvd′, adj. not resolved: not separated into its constituent parts.—adj. Unresol′vable, incapable of being resolved.—v.i. Unresolve′, to change a resolution.—n. Unresol′vedness, state of being unresolved or undetermined.—adj. Unresol′ving.

Unrespective, un-rē-spek′tiv, adj. (Shak.) devoid of respect and consideration, regardless, unthinking: not attended with regard, used at random.

Unrespited, un-res′pi-ted, adj. not delayed: not having received a respite from sentence.

Unresponsible, un-rē-spon′si-bl, adj. irresponsible.—n. Unrespon′sibleness.—adj. Unrespon′sive, not responsive.—n. Unrespon′siveness.

Unrest, un-rest′, n. want of rest: disquiet of mind or body.—adj. Unrest′ful.—n. Unrest′fulness.—adj. Unrest′ing, not resting.—adv. Unrest′ingly.—n. Unrest′ingness.

Unrestored, un-rē-stōrd′, adj. not restored, esp. to a former or better state: of a work of art, remaining in its original condition.

Unrestrained, un-rē-strānd′, adj. not restrained, licentious.—adv. Unrestrain′edly.—ns. Unrestrain′edness; Unrestraint′.

Unrestricted, un-rē-strik′ted, adj. not restricted.—adv. Unrestric′tedly.

Unreturnable, un-rē-tur′na-bl, adj. incapable of being returned.—adj. Unretur′ning, not returning.

Unrevealed, un-rē-vēld′, adj. not revealed.—n. Unreveal′edness.

Unrevenged, un-rē-venjd′, adj. not revenged.—adj. Unrevenge′ful.

Unreverend, un-rev′ėr-end, adj. not reverend: (Shak.) irreverent, disrespectful.—n. Unrev′erence, want of reverence.—adj. Unrev′erent, not reverent.—adv. Unrev′erently.

Unrewarded, un-rē-wawr′ded, adj. not rewarded.—adv. Unrewar′dedly.—adj. Unrewar′ding.

Unriddle, un-rid′l, v.t. to read the riddle of: to solve.—adj. Unridd′leable.—n. Unridd′ler.

Unrig, un-rig′, v.t. to strip of rigging.—adj. Unrigged′, without rigging.

Unrighteous, un-rī′tyus, adj. not righteous: wicked: unjust.—n. Unright′, injustice.—adv. Unrigh′teously.—n. Unrigh′teousness.—adj. Unright′ful.—adv. Unright′fully.—n. Unright′fulness.

Unring, un-ring′, v.t. to take a ring from.—adj. Unringed′, having no ring.

Unripe, un-rīp′, adj. not ripe.—adj. Unrī′pened.—n. Unripe′ness.

Unrivalled, un-rī′vald, adj. without a rival or competitor.—adj. Unrī′valable, that cannot be rivalled.

Unrobe, un-rōb′, v.t. to strip of a robe, to undress.—v.i. to take off a robe, esp. a robe of state.

Unroll, un-rōl′, v.t. to roll down: to open out.—v.i. to become uncoiled or opened out.—n. Unroll′ment.

Unromanised, un-rō′man-īzd, adj. not subjected to Roman laws or customs: freed from subjection to the Roman see.

Unromantic, un-rō-man′tik, adj. not romantic.—adv. Unroman′tically.

Unroyal, un-roi′al, adj. not royal.—n. Unroy′alist, one not of royal blood.—adv. Unroy′ally.

Unruffled, un-ruf′ld, adj. not ruffled: calm.—v.i. Unruff′le, to settle into calmness.

Unruined, un-rōō′ind, adj. not ruined.—adjs. Unru′inable, not to be ruined; Unru′ināte (obs.), not in ruins.

Unruled, un-rōōld′, adj. not ruled.—ns. Unrul′iment (Spens.), Unrul′iness, state of being unruly.—adj. Unrul′y, regardless of restraint or law.

Unsaddle, un-sad′l, v.t. to take the saddle off: to throw from the saddle.

Unsafe, un-sāf, adj. not safe.—adv. Unsafe′ly.—ns. Unsafe′ness, Unsafe′ty.

Unsaint, un-sānt′, v.t. to divest of saintliness.—adj. Unsaint′ly.

Unsalable, un-sā′la-bl, adj. that cannot be sold, not in demand—also Unsale′able.—ns. Unsalabil′ity, Unsā′lableness.

Unsanctified, un-sangk′ti-fīd, adj. not sanctified, unholy.—n. Unsanctificā′tion.

Unsatiable, un-sā′shi-a-bl, adj. not to be satiated or appeased.—n. Unsā′tiableness.—adv. Unsā′tiably.

Unsatisfactory, un-sat-is-fak′tō-ri, adj. not satisfying.—adv. Unsatisfac′torily.—n. Unsatisfac′toriness.—adjs. Unsatisfī′able, not to be satisfied; Unsat′isfied, not satisfied, not content: not fully informed about anything: not paid.—n. Unsat′isfiedness.—adj. Unsat′isfying.—n. Unsat′isfyingness.

Unsavoury, un-sā′vor-i, adj. not savoury, tasteless: unpleasing, disgusting.—adv. Unsā′vourily.—n. Unsā′vouriness.

Unsay, un-sā′, v.t. to recall what has been said: to retract.—adj. Unsaid′.

Unscalable, un-skā′la-bl, adj. that cannot be scaled or climbed.—Also Unscale′able.

Unscale, un-skāl′, v.t. to remove the scales from.—adj. Unscā′ly.

Unscottify, un-skot′i-fī, v.t. to deprive of Scotch qualities or characteristics.

Unscriptural, un-skrip′tū-ral, adj. not in with Scripture.—adv. Unscrip′turally.

Unscrupulous, un-skrōō′pū-lus, adj. not scrupulous, unprincipled.—adv. Unscru′pūlously.—n. Unscru′pūlousness.

Unscutcheoned, un-skuch′ond, adj. having no escutcheon or claim to such.

Unseal, un-sēl, v.t. to remove the seal of: to open what is sealed.—adj. Unsealed′.

Unsearchable, un-sėr′cha-bl, adj. not capable of being found out by searching: mysterious.—n. Unsear′chableness.—adv. Unsear′chably.—adj. Unsearched′.

Unseasonable, un-sē′zn-a-bl, adj. not in the proper season or time: late: ill-timed: not suited to the time of the year.—v.t. Unsea′son (Spens.), to strike unseasonably, as the ear.—n. Unsea′sonableness, state or quality of being unseasonable or ill-timed.—adv. Unsea′sonably, in an unseasonable manner: not in due time.—adj. Unsea′soned, not seasoned or ripened by time: not experienced, unripe: not sprinkled with seasoning: (obs.) unseasonable: (obs.) inordinate.

Unseaworthy, un-sē-wurth′i adj. unfit for a sea voyage.—n. Unseaworth′iness.

Unsectarian, un-sek-tā′ri-an, adj. not sectarian, free from the narrow qualities or prejudices of sect.—n. Unsectā′rianism.

Unseel, un-sēl′, v.t. to open the eyes, as of a hawk which has been seeled, to enlighten.

Unseemliness, un-sēm′li-nes, n. state or quality of being unseemly or unbecoming.—v.i. Unseem′ (Shak.), not to seem.—adj. Unseem′ly, not seemly, becoming, or decent.—adv. in an unseemly manner.

Unseen, un-sēn′, adj. not seen: invisible.—adj. Unsee′ing, not seeing, blind.

Unself, un-self′, v.t. to deprive of individuality.—n. absence of weak self-consciousness.—n. Unself-con′sciousness, absence of self-consciousness.—adj. Unsel′fish, not selfish.—adv. Unsel′fishly.—ns. Unsel′fishness, Unself′ness (rare).

Unseminared, un-sem′i-närd, adj. (Shak.) deprived of seminal energy or virility.

Unsense, un-sens′, v.t. to free from the dominion of the senses—also Unsen′sūalise.—adj. Unsensed′.

Unsentenced, un-sen′tenst, adj. not having received sentence: (obs.) not decreed.

Unsentimental, un-sen-ti-men′tal, adj. not sentimental, prosaic, matter-of-fact.

Unservice, un-ser′vis, n. neglect of service or duty.—adj. Unser′viceable, not serviceable.

Unset, un-set′, adj. not set or placed: unplanted: not mounted or placed in a setting: not set, as a broken limb.

Unsettle, un-set′l, v.t. to move from being settled: to make uncertain.—v.i. to become unfixed.—adj. Unsett′led, not settled, fixed, or determined: changeable; not having the dregs deposited: not yet inhabited and cultivated: turbulent, lawless.—adv. Unsett′ledly.—ns. Unsett′ledness; Unsett′lement.—adj. Unsett′ling.

Unsex, un-seks′, v.t. to deprive of sex: to make unmanly or unwomanly.—adj. Unsex′ual.

Unshaded, un-shā′ded, adj. not shaded: without gradations of light or colour.

Unshakable, un-shā′ka-bl, adj. (Shak.) not to be shaken.—adjs. Unshaked′ (Shak.), not shaken; Unshā′ken, not shaken, firm, steady.—adv. Unshā′kenly.

Unshale, un-shāl′, v.t. (Shak.) to strip the shale or husk from, to expose.

Unshape, un-shāp′, v.t. (Shak.) to deprive of shape, to derange, to confound.—adjs. Unshape′ly, not shapely; Unshā′pen, shapeless.

Unsheathe, un-shēth′, v.t. to draw from the sheath or scabbard, as a sword.

Unshiftiness, un-shif′ti-nes, n. shiftlessness.—adj. Unshif′table, shiftless.

Unship, un-ship′, v.t. to take out of a ship or other vessel: to remove from the place where it is fixed or fitted.—n. Unship′ment.

Unshrinking, un-shring′king, adj. not shrinking.—adv. Unshrink′ingly.

Unshunnable, un-shun′a-bl, adj. that cannot be shunned.—adj. Unshunned′, not shunned or avoided.

Unsighted, un-sī′ted, adj. not seen—earlier Unsight′: not furnished with a sight.—adj. Unsight′able, invisible.—n. Unsight′liness, the quality of being unsightly: ugliness.—adj. Unsight′ly, not sightly or pleasing to the eye: ugly.

Unsincere, un-sin-sēr′, adj. not sincere, insincere: not genuine, alloyed.

Unsistered, un-sis′tėrd, adj. being without a sister.—n. Unsis′terliness.—adj. Unsis′terly.

Unskilful, un-skil′fool, adj. not skilful: wanting skill or experience: awkward.—adv. Unskil′fully, in an unskilful or awkward manner.—n. Unskil′fulness, want of skill or experience: awkwardness.—adj. Unskilled′, without special skill, untrained, unacquainted with.

Unsling, un-sling′, v.t. to release from slings, to take the slings off.

Unslumbering, un-slum′bėr-ing, adj. not slumbering.—adj. Unslum′brous, not slumbrous.

Unsociable, un-sō′sha-bl, adj. not sociable or inclined to society: reserved.—ns. Unsociabil′ity; Unsō′ciableness.—adv. Unsō′ciably.—adj. Unsō′cial, not social.—ns. Unsō′cialism, Unsocial′ity.

Unsolder, un-sod′ėr, v.t. to separate, as what has been soldered, to sunder.

Unsoldierlike, un-sōl′jėr-līk, adj. not characteristic of or becoming a soldier.

Unsolemn, un-sol′em, adj. not solemn, sacred, or formal.—v.t. Unsol′emnise, to strip of solemnity.

Unsolicited, un-sō-lis′it-ed, adj. not solicited.—adj. Unsolic′itous, not solicitous.

Unsolid, un-sol′id, adj. not solid, not sound, empty.—n. Unsolid′ity.

Unsophisticated, un-sō-fis′ti-kā-ted, adj. genuine, unadulterated: free from artificiality, simple, inexperienced—also Unsophis′ticate.—ns. Unsophis′ticatedness; Unsophisticā′tion.

Unsound, un-sownd′, adj. not sound or perfect: not honest: erroneous: defective: (Spens.) not substantial, not to be depended upon.—adv. Unsound′ly.—n. Unsound′ness.

Unsparing, un-spār′ing, adj. not sparing, liberal, profuse: unmerciful.—adj. Unspared′, not spared: not saved from ruin.—adv. Unspar′ingly.—n. Unspar′ingness.

Unspatial, un-spā′shal, adj. not extending into space.—n. Unspatial′ity.

Unspeakable, un-spē′ka-bl, adj. incapable of being spoken, uttered, or described.—v.t. Unspeak′ (Shak.), to retract, as what has been spoken.—adv. Unspea′kably, in an unspeakable or inexpressible manner.—adj. Unspea′king, not being able to speak.

Unspecialised, un-spesh′a-līzd, adj. not specialised in the biological sense: generalised.

Unspent, un-spent′, adj. not spent or exhausted: not having lost its force of motion.

Unspiritual, un-spir′i-tū-al, adj. not spiritual.—v.t. Unspir′itualise, to deprive of spirituality.—adv. Unspir′itually.

Unspoil, un-spoil′, v.t. to undo the ill effects of spoiling.—adj. Unspoiled′.

Unspotted, un-spot′ed, adj. free from spot: not tainted with guilt.—n. Unspott′edness.

Unsquared, un-skwārd′, adj. not made square: undressed: irregular, unbalanced.

Unstable, un-stā′bl, adj. not stable, unreliable, infirm, inconstant: in such a physical state that the slightest change induces further change of form or composition.—ns. Unstabil′ity, Unstā′bleness.

Unstanched, un-stäncht′, adj. not stanched: incontinent.—adj. Unstanch′able.

Unstatutable, un-stat′ū-ta-bl, adj. unwarranted by statute.—adv. Unstat′utably.

Unsteady, un-sted′i, adj. not steady: changeable.—v.t. to make unsteady.—adj. Unstead′fast, not steadfast or resolute: insecure.—adv. Unstead′fastly.—n. Unstead′fastness.—adv. Unstead′ily, in an unsteady manner.—n. Unstead′iness, the state or quality of being unsteady: want of firmness: irresolution.

Unstock, un-stok′, v.t. to deplete of stock: to remove from the stock: (obs.) to launch.

Unstop, un-stop′, v.t. to free from a stopper; to free from hinderance: to draw out the stops of an organ.

Unstopper, un-stop′ėr, v.t. to open, as a bottle, by taking out the stopper.

Unstow, un-stō′, v.t. to empty of its contents.—adj. Unstowed′, not stowed or packed.

Unstrained, un-strānd′, adj. not strained or purified by straining: not forced, natural.—v.t. Unstrain′, to relieve from a strain.

Unstring, un-string′, v.t. to take the strings off: to relax or loosen.—adjs. Unstringed′; Unstrung′.

Unstudied, un-stud′id, adj. done without premeditation, natural, easy: not acquainted with through study.

Unsubdued, un-sub-dūd′, adj. not subdued.—adj. Unsubdū′able, incapable of being subdued.

Unsubmissive, un-sub-mis′iv, adj. not submissive.—n. Unsubmis′sion.—adv. Unsubmiss′ively.—n. Unsubmiss′iveness.—adj. Unsubmit′ting, not submitting.

Unsubstantial, un-sub-stan′shal, adj. not substantial, not real, not solid or strong.—v.t. Unsubstan′tialise.—ns. Unsubstantial′ity; Unsubstantiā′tion.

Unsucceeded, un-suk-sēd′ed, adj. not succeeded.—adjs. Unsucceed′able (obs.); Unsuccess′ive, without succession.

Unsuccess, un-suk-ses′, n. want of success: failure.—adj. Unsuccess′ful, not successful or fortunate.—adv. Unsuccess′fully, in an unsuccessful or unfortunate manner.—n. Unsuccess′fulness.

Unsufferable, un-suf′ėr-a-bl, adj. (obs.) insufferable.—adv. Unsuff′erably (obs.).

Unsufficient, un-su-fish′ent, adj. (obs.) insufficient.—n. Unsuffi′cience (obs.).—adv. Unsuffi′ciently (obs.).

Unsuitable, un-sū′ta-bl, adj. not suitable, fitting, or adequate: unbecoming.—v.t. Unsuit′, to be unsuitable for.—ns. Unsuitabil′ity, Unsuit′ableness.—adv. Unsuit′ably.—adjs. Unsuit′ed, not suited or adapted to; Unsuit′ing, not suiting.

Unsummered, un-sum′ėrd, adj. not possessing the characteristics of summer.

Unsunned, un-sund′, adj. not exposed to the sun, not lighted.—adj. Unsun′ny, not sunny or bright.

Unsupportable, un-su-pōr′ta-bl, adj. insupportable.—n. Unsuppor′tableness.—adv. Unsuppor′tably.—adj. Unsuppor′ted, not supported.—adv. Unsuppor′tedly.

Unsure, un-shōōr′, adj. not sure.—adj. Unsured′, not made sure.—adv. Unsure′ly.

Unsurpassable, un-sur-pas′a-bl, adj. incapable of being surpassed.—adv. Unsurpass′ably.—adj. Unsurpassed′.

Unsusceptible, un-su-sep′ti-bl, adj. not susceptible.—n. Unsusceptibil′ity.

Unsuspected, un-sus-pek′ted, adj. not suspected: not known or supposed to exist—(Milt.) Unsuspect′.—adv. Unsuspec′tedly.—n. Unsuspec′tedness.—adj. Unsuspec′ting.—adv. Unsuspec′tingly.—n. Unsuspec′tingness.

Unsuspicious, un-sus-pish′us; adj. not suspicious, unsuspecting: free from suspicion.—n. Unsuspi′cion, absence of suspicion.—adv. Unsuspi′ciously.—n. Unsuspi′ciousness.

Unswayable, un-swā′a-bl, adj. (Shak.) not to be swayed.—adj. Unswayed′, not swayed.—n. Unswayed′ness.

Unsweet, un-swēt′, adj. not sweet.—v.t. Unsweet′en, to make unsweet.

Unswerving, un-swer′ving, adj. not swerving, firm.—adv. Unswer′vingly.

Unsymmetrical, un-si-met′ri-kal, adj. not symmetrical—also Unsymmet′ric.—adv. Unsymmet′rically.—n. Unsymm′etry, want of symmetry.

Unsympathy, un-sim′pa-thi, n. want of sympathy.—n. Unsympathīsabil′ity.—adj. Unsym′pathīsable.

Unsystematic, -al, un-sis-te-mat′ik, -al, adj. not systematic.—adv. Unsystemat′ically.

Untainted, un-tān′ted, adj. not tainted or stained, not made unfit for eating by putrescence.—adv. Untain′tedly.—n. Untain′tedness.

Untamed, un-tāmd′, adj. not tamed, not domesticated.—adj. Untā′mable, incapable of being tamed.—n. Untā′mableness.—adj. Untame′, not tame.—n. Untamed′ness.

Untappice, un-tap′is, v.i. (obs.) to come out of concealment.—v.t. to drive out of such.

Untaught, un-tawt′, adj. not taught, illiterate: not communicated by teaching: ignorant.

Untax, un-taks′, v.t. to take a tax from.—adj. Untaxed′, not taxed: not charged with any fault.

Unteach, un-tēch′, v.t. to cause to forget, as what has been taught.—adj. Unteach′able, not teachable.—n. Unteach′ableness.

Untempering, un-tem′pėr-ing, adj. (Shak.) not softening.—v.t. Untem′per, to remove the temper from, to soften.—adj. Untem′pered, not tempered: not regulated.

Untemptible, un-temt′i-bl, adj. incapable of being tempted.—adv. Untempt′ibly.

Untenable, un-ten′a-bl, adj. not tenable, not defensible.—ns. Untenabil′ity, Unten′ableness.

Untenant, un-ten′ant, v.t. to deprive of a tenant, to evict.—adjs. Unten′antable, not fit to be tenanted or inhabited; Unten′anted, not occupied.

Untender, un-ten′dėr, adj. not tender, not affectionate.—adv. Unten′derly.

Untent, un-tent′, v.t. to bring out of a tent.—adj. Unten′ted, having no tents.

Untented, un-ten′ted, adj. (Scot.) uncared for.—adj. Unten′ty, careless.

Unthankful, un-thank′fool, adj. not thankful.—v.t. Unthank′ (obs.), to take back one's thanks.—adj. Unthanked′, not thanked.—adv. Unthank′fully.—n. Unthank′fulness.

Unthink, un-thingk′, v.t. (Shak.) to dismiss from the mind, as a thought.—n. Unthinkabil′ity.—adj. Unthink′able, that cannot be thought.—n. Unthink′er, one who does not think.—adj. Unthink′ing, not thinking: thoughtless.—adv. Unthink′ingly.—n. Unthink′ingness.

Unthought, un-thawt′, adj. not thought (with of).—n. Unthought′fulness, thoughtlessness.

Unthread, un-thred′, v.t. to take a thread from: to loosen: to find one's way through.

Unthrifty, un-thrif′ti, adj. not thrifty: without thriftiness.—ns. Unthrift′, Unthrif′tiness—(Spens.) Unthrif′tihead.—adv. Unthrif′tily.

Untidy, un-tī′di, adj. not tidy or neat.—adv. Untī′dily.—n. Untī′diness.

Untie, un-tī′, v.t. to loose from being tied: to unbind: to loosen.—adj. Untied′.

Until, un-til′, prep. till: to: as far as (used mostly with respect to time).—adv. till: up to the time that.

Untilled, un-tild′, adj. not tilled.—adj. Untill′able, incapable of being tilled.

Untimely, un-tīm′li, adj. not timely: before the time, premature: unseasonable, ill-timed.—adv. (Shak.) before the time: prematurely, unseasonably.—n. Untime′liness.—adj. Untime′ous, untimely, unseasonable.—adv. Untime′ously.

Untiring, un-tīr′ing, adj. unwearied.—adjs. Untir′able, incapable of being wearied; Untired′, not tired.—adv. Untir′ingly.

Untold, un-tōld′, adj. not told or related: not counted or capable of being counted.

Untooth, un-tōōth′, v.t. to deprive of teeth.—adj. Untooth′some, unpalatable.—n. Untooth′someness.

Untouched, un-tucht′, adj. not touched, not mentioned, not moved or affected emotionally.—adj. Untouch′able, incapable of being touched.

Untoward, un-tō′ard, adj. not easily guided: froward: awkward: inconvenient—also Untō′wardly.—n. Untō′wardliness.—adv. Untō′wardly.—n. Untō′wardness.

Untraced, un-trāsd′, adj. not traced or tracked.—adj. Untrace′able, that cannot be traced.

Untractable, un-trak′ta-bl, adj. not tractable, difficult, rough.—ns. Untractabil′ity, Untrac′tableness.—adv. Untrac′tably.

Untraded, un-trā′ded, adj. (Shak.) unused, uncommon, inexperienced.—adj. Untrā′ding, not accustomed.

Untranslated, un-trans-lā′ted, adj. not translated from one tongue into another.—ns. Untranslātabil′ity, Untranslā′tableness.—adj. Untranslā′table.—adv. Untranslā′tably.

Untravelled, un-trav′eld, adj. not passed over: not having learned through travel: narrow-minded.

Untreasure, un-trezh′ūr, v.t. to despoil of treasure: to display or set forth.

Untrembling, un-trem′bling, adj. not trembling.—adv. Untrem′blingly.

Untried, un-trīd′, adj. not tried, not yet experienced, not yet having passed trial: unnoticed.

Untrim, un-trim′, v.t. to deprive of trimming, to put out of order.—adj. Untrimmed′, not adorned with trimmings: not made neat by clipping, &c.—n. Untrimmed′ness.

Untrodden, un-trod′n, adj. not trodden upon, unfrequented.—Also Untrod′.

Untroubled, un-trub′ld, adj. not troubled or disturbed: not rising in waves: not turbid.—n. Untroub′ledness.

Untrue, un-trōō′, adj. not true: false: not faithful: disloyal: not in accordance with a standard.—ns. Untrue′ness, state of being untrue; Untru′ism, something palpably untrue.—adv. Untru′ly, not truly, falsely.—n. Untruth, falsehood: a lie.—adj. Untruth′ful.—adv. Untruth′fully.—n. Untruth′fulness.

Untruss, un-trus′, v.t. to loosen or free from a truss: to unfasten, let down the breeches by undoing the points that kept them up, to undress.—adj. Untrussed′, not trussed.—n. Untruss′er (obs.), one who untrusses persons for whipping.

Untrustful, un-trust′fool, adj. not trusting: not trustworthy.—adv. Untrust′worthily.—n. Untrust′worthiness.—adjs. Untrust′worthy, not worthy of trust; Untrust′y, not trusty, not deserving trust.

Untune, un-tūn′, v.t. to put out of tune: to disorder or confuse.—adj. Untū′nable, inharmonious.—n. Untū′nableness.—adv. Untū′nably.—adj. Untuned′.

Unturn, un-turn′, v.t. to turn the opposite way.—adj. Unturned′, not turned.

Untwine, un-twīn′, v.t. to untwist: to open.—v.i. to become untwined.

Untwist, un-twist′, v.t. to open what is twisted, to unravel.—v.i. to become loosened out.—n. a twist in the opposite direction.

Unused, un-ūzd′, adj. not used, not accustomed.—ns. Unū′sage (obs.); Unused′ness.—adj. Unuse′ful, useless.—adv. Unuse′fully.—n. Unuse′fulness.

Unusual, un-ū′zhū-al, adj. not usual or common.—n. Unusual′ity, rarity.—adv. Unū′sually.—n. Unū′sualness.

Unutterable, un-ut′ėr-a-bl, adj. incapable of being uttered or expressed.—ns. Unutterabil′ity, Unutt′erableness.—adv. Unutt′erably.

Unvalued, un-val′ūd, adj. not valued; not yet having the value set: invaluable.—adj. Unval′uable, priceless.

Unvanquished, un-vang′kwisht, adj. not conquered.—adj. Unvanq′uishable, that cannot be conquered.

Unvaried, un-vā′rid, adj. not varied.—adjs. Unvā′riable, invariable; Unvā′rying, not varying.

Unvarnished, un-vär′nisht, adj. not varnished: not artfully embellished: plain.

Unveil, un-vāl′, v.t. to remove a veil from: to disclose, reveal.—v.i. to become unveiled, to reveal one's self.—adv. Unveil′edly.—n. Unveil′er.

Unveracious, un-ve-rā′shus, adj. not veracious or truthful.—n. Unverac′ity.

Unviolable, un-vī′ō-la-bl, adj. not to be violated.—adj. Unvī′olāted, not violated.

Unvirtue, un-vėr′tū, n. lack of virtue.—adj. Unvir′tuous.—adv. Unvir′tuously.

Unvoyageable, un-voi′āj-a-bl, adj. that cannot be navigated, impassable.

Unvulgar, un-vul′gar, adj. not vulgar.—v.t. Unvul′garise, to divest of vulgarity.

Unwakeful, un-wāk′fool, adj. not waking easily, sleeping soundly.—n. Unwake′fulness.—adj. Unwāk′ened.

Unwarp, un-wawrp′, v.t. to change from being warped.—adj. Unwarped′.

Unwarrantable, un-wor′an-ta-bl, adj. not warrantable or justifiable: improper.—ns. Unwarrantabil′ity, Unwarr′antableness.—adv. Unwarr′antably, in an unwarrantable manner: improperly.—adj. Unwarr′anted, without warrant or authorisation: not guaranteed as to quality, &c.—adv. Unwarr′antedly.

Unwary, un-wā′ri, adj. not wary or cautious (Spens.) unexpected.—adv. Unwā′rily, in an unwary or heedless manner.—n. Unwā′riness, the state of being unwary, careless, or heedless.

Unwatchful, un-woch′fool, adj. not watchful.—Unwatch′fully.—n. Unwatch′fulness.

Unwater, un-waw′tėr, v.t. to free, as a mine, by pumping out the water.—adj. Unwa′tered, freed from water, not wetted or moistened: not supplied with water.

Unwavering, un-wā′vėr-ing, adj. not wavering.—adv. Unwā′veringly.

Unwearied, un-wē′rid, adj. not tiring: indefatigable.—adj. Unwea′riable, that cannot be wearied out.—advs. Unwea′riably; Unwea′riedly.—n. Unwea′riedness.—adj. Unwea′ry, not weary.—v.t. to refresh after weariness.

Unweb, un-web′, v.t. to undo the web of.—adj. Unwebbed′, not web-footed.

Unweeting, un-wē′ting, adj. unwitting, not knowing, ignorant.—adv. Unwee′tingly, ignorantly.

Unwelcome, un-wel′kum, adj. not welcome, causing grief.—v.t. to treat as unwelcome.—adv. Unwel′comely.—n. Unwel′comeness.

Unwell, un-wel′, adj. not well: not in good health.—n. Unwell′ness.

Unwholesome, un-hōl′sum, adj. not wholesome: unfavourable to health: repulsive.—adv. Unwhole′somely.—n. Unwhole′someness.

Unwieldy, un-wēl′di, adj. not easily moved or handled.—adv. Unwiel′dily.—n. Unwiel′diness, the state or quality of being unwieldy: difficulty of being moved.

Unwilling, un-wil′ing, adj. not willing: disinclined: reluctant.—v.t. Unwill′, to will the opposite of.—adj. Unwilled′, spontaneous.—adv. Unwill′ingly.—n. Unwill′ingness.

Unwind, un-wīnd′, v.t. to wind down or off.—v.i. to become unwound.

Unwise, un-wīz′, adj. not wise: injudicious: foolish.—n. Unwis′dom, want of wisdom: ignorance: foolishness.—adv. Unwise′ly, not wisely or prudently.

Unwish, un-wish′, v.t. (Shak.) to wish not to be.—adj. Unwished′, not wished for.

Unwithered, un-with′ėrd, adj. not withered.—adj. Unwith′ering, not withering or fading.

Unwitting, un-wit′ing, adj. without knowledge: ignorant.—adv. Unwitt′ingly.

Unwoman, un-wōōm′an, v.t. to make unwomanly.—n. Unwom′anliness.—adj. Unwom′anly, not befitting or becoming a woman.—adv. in a manner unbecoming a woman.

Unwonted, un-wun′ted, adj. not wonted or accustomed: uncommon—(Spens.) Unwont′.—adv. Unwon′tedly.—n. Unwon′tedness.

Unwork, un-wurk′, v.t. to undo.—adjs. Unwor′kable, not workable: difficult to manage; Unwor′king, living without labour; Unwork′manlike, not like a good workman.

Unworldly, un-wurld′li, adj. above worldly or self-interested motives, spiritual.—n. Unworld′liness.

Unwormed, un-wurmd′, adj. not wormed, not having had the worm or lytta under the tongue cut out—of a dog.

Unworthy, un-wur′thi, adj. not worthy: worthless: unbecoming.—n. Unworth (-worth′), unworthiness.—adv. Unwor′thily, in an unworthy manner: without due regard to worth or merit.—n. Unwor′thiness.

Unwrap, un-rap′, v.t. to open what is wrapped or folded.—v.i. to become unwrapped.

Unwrinkle, un-ring′kl, v.t. to smooth out from a wrinkled state.—adj. Unwrink′led, not wrinkled, smooth.

Unwritten, un-rit′n, adj. not written or reduced to writing, oral: containing no writing.—v.t. Unwrite′, to cancel what is written.—adj. Unwrīt′ing, not writing.

Unyielding, un-yēl′ding, adj. not yielding or bending: stiff: obstinate.—adv. Unyiel′dingly.—n. Unyiel′dingness.

Unyoke, un-yōk′, v.t. to loose from a yoke: to disjoin.—v.i. to be loosed from a yoke, to cease work.—adj. Unyoked′, not yoked: not having worn the yoke: (Shak.) unrestrained, licentious.

Up, up, adv. toward a higher place: aloft: on high: from a lower to a higher position, as out of bed, above the horizon, &c.: in a higher position: in a condition of elevation, advance, excitement, &c.: as far as, abreast of: completely: at an end, over.—prep. from a lower to a higher place on or along.—adj. inclining up, upward.—n. in phrase 'ups and downs,' rises and falls, vicissitudes.—adv. Up′-and-down′, upright: here and there.—adj. plain, downright.—Up stick, to pack up; Up to (coll.), about, engaged in doing; Up to anything, capable of and ready for any mischief; Up to date, to the present time: containing all recent facts, statistics, &c.: knowing the latest developments of fashion, usage, &c.; Up to snuff (see Snuff); Up to the knocker (slang), up to the required standard, excellent; Up town (coll.), pertaining to the upper part of a town: towards the upper part of a town. [A.S. up, upp; Ger. auf; L. sub, Gr. hypo.]

Upanishad, ōō-pan′i-shad, n. in Sanskrit literature, a name given to a class of treatises of theosophic and philosophical character, more or less closely connected with the Brâhmanas, which are theological prose-works attached to each of the four collections (Samhitâ) forming the Veda. [Sans.]

Upas, ū′pas, n. the juice of the Antjar or Anchar tree of the Philippine Islands, a powerful vegetable poison. [Malay, ūpas, poison.]

Upbraid, up-brād′, v.t. to charge with something wrong or disgraceful: to reproach: to reprove severely.—v.i. to utter reproaches.—n. Upbraid′ing, a charging with something wrong: act of reproaching.—adv. Upbraid′ingly. [A.S. up, up, on, bregdan, to braid.]

Upcast, up′kast, n. a cast or throw in bowling: a shaft for the upward passage of air from a mine, a current of air passing along such: (Scot.) state of being thrown into confusion, a taunt or gibe.—adj. thrown or turned upward.

Up-country, up′kun-tri, adv. toward the interior.—n. the interior of a country.—adj. away from the seaboard.

Upgrowth, up′grōth, n. process of growing up, development: that which grows up.—v.i. Upgrow′, to grow up.

Upgush, up-gush′, v.i. to gush upward.—n. Up′gush, a gushing upward.

Upheave, up-hēv′, v.t. to heave or lift up.—n. Upheav′al, the raising of surface formations by the action of internal forces, believed to be due to the sinking in of the crust upon the cooling and contracting nucleus.

Uphill, up′hil, adj. ascending: difficult.—adv. up a hill, against difficulties.

Uphold, up-hōld′, v.t. to hold up: to sustain: to countenance: to defend: to continue without failing.—n. Uphōl′der.—v.t. Uphōl′ster, to furnish furniture with stuffing, springs, &c., to provide with curtains, &c.—ns. Uphōl′sterer, one who supplies or who sells furniture, beds, curtains, &c.; Uphōl′stery, furniture, &c., supplied by upholsterers.

Uphroe, ū′frō, n. (naut.) the circular piece of wood, with holes in it, by which the legs of a crowfoot are extended for suspending an awning.—Also U′vrou. [Dut. juffrouw, a young woman.]

Upland, up′land, n. upper or high land, as opposed to meadows, river-sides, &c.—adj. high in situation: pertaining to uplands.—n. Up′lander.—adj. Up′landish (obs.).

Uplift, up-lift′, v.t. to lift up or raise aloft.—n. a raising or upheaval of strata.

Upmaking, up′mā-king, n. (naut.) pieces of plank or timber piled on each other as filling up in building, esp. between the bilge-ways and ship's bottom, preparatory to launching: (print.) arrangement of lines into columns or pages.

Upper, up′ėr, adj. (comp. of up) farther up: higher in position, dignity, &c.: superior:—superl. Up′permost, Up′most.—ns. Up′per, the part of a boot or shoe above the sole and welt; Up′perhand, superiority: advantage.—adj. Up′permost, highest in place, rank, &c.: first to come into the mind.—adv. in the highest place, first.—n. Up′per-stō′ry, a story above the ground-floor: the brain.—n.pl. Up′per-ten, the wealthier or leading class in a community.—adj. Up′pish, assuming, pretentious, snobbish.—adv. Up′pishly.—n. Up′pishness. [For affix -most, cf. Aftermost, Foremost.]

Upraise, up-rāz′, v.t. to raise or lift up.—n. Uprais′ing (Scot.), nurture.

Upridged, up-rijd′, adj. raised up in ridges.—v.t. Upridge′, to raise up in ridges.

Upright, up′rīt, adj. right or straight up: in an erect position: adhering to rectitude: honest: just.—adv. vertically.—advs. Uprigh′teously (obs.), in an upright or just manner; Up′rightly, in an upright manner: honestly.—n. Up′rightness.

Uprise, up-rīz′, v.i. to rise up.—ns. Up′rise (Shak.), the act of rising: appearance above the horizon; Uprī′sing, the act of rising up, ascent: any strong outburst of popular excitement, insurrection: (Shak.) an ascent, a steep place.—v.pa.t. Uprist′ (Coleridge), uprose.

Uproar, up′rōr, n. noise and tumult: bustle and clamour.—v.t. Uproar′ (Shak.), to throw into uproar or confusion.—v.i. to make an uproar.—adj. Uproar′ious, making or accompanied by great uproar.—adv. Uproar′iously.—n. Uproar′iousness, the state of being uproarious, noisy, or riotous. [Dut. oproer, from op, up, and roeren (Ger. rühren, A.S. hréran), to stir; the form due to confusion with roar.]

Uproot, up-rōōt′, v.t. to tear up by the roots.—n. Uproot′al, act of uprooting.

Uprush., up-rush′, v.i. to rush upward.—n. Up′rush, a rush upward.

Upsee, up′sē, adv. after the manner of, as 'to drink upsee Dutch'—(Scott) Up′sees. [Dut, op zijn Duitsch, in the Dutch, i.e. German, fashion.]

Upset, up-set′, v.t. to turn upside down: to overthrow.—v.i. to be upset.—n. Up′set, an overturn.—adj. relating to what is set up for sale, in phrase Upset price, the sum at which anything is started at a public sale.—ns. Upset′ment; Upset′ter.—adj. Upset′ting discomposing: (Scot.) conceited, assuming.

Upside, up′sīd, n. the upper side.—adv. on the upper side.—adv. Up′side-down, with the upper part undermost: in complete confusion.—Be upsides with (coll.), to be even with, to be revenged upon.

Upsitting, up′sit-ing, n. (obs.) the sitting up of a woman after confinement, the feast held on such occasion.

Upspring, up′spring, n. (Shak.) an upstart.—v.i. Upspring′, to spring up, rise:—pa.t. upsprung′.

Upstairs, up-stārz′, adv. in or toward the upper story.—adj. Up′stairs, pertaining to an upper story or flat.—n. an upper story.

Upstart, up′stärt, adj. (Milt.) suddenly raised to prominence or consequence, characteristic of such, pretentious and vulgar.—n. one who has suddenly risen from poverty or obscurity to wealth or power.—v.i. Upstart′, to start up suddenly.

Upstream, up′strēm, adv. towards the upper part of a stream.—v.i. Upstream′, to stream up.

Uptake, up′tāk, n. the act of lifting up: (prov.) mental apprehension: the upcast pipe from the smoke-box of a steam-boiler towards the chimney.—v.t. Uptake′, to take up.

Upthrow, up-thrō′, v.t. to throw up.—n. Up′throw, an upheaval, an uplift.

Uptoss, up-tos′, v.t. to toss up.—adj. Uptossed′, tossed upward, greatly agitated.

Uptown, up′town, adj. situated in the upper part of a town.—adv. to or in the upper part of a town.

Upturn, up-turn′, v.t. to turn up or upward: to throw up.—v.i. to turn up.—n. Uptur′ning, the act of throwing up.

Upward, up′ward, adj. directed up or to a higher place.—advs. Up′ward, Up′wardly, Up′wards, toward a higher direction; Up′ways, upward.—Upward of, more than, about.

Upwhirl, up-hwėrl′, v.i. to whirl upward.—v.t. to raise upward in a whirling course.

Ur, er, interj. a meaningless utterance between the words of hesitating speakers.

Urachus, ū′ra-kus, n. one of the ligaments of the bladder formed by the remaining constricted portion of the allantois of the fœtus. [Gr. ourachos—ouron, urine.]

Uræmia, ū-rē′mi-a, n. a morbid condition of the blood due to the retention of urea or other waste materials ordinarily excreted from the body by the kidneys—also Urē′mia.—adjs. Uræ′mic, Urē′mic, relating to the peculiar symptoms associated with defective excretion of waste products by the kidneys.

Uræum, ū-rē′um, n. the posterior half of a bird—opp. to Stethiæum:—pl. Uræ′a. [Gr. oura, a tail.]

Uræus, ū-rē′us, n. the serpent emblem of ancient Egyptian divinities and kings, placed on the headdress. [Gr. ouraios, of the tail.]

Ural-altaic, ū-ral-al-tā′ik, adj. pertaining to a racial and linguistic group of peoples, one of the four great branches of the Mongolic stock.

Uralite, ū′ral-īt, n. a mineral with the crystalline form of augite and the cleavage and specific gravity of hornblende.—adj. Uralit′ic.—n. Uralitisā′tion, the paramorphic change of augite to hornblende.—v.t. U′ralitise.

Urania, ū-rā′ni-a, n. the Muse of astronomy, represented with a celestial globe in her hand, to which she points with a little staff.—adj. Urā′nian. [L.,—Gr. ouranios, heavenly—ouranos, heaven.]

Uraniscus, ū-ra-nis′kus, n. the vault or roof of the mouth. [Gr. ouraniskos, dim. of ouranos, the vault of heaven.]

Uranite, ū′ra-nīt, n. a greenish ore of uranium.—adj. Uranit′ic.

Uranium, ū-rā′ni-um, n. a very hard but moderately malleable metal, resembling nickel or iron in its lustre and colour, but in a finely comminuted state occurring as a black powder.—adj. Urā′nic. [Gr. ouranos, heaven.]

Uranography, ū-ra-nog′ra-fi, n. descriptive astronomy, esp. of the constellations.—adjs. Uran′ic; Uranograph′ic, -al.—n. Uranog′raphist.

Uranometry, ū-ra-nom′e-tri, n. the measurement of the heavens: a description of the groups of constellations.

Uranus, ū′ra-nus, n. the name of one of the primary planets. [L.,—Gr. ouranos, heaven.]

Urao, ōō-rä′ō, n. the natron found in the dried-up beds of South American lakes and streams.

Urate, ū′rāt, n. a salt of uric acid.—adj. Urat′ic, pertaining to the urates.—ns. Uratō′ma, a deposit of urates in the tissues; Uratō′sis, a morbid condition in which this takes place.

Urban, ur′ban, adj. of or belonging to a city.—adj. Urbāne′, pertaining to, or influenced by, a city: civilised: refined: courteous.—adv. Urbāne′ly.—n. Urban′ity, the quality of being urbane: refinement: politeness.—Urbi et orbi='to the city and to the world,' a form used in the publication of papal bulls, for the purpose of signifying their formal promulgation to the entire Catholic world, as well as to the city of Rome. [L. urbanus—urbs, a city.]

Urceolus, ur-sē′ō-lus, n. a monopetalous corolla with a contracted orifice: the external case or sheath of a rotifer.—n. Urcēōlā′ria, a genus of gymnocarpous lichens with urceolate apothecia.—adjs. Urceolā′rian; Ur′ceolāte, pitcher-shaped: having an urceolus, as a rotifer.—n. Ur′ceus, a ewer for holding water for washing. [L. urceolus, dim. of urceus, a pitcher.]

Urchin, ur′chin, n. a hedgehog: a mischievous child, an elf, fairy.—adj. elfish, mischievous. [O. Fr. eriçon (Fr. hérisson)—L. ericius, a hedgehog.]

Urdé, ur-dā′, adj. (her.) pointed, as a cross, or having a point projected, as a bend: varriated. [Fr.,—Old High Ger. ort, a point.]

Urdú, ōōr′dōō, n. Hindustani, a peculiar and important form of Hindi—now a kind of lingua franca for the whole of India.

Ure, ūr, n. (obs.) practice, operation.—v.t. and v.i. to work, exercise.

Urea, ū′rē-a, n. a readily soluble colourless crystalline compound formed in the tissues during the disintegration of proteid material, and carried by the blood to the kidneys, which separate it and pass it off in the urine.—adj. U′rēal, pertaining to urea.—ns. Uream′eter, an instrument for measuring the amount of urea in in urine; Uream′etry. [Gr. ouron, urine.]

Uredo, ū-rē′dō, n. a form-genus or stage of fungi of order Uredineæ.—adjs. Uredin′eous, Ured′inous; Urē′doform.—n. Urē′dospore.—adj. Uredospor′ic.

Ureter, ū-rē′tėr, n. the duct which conveys the urine from the kidneys to the bladder.—adjs. Urē′tal, Urē′teral, Urēter′ic.—n. Urēterī′tis, inflammation of the ureter. [Gr.,—ouron, urine.]

Urethra, ū-rē′thra, n. the canal by which the urine is discharged from the bladder:—pl. Urē′thræ.—adjs. Urē′thral; Urēthrit′ic affected with urethritis.—n. Urēthrī′tis, inflammation of the urethra. [Gr.,—ouron, urine.]

Urge, urj, v.t. to press in any way: to drive: to press earnestly: to solicit earnestly: to provoke.—v.i. to incite: to insist: to make allegations.—n. act of urging.—n. Ur′gency, quality of being urgent: earnest asking: pressing necessity.—adj. Ur′gent, urging: pressing with importunity: calling for immediate attention: earnest.—adv. Ur′gently.—n. Ur′ger. [L. urgēre, to press.]

Uriconian, ū-ri-kō′ni-an, n. the name applied to a series of volcanic rocks of which the Wrekin is composed. [Uriconium, a Roman station on the site of which Wroxeter in Shropshire stands.]

Urim, ū′rim, Thummim, thum′im, ns.pl. first mentioned in Exod. xxviii. 30, in connection with the High-priest's breastplate, apparently a pair of objects used at critical junctures as a kind of traditional oracle, but which could not always be counted on for an answer (1 Sam. xxviii. 6).

Urine, ū′rin, n. the fluid which is secreted or separated by the kidneys from the blood and conveyed to the bladder—the principal means of removing the worn-out tissues, esp. the nitrogenous and saline matters, from the system.—n. Urē′sis, a frequent desire to make water.—adj. U′ric, pertaining to, or obtained from, urine.—ns. Uricæ′mia, lithemia; Uridrō′sis, the excretion of urea in the sweat; Urinæ′mia, the contamination of the blood with urinary deposits; U′rinal, a vessel for urine: a convenience for discharging urine.—adjs. U′rinant (her.) diving; U′rinary, pertaining to, or like, urine.—n. a reservoir for keeping urine.—v.i. U′rinate, to discharge urine.—n. Urinā′tion.—adj. U′rinātive.—n. U′rinātor, a diver.—adjs. Urinatō′rial; Urinif′erous, conveying urine; Urinif′ic, secreting urine; Urinip′arous, producing urine.—ns. Urinol′ogy, the scientific knowledge of urine; Urinom′eter, an instrument for weighing urine.—adj. Urinomet′ric.—n. Urinom′etry.—adj. Urinoscop′ic.—n. U′rinoscopy, inspection of urine.—adjs. U′rinose, U′rinous, relating to urine: partaking of the qualities of urine: like urine.—ns. U′rochrome, a yellow pigment of the urine; Urodial′ysis, a partial suppression of urine; Urogas′ter, the urinary passages collectively.—adjs. Urogen′ital, pertaining to the urinary and genital organs—also Urinogen′ital, Urinogen′itary, Genito-urinary; Urog′enous, producing urine.—ns. Urolithī′asis, lithiasis; Urol′ogy, urinology; U′romancy, divination by urine; Uroplā′nia, the abnormal presence of urine in any part of the body; Uropoiē′sis, the formation of urine.—adj. Uropoiet′ic.—ns. Urorrhā′gia, excessive micturation; Urorrhē′a, Urorrhœ′a, involuntary passage of urine.—adj. Uroscop′ic (same as Urinoscopic).—ns. U′roscōpist, one skilled in urinoscopy; U′roscopy (same as urinoscopy); Urō′sis, any disease of the urinary organs. [Fr.,—L. urina; cog. with Gr. ouron, Sans. vāri, water.]

Urite, ū′rīt, n. the sternite of an abdominal segment of an insect. [Gr. oura, a tail.]

Urman, ur′man, n. a large tract of swampy coniferous forest in Siberia. [Tatar.]

Urn, urn, n. a rounded or angular vase having a foot, a water vessel, an electoral vase, a tea-urn, &c.: a vessel in which the ashes of the dead were anciently deposited, hence the grave.—v.t. to enclose in an urn.—adj. Urn′al.—n. Urn′ful, as much as an urn will hold.—adj. Urn′-shaped, having the shape of an urn. [L. urna, an urn—urĕre, to burn.]

Urocardiac, ū-rō-kar′di-ak, adj. pertaining to the posterior part of the cardiac division of the stomach of the crayfish and some other crustaceans.

Urochord, ū′rō-kord, n. the caudal chord of an ascidian or tunicate.—adjs. Urochor′dal, Urochor′dāte.

Urochroa, ū-rok′rō-a, n. a genus of humming-birds in Ecuador. [Gr. oura, tail, chroa, colour.]

Urocissa, ū-rō-sis′a, n. a genus of Asiatic Corvidæ, with very long tail. [Gr. oura, tail, kissa, magpie.]

Urocyon, ū-ros′i-on, n. a genus of canine quadrupeds, the type of which is the common gray fox of the United States. [Gr. oura, tail, kyōn, dog.]

Urocyst, ū′rō-sist, n. the urinary bladder.—adj. Urocyst′ic. [Gr. ouron, urine, kystis, bladder.]

Urodele, ū′rō-dēl, adj. tailed, as an amphibian.—Also Urodē′lan, Urodē′lian, Urodē′lous. [Gr. oura, tail, dēlos, plain.]

Urogastric, ū-rō-gas′trik, adj. pertaining to the posterior pair of divisions of the gastric lobe of the dorsal surface of the carapace of a crab: pertaining to the urogaster (see under Urine). [Gr. ouron, urine, gastēr, the stomach.]

Urohyal, ū-rō-hī′al, n. the tail-piece of the composite hyoid bone.—adj. pertaining to this.

Uromere, ū′rō-mēr, n. a caudal segment of an arthropod.—adj. Uromer′ic. [Gr. oura, tail, meros, part.]

Uropod, ū′rō-pod, n. any abdominal limb of an arthropod.—adj. Urop′odal. [Gr. oura, tail, pous, podos, foot.]

Uropygium, ū-rō-pij′i-um, n. the rump in birds.—adj. Uropyg′ial. [Gr. orrhos, rump, pygē, buttocks.]

Uropyloric, ū-rō-pī-lor′ik, adj. pertaining to the posterior part of the pyloric division of the stomach of the crayfish and some other crustaceans.

Urosacral, ū-rō-sā′kral, adj. pertaining to the sacrum and to the coccyx.—n. Urosā′crum.

Urosome, ū′rō-sōm, n. the terminal somatome of a vertebrate: the post-thoracic region of the body of an arthropod.—n. Urosō′mite, one of the somites of the urosome.—adj. Urosomit′ic. [Gr. oura, tail, sōma, body.]

Urostege, ū′rō-stēj, n. one of the special scales on the under side of a snake's tail—also U′rostegite.—adj. U′rostēgal. [Gr. oura, tail, stegē, a roof.]

Urosteon, ū-ros′tē-on, n. a median posterior ossification of the sternum of some birds. [Gr. oura, tail, osteon, bone.]

Urosternite, ū-rō-ster′nīt, n. the sternite of any somite of the urosome of an arthropod.

Urosthene, ū′rō-sthēn, n. an animal whose strength rests mainly in its tail.—adj. Urosthen′ic. [Gr. oura, tail, sthenos, strength.]

Urostyle, ū′rō-stīl, n. a prolongation backward of the last vertebra.—adj. Urosty′lar. [Gr. oura, tail, stylos, column.]

Urotoxic, ū-ro-tok′sik, adj. pertaining to poisons eliminated in the urine. [Gr. ouron. urine, toxikon, poison.]

Urry, ur′i, n. a dark clay near a bed of coal. [Prob. Gael. uirlach—uir, earth.]

Ursine, ur′sin, adj. of or resembling a bear: thickly clothed with bristles, as certain caterpillars.—n. a bear.—n. Ur′sa, the name of two constellations, Ursa-Major and Ursa-Minor, the Great and the Little Bear.—adj. Ur′siform, in appearance like a bear.—n.pl. Ur′sinæ, the bears proper. [L.,—ursus, a bear.]

Urson, ur′sun, n. a rodent nearly allied to the porcupine, and often called the Canada Porcupine.

Ursuline, ur′sū-lin, adj. of or pertaining to St Ursula, esp. pertaining to the female teaching order founded by St Angela Merici of Brescia in 1537.

Urtica, ur′ti-ka, n. the genus of nettles, order Urticaceæ.—adjs. Urticā′ceous, relating to nettles; Ur′tical, pertaining to the nettles.—n. Urticā′ria, nettle-rash, hives.—adjs. Urticā′rial, Urticā′rious.—v.t. Ur′ticate, to sting, as with nettles.—n. Urticā′tion. [L. urtica, a nettle.]

Urus, ū′rus, n. the Latin name of the wild ox, which in the time of Julius Cæsar was abundant in European forests—the Aurochs of the Germans, and the ancestor of the European domesticated cattle. [L.]

Us, us, pron. the objective case of we.—adv. Us′ward, toward us. [A.S.]

Usage, ū′zāj, n. act or mode of using: treatment: practice: custom.—ns. U′sager, one of the non-jurors who maintained 'the usages'—mixed chalices, oblation in prayer of consecration, and prayer for the dead. [Fr.,—Low L.,—L. usus.]

Use, ūz, v.t. to put to some purpose: to avail one's self of: to habituate: to treat or behave toward.—v.i. to be accustomed.—adj. U′sable, that may be used.—ns. U′sableness; U′see, one for whose use a suit is brought in another's name; U′ser.—Use one's self (Shak.), to behave; Use up, to consume, to exhaust, to tire out. [Fr. user—L. uti, usus, to use.]

Use, ūs, n. act of using or putting to a purpose: convenience: employment: need: advantage: practice: common occurrence: a distinctive form of public worship or service peculiar to a church, diocese, &c.: custom: interest for money.—n. Us′ance (obs.), use, usage, employment: (Shak.) usury, interest for money: the time allowed by usage for the payment of a bill of exchange.—adj. Use′ful, full of use or advantage: able to do good: serviceable.—adv. Use′fully.—n. Use′fulness.—adj. Use′less, having no use: answering no good purpose or the end proposed.—adv. Use′lessly.—n. Use′lessness.—n.pl. Us′es, a form of equitable ownership peculiar to English law by which one person enjoys the profits of lands, &c., the legal title to which is vested in another in trust.—Use and wont, the customary practice.—Have no use for (U.S.), to have no liking for; In use, in employment or practice; Made use of, to use, to employ; Of no use, useless; Of use, useful; Out of use, not used or employed. [L. usus—uti.]

Usher, ush′ėr, n. one who meets people at the door of a hall, &c., and conducts them to seats, an officer whose business it is to introduce strangers or to walk before a person of rank: an under-teacher or assistant.—v.t. to introduce: to forerun.—ns. Ush′erance; Ush′erdom, Ush′ership.—adjs. Ushē′rian; Ush′erless. [O. Fr. ussier (Fr. huissier)—L. ostiarius, a door-keeper—ostium, a door.]

Usitate, ū′zi-tāt, adj. according to custom.—adj. Usitā′tive, expressing usual action.

Usquebaugh, us′kwē-baw, n. whisky. [Ir. and Gael. uisgebeatha, uisge, water, beatha, life.]

Ustilago, us-ti-lā′gō, n. a genus of parasitic fungi, causing smut.—adj. Ustilagin′eous.

Ustion, us′ti-on, n. the act of burning, cauterisation by burning.—adjs. Ustō′rious, burning; Us′tulate, coloured by burning.—n. Ustulā′tion, burning.

Usual, ū′zhū-al, adj. in use: occurring in ordinary use: common.—adv. U′sually.—n. U′sualness. [L. usualis.]

Usucaption, ū-zū-kap′shun, n. (law) the acquisition of property in anything by possession and enjoyment for a certain term of years.—n. Usucā′pient, one who has acquired rights by usucaption.—v.t. U′sucapt, to acquire so.—adj. Usucapt′ible. [L. usus, use, capĕre, captum, to take.]

Usufruct, ū′zū-frukt; n. the use and profit, but not the property, of a thing: liferent.—v.t. to hold in usufruct.—adj. Usufruc′tuary.—n. one who holds property for use by usufruct. [L. usus-fructus—usus, use, fructus, fruit.]

Usurp, ū-zurp′, v.t. to take possession of by force without right.—n. Usurpā′tion, act of usurping: unlawful seizure and possession: intrusion into an office.—adj. Usur′patory.—ns. Usur′pātrix, a female usurper; Usur′pature, usurpation.—adv. Usur′pedly.—n. Usur′per.—adj. Usur′ping.—adv. Usur′pingly. [Fr.,—L. usurpāre, perh. contr. from usu-rapĕre, to seize to one's own use—usus, use, rapĕre, to seize; or from usum rumpĕre, to break a use.]

Usury, ū′zhū-ri, n. the taking of iniquitous or illegal interest on a loan, formerly interest of any kind on money lent.—v.i. U′sure (Shak.), to practise usury.—n. U′surer (orig., and in B.), any money-lender for interest: one who practises usury.—adj. Usū′rious.—adv. Usū′riously.—n. Usū′riousness. [L. usura—uti, usus, to use.]

Utas, ū′tas, n. (obs.) the time between a festival and the eighth day after it: festivity, stir.—Also U′tis. [Through O. Fr. from L. octo, eight.]

Utensil, ū-ten′sil, n. an instrument or vessel used in common life. [Fr. utensile—L. utensilis, fit for use—uti, to use.]

Uterine, ū′te-rin, adj. pertaining to the womb: born of the same mother by a different father.—ns. Uterī′tis, inflammation of the womb; U′terogestā′tion, the progressive development of the embryo within the womb; Uteromā′nia, nymphomania; U′terus, the womb. [Fr. uterin—L. uterinis—uterus, the womb.]

Utgard, ut′gard, n. (Scand. myth.) the abode of the giant Utgard-Loki on the other side of the great sea which surrounds Midgard, the earth.

Utilise, ū′ti-līz, v.t. to make useful: to put to profitable use.—adj. U′tilīsable.—ns. Utilisā′tion; U′tiliser; Util′ity, usefulness: profit: a useful thing; Util′ity-man, an actor of one of the least important parts in a play. [Fr. utiliser—L. uti.]

Utilitarian, ū-til-i-tā′ri-an, adj. consisting in, or pertaining to, utility or to utilitarianism.—n. one who holds utilitarianism.—v.t. Utilitā′rianise, to make to serve a utilitarian purpose.—ns. Utilitā′rianism, the ethical theory which finds the basis of moral distinctions in the utility of actions, i.e. their fitness to produce happiness.

Utmost, ut′mōst, adj. outmost: farthest out: most distant: last: in the greatest degree: highest.—n. the greatest that can be: the greatest effort. [A.S. útemest, formed with double superlative suffix -m-est from úte, out.]

Utopian, ū-tō′pi-an, adj. imaginary: fanciful: chimerical.—n. one who advocates impracticable reforms or who expects an impossible state of perfection in society.—ns. Utō′pianiser; Utō′pianism; Utō′piast.—adj. Utop′ical (obs.).—ns. U′tōpism, utopianism; U′tōpist, a utopian. [From Utopia, lit. 'nowhere'—Gr. ou, not, topos, place, an imaginary island represented by Sir T. More in his famous political romance, or rather satire (Lat. 1516, Eng. 1551), as enjoying perfection in politics, laws, &c., community of goods, freedom of creed, &c.]

Utraquism, ū′tra-kwizm, n. the doctrine of the U′traquists or Calixtines, who asserted the right to communicate in both kinds—sub utraque specie.

Utricle, ū′tri-kl, n. a little bag, bladder, or cell.—adjs. Utric′ūlar, Utric′ūlate, containing or furnished with utricles; Utricūlif′erous, producing utricles; Utric′ūliform, shaped like a utricle; Utric′ūloid; Utric′ūlose.—n. Utric′ūlus, any small pear-shaped sac. [L. utriculus, dim. of uter, utris, a bag.]

Utricularia, ū-trik-ū-lā′ri-a, n. the genus of bladderworts. [L. utriculus, a bag.]

Utriform, ū′tri-form, adj. having the shape of a leather bottle. [L. uter, a leather bottle, forma, form.]

Utter, ut′ėr, adj. farthest out: extreme: total: perfect.—adv. Utt′erly.—n. Utt′erness, quality of being extreme. [A.S. útor, outer—út, out.]

Utter, ut′ėr, v.t. to circulate: to publish abroad: to speak.—adj. Utt′erable, that may be uttered or expressed.—ns. Utt′erableness; Utt′erance, act of uttering: manner of speaking: pronunciation: expression; Utt′erer; Utt′ering, circulation.—adj. Utt′erless, that cannot be uttered in words. [A.S. útian, to put out—út, out.]

Utterance, ut′ėr-ans, n. (Shak.) extremity, deadly contention. [Fr. outrance—outre, beyond—L. ultra, beyond.]

Uttermost, ut′ėr-mōst, adj. farthest out: utmost.—n. the greatest degree. [Same as utmost, the r being intrusive, and t being doubled on the analogy of utter.]

Uva, ū′va, n. a name for such succulent indehiscent fruits as have a central placenta. [L. uva, a cluster of grapes.]

Uvea, ū′vē-a, n. the vascular tunic of the eye—iris, ciliary body, and choroid.—adjs. U′veal, U′veous. [L. uva, a bunch of grapes.]

Uvula, ū′vū-la, n. the fleshy conical body suspended from the palate over the back part of the tongue.—adj. U′vūlar.—adv. U′vūlarly, with thick utterance. [L. uva, a bunch of grapes.]

Uxorious, uk-sō′ri-us, adj. excessively or submissively fond of a wife.—adjs. Uxō′rial, pertaining to a wife; Uxō′ricidal, pertaining to uxoricide.—n. Uxō′ricide, one who kills his wife: the killing of a wife.—adv. Uxō′riously.—n. Uxō′riousness. [L. uxorius—uxor, a wife.]

Uzbeg, uz′beg, n. a member of the Turkish family of Tartars in Turkestan, their blood in some places mixed with a Tajik (or Aryan) strain, elsewhere with Kiptchak, Kalmuck, and Kirghiz elements.

the twenty-second letter of our alphabet, a differentiated form of U—in sound it is a labio-dental and closely related to F. As a Roman numeral V=5; V=5000.

Vacant, vā′kant, adj. empty: free: not occupied by an incumbent or possessor: not occupied with study, &c.: thoughtless, inane.—n. Vā′cancy, emptiness: idleness: empty space, void or gap between bodies: a situation unoccupied: (Shak.) unoccupied or leisure time.—adv. Vā′cantly.—v.t. Vacāte′, to leave empty: to quit possession of: (obs.) to annul, to make useless.—ns. Vacā′tion, a vacating or making void or invalid: freedom from, duty, &c.: recess: break in the sittings of law-courts: school and college holidays; Vacā′tionist, one travelling for pleasure.—adj. Vacā′tionless.—n. Vacā′tur, the act of annulling in law. [Fr.,—L. vacans, -antis, pr.p. of vacāre, -ātum, to be empty.]

Vaccinate, vak′si-nāt, v.t. to inoculate with the cowpox as a preventive against smallpox.—adjs. Vaccig′enous, producing vaccine; Vac′cinal, pertaining to vaccine or to vaccination.—ns. Vaccinā′tion; Vac′cinātor, one who vaccinates.—adj. Vac′cine, pertaining to or derived from cows: of or relating to vaccinia or vaccination.—n. the virus of cowpox or vaccinia used in the process of vaccination.—n. Vaccin′ia, an eruptive disease occurring in cattle—also Vaccī′na. [L. vaccīnus—vacca, a cow.]

Vacillate, vas′i-lāt, v.i. to sway to and fro: to waver: to be unsteady.—adjs. Vac′illant, vacillating; Vac′illāting, inclined to fluctuate: wavering: unsteady.—adv. Vac′illātingly.—n. Vacillā′tion, act of vacillating.—adj. Vac′illātory, wavering. [L. vacillāre, -ātum.]

Vacuous, vak′ū-us, adj. empty, void: without intelligence, unexpressive.—v.t. Vac′uāte, to make empty.—ns. Vacuā′tion; Vac′uist, one who thinks there are empty spaces in nature; Vacū′ity, emptiness: space unoccupied: idleness, listlessness; Vac′uōle, a very small cavity in the tissue of organisms; Vac′uousness; Vac′ūum, vacant or empty space: a space empty or devoid of all matter:—pl. Vac′ūa; Vac′ūum-brake, a brake working on the principle of keeping up a vacuum in a continuous pipe or pipes extending under the train, and in brake-cylinders connected to them under each vehicle, the air being sucked out by ejectors or pumps on the locomotive; Vac′ūum-gauge, a gauge for indicating to what extent a vacuum is produced; Vac′ūum-pan, a vessel for boiling saccharine juices in a partial vacuum in sugar-making; Vac′ūum-tube, a sealed glass tube in which a vacuum has been made, employed to examine the effects of a discharge of electricity through air or gas rarefied or exhausted. [L. vacuus, empty.]

Vade-mecum, vā′dē-mē′kum, n. a hand-book, pocket-companion. [L., 'go with me'—vadĕre, to go, me, abl. of ego, I, cum, with.]

Vagabond, vag′a-bond, adj. wandering: having no settled home: driven to and fro: unsettled.—n. one who wanders without any settled habitation: a wandering, idle fellow: a scamp, a rascal.—n. Vag′abondage.—v.t. Vag′abondise, to wander like a vagabond.—adj. Vag′abondish.—n. Vag′abondism. [Fr.,—Low L.,—vagāri, to wander—vagus, wandering.]

Vagary, va-gā′ri, n. a wandering of the thoughts: a wild freak: a whim:—pl. Vagā′ries.—n. Vagā′rian, a person with vagaries.—adjs. Vagā′rious; Vagā′rish.—n. Vagar′ity, irregularity, capriciousness.

Vagina, vā-jī′na, n. (anat.) the canal or passage which leads from the external orifice to the uterus, a sheath, case: the upper part of the pedestal of a terminus: (bot.) a leaf-stalk when it becomes thin and rolls round the stem to which it then forms a stalk, as in grasses.—adjs. Vag′inal; Vag′inant (bot.), investing as a sheath; Vag′ināte, -d (bot.), invested by the tubular base of a leaf or leaf-stalk, as a stem: denoting a certain order of sheathed polypes; Vaginic′oline, Vaginic′olous, living in a vagina; Vaginif′erous, bearing a vagina; Vaginipenn′ate, Vaginopenn′ous, sheath-winged.—ns. Vaginis′mus, spasmodic contraction of the vagina; Vaginī′tis, inflammation of the vagina; Vaginot′omy, cutting of the vagina; Vagin′ūla, Vag′inule, a diminutive vagina.—adj. Vagin′ulate, having a vaginula, sheathed. [L., 'a sheath.']

Vagitus, vā-jī′tus, n. the cry of a new-born child. [L.,—vagīre, to cry.]

Vagrant, vā′grant, adj. wandering without any settled dwelling: unsettled: uncertain, erratic: (med.) wandering.—n. one who has no settled home: an idle or disorderly person: a beggar.—ns. Vā′grancy, Vā′grantness (rare), the state of being a vagrant: life and habits of a vagrant.—adv. Vā′grantly. [L. vagans, -antis, pr.p. of vagāri, to wander; with r intruded.]

Vagrom, vā′grom, (Shak.) Dogberry's perverted spelling and pronunciation of vagrant.

Vague, vāg, adj. unsettled: indefinite: uncertain: of doubtful origin: not thinking clearly.—v.i. (obs.) to wander.—n. indefinite expanse.—adv. Vague′ly.—n. Vague′ness. [Fr.,—L. vagus, wandering.]

Vagus, vā′gus, n. the tenth cranial nerve or wandering nerve, the longest and most widely extended of the nerves of the brain:—pl. Vā′gī.

Vail, vāl, v.t. to let fall.—v.i. to yield: to drop, move down.—n. (Shak.) submission, decline.—n. Vail′er. [Contr. from avale; cf. Avalanche.]

Vail, vāl′, v.i. (poet.) to profit, avail.—n.pl. Vails, money given to servants by a visitor—also Vales. [Contr. from avail.]

Vain, vān, adj. unsatisfying: fruitless: unreal: silly: conceited: showy: (B.) vacant, worthless.—adv. Vain′ly.—ns. Vain′ness, fruitlessness: (Shak.) empty pride, folly; Van′ity, worthlessness, futility: empty pride or ostentation: ambitious display: idle show: empty pleasure: fruitless desire, a trifle: (Shak.) a personified vice in the old moralities and puppet-shows: (B.) a heathen deity.—Vanity Fair, the world as the scene of vanity or empty folly, the world of fashion, so named from the fair described in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.—In vain, For vain (Shak.), ineffectually: to no end: with levity or profanity. [Fr.,—L. vanus, empty.]

Vainglory, vān-glō′ri, n. vain or empty glory in one's own performances: pride above desert.—v.i. to boast vainly.—adj. Vainglō′rious, given to vainglory: proceeding from vanity.—adv. Vainglō′riously.—n. Vainglō′riousness.

Vair, vār, n. (her.) a kind of fur, the skin of the squirrel, bluish-gray on the back and white on the belly, represented by blue and white shields or bells in horizontal rows.—adjs. Vairé, Vairy (vā′ri), charged or variegated with vair. [O. Fr.,—L. varius, variegated.]

Vaishnava, vīsh′na-va, n. a worshipper of Vishnu, the Vaishnavas forming one of the great sects of Brahmanism. [Sans.,—Vishnu, Vishnu.]

Vaisya, vīs′ya, n. a member of the third caste among the Hindus. [Sans. vaiçya—viç, settler.]

Vakass, va-kas′, n. a semicircular eucharistic vestment in Armenian use—also called Ephod.

Vakeel, Vakil, va-kēl′, n. a native attorney or agent in the East Indies. [Hind.,—Ar. vakīl.]

Valance, val′ans, n. hanging drapery for a bed, &c.—also Val′ence.—v.t. to decorate with such. [From Valence—L. Valentia, in France.]

Vale, vāl, n. a tract of low ground, esp. between hills: a valley. [Fr. val—L. vallis, a vale.]

Valediction, val-ē-dik′shun, n. a farewell.—adj. Valedic′tory, saying farewell: farewell: taking leave.—n. a farewell oration spoken at American graduations by the graduating person of highest rank, often called the Valedictō′rian. [L. valedicĕre, -dictum—vale, farewell, dicĕre, to say.]

Valence, vā′lens, n. (chem.) the combining power of an element, or the proportion in which it forms a combination with another.—Also Vā′lency. [From L. valēre, to be strong.]

Valenciennes, va-long-si-enz′, n. a kind of lace made at Valenciennes in France.

Valentine, val′en-tīn, n. a lover or sweetheart chosen on St Valentine's Day, 14th February: a love-letter or other amatory print sent on that day. [O. Fr. valentin, a young person betrothed on the first Sunday in Lent, perh. from a form valant, equiv. to galant, gallant, but commonly identified with the name of St Valentine, on whose day the choice of valentines came to be made, because birds on that day were supposed to choose their mates.]

Valentinian, val-en-tin′i-an, n. one of a Gnostic sect founded by Valentinus (died c. 160 A.D.).—adj. belonging to the foregoing.—n. Valentin′ianism.

Valerian, va-lē′ri-an, n. the plant all-heal, the root of which is used in medicine.—adj. Val′eric, pertaining to or obtained from the root of valerian. [O. Fr.,—L. valēre, to be strong.]

Valet, val′et, or val′ā, n. a man-servant, esp. one who attends on a gentleman's person.—v.t. to act as valet to.—n. Valet de place, in France, one who offers his services as guide, messenger, &c. for hire, esp. to strangers. [O. Fr.,—vaslet, later also varlet—Low L. vassalettus, dim. of vassalis, a vassal.]

Valetudinarian, val-ē-tū-di-nā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to ill-health: sickly: weak—also Valetū′dinary.—n. a person of weak health.—ns. Valetū′dinariness, Valetūdinā′rianism, the condition of a valetudinarian: weak health; Valetudinā′rium, an ancient Roman hospital. [L. valetudinarius—valetudo, state of health—valēre, to be strong.]

Valgus, val′gus, n. a bow-legged man: a form of club-foot—talipes valgus:—pl. Val′gi (-jī). [L.]

Valhalla, val-hal′la, n. (Scand. myth.) the palace of immortality for the souls of heroes slain in battle: an edifice forming the final resting-place of the heroes of a nation. [Ice. valhöll, 'the hall of the slain'—valr, the slain, conn. with A.S. wæl, slaughter, Ice. höll, hall.]

Valiant, val′yant, adj. strong: brave: intrepid in danger: heroic.—n. (obs.) a valiant person.—ns. Val′iance, Val′iancy.—adv. Val′iantly, bravely.—n. Val′iantness, courage. [Fr. vaillant—L. valens, valentis, pr.p. of valēre, to be strong.]

Valid, val′id, adj. strong: having sufficient strength or force: founded in truth: sound: conclusive: (law) executed with the proper formalities: legal: rightful.—v.t. Val′idate, to confirm, give legal force to: test the validity of.—ns. Validā′tion; Valid′ity.—adv. Val′idly.—n. Val′idness. [Fr.,—L. validus—valēre, to be strong.]

Valise, va-lēs′, n. a travelling bag, generally of leather, opening at the side: a portmanteau. [Fr.,—L. valise (It. valigia, Sp. balija), orig. unknown.]

Valkyr, val′kir, n. (Scand. myth.) one of the nine handmaidens of Odin, serving at the banquet of Valhalla—also Valkyr′ia, Wal′kyr.—adjs. Valkyr′ian, Walkyr′ian. [Ice. valkyrja—valr, the slain, kyrja—kjósa, to choose. Ger. Walküre.]

Vallar, val′ar, adj. pertaining to a rampart.—Also Vall′ary. [L. vallum.]

Vallate, val′āt, adj. cup-shaped: circumvallate.—Also Vall′ated.

Vallecula, va-lek′ū-la, n. a groove or furrow.—adjs. Vallec′ular, Vallec′ulate.

Valley, val′i, n. a vale or low land between hills or mountains: a low, extended plain, usually watered by a river:—pl. Vall′eys. [O. Fr. valee (Fr. vallée)—val, a vale.]

Vallisneria, val-is-nē′ri-a, n. a genus of the natural order of plants Hydrocharideæ. [Named after Antonio Vallisneri (1661-1730), an Italian naturalist.]

Vallum, val′um, n. a rampart, entrenchment: (anat.) the eyebrow. [L., 'a rampart.']

Valonia, va-lō′ni-a, n. the large acorn-cup of a species of oak which grows round the Levant, used in tanning. [It. vallonia—Gr. balanos, an acorn.]

Valour, val′ur, n. intrepidity: courage: bravery.—adj. Val′orous, intrepid: courageous.—adv. Val′orously. [O. Fr. valour—Low L. valor—L. valēre, to be strong.]

Value, val′ū, n. worth: that which renders anything useful or estimable: the degree of this quality: esteem, regard: efficacy: importance: excellence: price: precise meaning: (mus.) the relative length of a tone signified by a note: (paint.) relation of one part of a picture to the others with reference to light and shade and without reference to hue: (math.) the special determination of a quantity.—v.t. to estimate the worth of: to rate at a price: to esteem: to prize.—v.i. (Shak.) to be worth.—adj. Val′uable, having value or worth: costly: deserving esteem.—n. a thing of value, a choice article—often in pl.—ns. Val′uableness; Valuā′tion, the act of valuing: value set upon a thing: estimated worth; Valuā′tor, one who sets a value upon: an appraiser.—adjs. Val′ued; Val′ueless.—n. Val′uer, one who values.—Value in exchange, exchange value: (pol. econ.) economic value (i.e. the amount of other commodities for which a thing can be exchanged in open market) as distinguished from its more general meaning of utility; Value received, a phrase indicating that a bill of exchange, &c., has been accepted for a valuable consideration.—Good value, full worth in exchange. [O. Fr. value, prop. the fem. of Fr. valu, pa.p. of valoir, to be worth—L. valēre.]

Valve, valv, n. one of the leaves of a folding-door: a cover to an aperture which opens in one direction and not in the other: one of the pieces or divisions forming a shell: (anat.) a membraneous fold resembling a valve or serving as a valve in connection with the flow of blood, lymph, or other fluid—also Val′va.—adjs. Val′val, pertaining to a valve; Val′vāte, having or resembling a valve or valves: (bot.) meeting at the edges without overlapping, as the petals of flowers; Valved, having or composed of valves.—ns. Valve′-gear, the mechanism for working a valve; Valve′let, Val′vūla, Val′vūle, a little valve: (bot.) formerly used of the pieces which compose the outer covering of a pericarp.—adj. Val′vūlar.—n. Valvūlī′tis, inflammation of one of the valves of the heart. [Fr.,—L. valva, a folding-door.]

Vambrace, vam′brās, n. a piece of plate-armour to protect the forearm.—adj. Vam′brāced (her.), having armour on the forearm. [Also vantbrace, vantbrass—Fr. avant-bras—avant, before, bras, arm.]

Vamose, va-mōs′, v.i. (slang) to be off, to be gone. [Sp. vamos, 1st pers. pl. pres. indic.—L. vadimus, we go—vadĕre, to go.]

Vamp, vamp, n. the upper leather of a boot or shoe.—v.t. to repair with a new vamp: to patch old with new: give a new face to: (mus.) to improvise an accompaniment to (coll.).—v.i. to improvise accompaniments, to travel, proceed.—n. Vam′per, one who vamps or cobbles up anything old to pass for new.—Vamp up, to patch up, to improvise, to cook up.—In Vamp, in pawn. [Corr. of Fr. avant-pied, the forepart of the foot—avant, before, pied—L. pes, pedis, foot.]

Vampire, vam′pīr, n. in eastern Europe, an accursed body which cannot rest in the kindly earth, but nightly leaves its grave to suck the blood of sleeping men: an extortioner.—n. Vam′pire-bat, the name of several species of bats all supposed to suck blood—the real blood-suckers only in Central and South America, attacking cattle, horses, and sometimes human beings asleep.—adj. Vampir′ic.—n. Vam′pirism, the actions of a vampire or the practice of blood-sucking: extortion. [Fr.,—Servian vampir; the word is common in the Slavonic tongues.]

Vamplate, vam′plāt, n. the iron plate through which the lance passed, serving as a protection to the hand when the lance was couched. [Fr. avant-plat—avant, before, plat, plate.]

Van, van, n. the front: the front of an army or a fleet: the leaders of any movement. [Abbrev. of vanguard.]

Van, van, n. a fan for grain, &c.: a vane, wing: a test for ascertaining the value of an ore by washing a small quantity on a shovel.—v.t. to separate ore in this way.—ns. Van′ner, an ore-separator; Van′ning. [Fr.,—L. vannus.]

Van, van, n. a large covered wagon for goods, &c.: a light vehicle, covered or not, used by tradesmen in delivering goods: a carriage in a railway-train for carrying luggage, for the use of the guard, &c. [Short for caravan.]

Vanadium, van-ā′di-um, n. a rare metal somewhat resembling silver in appearance, very brittle and infusible, and unoxidisible either by air or water.—ns. Van′adāte, Vanā′diāte, a salt formed by vanadic acid combined with a base.—adjs. Vanad′ic, Vanā′dious, Van′adous, pertaining to or obtained from vanadium; Vanadif′erous, yielding vanadium.—n. Van′adinite, a compound of lead vanadate and lead chloride. [Named from Vanadis, a Scandinavian goddess.]

Vancourier, van′kōō-ri-er, n. a precursor. [Fr. avant-courier—avant, before.]

Vandal, van′dal, n. one of a fierce race from north-eastern Germany who entered Gaul about the beginning of the 5th century, crossed the Pyrenees into Spain (leaving their name in Andalusia=Vandalitia), next under Genseric crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, and carried devastation and ruin from the shores of the Atlantic to the frontiers of Cyrene: any one hostile to arts or literature, a barbarian.—adjs. Van′dal, Vandal′ic, barbarous, rude.—n. Van′dalism, hostility to arts or literature. [Low L. Vandali, Vinduli—the Teut. name seen in Dut. Wenden, the Wends.]

Vandyke, van-dīk′, n. one of the points forming an edge or border, as of lace, ribbon, &c.: a painting by Vandyke: a small round cape, the border ornamented with points and indentations, as seen in paintings by Vandyke of the time of Charles I.—adj. pertaining to the style of dress represented in portraits by Vandyke.—v.t. to cut the edge off in points.—n. Vandyke′-brown, a reddish-brown pigment, a species of peat or lignite.—adj. Vandyked′, notched with large points like a Vandyke collar. [Anthony Van Dyck (1599-1641), a great Flemish painter.]

Vane, vān, n. a flag or banner: a thin slip of wood or metal at the top of a spire, &c., to show which way the wind blows: a weather-cock: the thin web of a feather: one of the blades of a windmill.—adjs. Vaned, furnished with vanes; Vane′less. [Older form fane—A.S. fana; Goth. fana, cloth, Ger. fahne; akin to L. pannus, Gr. penos, a cloth.]

Vanessa, va-nes′a, n. a genus of butterflies, e.g. the Vanessa atalanta or Red Admiral, Vanessa antiope or Camberwell Beauty. [Perh. intended for Phanessa—Gr. Phanēs, a mystic divinity.]

Vang, vang, n. (naut.) one of two guy-ropes from the end of a gaff to the deck to steady the peak. [Dut.]

Vanguard, van′gärd, n. the guard in the van of an army: the part of an army preceding the main body: the front line. [Formerly vantgard—Fr. avant-garde—avant, before, garde, guard.]

Vanilla, va-nil′a, n. the dried aromatic sheath-like pod or fruit of a tropical epiphytal orchid, a favourite confection.—adj. Vanill′ic. [Latinised from Fr. vanille—Sp. vainilla—vaina—L. vagina, a sheath.]

Vanish, van′ish, v.i. to pass away from a place, leaving it vacant or empty: to disappear: to be annihilated or lost: (math.) to become zero: (Shak.) to exhale.—n. Van′isher.—adv. Van′ishingly.—n. Van′ishment.—Vanishing point, the point of disappearance of anything. [Through Fr. from L. vanescĕre, to pass away—vanus, empty.]

Vanquish, vangk′wish, v.t. to conquer: to defeat in any contest: to confute.—adj. Vanq′uishable, capable of being vanquished.—ns. Vanq′uisher; Vanq′uishment. [Fr. vaincre (pa.t. vainquis)—L. vincĕre, to conquer.]

Vantage, van′tāj, n. advantage: in lawn-tennis, same as advantage: (Shak.) opportunity, convenience, excess, addition.—v.i. (Spens.) to benefit, profit.—ns. Van′tage-ground, -point, superiority of place, opportunity, &c.

Vanward, van′wawrd, adj. (rare) situated in or pertaining to the van or front.—n. the advance-guard of an army on the march. [Van and ward.]

Vapid, vap′id, adj. having the spirit evaporated: spiritless: insipid.—adv. Vap′idly.—ns. Vap′idness, Vapid′ity. [L. vapidus.]

Vaporole, vā′pō-rōl, n. a thin glass capsule, containing a volatile drug wrapped in cotton-wool and enclosed in a silk bag, to be crushed in the fingers so as to permit inhalation.

Vapour, Vapor, vā′pur, n. the gas into which most liquids and solids are convertible by heat: the condition of a body when it becomes gas by heat: water in the atmosphere: anything vain or transitory: (pl.) a disease of nervous weakness in which a variety of strange images float before the mind, temporary depression of spirits, dejection.—v.i. to pass off in vapour: to evaporate: to boast: to brag.—v.t. to make to pass into vapour: to cause to dissolve into gas, thin air, or other unsubstantial thing: (rare) to depress, dispirit: (obs.) to bully.—adjs. Vā′porable, Vā′porisable, capable of being converted into vapour.—n. Vaporā′rium, a Russian bath.—adjs. Vaporif′erous, producing vapour; Vaporif′ic, converting into steam or other vapour; Vā′poriform, existing in the form of vapour.—n. Vaporisā′tion.—v.t. Vā′porise, to convert into vapour.—v.i. to pass off in vapour.—adj. Vā′porish, full of vapours: hypochondriacal: peevish.—n. Vaporom′eter, an instrument for measuring the pressure of a vapour.—adjs. Vā′porous, Vā′porose, full of or like vapour: vain: affected with the vapours: unsubstantial, vainly imaginative.—adv. Vā′porously.—ns. Vā′porousness, Vaporos′ity; Vā′pour-bath, an apparatus for bathing the body in vapour of water.—adj. Vā′poured, full of vapours: affected with the vapours.—ns. Vā′pourer, one who vapours, a boaster; Vā′pouring, windy or ostentatious talk.—adv. Vā′pouringly.—adj. Vā′poury, full of vapour: affected with the vapours: peevish. [Fr.,—L. vapor.]

Vapulation, vap-ū-lā′shun, n. (rare) a flogging.—adj. Vap′ulātōry. [L. vapulāre, to be flogged.]

Vaquero, va-kā′rō, n. a herdsman.—n. Vacqueria (vak-e-rē′a), a farm for grazing cattle. [Sp.,—Fr. vacher, a cowherd—L. vacca, a cow.]

Vara, vä′ra, n. a Spanish-American linear measure, about thirty-three inches. [Vare.]

Varangian, va-ran′ji-an, n. the name given by the Slavic Russians and the Greeks to one of those Northmen or Värings who made settlements on the east side of the Baltic in the second half of the 9th century, and laid the foundations under Rurik of the kingdom of Gardarike out of which grew the subsequent Russia.—Varangian Guard, a trusted bodyguard of the emperors of Constantinople from the end of the 10th century down to the close in 1453.

Varanus, var′a-nus, n. the typical genus of Varanidæ, a family of eriglossate lacertilians, a monitor.—n. Var′an, a varanoid lizard.—adj. Var′anoid.

Vare, vār, n. a wand of authority. [Sp. vara, a pole—L. vara, a trestle, forked stick—varus, crooked.]

Varec, var′ek, n. a Breton impure sodium carbonate. [Fr.,—Ice. vágrek, vágr, a wave, rek, drift.]

Vargueno, var-gā′nō, n. a form of cabinet made at Vargas in Spain, having a box-shaped body with lid, resting on columns, and opening at the bottom so as to serve as a writing-desk.

Variable, vā′ri-a-bl, adj. that may be varied: changeable: liable to change: unsteady: (bot., zool.) of a species embracing many individuals and groups departing more or less from the strict type: (math.) quantitatively indeterminate: (astron.) changing in brightness.—n. (math.) a quantity subject to continual increase or decrease: a quantity which may have an infinite number of values in the same expression: a shifting wind.—ns. Variabil′ity (biol.), tendency to depart in any direction from the mean character of the species; Vā′riableness.—adv. Vā′riably.—v.t. Vā′riate, to vary.—v.i. to change.—adj. Vā′riated, varied, diversified: varriated.—n. Variā′tion, a varying: a change: change from one to another: successive change: the extent to which a thing varies: (gram.) change of termination: (mus.) a manner of singing or playing the same air with various changes in time, rhythm, or key: (astron.) deviation from the mean orbit of a heavenly body: (biol.) departure from the mean character of a species.—adjs. Variā′tional, pertaining to variation; Vā′riative, tending to variation.—Variable species, any species with marked rate of variability. [Fr.,—L. variabilis.]

Variance, vā′ri-ans, n. state of being varied: an alteration: a change of condition: (law) a discrepancy: difference that arises from, or produces, dispute.—n. Vā′riant, a different form of the same original word: a different reading, e.g. in a manuscript.—adj. diverse, variable, inconstant.—At variance, in disagreement.

Varicella, var-i-sel′a, n. chicken-pox—applied also loosely to various eruptive diseases, as swine-pox, hives, or varioloid.—adjs. Varicell′ar, pertaining to varicella; Varicell′oid, resembling varicella.

Varicocele, var′i-kō-sēl, n. an enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord, or sometimes of the veins of the scrotum. [L. varix, a dilated vein, Gr. kēlē, a tumour.]

Varicoloured, vā′ri-kul-urd, adj. diversified in colour.—Also Varicol′orous. [L. varius, various, color, colour.]

Varicorn, vā′ri-korn, adj. having diversiform antennæ.—n. a varicorn beetle. [L. varius, various, cornu, a horn.]

Varicose, var′i-kōs, adj. permanently dilated or enlarged, as a vein, the actual dilatation being called a varix—most often in the sub-mucous veins of the rectum (constituting hæmorrhoids or piles), in the spermatic veins (giving rise to varicocele), and in the veins of the lower extremities—also Var′icous.—adjs. Var′icāted, marked by varicose formations (said of shells); Var′icosed.—n. Varicos′ity, state of being varicose.—Varicose veins, a condition in which the superficial veins, usually of the leg, are swollen for no apparent physiological reason. [L. varicosus, full of dilated veins—varix, a dilated vein—varus, bent, crooked.]

Variegate, vā′ri-e-gāt, v.t. to mark with different colours.—ns. Variegā′tion, in plants, a condition in which other colours are exhibited in parts where green is the normal colour; Vā′riegātor. [L. variegatus—varius, various, agĕre, to make.]

Variety, va-rī′e-ti, n. the quality of bring various: difference: many-sidedness, versatility: a collection of different things: one of a number of things nearly allied to each other: one or more individuals of a species, which, owing to accidental causes, differ from the normal form in minor points:—pl. Varī′eties.—adj. Vārī′etal (biol.), having the character of a zoological or botanical variety.—adv. Varī′etally.—ns. Varī′ety-show, a mixed entertainment comprising dances, songs, negro-minstrelsy, farces, short sketches, &c.; Varī′ety-thē′atre, a theatre devoted to variety-shows.—adj. Vā′riform, varied in form.—v.t. Vā′rify, to variegate. [L. varietas—varius, various.]

Variola, vā-rī′ō-la, n. smallpox.—adjs. Varī′olar, Variol′ic, Varī′olous.—ns. Variolā′tion, inoculation with the virus of smallpox; Vā′riole, a shallow pit or pitted marking, a foveole; Varī′olite, a rock covered with pea-like pustular forms, held in India as a preventive of smallpox and worn sometimes as an amulet round the neck.—adjs. Variolit′ic, pertaining to variolite; Vā′rioloid, resembling smallpox: resembling measles.—n. modified smallpox. [Low L.,—L. varius, various, spotted.]

Variometer, vā-ri-om′e-tėr, n. an instrument used in measuring magnetic intensity. [L. varius, various, Gr. metron, measure.]

Variorum, vā-rī-ō′rum, adj. a term applied to an edition of some work in which the notes of various commentators are inserted. [From the full Latin 'editio cum notis variorum.']

Various, vā′ri-us, adj. varied, different: several: unlike each other: changeable: uncertain: variegated.—adv. Vā′riously.—n. Vā′riousness. [L. varius.]

Variscite, var′i-sīt, n. a mineral very like a greenish turquoise found in Brittany. [From L. Variscia, Voigtland, part of Saxony.]

Varix, vā′riks, n. abnormal dilatation or tortuosity of a vein:—pl. Var′icēs. [L.,—varus, bent.]

Varlet, vär′let, n. a footman: a low fellow: a scoundrel.—n. Var′letry (Shak.), the rabble, the crowd. [O. Fr. varlet, formerly vaslet, from a dim. of Low L. vassalis.]

Varmin, Varmint, var′min, var′mint, dialectal variants for vermin.

Varnish, vär′nish, v.t. to cover with a liquid so as to give a glossy surface to: to give a fair appearance to.—n. a sticky liquid which dries and forms a hard, lustrous coating: a glossy, lustrous appearance: any gloss or palliation.—ns. Var′nisher; Var′nishing; Var′nishing-day, a day before the opening of a picture exhibition when exhibitors may varnish or retouch their pictures after they have been hung; Var′nish-tree, a name given to trees of several distinct natural orders, the resinous juice of which is used for varnishing or for lacquering. [Fr. vernis—Low L. vitrinus, glassy—L. vitrum, glass.]

Varriated, var′i-ā-ted, adj. (her.) battlemented with solid projections and crenelles, both pointed bluntly, but in the latter case reversed. [So named from the resemblance to vair.]

Varsovienne, var-sō-vi-en′, n. a dance imitated from the Polish mazurka, the music for such. [Fr., fem. of Varsovien—Varsovie, Warsaw.]

Vartabed, vär′ta-bed, n. one of an order of Armenian clergy devoted to teaching.—Also Var′tabet.

Varuna, var′ōō-na, n. an ancient Indian Vedic god of heaven and day—latterly, rather the deity that rules over the waters.

Varus, vā′rus, n. the same as talipes varus: a knock-kneed person. [L.]

Varvels, värv′elz, n. same as Vervels.—adj. Var′veled (her.), provided with vervels or rings.

Vary, vā′ri, v.t. to make different: to diversify, modify: (mus.) to alter or embellish a melody, preserving its identity: (Shak.) to express variously: to change to something else: to make of different kinds.—v.i. to alter or be altered: to be or become different: to change in succession: to deviate (with from): to disagree: (math.) to be subject to continual increase or decrease:—pa.t. and pa.p. vā′ried.—n. (Shak.) change.—adj. Vā′ried.—adv. Vā′riedly.—n. Vā′rier, one who varies. [Fr. varier—L. variāre—varius.]

Vas, vas, n. (anat., zool.) a vessel containing blood, &c.:—pl. Vā′sa.—adjs. Vā′sal, pertaining to a vas; Vas′iform, having the form of a duct; Vasomō′tor, serving to regulate the tension of blood-vessels, as nerves; Vasomō′tory, Vasomotō′rial. [L.]

Vascular, vas′kū-lar, adj. of or relating to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies.—n.pl. Vasculā′res, a division of the vegetable kingdom embracing plants with vessels or ducts.—v.t. Vas′cularise.—n. Vascular′ity.—adv. Vas′cularly.—adjs. Vasculif′erous; Vas′culiform.—ns. Vas′culose, the substance, closely allied to cellulose, that makes up the greater part of the vessels of plants; Vas′culum, a botanist's specimen-box. [Fr. vasculaire—L. vasculum, dim. of vas, a vessel.]

Vase, vāz, or v[ä]z, n. a vessel of stone, metal, glass, or earthenware, anciently used for domestic purposes and in offering sacrifices: an ornamental vessel generally of an antique pattern: a sculptured, vaselike ornament: (archit.) the body of the Corinthian capital.—n. Vase′-paint′ing, the decoration of vases with pigments, esp. the decoration of the pottery of the ancient Greeks.—adj. Vā′siform.—Etruscan vases, Greek vases so called mistakenly because found in Etruscan tombs; Portland vase, a famous Græco-Roman cameo-glass with reliefs in opaque white glass on a dark-blue ground, 9¾ inches high, now preserved in the British Museum. [Fr.,—L. vasum or vas.]

Vaseline, vas′e-lin, n. a yellowish, almost tasteless and inodorous, translucent substance obtained from petroleum, used as a salve, liniment, lubricant, &c. [Formed from Ger. wasser, water, and Gr. elaion, oil.]

Vassal, vas′al, n. one who holds land from, and renders homage to, a superior: a dependant, retainer: a bondman, slave: (Shak.) a low wretch.—adj. (Shak.) servile.—v.t. to enslave, to dominate.—ns. Vass′alāge, state of being a vassal: dependence: subjection: a fee, fief: (Shak.) vassals collectively; Vass′aless (Spens.), a female vassal; Vass′alry, vassals collectively. [Fr.,—Low L. vassalis—Bret. gwaz, a servant; cf. W. gwas, a youth.]

Vast, vast, adj. of great extent: very great in amount: very great in degree, mighty: (Shak.) vacant, desolate.—n. immensity: (coll.) a large quantity: (Shak.) the darkness of night.—ns. Vastid′ity (Shak.), immensity, desolation; Vas′titude.—adv. Vast′ly.—ns. Vast′ness; Vas′tus, one of the great muscles upon the front of the thigh.—adj. Vas′ty, large, enormously great. [Fr. vaste—L. vastus, waste, vast; cf. A.S. wéste, waste.]

Vat, vat, n. a large vessel or tank, esp. one for holding liquors.—v.t. to put in a vat.—n. Vat′ful, the contents of a vat. [Older form fat—A.S. fæt; Dut. vat, Ice. fat, Ger. fass.]

Vatican, vat′i-kan, n. an assemblage of buildings on the Vatican hill in Rome, including one of the pope's palaces: the papal authority.—ns. Vat′icanism, the system of theology and ecclesiastical government based on absolute papal authority, ultramontanism; Vat′icanist, one who upholds such a system.—Vatican Codex, a famous uncial MS. of the Greek Testament, of the 4th century, in the Vatican library at Rome; Vatican Council, the Twentieth Ecumenical Council, according to popish reckoning, which met 8th December 1869 and proclaimed the Infallibility of the Pope. [Fr.,—It. Vaticano—L. Mons Vaticanus, a hill in Rome.]

Vaticide, vat′i-sīd, n. the killing of a prophet: one who kills a prophet. [L. vates, vatis, a prophet, cædĕre, to kill.]

Vaticinate, va-tis′i-nāt, v.t. to prophesy.—adj. Vat′ic, prophetic, oracular, inspired—also Vatic′inal.—ns. Vaticinā′tion, prophecy: prediction; Vatic′inator, a prophet. [L. vaticināri, -ātus, to prophesy—vates, a seer.]

Vaudeville, vōd′vil, n. originally a popular song with topical allusions: a play interspersed with dances and songs incidentally introduced and usually comic.—n. Vaude′villist, a composer of these. [From vau (val) de Vire, the valley of the Vire, in Normandy, where they were first composed about 1400 A.D.]

Vaudois, vō-dwo′, n. a native of Vaud: the dialect spoken in Vaud.—adj. pertaining to Vaud or its people.

Vault, vawlt, n. an arched roof: a chamber with an arched roof, esp. one underground: a cellar: anything vault-like: a leap or spring by means of a pole or by resting the hands on something: the bound of a horse: a jump.—v.t. to shape as a vault: to arch: to roof with an arch: to form vaults in.—v.i. to curvet or leap, as a horse: to leap: to exhibit feats of leaping or tumbling.—n. Vaul′tage (Shak.), an arched cellar: vaulted work.—adj. Vaul′ted, arched: concave overhead: covered with an arch or vault.—ns. Vaul′ter, one who vaults or leaps; Vaul′ting (archit.), vaulted work; Vaul′ting-horse, a wooden horse used in gymnasiums for vaulting over.—adj. Vaul′ty (Shak.), arched, concave. [O. Fr. volte (Fr. voûte)—L. volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Vaunt, vawnt′, or vänt, v.i. to make a vain display: to boast.—v.t. to make a vain display of: to boast of.—n. vain display: boast.—ns. Vaun′ter; Vaun′tery, vaunting.—adj. Vaunt′ful.—n. Vaun′ting.—adv. Vaun′tingly. [O. Fr. vanter—Low L. vanitāre—L. vanitas, vanity—vanus, vain.]

Vaunt-courier, vänt′-kōō′-ri-ėr, n. (Shak.). Same as Vancourier.

Vaut, vawt, v.i. (Spens.) same as Vault.—adj. Vau′ty, vaulted.

Vavasour, vav′a-sōōr, n. in feudal times, one who held his lands not directly of the crown but of one of the higher nobility.—n. Vav′asōry, the tenure or lands of a vavasour. [O. Fr.,—Low L. vassus vassorum, vassal of vassals—vassus, vassal.]

Veadar, vē′a-dar, n. the name of the intercalary or thirteenth month of the Jewish year, which must have been inserted about every third year. [Heb., 'the additional adar,' from ve, and, and adar, so called because it was introduced in the calendar after the month Adar.]

Veal, vēl, n. the flesh of a calf.—n. Veal′-skin, a skin-disease marked by white shiny tubercles on the ears and neck.—adj. Veal′y, like veal or like a calf: immature. [O. Fr. veël (Prov. vedel)—L. vitellus, dim. of vitulus; Gr. italos, a calf.]

Vector, vek′tor, n. (math.) any directed quantity, as a straight line in space, involving both its direction and magnitude.—n. Vectitā′tion, a carrying.—adj. Vectō′rial. [L.,—vehĕre, vectum, to convey.]

Veda, vā′dä, n. the four holy books of the Hindus—Rigveda, or Veda of praises or hymns; Sâmaveda, or Veda of chants or tunes; Yajurveda, or Veda of prayers; and Atharvaveda, or Veda of the Atharvans:—pl. Vedas (vā′däz).—n. Vedan′ta, a system of Hindu philosophy based on the Vedas.—adjs. Vedan′tic, Ve′dic. [Sans. veda, knowledge—vid, to know; cf. Wit.]

Vedette, ve-det′, n. a mounted sentry stationed at the outposts of an army to watch an enemy. [Fr.,—It. vedetta—vedere, to see—L. vidēre, to see.]

Veer, vēr, v.i. to change direction, as the wind: to alter, of the course of a ship: to change one's mind.—v.t. to turn, shift: to change a ship's course by turning her head away from the wind.—n. and adj. Veer′ing.—adv. Veer′ingly. [Fr. virer (Prov. virar)—Low L. virāre, to turn—L. viriæ, armlets.]

Vegetable, vej′e-ta-bl, n. an organised body without sensation and voluntary motion, nourished by roots fixed in the ground: a plant for the table.—adj. belonging to plants: consisting of or having the nature of plants: derived from vegetables.—adj. Veg′etal, of the nature of a vegetable: pertaining to the vital functions of plants and animals, as growth, reproduction, &c.—ns. Veg′etaline, a substitute for ivory, &c., made by treating woody fibre with sulphuric acid, mixing with various ingredients, and pressing into any required form; Vegetal′ity, vegetable character, the vegetal functions collectively.—adj. Vegetā′rian, pertaining to those who abstain from animal food: consisting of vegetables.—n. one who holds that vegetables are the only proper food for man.—n. Vegetā′rianism, the theory and practice of a vegetarian.—v.i. Veg′etāte, to grow by roots and leaves: to sprout: to lead an idle, aimless life.—n. Vegetā′tion, process of growing, as a plant: vegetable growth: plants in general.—adj. Veg′etātive, growing, as plants: producing growth in plants: pertaining to unconscious or involuntary bodily functions as resembling the processes of vegetable growth: without intellectual activity, unprogressive.—adv. Veg′etātively.—n. Veg′etātiveness.—adj. Vegete (vej′ēt), vigorous.—n. Veg′etive (Shak.), a vegetable.—Vegetable kingdom, that division of natural objects which embraces vegetables or plants; Vegetable marrow, the fruit of a species of gourd, so called from its marrow-like appearance; Vegetable mould, mould consisting mostly of humus; Vegetable physiology, that department of botany which treats of the growth and functions of plants. [O. Fr.,—Low L. vegetabilis, animating—L. vegetāre, to quicken—vegēre, to be lively; akin to vigēre, to be vigorous. Cf. Vigour.]

Vehement, vē′he-ment, adj. passionate: furious: very eager or urgent.—ns. Vē′hemence, Vē′hemency, the quality of being vehement: violence: great ardour or fervour.—adv. Vē′hemently. [O. Fr.,—L. vehemens, from ve, out of, mens, mind; acc. to Vanicek, from vehĕre, to carry.]

Vehicle, vē′hi-kl, n. any kind of carriage or conveyance: that which is used to convey: (med.) a substance in which a medicine is taken: (paint.) a liquid used to render colours, varnishes, &c. fit for use.—adjs. Vehic′ūlar, -y, pertaining to or serving as a vehicle.—v.t. Vehic′ūlate (rare), to ride in a vehicle.—n. Vehicūlā′tion.—adj. Vehic′ūlātōry. [L. vehiculum—vehĕre, to carry.]

Vehmgericht, fām′ge-richt, n. one of the dread medieval German tribunals, empowered by the emperors to try cases in which the penalty was death and to execute the punishment on the guilty—also Fem′gerichte, or simply Vehme, Fehme:—pl. Vehmgerichte (fām′ge-rich-te).—adj. Vehm′ic. [Ger.,—fehme, fehm, a criminal tribunal, gericht, judgment.]

Veil, vāl, n. a curtain: anything that hides an object: a piece of muslin or thin cloth worn by ladies to shade or hide the face: a cover: a disguise: an obscuration of the clearness of the tones in pronunciation: in fungi, the partial covering of the stem or margin of the cap—applied also to the indusium of ferns.—v.t. to cover with a veil: to cover: to conceal.—n. Veil′ing, the act of concealing with a veil: a veil: material for making veils.—adjs. Veil′less, wanting a veil: uncovered; Vē′lar (philol.), denoting sounds (gw, kw, &c.) produced by the veil of the palate or soft palate; Vē′lary, pertaining to a sail.—n. Vēlā′tion, a veiling: concealment, mystery.—Eucharistic or Sacramental veils, the linen or silk cloths used to cover the eucharistic vessels and the elements during the celebration of Mass or Holy Communion.—Take the veil, to become a nun. [O. Fr. veile (Fr. voile)—L. velum, a curtain—vehĕre, to carry.]

Vein, vān, n. one of the vessels or tubes which convey the blood back to the heart: one of the horny tubes forming the framework of an insect's wings: (bot.) one of the small branching ribs in a leaf: a seam of a different mineral through a rock: a fissure or cavity: a streak in wood or stone: a train of thought: a course: tendency or turn of mind: mood or humour.—v.t. to form veins or the appearance of veins in.—n. Vein′age, veins collectively.—adj. Veined, full of veins: streaked, variegated: (bot.) having vessels branching over the surface, as a leaf.—n. Vein′ing, formation or disposition of veins: streaking.—adj. Vein′less, having no veins.—n. Vein′let (bot.), a little vein or vessel branching out from a larger one.—adjs. Vein′ous, Vein′y, full of veins.—ns. Vein′stone, the earthy part of a lode; Vein′ūle, a very small vein. [Fr. veine—L. vena, perh. from vehĕre, to carry.]

Velamentum, vel-a-men′tum, n. a membrane or membraneous envelope—also Velā′men.—adj. Velamen′tous, veil-like.

Velarium, vē-lā′ri-um, n. an awning which could be drawn over the Roman amphitheatre: the marginal membrane of certain hydrozoans:—pl. Velā′ria.

Velatura, vel-a-tōō′ra, n. a method of glazing a painting by rubbing on colour with the hand. [It.]

Veldt, velt, n. in South Africa, the name given to unforested or thinly-forested grass country.—Also Veld. [Dut. veld, field.]

Velite, vē′līt, n. a light-armed Roman soldier. [L. veles, velitis.]

Velleity, ve-lē′i-ti, n. (rare) volition in its lowest form: mere inclination. [Low L. velleitas, irregularly formed from L. velle, to wish.]

Vellenage, vel′en-āj, n. (Spens.) slavery—the same as Villeinage. [Villain.]

Vellicate, vel′i-kāt, v.t. and v.i. to twitch.—n. Vellicā′tion.—adj. Vell′icātive. [L. vellicāre,-ātum, to pluck.]

Velloped, vel′opt, adj. (her.) having pendant wattles. [Prob. jelloped for dewlapped.]

Vellozia, ve-lō′zi-a, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Hæmodoraceæ, found in Brazil, Madagascar, &c. [Vellozo, Brazilian botanist.]

Vellum, vel′um, n. a finer kind of parchment prepared by lime-baths and burnishing from the skins of calves, kids, or lambs. [O. Fr. velin—Low L. (charta, paper), vitulina, of a calf—L. vitulus.]

Velocipede, vē-los′i-pēd, n. a light vehicle originally moved by striking the toes on the road, now with a treadle—its developments are the bicycle and tricycle.—ns. Veloc′iman, a velocipede driven by hand; Velocipē′dean, Veloc′ipēdist, one who rides on a velocipede. [Fr.,—L. velox, velocis, swift, pes, pedis, foot.]

Velocity, vē-los′i-ti, n. swiftness: speed: rate of change of position of a point per unit of time.—n. Velocim′eter, an apparatus for measuring velocity.—Initial velocity, the rate of movement of a body at starting, esp. of a projectile. [L. velocitas—velox, swift.]

Velum, vē′lum, n. a velarium: the ciliated disc-like fold of the integument with which some embryo molluscs are provided:—pl. Vē′la.—adj. Vē′lāte, having a velum.—n. Vēlā′tion, formation of a velum.—adjs. Vēlif′erous, Vēlig′erous, having a velum.

Velure, vel′ūr, n. velvet: a silk or plush pad for smoothing or giving lustre to silk hats—also Velours (ve-loor′).—v.t. to dress with a velure.—n. Veloutine′, a corded fabric of merino and fancy wool.—adj. Velū′tinous, velvety. [O. Fr. velours, velous (Fr. velours)—Low L. villosus, velvet—L. villosus, shaggy.]

Velvet, vel′vet, n. a cloth made from silk, with a close shaggy pile: a similar cloth made of cotton: the velvet-like covering of a growing antler: (slang) money gained by gambling.—adj. made of velvet: soft like velvet.—ns. Vel′veret, a poor quality of velvet, the web of cotton, the pile of silk; Velveteen′, a fustian made of twilled cotton with a pile of the same material: a kind of velvet made of silk and cotton mixed throughout; Vel′vet-flower, the love-lies-bleeding.—n.pl. Vel′vet-guards (Shak.), velvet trimmings, applied metaphorically to the citizens who wore them.—ns. Vel′veting, the nap of velvet: (pl.) velvet goods collectively; Vel′vet-leaf, the Indian mallow; Vel′vet-pā′per, flock paper; Vel′vet-pile, any material with a long, soft nap; Vel′vet-scō′ter, a kind of black duck with large white spot on the wings; Vel′vet-work, embroidery on velvet.—adj. Vel′vety, made of or like velvet: soft: soft in taste or touch.—Stand on velvet, to place one's bets in such a way as not to loose in any event. [From Low L. velluetum—Low L. villutus—L. villus, shaggy hair.]

Vena, vē′na, n. a vein.—Vena cava, the largest vein in the body, entering the right auricle of the heart.

Venal, vē′nal, adj. that may be sold or got for a price: held for sale: mercenary.—n. Venal′ity, quality of being venal: prostitution of talents or services for a reward.—adv. Vē′nally. [Fr.,—L. venalis—venus, sale; Gr. ōnē, purchase.]

Venal, vē′nal, adj. pertaining to a vein or veins: contained in the veins. [L. vena, a vein.]

Venatic, -al, vē-nat′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to hunting.—adv. Venat′ically.—adj. Venatō′rial. [Venery.]

Venation, ve-nā′shun, n. the way in which the leaves of plants are arranged: in insects, the distribution of the veins of the wings. [Vein.]

Vend, vend, v.t. to give for sale, to sell: to give for money: to make an object of trade.—ns. Vendee′, the person to whom a thing is sold; Ven′der, -dor, one who sells; Vendibil′ity.—adj. Vend′ible, that may be sold: that may be disposed of as an object of trade.—n. something salable.—n. Ven′dibleness.—adv. Ven′dibly.—n. Vendue′ (rare), a public auction. [Fr. vendre—L. vendĕre—venus, sale, dăre, to give.]

Vendace, ven′dās, n. a variety of the whitefish, found in Great Britain only in the Castle Loch at Lochmaben. [O. Fr. vendese, vandoise (Fr. vandoise); orig. unknown.]

Vendémiaire, vong-dā-mi-ār′, n. the first month in the French Revolutionary Calendar, from 22d September to 21st October. ['The vintage-month,' Fr.,—L. vindemia, vintage—vinum, wine, demĕre, to take off—de, off, emĕre, to take.]

Vendetta, ven-det′ta, n. the practice—not yet entirely extinct in Calabria and Corsica—of individuals taking private vengeance on those who have shed the blood of their relatives. [It.,—L. vindicta, revenge—vindicāre, to claim.]

Veneer, ve-nēr′, v.t. to overlay or face with another and superior wood: to cover with a thin coating of any substance other than wood: to disguise with artificial attractiveness.—n. a thin coating, as of wood: false show or charm.—ns. Veneer′-cut′ter, a machine for cutting veneers from the block of wood; Veneer′ing, the act or art of overlaying an inferior wood with thin leaves of a more valuable kind: the thin leaf thus laid on. [Formerly fineer; corr. from Ger. furniren—O. Fr. fornir (Fr. fournir), It. fornire, to furnish.]

Venefical, vē-nef′i-kal, adj. poisonous, using sorcery—also Venefi′cial, Venefi′cious.—v.t. Ven′enāte, to poison.—adj. poisoned.—n. Venenā′tion.—adjs. Venenif′luous; Ven′enous. [L. veneficium, a poisoning—venenum, poison, facĕre, to make.]

Venerable, ven′e-ra-bl, adj. that may be venerated: worthy of veneration, reverence, or honour: rendered sacred by religious or other associations: aged.—n. Ven′erableness.—adv. Ven′erably. [L. venerabilis—venerāri, to venerate.]

Venerate, ven′e-rāt, v.t. to honour or reverence with religious awe: to reverence: to regard with the greatest respect.—adjs. Ven′erant (rare), Ven′erātive, reverent.—ns. Venerā′tion, the act of venerating: the state of being venerated: the highest degree of respect and reverence: respect mingled with reverence and awe: awe; Ven′erātor, one who venerates. [L. venerāri, -ātus.]

Venereal, vē-nē′rē-al, adj. pertaining to or arising from sexual intercourse: exciting desire for sexual intercourse: curing venereal diseases.—adj. Venē′reous, lascivious: stimulating sexual desire, aphrodisiac.—n. Ven′ery, sexual intercourse. [L. venereus—Venus, Venĕris, the goddess of love; conn. with L. venerāri.]

Venery, ven′ėr-i, n. the act or exercise of hunting: the sports of the chase.—ns. Ven′erer, a gamekeeper, hunter; Veneur (ve-nėr′), a person having an oversight of the chase. [O. Fr. venerie—vener—L. venāri, to hunt.]

Venesection, vē-nē-sek′shun, n. the section or cutting open of a vein for letting blood: blood-letting. [L. vena, a vein, sectio, cutting.]

Venetian, vē-nē′shan, adj. of or belonging to Venice.—n. a native or inhabitant of Venice: a strong tape for Venetian-blinds: a domino.—n. Venē′tian-blind, a blind for windows formed of thin slips of wood, so hung as to admit of being set either edgewise or overlapping.—adj. Venē′tianed, furnished with Venetian-blinds.—ns. Venē′tian-glass, a delicate and beautiful glass made by the craftsmen of Venice into mirrors, cups, goblets, &c., its forms reflecting its Oriental origin, famous since the middle ages; Venē′tian-style, the type of the Renaissance architecture developed in Venice, highly decorative and original.

Venew, ven′ū, Veney, ven′i, n. (Shak.) a bout at fencing, a thrust, a hit. [Venue.]

Venge, venj, v.t. (Shak.) to avenge, to punish.—adj. Venge′able (Spens.), revengeful: deserving to be revenged.—n. Venge′ance, the infliction of punishment upon another in return for an injury or offence: retribution: (Shak.) harm, mischief.—adv. (Shak.) extremely, exceedingly.—adj. Venge′ful, vindictive, retributive: revengeful.—adv. Venge′fully.—ns. Venge′fulness; Venge′ment (Spens.), vengeance, penal retribution; Ven′ger (Spens.), an avenger.—With a vengeance (coll.), violently: exceedingly. [O. Fr. venger—L. vindicāre.]

Venial, vē′ni-al, adj. pardonable: excusable: allowed.—adv. Vē′nially.—ns. Vē′nialness, Venial′ity.—Venial sin (see Mortal). [Fr.,—L. venialis, pardonable—venia, pardon.]

Veni Creator, vē′nī krē-ā′tor, n.—more fully, 'Veni Creator Spiritus'—a hymn of the Roman Breviary, used at Whitsuntide, ordinations, &c.—not to be confounded with the Veni Sancte Spiritus, Et emitte coelitus, the 'Golden Sequence.'

Venison, ven′i-zn, or ven′zn, n. the flesh of animals taken in hunting, esp. the deer. [Fr. venaison—L. venatio, a hunting, game—venāri, to hunt.]

Venite, vē-nī′tē, n. in liturgics, the 95th Psalm. [From its opening words, 'Venite exultemus.']

Vennel, ven′el, n. (Scot.) an alley, a narrow street. [Fr. venelle, a small street.]

Venom, ven′um, n. any drink, juice, or liquid injurious or fatal to life: poison: spite: malice.—adj. (Shak.) venomous, poisonous.—v.t. to infect with poison.—n. Ven′om-duct, in a poisonous animal, the duct conveying venom from the sac or gland where it is secreted to the tooth or venom-fang whence it is discharged.—adjs. Ven′om-mouthed, having a venomous mouth: (Shak.) slanderous; Ven′omous, poisonous: spiteful: mischievous.—adv. Ven′omously.—n. Ven′omousness. [Fr. venin (It. veneno)—L. venenum.]

Venose, vē′nōs, adj. (bot.) having well-marked veins, veined.—n. Vēnos′ity, the state or quality of being venous: (med.) a condition of the blood in which the venous blood is unnaturally abundant.—adj. Vē′nous, pertaining to or contained in veins: veined.—adv. Vē′nously. [Vein.]

Vent, vent, n. a small opening to let air, &c., escape: the flue of a chimney: the opening in the top of a barrel allowing air to pass in as the liquid is drawn out: a gimlet used to extract a little liquid from a barrel for sampling purposes: discharge: escape: passage into notice: publication, utterance, voice: the anus of birds and fishes: (mil.) the opening at the breech of a firearm through which fire is conveyed to the charge, the touch-hole.—v.t. to give a vent or opening to: to let out, as at a vent: to allow to escape: to publish: to pour forth.—ns. Vent′āge (Shak.), a vent, a small hole; Ven′tail (Spens.), same as Aventail; Vent′-bush′ing, -piece, a copper cylinder inserted through the walls of a cannon over the seat of the charge and preventing the escaping gases from injuring the metal near the vent; Vent′er, one who vents or publishes.—adj. Ventic′ūlar.—ns. Vent′-peg, -plug, a plug for stopping the vent of a barrel; Vent′-pipe, an escape-pipe.—Give vent to, to allow to escape or break out. [Altered form of fent, M. E. fente—O. Fr. fente, a slit.]

Vent, vent, n. scent: (hunting) the act of taking breath.—v.i. to sniff, snort: to take breath: (Scot.) of a chimney, to draw.—Vent up (Spens.), to lift so as to give air. [O. Fr.,—L. ventus, wind.]

Vent, vent, n. the act of selling, sale: market. [O. Fr. vente—Low L. vendita, a sale—L. vendĕre, -dĭtum, to sell.]

Ventilate, ven′ti-lāt, v.t. to fan with wind: to open to the free passage of air: to cause fresh air to pass through: to expose to examination and discussion: to make public.—adj. Ven′tilable.—ns. Ventilā′brum, flabellum; Ventilā′tion, act or art of ventilating: state of being ventilated: free exposure to air: supply of air: act of examining and making public: public exposure.—adj. Ven′tilātive.—n. Ven′tilātor, that which ventilates: a contrivance for introducing fresh air. [L. ventilāre, -ātum—ventulus, dim. of ventus, the wind.]

Ventose, ven′tōs, adj. windy.—n. the sixth month of the French Revolutionary Calendar, 19th February to 20th March.—n. Ventos′ity, windiness: empty pride. [L. ventosus—ventus, wind.]

Ventral, ven′tral, adj. belonging to the belly: (bot.) denoting the anterior or inferior surface: in the body, situated opposite the dorsal or back aspect.—n. in fishes, one of the posterior fins.—advs. Ven′trad (zool., anat.), to or toward the belly, or ventral surface or aspect of the body; Ven′trally.—adj. Ven′tric.—n. Ven′tricle, a small cavity within an animal body, as in the heart or brain: (Shak.) the womb.—adjs. Ven′tricōse, Ven′tricous, swelling out in the middle: bellied; Ventric′ūlar. [L. ventralis—venter, the belly.]

Ventriculite, ven-trik′ū-līt, n. one of a genus of fossil sponges found in the cretaceous system, and often giving their shape to flint nodules.

Ventriloquism, ven-tril′ō-kwizm, n. the act or art of producing tones and words without any motion of the mouth, so that the hearer is induced to refer the sound to some other place—also Ventrilocū′tion, Ventril′oquy.—adv. Ventrilō′quially.—v.i. Ventril′oquise, to practise ventriloquism.—n. Ventril′oquist, one who practises ventriloquism.—adjs. Ventriloquis′tic, Ventrilō′quial, Ventril′oquous. [L. ventriloquus, speaking from the belly—venter, the belly, loqui, to speak.]

Ventripotent, ven-trip′ō-tent, adj. (rare) of great gastronomic capacity. [L. venter, belly, potens—posse, to have power.]

Venture, ven′tūr, n. chance, luck, hazard: that which is put to hazard (esp. goods sent by sea at the sender's risk): an undertaking whose issue is uncertain or dangerous.—v.t. to send on a venture: to expose to hazard: to risk.—v.i. to make a venture: to run a risk: to dare.—n. Ven′tūrer.—adjs. Ven′tūrous, Ven′tūresome.—advs. Ven′tūrously, Ven′tūresomely.—ns. Ven′tūrousness, Ven′tūresomeness.—Venture on, upon, to dare to engage in.—At a venture, at hazard, random. [Short for adventure.]

Venue, ven′ū, n. (Shak.) a hit in fencing: a bout or match: a lunge, thrust. [O. Fr.,—L. venīre, to come.]

Venue, ven′ū, n. (law) the place where an action is laid: the district from which a jury comes to try a question of fact: in England, usually the county where a crime is alleged to have been committed.—Change of venue, change of place of trial; Lay the venue, to specify the place where the trial is to be held. [A particular use of preceding word, but confused with O. Fr. visne, neighbourhood—L. vicinia, neighbourhood.]

Venus, vē′nus, n. (Roman myth.) the goddess of love, originally of spring, patron of flower-gardens, but identified with the Greek Aphrodite: beauty and love deified: sexual commerce, venery: the most brilliant of the planets, second in order from the sun.—Venus's flower-basket, a beautiful glass sponge; Venus's fly-trap (see Dionæa); Venus's girdle, a tæniate ctenophoran.—Mount of Venus (palm.), the elevation at the base of the thumb. [L., orig. personified from venus, desire; akin to venerāri, to worship.]

Veracious, ve-rā′shus, adj. truthful: true.—adv. Verā′ciously.—n. Verac′ity, the quality of being veracious: habitual truthfulness: truth. [L. verax, veracis—verus, true.]

Veranda, Verandah, ve-ran′da, n. a kind of covered balcony or open portico, with a roof sloping beyond the main building, supported by light pillars. [Hind. varandā, perh. from Pers. barāmadah, a porch—bar, up, āmadan, to come; by others derived from Old Port, varanda, a balcony—vara, a rod—L. vara, a rod.]

Veratrum, vē-rā′trum, n. hellebore.—adj. Verā′tric.—ns. Verā′trin, -e, a poisonous ointment used to relieve neuralgia.—v.t. Verā′trise, to poison with veratrin. [L.]

Verb, verb, n. (gram.) the part of speech which asserts or predicates something.—adj. Ver′bal, relating to or consisting in words: spoken (as opposed to written): exact in words: attending to words only: literal, word for word: derived directly from a verb.—n. a part of speech, a noun derived from a verb.—n. Verbalisā′tion.—v.t. Ver′balise, to turn into a verb.—ns. Ver′balism, something expressed in words or orally; Ver′balist, one skilled in words: a literalist; Verbal′ity.—adv. Ver′bally.—ns. Verbā′rian, a coiner of words; Verbā′rium, a game played with the letters of the alphabet.—adv. Verbā′tim, word for word: (Shak.) orally, verbally.—ns. Ver′biāge, abundance of words: wordiness: verbosity; Ver′bicide, the perversion of a word, as if the killing of its natural meaning: one who so mangles words, a punster; Ver′biculture, the deliberate cultivation or production of words; Verbificā′tion, the act of verbifying.—v.t. Ver′bify, to verbalise.—ns. Verbigerā′tion, the morbid and purposeless repetition of certain words and phrases at short intervals; Ver′bo-mā′niac, one crazy about words and their study, a dictionary-maker.—adj. Verbōse′, containing more words than are necessary: wordy: diffuse.—adv. Verbōse′ly.—ns. Verbōse′ness, Verbos′ity.—Verbal definition, a definition intended to state the meaning of a word, apart from the essence of the thing signified; Verbal inspiration, that view which regards Holy Scripture as literally inspired; Verbal note, in diplomacy, an unsigned memorandum calling attention to a neglected, though perhaps not urgent, matter. [Fr. verbe—L. verbum.]

Verbena, ver-bē′na, n. a genus of plants of natural order Verbenaceæ, cultivated for their fragrance or beauty: vervain.—adj. Verbenā′ceous. [L. verbenæ, leaves, twigs, &c.]

Verberate, ver′bėr-āt, v.t. to strike.—n. Verberā′tion. [L. verberāre, -ātum, to scourge.]

Verdant, vėr′dant, adj. green: fresh (as grass or foliage): flourishing: inexperienced: ignorant.—n. Ver′dancy.—adv. Ver′dantly.—ns. Ver′derer, -or, an officer in the old English royal forests who had charge of the vert (q.v.); Ver′dūre, greenness: freshness of growth.—v.t. to cover with verdure.—adjs. Ver′dūred; Ver′dūreless; Ver′dūrous. [Fr. verdoyant—L. viridans, -antis, pr.p. of viridāre, to grow green—viridis, green—virēre, to be green.]

Verde-antique, verd-an-tēk′, n. a beautiful stone of a dark-green colour with patches of white, and sometimes black and red—a mixture of serpentine with limestone dolomite or magnesite, much prized by the ancient Romans. [O. Fr.]

Verdict, ver′dikt, n. the finding of a jury on a trial: decision: opinion pronounced.—Open verdict, a verdict upon an inquest which finds that a crime has been committed without specifying the criminal; Special verdict, a verdict in which specific facts are found and put on the record. [O. Fr. verdit—Low L. veredictum—L. vere, truly, dictum, a saying.]

Verdigris, ver′di-gris, n. a basic acetate of copper, the greenish rust of copper, brass, or bronze: a bluish-green paint got artificially from copper-plates.—v.t. to coat with verdigris.—Also Ver′degris. [M. E. verdegrese, verte grece—O. Fr. verd (vert) de gris—verd, green, de, of, Gris, Greeks—L. Græcus, Greek. Vert de gris has been wrongly explained as 'green of gray'—gris, gray, or as 'green of copper'—L. æs, æris, copper.]

Verditer, ver′di-tėr, n. a light-blue pigment, essentially a hydrated cupric carbonate—Green verditer is the blue pigment changed to green by boiling. [A corr. of Fr. verd-de-terre=earth green.]

Verdoy, ver′doi, adj. (her.) charged with flowers, leaves, or vegetable charges, as a bordure. [Fr. verd, green.]

Verdun, ver-dun′, n. a 16th-cent. form of rapier. [From the French town Verdun.]

Verecund, ver′ē-kund, adj. (obs.) modest.—adj. Verecun′dious.—n. Verecun′dity.

Veretilliform, ver-e-til′i-form, adj. rod-like, virgate.—Also Veretill′eous.

Verge, verj, n. a slender green branch, a twig: a rod, staff, or mace, or anything like them, used as an emblem of authority: extent of jurisdiction (esp. of the lord-steward of the royal household): the brink, extreme edge: the horizon: a boundary, limit: scope, opportunity: in gardening, the grass edging of a bed or border.—ns. Ver′ger, one who carries a verge or emblem of authority: the beadle of a cathedral church: a pew-opener or attendant in church; Ver′gership; Vergette′ (her.), a pallet. [L. virga, a slender branch.]

Verge, verj, v.i. to bend or incline: to tend downward: to slope: to tend: to border upon.—n. Ver′gency.—adj. Ver′gent. [L. vergĕre, to bend, incline; cf. valgus, wry.]

Veridical, vē-rid′i-kal, adj. truthful, truth-telling: true.—adv. Verid′ically.—adj. Verid′icous, truthful. [L. verus, true, dicĕre, to say.]

Verify, ver′i-fī, v.t. to make out or show to be true: to establish the truth of by evidence: to fulfil: to confirm the truth or authenticity of: (Shak.) to affirm, support, strengthen:—pa.t. and pa.p. ver′ifīed.—n. Verifīabil′ity.—adj. Ver′ifīable, that may be verified, proved, or confirmed.—ns. Verificā′tion, a verifying or proving to be true: the state of being verified; Ver′ifīer. [L. verus, true, facĕre, to make.]

Verisimilar, ver-i-sim′i-lar, adj. truth-like: likely: probable.—adv. Verisim′ilarly.—ns. Verisimil′itude, similitude or likeness to truth: likelihood; Verisimil′ity (obs.).—adj. Verisim′ilous. [L. verisimilis—verus, true, similis, like.]

Verity, ver′i-ti, n. the quality of being true or real: truth: a true assertion or tenet: (Shak.) honesty:—pl. Ver′ities.—adj. Ver′itable, true: according to fact: real: actual.—adv. Ver′itably.—Of a verity, certainly. [L. veritas—verus, true.]

Verjuice, ver′jōōs, n. the expressed juice of green or unripe fruit: sourness of temper.—v.t. to make sour or acid. [Fr. verjus—vert, green (cf. Verdant), and Fr. jus, juice.]

Vermeil, Vermil, ver′mil, n. (Spens.) same as Vermilion: silver-gilt.—adj. Ver′meil-tinc′tured (Milt.), tinged bright-red.

Vermes, ver′mēz, n.pl. worms: the name given by Linnæus to one of the classes in his zoological system, in which he included all the invertebrate animals, other than Insecta, whether of worm-like form or not.—ns. Vermeol′ogist, one skilled in vermeology; Vermeol′ogy, the knowledge of worms, helminthology.—adjs. Ver′mian, Vermi′ceous, worm-like; Ver′micidal, destroying worms.—n. Ver′micide, a worm-killer.—adjs. Vermic′ūlar, Vermic′ūlate, -d, pertaining to or like a worm (esp. in its motion): inlaid or formed so as to imitate the track of worms: crawling like a worm.—v.t. Vermic′ūlate, to form inlaid work which resembles the motion or track of worms.—ns. Vermiculā′tion; Ver′micule, a little worm.—adjs. Vermic′ulose, Vermic′ulous, wormy; Ver′miform, having the form of a worm; Vermif′ugal, expelling worms.—n. Ver′mifuge (med.), a substance that destroys intestinal worms or expels them from the digestive canal.—adjs. Ver′migrade, wriggling like a worm; Vermiv′orous, devouring worms, feeding on grubs. [L. vermis, a worm.]

Vermicelli, ver-mi-chel′i, or -sel′i, n. the stiff paste or dough of fine wheat-flour made into small worm-like or thread-like rolls. [It., pl. of vermicello—L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis, worm.]

Vermilion, ver-mil′yun, n. a bright-red pigment obtained from cinnabar, but generally made artificially from mercury and sulphur: any beautiful red colour: (obs.) the kermes or cochineal insect, also the product of cochineal.—adj. of the colour of vermilion.—v.t. to dye vermilion: to colour a delicate red.—n. Ver′mily (Spens.), same as Vermilion. [O. Fr. vermillon—vermeil—L. vermiculus, a little worm, hence (in the Vulgate) the 'scarlet' worm, dim. of vermis, a worm.]

Vermin, ver′min, n.sing. and pl. a worm: a name for all obnoxious insects, as bugs, fleas, and lice; troublesome animals, such as mice, rats; animals destructive to game, such as weasels, polecats, also hawks and owls: any contemptible person, or such collectively.—v.i. Ver′mināte, to breed vermin.—ns. Verminā′tion; Ver′min-kill′er.—adj. Ver′minous, infested with worms: like vermin.—adv. Ver′minously. [Fr. vermine—L. vermis, a worm.]

Vermuth, Vermouth, ver′mooth, n. a mild cordial consisting of white wine flavoured with wormwood, used as a stimulant for the appetite. [Ger. wermuth, wormwood; cf. A.S. wermōd.]

Vernacular, ver-nak′ū-lar, adj. native: belonging to the country of one's birth.—n. one's mother-tongue.—n. Vernacularisā′tion, the act of making vernacular.—v.t. Vernac′ularise, to make vernacular.—ns. Vernac′ularism, a vernacular word or idiom, the use of such; Vernacular′ity, an idiom.—adv. Vernac′ularly.—v.t. Vernac′ulate, to express in a vernacular idiom.—adj. Vernac′ulous, scurrilous. [L. vernaculus—verna, a home-born slave.]

Vernal, ver′nal, adj. belonging to the spring: appearing in spring: belonging to youth.—adv. Ver′nally.—adj. Ver′nant (Milt.), flourishing as in spring.—v.i. Ver′nāte, to flourish.—n. Vernā′tion, the particular manner of arrangement of leaves in the bud.—Vernal equinox, the equinox on or about 21st March (see Equinox); Vernal grass, a common British meadow grass about a foot high, and sown among hay for its flavour and agreeable odour. [L. vernalis—ver, spring.]

Vernier, ver′ni-ėr, n. a contrivance for measuring very small intervals, consisting of a short scale made to slide along a graduated instrument. [So called from Pierre Vernier (1580-1637) of Brussels, its inventor.]

Veronese, ver-ō-nēs′, or -nēz′, n. of or pertaining to Verona in Italy.—n. an inhabitant of Verona.

Veronica, vē-ron′i-ka, n. a portrait of our Saviour's face on a handkerchief—from the legend that St Veronica wiped the sweat from the face of Jesus, on His way to Calvary, with her handkerchief, whereupon His features were impressed on the cloth: a genus of plants, popularly known as Speedwell. [Veronica, not L. vera, true, Gr. eikōn, image, but identical with Berenīcē, the traditional name of the woman cured of the issue of blood—a corr. of Gr. pherenikē, victorious—pherein, to bear, nikē, victory.]

Verricule, ver′i-kūl, n. a tuft of upright hairs. [L. verriculum, a net.]

Verruca, ve-rū′ka, n. a wart, a glandular elevation: one of the wart-like sessile apothecia of some lichens.—adjs. Verrū′ciform, warty; Ver′rūcose, Ver′rūcous, covered with little knobs or wart-like prominences: warty; Verrū′culose, minutely verrucose. [L. verruca, a wart.]

Verrugas, ve-rōō′gas, n. an endemic disease of Peru, characterised by warty tumours on the skin. [Sp.,—L. verruca, a wart.]

Versability, ver-sa-bil′i-ti, n. aptness to be turned round.—adj. Ver′sable.—n. Ver′sableness. [L. versāre, to whirl about.]

Versant, ver′sant, adj. familiar, conversant: (her.) with wings erect and open.—n. the general slope of surface of a country. [Fr.,—L. versāre, to whirl about.]

Versatile, ver′sa-til, adj. capable of being moved or turned round: changeable: unsteady: turning easily from one thing to another: (bot.) swinging freely on a support: (ornith.) reversible, of toes.—adv. Ver′satilely.—ns. Ver′satileness, Versatil′ity, the quality of being versatile: changeableness: the faculty of turning easily to new tasks or subjects. [Fr.,—L. versatilis—versāre, freq. of vertĕre, to turn.]

Verse, vers, n. a line of poetry: metrical arrangement and language: poetry: a stanza: a short division of any composition, esp. of the chapters of the Bible, originally confined to the metrical books, applied first to whole Bible in 1528: (mus.) a portion of an anthem to be performed by a single voice to each part.—v.t. to relate in verse.—ns. Vers-de-société (same as Society-verse; see under Sociable); Verse′let; Verse-mā′ker; Verse-mā′king; Verse′-man, a writer of verses; Verse′-mong′er, a scribbler of verses; Verse′-mong′ering, verse-writing, esp. of poor verses; Ver′ser, a versifier; Ver′set (mus.), a very short organ interlude or prelude; Ver′sicle, a little verse: in liturgy, the verse said by the officiant.—adj. Versic′ūlar, pertaining to verses.—ns. Versificā′tion, the act, art, or practice of composing metrical verses; Ver′sificātor, Ver′sificātrix, a male, female, maker of verses; Ver′sifīer.—v.i. Ver′sify, to make verses.—v.t. to relate in verse: to turn into verse:—pa.t. and pa.p. ver′sifīed.—n. Ver′sion, the act of translating or turning from one language into another: that which is translated from one language into another: account: statement: a school exercise, generally of composition in a foreign language.—adj. Ver′sional, pertaining to a version or translation.—n. Ver′sionist, a translator.—adj. Ver′sūal, of the character of a verse, pertaining to verses or short paragraphs. [A.S. fers—L. versus, vorsus, a line, furrow, turning—vertĕre, to turn; influenced by O. Fr. vers.]

Versed, verst, adj. thoroughly acquainted, skilled (fol. by in): (math.) reversed.—adj. Versé (her.), reversed or turned in an unusual direction.—Also Renverse. [Fr. versé—L. versatus, pa.p. of versāri, to turn round.]

Versicolour, ver′si-kul-ur, adj. having diverse or having changeable colours.—Also Versicol′oured. [L. versāre, to change, and colour.]

Verst, verst, n. a Russian mile, 3500 feet in length, or almost two-thirds of an English mile. [Russ. versta, a verst; perh. vertietĭ, to turn, cog. with L. vertĕre, to turn.]

Versus, ver′sus, prep. against, in legal phraseology—abbreviated v. and vs. [L.]

Vert, vert, n. in forest law, every green leaf or plant having green leaves which may serve as a covert for deer: a power to cut green trees or wood: (her.) a green colour represented by parallel lines sloping diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base. [Fr. vert—L. viridis, green.]

Vert, vert, n. a familiar word for convert or pervert.—v.i. to become such.

Vertebra, ver′tē-bra, n. one of the segmented portions of the spinal column:—pl. Vertebræ (ver′te-brē).—adj. Ver′tebral.—adv. Ver′tebrally.—n.pl. Vertebrā′ta, a division of the animal kingdom containing all animals having a backbone or its equivalent.—n. Ver′tebrāte, an animal having an internal skeleton with a backbone.—adjs. Ver′tebrāte, -d, furnished with joints: having a backbone.—n. Vertebrā′tion, the formation of vertebræ;. [L.,—vertĕre, to turn.]

Vertex, vėr′teks, n. the top or summit: the point of a cone, pyramid, or angle; (astron.) the zenith: (anat.) the crown of the head:—pl. Ver′tices.—adj. Ver′tical, pertaining to the vertex: placed in the zenith: perpendicular to the plane of the horizon.—n. a vertical line.—adv. Ver′tically.—n. Ver′ticalness.—Vertical angles, opposite angles formed by intersecting lines; Vertical circle, a great circle of the heavens passing through the zenith and the nadir. [L., eddy, summit—vertĕre, to turn.]

Verticillate, ver-ti-sil′āt, adj. (bot.) arranged round the stalk in a ring or whorl, as leaves or flowers, whorled.—n. Ver′ticil, a whorl. [Low L. verticillatus—verticillus, dim. of vertex.]

Vertigo, ver′ti-gō, or ver-tī′gō, n. a sensation of giddiness: dizziness.—adjs. Vertiginate (ver-tij′-), Vertig′inous, turning round: affected with vertigo: giddy.—adv. Vertig′inously.—n. Vertig′inousness. [L.,—vertĕre, to turn.]

Vertu, old spelling of virtue.—adj. Ver′tuous (Spens.), possessing virtue or power.

Vertumnus, ver-tum′nus, n. an ancient Roman divinity of gardens and orchards, a spring god.

Verulamian, vėr-ū-lā′mi-an, adj. of or pertaining to St Albans, or Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam, Viscount St Albans (1561-1626). [L. Verulamium, an ancient British city near the site of St Albans.]

Veruled, ver′ōōld, adj. (her.) ringed, as a horn, in a different tincture.—n. Ver′ules (her.), a bearing consisting of a series of concentric rings, one within another. [Virole.]

Vervain, ver′vān, n. a plant of the genus Verbena—credited with efficacy in love-philtres, good against witches, &c. [O. Fr. verveine—L. verbēna.]

Verve, verv, n. the enthusiasm which animates a poet or artist: animation: energy. [Fr.]

Vervelle, ver-vel′, n. the loop that secured the camail in medieval armour. [Fr.]

Vervels, verv′elz, n.pl. small rings attached to the ends of the jesses of a hawk, through which the leash is passed that fastens the hawk to its block.—adj. Verv′elled. [Fr. vervelle.]

Very, ver′i, adj. true (now used chiefly in an intensive sense): real (so in B.): actual—sometimes used in superlative form Ver′iest.—adv. in a high degree.—In very deed, of a truth, certainly. [Older form veray—O. Fr. verai (Fr. vrai), from L. verax, veracis, speaking truly—verus, true; cf. Ger. wahr.]

Vesalian, vē-sā′li-an, adj. connected with the name of the anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-64).

Vesica, vē-sī′ka, n. (anat.) a bladder, sac, esp. the urinary bladder:—pl. Vesicæ (vē-sī′sē).—adjs. Ves′ical, of or pertaining to a vesica; Ves′icant, blistering.—n. a substance that vesicates or raises blisters.—v.t. Ves′icāte, to raise blisters on:—pr.p. ves′icāting; pa.p. ves′icāted.—ns. Vesicā′tion, the act or process of raising blisters on the skin; Ves′icātory (same as Vesicant); Ves′icle, a small bladder or blister: a small cavity in an animal body; (bot.) a bladder-like cell; Vēsic′ūla, a vesicle.—adj. Vēsic′ular.—adv. Vēsic′ūlarly.—n. Vēsicūlā′tion, formation of vesicles.—adjs. Vēsicūlif′erous, bearing vesicles; Vēsic′ūliform; Vēsic′ūlose, Vēsic′ūlous, Vēsic′ūlāte, pertaining to or full of vesicles: full of interstices: having little glands on the surface.—Vesica piscis (a fish's bladder), a symbol of Christ, an oval aureole surrounding the entire upright figure, supposed to contain an allusion to the sacred Christian emblem, the ichthys. [L., bladder.]

Vesper, ves′pėr, n. the evening star, Venus: the evening: (pl.) the last but one of the seven canonical hours: evensong, evening service generally.—adj. Ves′peral, pertaining to the evening or to vespers.—n. Ves′per-bell, the bell that summons to vespers.—adjs. Ves′pertine, Ves′pertinal, of or pertaining to the evening: (bot.) opening in the evening: (zool.) active in the evening.—Sicilian vespers (see Sicilian). [Fr.,—L.; Gr. hesperos.]

Vespertilio, ves-pėr-til′i-ō, n. a Linnæan genus of mammals, of order Primates—the modern order Chiroptera.—adj. Vespertil′ionine.

Vespiary, ves′pi-a-ri, n. a hornet's nest.—adj. Ves′piform, Ves′pine, wasp-like.

Vessel, ves′el, n. a vase or utensil for holding something: a hollow structure made to float on water, used for conveyance, &c.: a tube in which fluids, as blood, &c., are contained: a person considered as an agent of God.—The weaker vessel, a phrase colloquially applied to a woman, in allusion to 1 Pet. iii. 7. [O. Fr. vessel (Fr. vaisseau)—L. vascellum, dim. of vas, a vase.]

Vest, vest, n. that which is put on as dress: a garment: a waistcoat: formerly a cassock-like garment: a kind of close jacket worn by women, an extra piece or trimming on the front of the bodice of a woman's gown, often V-shaped: a knitted or woven undergarment: (arch.) a vestment.—v.t. to clothe: to invest: (law) to give fixed right of possession.-v.i. to descend or to take effect, as a right.—adj. Ves′ted, clothed, wearing robes of ceremony: not contingent or suspended, hence (law) already acquired: denoting a present absolute right.—n. Ves′tiary (obs.), a wardrobe: (rare) garb, clothing:—pl. Ves′tiaries.—n. Ves′ting, cloth for men's waistcoats.—Vest in interest, to devolve as matter of right without reference to immediate right of possession. [Fr. veste—L. vestis.]

Vesta, ves′ta, n. among the Romans, the chaste goddess that presided over the family, in whose temple the sacred fire was continually kept burning: the fourth planetoid discovered in 1807: a match or waxlight:—pl. Ves′tas.—adj. Ves′tal, pertaining to or consecrated to the service of Vesta: chaste: pure.—n. in the ancient Roman religion, one of the six patrician virgins consecrated to Vesta: a virgin, a nun, a woman of spotless chastity.

Vestibule, ves′ti-būl, n. an open court or porch before a house: a hall next the entrance to a house: (anat.) a small bony cavity forming part of the ear—also Vestib′-ūlum.—v.t. to furnish with a vestibule.—adjs. Vestib′ūlar, Vestib′ūlāte. [Fr.,—L. vestibulum—traced by some to ve, apart, stabulum, abode; by others to vestis, garment, as being the place where the outer clothing is put on or off in entering or leaving a house.]

Vestige, ves′tij, n. a track or footprint: traces or remains of something: (biol.) an organ or tissue which still survives but has lost the utility it possessed, but corresponding to a useful part in an organism of lower type.—adjs. Vesti′gial, Vesti′giary.—n. Vesti′gium (anat., biol.), a vestige. [Fr.,—L. vestigium—vestigāre, to track.]

Vestment, vest′ment, n. something put on, a garment: a long outer robe: (pl.) articles of dress worn by the clergy during divine service and the administration of the sacraments—amice, alb, girdle, maniple, stole, chasuble, &c.: covering of the altar. [L. vestimentum—vestīre, to clothe—vestis, a garment.]

Vestry, ves′tri, n. a room adjoining a church in which the vestments are kept and parochial meetings held, any small room attached to a church: in English parishes, a meeting of the ratepayers to elect parish officers, to assess church-rates, and to manage the property of the parish, the incumbent acting as chairman.—adj. Ves′tral.—ns. Ves′try-clerk, an officer chosen by the vestry who keeps the parish accounts and books; Ves′tryman, a member of a vestry.—Select vestry, a board consisting of representatives of the ratepayers, as opposed to the common vestry or assembly of all the ratepayers. [Fr.,—L. vestiarium—vestiarius, belonging to clothes—vestis, a garment.]

Vesture, ves′tūr, n. clothing: dress: a robe: integument.—v.t. to clothe, robe.—adjs. Ves′tūral; Ves′tūred.—n. Ves′tūrer, one who has charge of ecclesiastical vestments.

Vesuvian, vē-sū′vi-an, adj. pertaining or relating to Vesuvius, a volcano near Naples.—n. a kind of match used in lighting cigars, &c.—n. Vesū′vianīte, a mineral allied to garnet, sometimes called pyramidal garnet, found in volcanic and primitive rocks, and so called because frequent in masses ejected from Vesuvius—also Idocrase.—v.t. Vesū′viate, to burst forth like an eruption.

Vetch, vech, n. a genus of plants, mostly climbing, some cultivated for fodder, esp. the tare.—n. Vetch′ling, a name of various vetch-like plants.—adj. Vetch′y, abounding with vetches: (Spens.) consisting of vetches. [O.Fr. veche (Fr. vesce)—L. vicia, akin to vincīre, to bind.]

Veteran, vet′e-ran, adj. old, experienced: long exercised, esp. in military life.—n. one long exercised in any service, esp. in war.—v.t. Vet′eranise, to make veteran.—v.i. (U.S.) to re-enlist for military service. [L. veteranus—vetus, veteris, old.]

Veterinary, vet′e-ri-na-ri, adj. pertaining to the art of treating the diseases of domestic animals: professing or practising this art.—n. one skilled in the diseases of domestic animals.—Also Veterinā′rian. [L. veterinarius—veterina (bestia), a beast of burden.]

Vetiver, vet′i-vėr, n. the dried roots of the cuscus-grass, with an odour like sandalwood—making baskets, fans, and mats,

Veto, vē′tō, n. any authoritative prohibition: the power of rejecting or forbidding:—pl. Vetoes (vē′tōz).—v.t. to reject by a veto: to withhold assent to.—Absolute veto, a veto without restriction. [L. vetāre, to forbid.]

Vettura, vet-tōō′ra, n. an Italian four-wheeled carriage.—n. Vetturino (vet-tōō-rē′nō), one who drives or lends for hire a vettura:—pl. Vetturi′ni. [It.,—L. vectura, a carrying—vehĕre, to convey.]

Vex, veks, v.t. to harass: to torment: to irritate by small provocations: to agitate: to contest.—v.i. (obs.) to be vexed.—n. (Scot.) a trouble.—n. Vexā′tion, a vexing: state of being vexed: trouble: a teasing annoyance: uneasiness.—adj. Vexā′tious, causing vexation or annoyance: harassing: full of trouble.—adv. Vexā′tiously.—n. Vexā′tiousness.—adj. Vexed, amazed.—n. Vex′er.—adj. Vex′ing.—adv. Vex′ingly, so as to vex or annoy.—n. Vex′ingness.—Vexatious suit (law), a suit begun without justifiable cause. [Fr. vexer—L. vexāre, to shake, annoy—vehĕre. to carry.]

Vexillum, vek-sil′um, n. in the ancient Roman army, a standard, the troop serving under such a standard: (eccles.) a processional banner: (bot.) the large posterior petal of a papilionaceous flower—also Vex′il; the web or vane of a feather:—pl. Vexill′a.—adjs. Vex′illar, Vex′illary.—ns. Vex′illary, Vex′illātor, a standard-bearer.—adj. Vex′illate, having vexilla.—n. Vexillā′tion, a company under one vexillum. [L., 'an ensign'—vehĕre, to carry.]

Via, vī′a, or vē′a, n. a highway, a road, a route—via London=by way of London: a natural passage of the body.—n. Viam′eter, an odometer.—adj. Viat′ic.—n.pl. Viat′icals, military baggage.—Via dolorosa, the Way of Calvary (see Station); Via lactea, the Milky-Way or Galaxy; Via media, the midway course or mean between popular Protestantism and Roman Catholicism which Newman almost down to 1845 succeeded in believing that the Anglican divines of the 17th century had taken up.—Primæ viæ, the first or main passages, the alimentary canal, the bowels; Secundæ viæ, the lacteal or chyliferous vessels.

Via, vē′a, interj. away! off! either in command or defiance. [It.,—L. via, way.]

Viable, vī′a-bl, adj. capable of living.—n. Viabil′ity. [Fr., through Low L.—L. vita, life.]

Viaduct, vī′a-dukt, n. a road or railway carried by a structure over a valley, river, &c. [L. via, a way, ducĕre, ductum, to lead, bring.]

Vial, vī′al, n. same as Phial, v.t. to keep in a vial.—n. Vī′alful.—Pour out vials of wrath, to inflict judgment (Rev. xvi. 1): to storm, rage.

Viand, vī′and, n. food, articles for food—usually in pl. [Fr. viande—Low L. vivanda (for vivenda), food necessary for life—L. vivĕre, to live.]

Viaticum, vī-at′ik-um, n. (orig.) provisions for the way: (R.C. Church) the eucharist given to persons in danger of death: a portable altar.—n. Viā′tor, a traveller, wayfarer: a summoner, apparitor. [L.,—via, a way.]

Vibex, vī′beks, n. a purple spot under the skin in certain fevers:—pl. Vibī′ces. [L.]

Vibraculum, vī-brak′ū-lum, n. one of the long whip-like appendages of the cells of some Polyzoa:—pl. Vibrac′ūla.—Also Vibracūlā′rium.

Vibrate, vī′brāt, v.i. to shake: to tremble: to move backwards and forwards: to swing: to pass from one state to another.—v.t. to cause to shake: to move to and fro: to measure by moving to and fro: to affect with vibratory motion.—adjs. Vī′brant, vibrating: sonorous; Vī′bratile, having a vibratory motion: (zool.) adapted to or used in vibratory motion.—ns. Vībratil′ity; Vībrā′tion, a vibrating: state of being vibrated: tremulousness, quivering motion.—adj. Vībrā′tional.—n. Vībrā′tiuncle, a small vibration.—adjs. Vī′brātive, Vī′brātory, vibrating: consisting in vibrations: causing vibrations.—ns. Vī′brātor (elect.), a vibrating reed used to open and close the electric current: (print.) a vibrating reed used for distributing the ink; Vi′broscope, an instrument for registering vibrations. [L. vibrāre, -ātum, to tremble.]

Vibrato, vē-brä′tō, n. a pulsating effect in vocal music, caused by rapid variation of emphasis on the same tone. [It.]

Vibrio, vib′rī-ō, n. a name given with much laxity to various kinds of more or less screw-shaped Bacteria—also to small nematoid worms, such as cause ear-cockles in wheat.—n. Vib′rion, a motile bacterium. [L. vibrāre.]

Vibrissa, vī-bris′a, n. a whisker, as of a cat: a rictal bristle in birds: bristle, hair, as in the nostril:—pl. Vibriss′æ (-ē). [L., 'a hair in the nostril.']

Vibrogen, vib′rō-jen, n. (bot.) active cellular tissue arranged in layers in the cortex of certain tendrils, causing circumnutation.

Viburnum, vī-bur′num, n. a genus of plants of the order Caprifoliaceæ, the species being shrubs with simple leaves, natives chiefly of the northern parts of the world.—Viburnum opulus is the Guelder Rose or Snowball Tree; Viburnum tinus, the Laurustinus. [L., 'the wayfaring tree.']

Vicar, vik′ar, n. one who holds authority as the delegate or substitute of another: a parson of a parish where the tithes are impropriate to a layman or to a chapter, he receiving only the smaller tithes or a salary: (R.C. Church) a bishop's assistant who exercises jurisdiction in his name.—ns. Vic′arāge, the benefice or residence of a vicar; Vic′ar-apostol′ic (formerly one to whom the pope delegated some remote portion of his jurisdiction), now usually a titular bishop appointed to a country where either no sees have been formed or the episcopal succession has been broken; Vic′ar-chō′ral, an assistant, cleric or lay, at an English cathedral, esp. in connection with the music; Vic′ar-forāne′, an ecclesiastic to whom a bishop gives a limited jurisdiction in a town or district of his diocese—in effect, a rural dean; Vic′ar-gen′eral, an official performing the work of an archdeacon under the bishop: in the English Church, an officer assisting the bishop, the chancellor of the diocese.—adjs. Vīcā′rial, pertaining to a vicar: substituted; Vīcā′riāte, having vicarious or delegated power.—n. (also Vic′arāte) vicarship, delegated power.—adj. Vīcā′rious, filling the place of another: performed or suffered in place of or for the sake of another.—adv. Vīcā′riously.—ns. Vīcā′riousness; Vīcā′rius, a vicar; Vic′arship, the office of a vicar; Vic′ary, a vicarage.—Vicarious sacrifice (theol.), the suffering of Christ accepted by God in lieu of the punishment to which guilty man is liable.—Vicar-of-Bray, one who turns his coat without difficulty to suit the times—from Simon Aleyn, who kept the vicarage of Bray from 1540 to 1588, during the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth; Vicar of Christ, a title assumed by the pope, who claims to be the representative of Christ on earth as the head of His Church. [L. vicarius, supplying the place of another—vicis, change, alternation.]

Vice, Vise, vīs, n. an iron or wooden screw-press, fixed to the edge of a workboard, for holding anything tightly while being filed, &c.: (Shak.) a grip, grasp.—v.t. to screw. [Fr. vis (It. vite, screw)—L. vitis, tendril of a vine, anything spiral.]

Vice, vīs, n. a blemish or fault: immoral conduct: depravity of manners: a bad trick or habit in a horse: mischievousness: the stock buffoon in the old English Moralities or moral plays.—n. Vicios′ity.—adj. Vicious (vish′us).—adv. Vic′iously.—n. Vic′iousness.—Vicious circle, syllogism, circular or erroneous reasoning; Vicious intromission (see Intromit). [Fr.,—L. vitium, a blemish.]

Vice, vīs, prep. in the place of: also a prefix denoting in the compound word one who acts in place of or is second in rank to another.—n. a vice-chairman, &c.: one who acts in place of a superior.—ns. Vice′-ad′miral, one acting in the place of, or second in command to, an admiral; Vice′-ad′miralty, the office of a vice-admiral—(Vice′-ad′miralty courts, tribunals in the British colonies, having jurisdiction over maritime causes); Vice′-chair′man, an alternate chairman; Vice′-chair′manship; Vice′-chan′cellor, one acting for a chancellor: a lower judge of Chancery; (R.C. Church) the cardinal whose duty it is to draft and despatch papal bulls and briefs; Vice′-chan′cellorship; Vice′-con′sul, one who acts in a consul's place: a consul in a less important district; Vice′-con′sulship; Vice-dean′, a canon chosen to represent an absent dean; Vicegē′rency, the office of a vicegerent, deputed power.—adj. Vicegē′rent, acting in place of another, having delegated authority.—n. one acting in place of a superior.—ns. Vice′-gov′ernor, deputy governor; Vice′-king, one who acts in place of a king; Vice′-pres′idency, -pres′identship; Vice′-pres′ident, an officer next in rank below the president; Vice′-prin′cipal, assistant principal.—adj. Vicerē′gal.—ns. Vicerē′gency; Vice′roy, Vicerē′gent, one representing the royal authority in a dependency, as in India; Viceroy′alty, Vice′royship. [L., 'in the place of,' abl. of vicis (gen.), change.]

Vicenary, vis′e-nā-ri, adj. of or belonging to the number twenty: twentieth.—adj. Vīcen′nial, continuing or comprising twenty years: occurring once every twenty years. [L. vicenarius—viceni—viginti, twenty.]

Vicinage, vis′i-nāj, n. neighbourhood: the places near: neighbourliness.—adj. Vic′inal, neighbouring.—n. Vicin′ity, neighbourhood: nearness: that which is near. [O. Fr. veisinage—veisin—L. vicinus, neighbouring—vicus, a row of houses; cf. Gr. oikos, a dwelling.]

Vicissitude, vi-sis′i-tūd, n. change from one thing to another: change: revolution.—adjs. Vicissitū′dinary, Vicissitū′dinous, changeful, changeable. [L. vicissitudo—vicis, change.]

Victim, vik′tim, n. a living being offered as a sacrifice: some thing or person destroyed in the pursuit of an object: a person suffering injury: a dupe.—n. Victimīsā′tion.—v.t. Vic′timīse, to make a victim of: to cheat.—n. Vic′timīser, a swindler. [Fr.,—L. victima, a beast for sacrifice, adorned with the fillet—vincīre, to bind.]

Victor, vik′tor, n. one who conquers on any particular occasion: one who defeats in battle: a winner:—fem. Vic′tress, Vic′toress, Vic′trix.—adjs. Vic′tor, Victō′rious, relating to victory: superior in contest: having overcome an enemy: producing or indicating victory.—adv. Victō′riously.—ns. Victō′riousness; Vic′tory, a conquering: success in any contest: a battle gained: a female deity of the Greeks personifying success in battle.—Cadmean victory, one as fatal to the victors as to the vanquished—from the armed men who grew up from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus, and slew one another all but five, who became the ancestors of the Thebans; Moral victory (see Moral); Pyrrhic victory (see Pyrrhic). [L.,—vincĕre, victum, to conquer.]

Victoria, vik-tō′ri-a, n. a genus of gigantic aquatic plants of the water-lily family, native to South America, its one species, Victoria regia, named after Queen Victoria: a low, light, four-wheeled carriage, seating two, having a calash top.—adj. Victō′rian, relating to the reign of Queen Victoria, which began in 1837: relating to the colony of Victoria in Australia.—Victoria cross, a decoration, consisting of a bronze Maltese cross, founded by Queen Victoria in 1856, and awarded for conspicuous bravery on the field.

Victorine, vik-tō-rēn′, n. a kind of fur tippet worn by ladies: a variety of peach.

Victual, vīt′l, n. provision of food, that which is necessary for living, food for human beings (gener. in pl.).—v.t. to supply with victuals or food: to store with provisions:—pr.p. Victualling (vit′l-ing); pa.t. and pa.p. Victualled (vit′ld).—ns. Vict′uallage, provisions; Victualler (vīt′l-ėr), one who supplies provisions.—adj. Vict′ualless.—ns. Vict′ualling-bill, a customs document warranting the captain of an outward-bound vessel to ship bonded stores for the voyage; Vict′ualling-off′ice, -ship, an office supplying, a ship conveying, provisions to the navy; Vict′ualling-yard, a public establishment for the collection and supply of provisions to the navy.—Licensed Victualler, an innkeeper who is allowed to sell spirits, wines, &c. [O. Fr. vitaille—Low L. victualia—L. victualis, relating to living—vivĕre, victum, to live.]

Vicugna, Vicuña, vi-kōō′nya, or vi-kū′na, n. a species or variety of the South American genus Auchenia (allied to the camels), which also includes the llama, alpaca, and the guanaco.—n. Vicu′na-cloth, a trade name for a mixture of wool and cotton. [Peruv.]

Vidame, vē-dam′, n. in French feudal jurisprudence, the deputy of a bishop in temporal affairs: a minor noble. [Low L. vice, in place of, dominus, lord.]

Vide, vī′dē, see, imper. of L. vidēre, to see.—Vide antea=see before; Vide infra=see below; Vide post=see after; Vide supra=see above; Quod vide, or q.v.=which see.

Videlicet, vi-del′i-set, adv. to wit, that is, namely—generally Viz., and rendered 'namely.' [L., for vidēre licet, it is permitted to see.]

Videndum, vī-den′dum, n. a thing to be seen:—pl. Vīden′da. [L., ger. of vidēre, to see.]

Vidimus, vid′i-mus, n. an inspection, as of accounts, &c. [L., 'we have seen'—vidēre, to see.]

Viduous, vid′ū-us, adj. widowed.—ns. Vid′ūage, widowhood; Vid′uāte, the position or order of widows; Viduā′tion, the state of being widowed; Vidū′ity, widowhood. [L. vidua, a widow.]

Vie, vī, v.i. to strive for superiority.—v.t. to contend about: (Shak.) to offer as a stake or wager:—pr.p. vy′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. vīed.—n. (obs.) a contest. [M. E. vien, by aphæresis from envien, to vie, through Fr. from L. invitāre, to invite.]

Viennese, vi-e-nēs′, or -nēz′, adj. pertaining to Vienna.—n. an inhabitant, or the inhabitants, of Vienna.

View, vū, n. a seeing: sight: reach of the sight: whole extent seen: that which is seen: inspection, as by a jury, of the place of a crime, of the corpse, &c.: direction in which a thing is seen: the picture of a scene: a sketch: mental survey: mode of looking at or receiving: opinion: intention: (Shak.) show, appearance.—v.t. to see: to look at attentively: to examine intellectually.—adj. View′able, that can be viewed.—ns. View′er; View′-halloo′, the huntsman's cry when the fox breaks cover; View′iness, character of being viewy or visionary.—adj. View′less, not to be viewed: invisible.—adv. View′lessly.—adj. View′ly (prov.), pleasing to look at.—n. View′-point, point of view.—adjs. View′some (prov.), viewly; View′y (coll.), holding opinions vague or purely speculative.—Dissolving views, pictures thrown on a screen and made to pass one into the other; Field of view, the compass of visual power; In view of, having regard to; On view, open to public inspection; To the view (Shak.), in public. [Fr. vue—vu, pa.p. of voir—L. vidēre, to see.]

Vifda, vif′da, n. in Shetland, meat hung and dried without salt.—Also Viv′da.

Vigesimal, vī-jes′i-mal, adj. twentieth.—n. Vigesimā′tion, the putting to death of every twentieth man.—adj. Viges′imo-quar′to, formed of sheets folded so as to make twenty-four leaves. [L. vigesimus—viginti, twenty.]

Vigia, vi-jē′a, n. a hydrographical warning on a chart, of a rock, &c. [Sp.]

Vigil, vij′il, n. watching: keeping awake for religious exercises: the eve before a feast or fast day, originally kept by watching through the night.—n. Vig′ilance, wakefulness: watchfulness: circumspection: (obs.) a guard, watch.—adj. Vig′ilant, watchful: on the lookout for danger: circumspect.—n. Vigilan′te, a member of a vigilance committee.—adv. Vig′ilantly.—Vigilance committee (U.S.), an unauthorised body which, in the absence or inefficiency of regular courts, exercises legal powers of arrest, punishment, &c. in cases of gross crime: also any self-appointed association for the compulsory improvement of local morals. [Fr.,—L. vigilia—vigil, awake, watchful—vigēre, to be lively.]

Vignette, vin-yet′, n. any small ornamental engraving, design, or photograph not enclosed by a definite border: (orig.) an ornamental flourish of vine leaves and tendrils on manuscripts and books.—v.t. to treat or produce in such a style.—ns. Vignett′er; Vignett′ing-glass, -pā′per, a glass frame, mask, used in printing vignette pictures; Vignett′ist, one who makes vignettes. [Fr.,—vigne—L. vinea, a vine.]

Vigour, vig′ur, n. active strength: physical force: vital strength in animals or plants: strength of mind: energy.—adj. Vig′orous, strong either in mind or body.—adv. Vig′orously.—n. Vig′orousness. [Fr.,—L. vigor—vigēre, to be strong.]

Viking, vī′king, n. one of the piratical Northmen who in the 8th, 9th, and 10th centuries ravaged the coasts of western Europe.—n. Vī′kingism, characteristics, acts, &c. of Vikings. [Ice. víkingr, (lit.) 'a creeker'—víkr (Swed. vik, Eng. wick), a bay, and -ingr=Eng. -ing.]

Vilayet, vil-a-yet′, n. the name given to the great provinces into which the Ottoman empire is divided.

Vile, vīl, adj. worthless: mean: morally impure: wicked: (B.) poor, cheap.—adv. Vile′ly.—n. Vile′ness.—ns. Vilificā′tion, act of vilifying: defamatory speech: abuse; Vil′ifīer.—v.t. Vil′ify, to make vile: to attempt to degrade by slander: to defame:—pa.t. and pa.p. vil′ifīed.—v.t. Vil′ipend, to slander, vilify.—v.i. to use vilification. [Fr.,—L. vilis.]

Villa, vil′a, n. a country residence or seat: a suburban mansion—also Vill.—ns. Vill′adom, villas collectively, people living in them; Vill′āge, any small assemblage of houses, less than a town: (orig.) a number of houses inhabited by persons near the residence of a proprietor or farmer: (law) a manor, a parish or the outlying part of a parish; Vill′age-commū′nity, a clan of settlers who built their huts on a tract of land and laid out common fields which they cultivated in common as one family, the land being divided out every few years into family lots, but the whole continuing to be cultivated by the community subject to the established customs as interpreted in the village-council by the sense of the village elders—the so-called Mark system of Sir Henry Maine; Vill′āger, an inhabitant of a village; Vill′āgery (Shak.), a district of villages; Vill′akin, Villanette′, a little villa.—adj. Villat′ic (Milt.), pertaining to a farm. [O. Fr. ville (Fr. ville)—L. villa, a country-house, prob. reduced from vicla, dim. of vicus, a village; Gr. oikos, a house.]

Villain, vil′ān, or vil′in, n. a wicked wretch: a man extremely degraded: in feudal times, a member of the lowest class of unfree persons.—ns. Vill′aināge, Vill′anāge, Vill′eināge, Vill′enāge, in feudal times, the tenure of land by villein, i.e. base or menial services.—adj. Vill′ainous, like or suited to a villain: depraved: proceeding from extreme depravity: very bad, mean, vile.—adv. Vill′ainously.—ns. Vill′ainousness; Vill′ainy, the act of a villain: extreme depravity: an atrocious crime. [Orig. 'a serf attached to a farm,' O. Fr. villain—Low L. villanus—L. villa.]

Villanelle, vil-a-nel′, n. a poem, of a form borrowed from the French, consisting of nineteen lines on two rhymes, arranged in six stanzas, the first five having three, the last four lines. [It. villanella—villano, rustic.]

Villarsia, vi-lār′si-a, n. a genus of widely distributed aquatic or marsh plants, of order Gentianaceæ—named from the French botanist Dominique Villars (1745-1814).

Villegiatura, vi-lėj-a-tōō′ra, n. country retirement. [It.,—villegiare, to stay at a country-seat—villa, a country-seat.]

Villi, vil′ī, n.pl. (anat.) fine small fibres covering certain membranes: (bot.) fine soft hairs on fruits, flowers, and other parts of plants:—sing. Vill′us.—adjs. Vill′iform, having the form or appearance of villi; Vill′ōse, Vill′ous, covered with long, soft hairs: formed of minute villi, resembling the pile of velvet.—n. Villos′ity, state of being villous. [L., pl. of villus, hair, wool.]

Vimen, vī′men, n. a long flexible shoot of a plant.—adjs. Vim′inal; Vimin′eous. [L.]

Vina, vē′na, n. an East Indian musical instrument having five or seven steel strings stretched on a long fretted finger-board over two gourds.

Vinaigrette, vin-ā-gret′, n. a small box of silver or gold for holding aromatic vinegar, used as a smelling-bottle. [Fr.,—vinaigre.]

Vinasse, vi-nas′, n. a residual product containing potash salts, obtained from the wine-press, &c. [Fr.]

Vinaya Pitaka, vin′a-ya pit′a-ka, n. one of the three parts of the Tripitaka (q.v.).

Vinca, ving′ka, n. a genus of woody herbaceous plants of the dogbane family, the periwinkles.

Vincentian, vin-sen′shi-an, adj. pertaining to St Vincent de Paul (1576-1660) or to the charitable associations founded by him.

Vincible, vin′si-bl, adj. that may be conquered.—ns. Vincibil′ity, Vin′cibleness. [L. vincibilis—vincĕre, to conquer.]

Vinculum, ving′kū-lum, n. a band: a bond: (math.) a horizontal line placed over several quantities to show that they are to be treated as one: (anat.) a ligamentous band.—v.t. Vin′culāte, to bind. [L.,—vincīre, to bind.]

Vindemial, vin-dē′mi-al, adj. pertaining to the vintage.—v.i. Vindē′miate, to gather the vintage.

Vindicate, vin′di-kāt, v.t. to lay claim to: to defend: to maintain by force.—n. Vindicabil′ity.—adj. Vin′dicable, that may be vindicated or defended.—n. Vindicā′tion, act of vindicating: defence: justification: support.—adj. Vin′dicātive, vindicating: tending to vindicate: (Shak.) revengeful, vindictive.—ns. Vin′dicātiveness, vindictiveness; Vin′dicātor, one who vindicates:—fem. Vin′dicātress.—adjs. Vin′dicātory, tending to vindicate: inflicting punishment; Vindic′tive, revengeful.—adv. Vindic′tively.—n. Vindic′tiveness. [L. vindicāre, -ātum—vis, vim, power, dicāre, to proclaim, dicĕre, to say; others trace to the root of venia, favour.]

Vine, vīn, n. the plant from which wine is made: the woody climbing plant that produces grapes: (hort.) a climbing or trailing plant, or its stem.—adj. Vīnā′ceous, belonging to wine or grapes: wine-coloured.—ns. Vī′nāge, the addition of spirit to wine to enable it to stand transportation; Vīnā′lia, a wine festival in honour of Jupiter, celebrated on 23d April.—adjs. Vīnā′rian, relating to wine; Vine′-clad, covered with vines.—ns. Vine′-cul′ture (same as Viticulture); Vine′-curcu′lio, a small reddish curculio producing galls on the stems of grape-vines; Vine′-disease′, a disease affecting the vine; Vine′-dress′er, one who dresses or trims and cultivates vines; Vine′-fret′ter, a small insect that infests vines; Vine′-gall, a gall made on the stem of the vine by a vine-curculio; Vine′-land, land on which vines are grown; Vī′nery, a hot-house for rearing vines; Vineyard (vin′yard), a plantation of grape vines.—adj. Vī′nic, pertaining to, or derived from, wine.—ns. Vin′iculture, the cultivation of the vine; Vin′icultūrist; Vin′-ordinaire′, common wine: cheap wine mixed with water, commonly drunk in France and the south of Europe.—adjs. Vī′nose, Vī′nous, pertaining to wine: wine-coloured: caused by wine.—n. Vinos′ity, state or quality of being vinous.—adj. Vī′ny, pertaining to or producing vines.—Dwell under one's vine and fig-tree, to live at peace on one's own land. [O. Fr.,—L. vinea, a vine—vinum; Gr. oinos, wine.]

Vinegar, vin′e-gar, n. the form of acetic acid generally preferred for culinary purposes—made by the fermentation of vegetable substances, from malt, or from inferior wines: sourness of temper.—v.t. to apply vinegar to.—adj. Vin′aigrous, sour like vinegar, ill-tempered.—ns. Vin′egar-cru′et, a glass bottle for holding vinegar; Vinegarette′, a vinaigrette; Vin′egar-plant, the microscopic fungus which produces acetous fermentation—found in two forms known as mother of vinegar and flowers of vinegar.—adjs. Vin′egary, Vin′egarish, sour. [Fr. vinaigre—vin (L. vinum, wine), aigre—L. acer, sour.]

Vingt-et-Un, vangt-ā-ung′, n. a game of cards, the aim in which is to get as near as possible to the value of twenty-one (hence the name) without exceeding it. The game is played with the whole pack, the ordinary cards being reckoned according to the number of pips on them, while the court cards are ten, and the ace is one or eleven, as the holder may elect.

Vintage, vin′tāj, n. the gathering of grapes: the yearly produce of grapes: the time of grape-gathering: wine.—n. Vin′tāger. [Fr. vendange—L. vindemia—vinum, wine, grapes, demĕre, to remove—de, out of or away, emĕre, to take.]

Vintner, vint′nėr, n. a wine-seller.—ns. Vint′nery, the trade of a vintner; Vint′ry, a store for wine. [O. Fr. vinetier, through Low L.—L. vinetum, a vineyard—vinum, wine.]

Viol, vī′ol, n. a musical instrument which was the immediate precursor of the violin, having from three to six strings, and played by means of a bow.—ns. Viola (vē-ō′la, or vī′ō-la), a larger description of violin having four strings tuned in fifths, to which the part between the second violin and bass is generally assigned—also called Alto viola or Tenor violin; Vī′ol-block (naut.), a large single block big enough to reeve a small hawser; Vī′olist, a player on the viol or the viola.—Bass viol, a large medieval viol: the modern violoncello. [O. Fr. viole—Low L. vidula, from L. vitulāri, to skip like a calf, to make merry—L. vitulus, a calf.]

Violate, vī′ō-lāt, v.t. to injure: to abuse: to ravish: to profane: to break forcibly: to transgress.—adj. Vī′olable, that may be violated, injured, or broken.—adv. Vi′olably.—ns. Vīolā′tion, the act of violating or injuring: infringement: non-observance: profanation: rape; Vī′olātor. [L. violāre, -ātum—vis, strength; cf. Gr. is, strength, force.]

Violent, vī′ō-lent, adj. acting with physical force or strength: moved by strong feeling: passionate: vehement: outrageous: produced by force: intense: compulsory: unnatural.—v.i. (Shak.) to be violent.—n. Vī′olence, the state or quality of being violent: force, physical or moral: unjust force: outrage: profanation: injury: rape.—adv. Vī′olently.—Do violence on (Shak.), to attack, murder; Do violence to, to outrage, injure. [Fr.,—L. violentus—vis, force.]

Violet, vī′ō-let, n. any plant of genus Viola, of many species, with a flower generally of some shade of blue, but also white and yellow, and most often fragrant: the colour of the violet, a bluish or light purple.—adj. of the colour of the violet, bluish or light purple.—adjs. Violā′ceous, of a violet colour, purple; Violes′cent, tending to a violet colour. [Fr. violette, dim. of O. Fr. viole—L. viola; cf. Gr. ion.]

Violin, vī-ō-lin′, n. a musical instrument of four strings placed with a bow: a fiddle: a player on the violin.—ns. Violin′-bow, a bow for sounding the violin; Vī′olinist, a player on the violin. [It. violino—viola.]

Violoncello, vē-ō-lon-chel′ō, or vī-ō-lon-sel′ō, n. a large four-stringed musical instrument of the violin class, the quality of its tone even more sympathetic than that of the violin, held between the knees in playing—it superseded the Viol da gamba in the early part of the 18th century:—pl. Violoncell′os.—n. Violoncell′ist, a player on the violoncello. [It., dim. of violone, a bass violin; see next word.]

Violone, vē-ō-lō′nā, n. the largest kind of bass viol, having strings tuned an octave lower than the violoncello. [It.,—viola.]

Viper, vī′pėr, n. a genus of venomous snakes, representative of family Viperidæ—the Common Viper or adder being the only poisonous snake indigenous to Britain: loosely, any venomous serpent except a rattlesnake, any cobriform serpent: any base, malicious person.—adjs. Vī′perine, related to or resembling the viper; Vī′perish, like a viper; Vī′perous, having the qualities of a viper: venomous: malignant.—adv. Vī′perously.—Viper's bugloss, the blue weed or blue thistle; Viper's grass, a European perennial of the aster family. [Fr.,—L. vipera (contr. of vivipara)—vivus, living, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Virago, vi-rā′go, or vī-rā′gō, n. a masculine woman: a bold, impudent woman: a termagant.—adjs. Viragin′ian, Viraginous (viraj′-).—n. Viragin′ity. [L.,—vir, a man.]

Virelay, vir′e-lā, n. an ancient kind of French poem in short lines, and consisting of only two rhymes, their order as well as the length of the verses being arbitrary. [Fr. virelai—virer, to turn, lai, a song.]

Vireo, vir′ē-ō, n. a genus of American singing birds, the greenlets. [L.]

Virescent, vī-res′ent, adj. growing green, greenish.—n. Vires′cence, greenness: (bot.) the turning green of organs properly bright-coloured. [L., pr.p. of virēre, to be green.]

Virgate, vėr′gāt, adj. like a wand or rod: slender, straight.—n. an old English measure of surface. [L. virga, a rod.]

Virgilian, vėr-jil′i-an, adj. relating to or resembling the style of Virgil, the Roman poet (70-21 B.C.).

Virgin, vėr′jin, n. a maiden: a woman who has had no sexual intercourse with man: one devoted to virginity: a madonna, a figure of the Virgin: a person of either sex who has not known sexual intercourse: any female animal that has not copulated: a parthenogenetic insect: (astron.) Virgo, one of the signs of the zodiac.—adj. becoming a maiden: maidenly: pure: chaste: undefiled: fresh, new: parthenogenetic.—v.i. (Shak.) to continue chaste.—adj. Vir′ginal, maidenly: (zool.) parthenogenetic.—n. Virginā′le, a book of prayers and hymns to the Virgin Mary.—adj. Vir′gin-born, born of the Virgin, of Jesus Christ: (zool.) born by internal gemmation without impregnation.—ns. Virgin′ity, Vir′ginhood, the state of a virgin; Vir′gin-knot (Shak.), maidenly chastity, in reference to the unloosing of the girdles of Greek and Roman maidens on marriage.—adj. Vir′ginly, pure.—adv. chastely.—ns. Vir′gin's-bow′er, a species of clematis, hedge-vine; Vir′gin-wor′ship, adoration of the Virgin Mary; Vir′go, the Virgin, in the zodiac.—Virgin birth, generation, parthenogenesis; Virgin clay, in pottery, &c., clay which has never been fired.—The Virgin, The Blessed Virgin, the Virgin Mary, the mother of Christ. [O, Fr.,—L. virgo, virginis.]

Virginal, vėr′jin-al, n. an old keyed musical instrument, oblong in shape, one of the three forms of the harpsichord.—v.i. (Shak.) to finger, as on a virginal.

Virginia, vėr-jin′i-a, n. a well-known brand of tobacco, grown and manufactured in Virginia.—n. Virgin′ia-creep′er, an American climbing vine, common in the south of England, remarkable for the bright-red colour it assumes in autumn.—adj. Virgin′ian, pertaining to Virginia.—n. a native of Virginia.

Virgule, vėr′gūl, n. a little rod: a mark of punctuation, a comma.—adj. Vir′gūlāte, rod-shaped.—n. Virgul′tum, a twig. [L. virgula—virga, a twig.]

Virid, vir′id, adj. green.—n. Virid′ian, a deep and pure bluish-green pigment, being a hydrated sesquioxide of chromium.—adj. Viridigenous (-ij′-), producing a green tint.—ns. Virid′ity, Vir′idness, verdure: greenness. [L., viridis, green—virēre, to be green.]

Viridescent, vir-i-des′ent, adj. slightly green: greenish.—n. Virides′cence. [L. viridis, green.]

Virile, vir′il, or vī′ril, adj. of or belonging to a man or to the male sex: masculine: manly.—n. Viril′ity, the state or quality of being a man: the power of a full-grown male: the power of procreation: manhood. [L. virilis—vir, a man; cog. with Gr. hērōs, a hero, Old High Ger. wer, a man.]

Virole, vi-rōl′, n. a ferrule: (her.) a hoop or ring. [O. Fr.; a doublet of ferrule.]

Virtu, vėr′tōō, or -tōō′, n. a love of the fine arts: taste for curiosities: objects of art or antiquity.—adjs. Virtuose′, Virtuō′sic, exhibiting the qualities and skill of a virtuoso.—ns. Virtuos′ity, lovers of the elegant arts as a class: exceptional skill in some of the fine arts; Virtuō′sō, one skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities, curiosities, and the like: a skilful musician, painter, &c. (pl. Virtuō′sōs, Virtuō′si):—fem. Virtuō′sa (pl. Virtuō′se, -se); Virtuō′sōship. [It.; a doublet of virtue.]

Virtue, vėr′tu, n. excellence: worth: moral excellence: the practice of duty: a moral excellence: sexual purity, esp. female chastity: purity: (B.) strength: force: inherent power, efficacy: one of the orders of the celestial hierarchy.—adj. Vir′tual, having virtue or efficacy: having the efficacy without the material part: in effect though not in fact: (mech.) possible and infinitesimal.—adv. Vir′tually.—adjs. Vir′tueless, wanting virtue: without efficacy; Vir′tue-proof (Milt.), impregnable in virtue; Vir′tuous, having virtue or moral goodness: blameless: righteous: practising duty: being according to the moral law: chaste (of a woman).—adv. Vir′tuously.—n. Vir′tuousness.—By, In, virtue of, through the power, force, or efficacy of; Make a virtue of necessity, to do as if from inclination or sense of duty something one must needs do; Seven principal Virtues, faith, hope, charity, justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude—the first three the theological, the last four the moral virtues; The cardinal virtues (see Cardinal). [O. Fr.,—L. virtus, bravery, moral excellence—vir, a man; cf. Gr. hērōs, Sans. vira, a hero.]

Virulent, vir′ū-lent, adj. full of poison: very active in injury: bitter in enmity: malignant.—ns. Vir′ulence, Vir′ulency.—adv. Vir′ulently. [L. virulentus—virus, poison.]

Virus, vī′rus, n. contagious or poisonous matter (as of ulcers, &c.): the poison which causes infection: any foul, hurtful matter.—adjs. Vī′rose, Vī′rous; Virūlif′erous, bearing a specific virus. [L.; cog. with Gr. ios, Sans. visha, poison.]

Vis, vis, n. force: power:—pl. Vī′res.—Vis inertiæ, inertia: sluggishness; Vis mortua, force of pressure, dead force; Vis viva, living force, equal to the mass of a moving body multiplied by the square of its velocity. [L.]

Visage, viz′āj, n. the face or look.—adj. Vis′aged. [Fr., through an assumed form visaticum, from L. visus, seen—vidēre, to see.]

Vis-à-vis, vēz′-a-vē′, adv. facing one another.—n. one who faces, or is opposite to, another: a light carriage with seats facing each other: a kind of couch. [Fr. vis, face (—L. visus, look), à, to, vis, face.]

Viscacha, vis-kach′a, n. a South American rodent of the Chinchilla family, inhabiting the South American Pampas, of stout form and about twenty inches in length, a gregarious burrower and nocturnal in habits—also Bizcacha.—n. Viscachera (vis-ka-chā′ra), a settlement of viscachas. [Sp.; prob. of Peruv. origin.]

Viscera, vis′e-ra, n.pl. the inner parts of the animal body: the entrails:—sing. Vis′cus.—adj. Vis′ceral, pertaining to the viscera: abdominal.—v.t. Vis′cerāte, to disembowel. [L. viscus (pl. viscera).]

Viscount, vī′kownt, n. an officer who formerly acted as deputy to the earl, the vice-comes: a title of nobility next below an earl:—fem. Vī′scountess.—ns. Vī′scountcy, Vī′scountship, Vī′scounty, the rank or dignity of a viscount. [O. Fr. viscomte (Fr. vicomte)—Low L. vice-comes—L. vice, in place of, comes, a companion.]

Viscous, vis′kus, adj. sticky: tenacious—also Vis′cid.—ns. Viscid′ity, Vis′cousness; Viscos′ity, the property of being viscous: (phys.) that property of matter which is seen when the relative motion of parts of any body or substance decays on its being left to itself. [Low L. viscosus, sticky—L. viscum, bird-lime, mistletoe; cog. with Gr. ixos, mistletoe.]

Viscum, vis′kum, n. a genus of parasitic plants, including the mistletoe. [L.]

Visé, vē-zā′, n. an indorsement on a passport denoting that it has been officially examined, and that the bearer may proceed on his journey.—v.t. to indorse a passport.—Also Visa (vē′za). [Fr.,—Low L. visāre, freq. of L. vidēre, visum, to see.]

Vishnu, vish′nōō, n. the second god of the Hindu triad, now the most worshipped of all Hindu gods. He became specially the benefactor of man in his avatars or incarnations, ten in number—according to others, twenty-two. [Sans., 'the preserver.']

Visible, viz′i-bl, adj. that may be seen: obvious.—ns. Visibil′ity, state or quality of being visible, or perceivable by the eye; Vis′ibleness.—adv. Vis′ibly.—Visible Church, the body of professing Christians, as opposed to the Invisible Church, which consists of those spiritual persons who fulfil the notion of the ideal Church, together with the body of the departed saints in heaven; Visible means, means or resources which are apparent to or ascertainable by others; Visible speech, a system of alphabetic characters, each of which represents the configuration of the mouth that produces the sound.

Visigoth, viz′i-goth, n. one of the Western Goths, as distinguished from the Ostrogoths or Eastern Goths. They formed settlements in the south of France and in Spain, and their kingdom in the latter lasted into the 8th century.—adj. Visigoth′ic. [Low L. Visegothæ—Teut. west, west, Gothæ, Goths.]

Vision, vizh′un, n. the act or sense of seeing: sight: anything seen: anything imagined to be seen: a divine revelation: an apparition: anything imaginary.—v.t. to see as a vision: to present as in a vision.—n. (Scot.) Visie (viz′i), a close look at anything.—adj. Vis′ional, pertaining to a vision, not real.—adv. Vis′ionally.—n. Vis′ionariness.—adj. Vis′ionary, affected by visions: apt to see visions, imaginative: existing in imagination only: not real.—n. one who sees visions: one who forms impracticable schemes.—adj. Vis′ioned (rare), inspired so as to see visions: seen in a vision, spectral.—n. Vis′ionist, a visionary person, one who believes in visions.—adj. Vis′ionless, destitute of vision.—Beatific vision (see Beatify); Centre, Point, of vision, the position from which anything is observed, or represented as being seen. [Fr.,—L. visio, visionis—vidēre, visum, to see; cf. Gr. idein, Eng. wit.]

Visit, viz′it, v.t. to go to see or inspect: to attend: enter, appear in: to call on: (B.) to reward or punish.—v.i. to be in the habit of seeing or meeting each other: to keep up acquaintance.—n. act of visiting or going to see.—adjs. Vis′itable, subject to visitation: attractive to visitors; Vis′itant, paying visits, visiting.—n. one who visits: one who is a guest in the house of another: a migratory bird: one of an order of nuns founded by St Francis de Sales in 1610, also called Salesians, Order (also Nuns) of the Visitation—the order has done much in the education of young girls.—n. Visitā′tion, act of visiting: examination by authority: a dispensation, whether of divine favour or retribution: (rare) the object of a visit: the act of a naval commander in boarding the vessel of another state to ascertain her character and object: a visit of a herald to a district for the examination of its arms, pedigrees, &c.: an unusual and extensive irruption of a species of animals into another region: (eccles.) a festival to commemorate the visit of the Virgin Mary to Elizabeth, observed by the Roman and Greek Churches on 2d July.—adjs. Visitātō′rial, Visitō′rial.—n. Vis′iting, the act of paying visits: prompting, influence.—adj. that which visits.—ns. Vis′iting-book, a book recording the names of persons who have called or are to be called on; Vis′iting-card, a small card, on which the name, address, or title, may be printed, to be left in making calls or paying visits, and sometimes sent as an act of courtesy or in token of sympathy; Vis′iting-day, a day on which one is at home or ready to receive callers; Vis′itor, -er, one who visits, calls on, or makes a stay with a person: a person authorised to visit an institution to see that it is managed properly:—fem. Vis′itress.—Visitation of the sick, an office in the Anglican Church, used for the spiritual benefit of the sick, provision being also made for special confession and absolution. [Fr. visiter—L. visitāre, freq. of visĕre, to go to see, visit—vidēre, to see.]

Visite, vi-zēt′, n. a woman's close-fitting outer garment worn early in the 19th century. [Fr.]

Visor, viz′ur, n. a part of a helmet covering the face, movable, and perforated to see through (see Armour): a mask.—adj. Vis′ored, wearing a visor: masked. [Fr. visière—vis, countenance.]

Vista, vis′ta, n. a view or prospect through or as through an avenue: the trees, &c., that form the avenue. [It. vista, sight, view—L. vidēre, to see.]

Visual, viz′ū-al, adj. belonging to vision or sight: visible: produced by sight: used in sight: used for seeing.—n. Visualisā′tion.—v.t. Vis′ualīse, to make visible or visual, externalise to the eye.—v.i. to call up a clear mental image.—ns. Vis′ualīser; Visual′ity.—adv. Vis′ually.

Vital, vī′tal, adj. belonging or contributing to life: containing or necessary to life: important as life: essential.—n. Vītalisā′tion.—v.t. Vī′talise, to make vital or alive: to give life to or furnish with the vital principle.—ns. Vī′talism, the doctrine that there is a vital principle distinct from the organisation of living bodies, which directs all their actions and functions; Vī′talist, one who holds this doctrine.—adj. Vītalis′tic.—n. Vītal′ity, quality of being vital: principle or power of life: capacity to endure and flourish.—adv. Vī′tally.—n.pl. Vī′tals, the interior organs essential for life: the part of any whole necessary for its existence.—n. Vītā′tiveness (phrenol.), the love of life, a faculty assigned to a protuberance under the ear.—Vital force, the principle of life in animals and plants; Vital functions, power, ability to continue living; Vital principle, that principle on which the life of an organism is thought to depend; Vital statistics, a division of statistics dealing with the facts and problems concerning population. [L. vitalis—vita, life—vivĕre, to live; cog. with Gr. bios, life.]

Vitellus, vī-tel′us, n. the yolk of an egg.—adjs. Vit′ellary, Vitell′ine, pertaining to the vitellus, or forming such.—n. Vitell′icle, a yolk-sac.—adj. Vitelligenous (-ij′-), producing yolk. [L., 'a yolk,' a transferred use of vitellus—vitulus, a calf.]

Vitex, vī′teks, n. a genus of trees or shrubs of the natural order Verbenaceæ. [L.]

Vitiate, vish′i-āt, v.t. to render faulty or defective: to make less pure: to deprave: to taint—earlier Vi′ciate.—ns. Vitiā′tion; Vi′tiātor; Vitios′ity, state or quality of being vicious. [L. vitiāre, -ātum—vitium. See Vice (2).]

Vitilitigation, vit-i-lit-i-gā′shun, n. vexatious litigation.—v.i. Vitilit′igate.

Vitis, vī′tis, n. a genus of plants, including the grape.—n. Vit′icide, a vine-destroyer, vine-pest.—adj. Vitic′olous, inhabiting, or produced upon, the vine.—ns. Vit′iculture, cultivation of the vine; Viticul′tūrist. [L. vitis, a vine—viēre, to twist.]

Vitreous, vit′rē-us, adj. glassy: pertaining to, consisting of, or like glass.—ns. Vitreos′ity, Vit′reousness; Vitres′cence.—adj. Vitres′cent, tending to become glass.—n. Vit′reum, the vitreous humour of the eye.—adj. Vit′ric.—ns. Vit′rics, glassy materials: the history of glass and its manufacture; Vitrifac′tion, Vitrificā′tion, act, process, or operation of vitrifying, or converting into glass; Vitrifac′ture, the manufacture of glass.—adjs. Vit′rifiable, that may be vitrified or turned into glass; Vit′rified.—ns.pl. Vit′rified-forts, -walls, certain ancient Scottish, French, &c. forts or walls in which the silicious stone has been vitrified by fire, whether by intention or accident is uncertain.—adj. Vit′riform, having the form of glass.—v.t. Vit′rify, to make into glass.—v.i. to become glass.—ns. Vitrī′na, a genus of land molluscs forming a connecting-link between the slugs and true snails—the glass-snail; Vit′rine, a show-case made of glass and used to protect delicate articles. [L. vitrum, glass—vidēre, to see.]

Vitriol, vit′ri-ol, n. the popular name of sulphuric acid: a soluble sulphate of a metal—green vitriol=sulphate of iron, blue vitriol=sulphate of copper, white vitriol=sulphate of zinc.—v.t. Vit′riolāte, to convert into vitriol.—n. Vitriolā′tion, the act or process of converting into vitriol.—adjs. Vitriol′ic, pertaining to or having the qualities of vitriol: biting, very severe; Vit′riolīsable.—n. Vitriolisā′tion.—v.t. Vit′riolise, to vitriolate: to poison with vitriol.—Elixir of vitriol, old name for the aromatic sulphuric acid of the Pharmacopœia; Oil of vitriol, concentrated sulphuric acid. [O. Fr.,—Low L. vitriolum—vitriolus—L. vitreus, of glass.]

Vitro-di-trina, vit′rō-di-trē′na, n. lacework glass. [It., 'glass of lace.']

Vitrophyre, vit′rō-fīr, n. a porphyritic variety of volcanic glass.—adj. Vitrophyr′ic. [L. vitrum, glass, porphyrites, porphyry.]

Vitruvian, vi-trōō′vi-an, adj. denoting a peculiar kind of convoluted scrollwork, so named from Vitruvius, a Roman architect under Augustus.

Vitta, vit′a, n. a fillet, or garland for the head:—pl. Vitt′æ (-ē). [L.]

Vitular, vit′ū-lar, Vituline, vit′ū-līn, adj. relating to a calf or to veal. [From L. vitulus, a calf.]

Vituperate, vī-tū′pe-rāt, v.t. to find fault with: to address with abuse: to rate soundly.—adj. Vitū′perable, deserving vituperation.—n. Vitūperā′tion, act of vituperating: censure: abuse.—adj. Vitū′perātive, containing vituperation or censure.—adv. Vitū′perātively.—n. Vitū′perātor, one who vituperates. [L. vituperāre, -ātum—vitium, a fault, parāre, to set out.]

Viure, vē′ūr, n. (her.) a thin ribbon crossing the field in any direction. [Fr.]

Viva, vē′va, interj. long live.—n. the exclamation Viva! [It., 'Let him live'—L. vivĕre, to live.]

Vivace, vē-vä′che, adj. (mus.) lively:—superl. Vivacis′simo. [It.]

Vivacious, vī-vā′shus, (or vi-), adj. lively or long-lived: active: sportive.—adv. Vivā′ciously.—ns. Vivā′ciousness; Vivac′ity, state of being vivacious: life: animation: liveliness or sprightliness of temper or behaviour: (rare) a vivacious act or saying. [L. vivax, vivacis—vivĕre, to live.]

Vivandière, vē-vong-di-ār′, n. in the French and some other Continental armies, a female attendant in a regiment, who sells spirits and other comforts, marching with the corps. [Fr., fem. of vivandier—It. vivandière, a sutler—vivanda, food.]

Vivarium, vī-vā′ri-um, n. an artificial enclosure for keeping or raising living animals, as a park, fish-pond, &c.—Also Vī′vary. [L. vivarium—vivus, alive—vivĕre, to live.]

Viva voce, vī′va vō′sē, by word of mouth. [L., 'with living voice,'—vivus, living, vox, vocis, voice.]

Vive, vīv, adj. (Bacon) lively, forcible. [Fr.,—L. vivus—vivĕre, to live.]

Viverrine, vī-ver′in, adj. pertaining to the Viverridæ, one of the four families of the Æluroidea section of Carnivora.—n. one of the Viverridæ, and esp. of the division of Viverrinæ, including the civets, genets, &c.

Vivers, vē′vėrz, n.pl. (Scot.) food, eatables. [Fr. vivres—L. vivĕre, to live.]

Vives, vīvz, n.pl. a disease of horses, &c., seated in the glands under the ear. [O. Fr. avives, vives—Sp. avivas—Ar. addhība—al, the, dhība, she-wolf.]

Vivid, viv′id, adj. lively or life-like: having the appearance of life: forming brilliant images in the mind: striking.—adv. Viv′idly.—ns. Viv′idness, Vivid′ity.—adj. Vivif′ic, vivifying.—ns. Vivificā′tion; Viv′ifier.—v.t. Viv′ify, to make vivid, endue with life. [L. vividus—vivĕre, to live.]

Viviparous, vī-vip′a-rus, adj. producing young alive: (bot.) germinating from a seed still on the parent plant.—ns. Vīvipar′ity, Vīvip′arousness.—adv. Vīvip′arously. [L., from vivus, alive, parĕre, to produce.]

Vivisection, viv-i-sek′shun, n. the practice of making operations or painful experiments on living animals, for the purposes of physiological research or demonstration.—v.t. Vivisect′, to practise vivisection on.—adj. Vivisec′tional.—ns. Vivisec′tionist, one who practises or defends vivisection; Vivisec′tor, one who practises vivisection; Vivisectō′rium, a place for vivisection. [L. vivus, alive, sectio—secāre, to cut.]

Vixen, vik′sn, n. a she-fox: an ill-tempered woman.—adjs. Vix′en, Vix′enish, Vix′enly, ill-tempered, snarling. [Formerly also vixon; a form of fixen—A.S. fyxen, a she-fox.]

Vizir, Vizier, vi-zēr′, n. a minister or councillor of state in the Ottoman Empire and other Mohammedan states—also Visier′, Vezir′, Wizier′.—ns. Vizir′ate, Vizier′ate, Vizir′ship, Vizier′ship, the office of a vizir.—adjs. Vizir′ial, Vizier′ial.—Grand vizir, in Turkey, the prime-minister, and formerly also commander of the army. [Ar. wazīr, a porter—wazara, to bear a burden.]

Vly, vlī, or flī, n. a swamp, a shallow pond which is sometimes dry.—Also Vleij, Vlei. [A word of Dutch origin used in South Africa, prob. derived from Dut. vallei, a valley.]

Vocable, vō′ka-bl, n. that which is sounded with the voice: a word: a name.—ns. Vocab′ūlary, a list of vocables or words explained in alphabetical order: the words of a language: a dictionary: any list of words; Vocab′ūlist, a lexicographer, the harmless drudge who compiles a dictionary.—adjs. Vō′cal, having a voice: uttered or changed by the voice: (phon.) voiced, uttered with voice: having a vowel function; Vocal′ic, containing vowels.—n. Vocalisā′tion, act of vocalising.—v.t. Vō′calise, to make vocal: to form into voice: to insert the vowel points, as in Hebrew.—v.i. to speak, sing.—ns. Vō′calist, a vocal musician, a singer; Vocal′ity, Vō′calness, utterableness: vowel character.—adv. Vō′cally.—adj. Voc′ular (rare), vocal.—Vocal chords, two elastic membraneous folds of the larynx capable of being stretched or relaxed; Vocal music, music produced by the human voice alone, as opposed to Instrumental music. [L. vocabulum—vocāre, to call.]

Vocation, vō-kā′shun, n. call or act of calling: calling: occupation.—adj. Vocā′tional.—adv. Vocā′tionally. [L. vocatio—vocāre.]

Vocative, vok′a-tiv, adj. pertaining to the act of calling, applied to the grammatical case used in personal address.—n. the case of a word when a person or thing is addressed. [L. vocativus—vocāre.]

Vociferate, vō-sif′e-rāt, v.i. to cry with a loud voice.—v.t. to utter with a loud voice.—n. Vocif′erance, clamour.—adj. Vocif′erant, clamorous.—ns. Vociferā′tion, act of vociferating: a violent or loud outcry; Vocif′erātor.—v.t. Vocif′erise, to vociferate.—n. Vociferos′ity.—adj. Vocif′erous, making a loud outcry: noisy.—adv. Vocif′erously.—n. Vocif′erousness. [L.—vox, vocis, voice, ferre, to carry.]

Vocular, vok′ū-lar, adj. vocal.—n. Voc′ule, a slight sound of the voice.

Vodka, vōd′ka, n. a Russian spirit, properly distilled from rye, but sometimes from potatoes. [Russ., 'brandy,' dim. of voda, water.]

Voe, vō, n. in Shetland, a bay, creek.—Also Vo, Vae. [Ice. vágr, vogr, a creek.]

Vogue, vōg, n. mode or fashion at any particular time: practice: popular reception. [Fr. vogue, course of a ship—voguer, to row, from Old High Ger. wagōn (Ger. wogen, to fluctuate, float)—waga, a waving, akin to wāg, a wave.]

Voice, vois, n. sound from the mouth: sound given out by anything: utterance or mode of utterance: language: expression: expressed opinion: one who speaks: (Shak.) reputation: sound uttered with resonance of the vocal chords: vote: (gram.) mode of inflecting verbs, as being active or passive.—v.t. to give utterance to, declare, announce: to fit for sounding: to regulate the tone of: to utter with voice or tone, as distinguished from breath.—adjs. Voiced, furnished with a voice; Voice′ful, having a voice: vocal.—n. Voice′fulness.—adj. Voice′less, having no voice or vote.—ns. Voice′lessness; Voic′er; Voic′ing, the regulating of the tone of organ pipes, ensuring proper power, pitch, and quality.—In my voice (Shak.), in my name; Inner voice, part, in music, a voice-part intermediate between the highest and the lowest; In voice, in good condition for singing or speaking.—With one voice, unanimously. [O. Fr. voix—L. vox, vocis; akin to Gr. epos, a word.]

Void, void, adj. unoccupied: empty: destitute (with of): having no binding force: wanting: unsubstantial.—n. an empty space.—v.t. to make vacant: to quit: to send out, emit, empty out: to render of no effect, to nullify: (Spens.) to lay aside, divest one's self of.—adj. Void′able, that may be voided or evacuated.—n. Void′ance, act of voiding or emptying: state of being void: ejection.—p.adj. Void′ed (her.), having the inner part cut away or left vacant—said of a charge or ordinary.—ns. Void′er, one who empties: a contrivance in armour for covering an unprotected part of the body: a tray for carrying away crumbs, &c.; Void′ing, the act of voiding: a remnant; Void′ness, emptiness: nullity. [O. Fr. voide, void, empty—L. viduus, bereft; others trace to Low L. form, akin to L. vacāre, to be empty.]

Voivode, Vaivode, voi′vōd, vā′vōd, n. the leader of an army: in Poland the title of the head of an administrative division, in Moldavia and Wallachia the former title of the princes, in Turkey an inferior administrative official—also Vay′vode, Wai′wode, Way′wode.—ns. Voi′vodeship, Vai′vodeship. [Russ. voevoda (Serv. vojvoda, Pol. wojewoda), a general.]

Volable, vol′a-bl, adj. (Shak.) nimble—willed. [L. volāre, to fly.]

Volant, vō′lant, adj. flying: nimble: (her.) represented as flying, or as in the air unsupported, or creeping.—n. Vō′lant-piece, a part of the helmet which could be removed at will.—adj. Vol′atile, evaporating very quickly: flighty: apt to change.—ns. Vol′atileness, Volatil′ity, quality of being volatile: disposition to evaporate rapidly: sprightliness: fickleness.—adj. Vol′atilisable.—ns. Volatilisā′tion, act or process of making volatile or evaporating.—v.t. Vol′atilise, to make volatile: to cause to evaporate.—n. Vol′ery, a large enclosure for birds in which they have room to fly.—adj. Vol′itant, flying.—n. Volitā′tion. [Fr.,—L. volans, antis, pr.p. of volāre, to fly.]

Volante, vō-lan′te, n. a two-wheeled covered vehicle with long shafts, with a chaise-body hung before the axle, driven by a postillion. [Sp.]

Volapük, vō-la-pük′, n. a name given to a universal language invented in 1879 by Johann Schleyer of Constance, Baden, the vocabulary being mainly based on English, and the grammar being simplified to the utmost.—n. Volapük′ist, one versed in Volapük: one who advocates the adoption of Volapük. [Lit. 'world-speech'—vol, shortened from Eng. world, pük, for Eng. speak.]

Volar, vō′lar, adj. pertaining to the palm, palmar.—n. Vō′la, the hollow of the hand or foot:—pl. Vō′læ. [L.]

Volcano, vol-kā′no, n. a more or less conical hill or mountain, usually truncated, and communicating with the interior of the earth by a pipe or funnel, through which issue hot vapours and gases, and frequently loose fragmentary materials and streams of molten rock: a form of firework.—adj. Volcan′ic, pertaining to, produced, or affected by a volcano.—adv. Volcan′ically.—n. Volcanisā′tion.—v.t. Vol′canise, to subject to the action of volcanic heat.—ns. Vol′canism, Volcanic′ity, phenomena connected with volcanoes; Vol′canist, a student of volcanic phenomena; Volcan′ity, state of being volcanic; Volcā′noism (rare), violent eruptiveness.—adj. Volcanolog′ical.—n. Volcanol′ogy.—Volcanic rocks, those formed by volcanic agency. [It. volcano—L. Volcanus, Vulcanus, god of fire.]

Vole, vōl, n. in card-playing, the winning of all the tricks in one deal.—v.i. to win such. [Fr.,—L. volāre, to fly.]

Vole, vōl, n. a genus of rodent quadrupeds of the subfamily Arvicolinæ, which also includes the lemmings, the musk-rats, &c., the Field-vole, the Water-vole, popularly called the water-rat, and the Bank-vole.

Volet, vol′ā, n. a veil: one of the wings of a triptych picture. [O. Fr., 'a shutter'—L. volāre, to fly.]

Volitant, vol′i-tant, adj. having the power of flight.—n. Volitā′tion, act of flying.

Volition, vō-lish′un, n. act of willing or choosing: the exercise of the will: the power of determining.—adjs. Voli′tient (rare), willing; Voli′tional, Voli′tionary.—adv. Voli′tionally.—adjs. Voli′tionless; Vol′itive, having power to will: expressing a wish. [Low L. volitio—L. volo, velle, to will, be willing.]

Volksraad, fōlks′rät, n. the name of the legislative assembly of the Orange Free State before its final annexation by England in 1900.

Volley, vol′i, n. a flight of shot: the discharge of many small-arms at once: an outburst of many at once: in tennis and lawn-tennis, a hard return of the ball before it reaches the ground—half-volley is a return by striking the ball just as it touches or rises from the ground:—pl. Voll′eys.—v.t. to discharge in a volley.—v.i. to fly together, as missiles: to sound together: in lawn-tennis, to use the stroke so called. [Fr. volée, a flight—voler—L. volāre, to fly.]

Volsungs, vol′sungz, n.pl. a famous heroic race in old German legend, its founder Volsung or Wolsung, the grandson of Odin, and its brightest ornament Volsung's son, Siegmund.

Volt, vōlt, n. a turn or bound: a sudden movement or leap to avoid a thrust: a gait of two treads made by a horse going sideways round a centre.—n. Vol′tage. [Fr. volte—It. volta—L. volvĕre, volutum, to turn.]

Volt, vōlt, n. the unit of electro-motive force now in universal use among electricians, defined legally in terms of the ohm and ampere.—adj. Vol′ta-elec′tric, of or pertaining to galvanism.—n. Vol′ta-electrom′eter, an instrument for measuring electric currents.—adj. Vol′ta-electromō′tive.—n. Vōl′tage, electro-motive force reckoned in volts.—adj. Voltā′ic, pertaining to Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist (1745-1826), who mainly developed the theory of current electricity along purely physical lines, discovered the electric decomposition of water, and invented a new electric battery, the electrophorus, and the electroscope.—ns. Vol′taism, that branch of electric science which treats of the production of an electric current from the chemical interaction of two immersed dissimilar metals (same as Galvanism); Voltam′eter, an instrument for measuring the decomposition produced by an electric current; Vōlt′-am′pere, the rate of activity in an electric circuit when the electro-motive force is one volt and the current one ampere; Volt′atype, an electrotype; Vōlt′meter, an instrument for measuring voltage.—Voltaic pile, a galvanic battery.

Volta, vōl′ta, n. an old dance: (mus.) turn, time:—pl. Vol′te (-te). [It.]

Voltairian, vol-tār′i-an, adj. pertaining to Voltaire, a famous French poet, dramatist, historian, and sceptic (1694-1778).—n. one who advocates the views and principles of Voltaire.—ns. Voltair′ianism, the spirit of Voltaire—i.e. a sceptical, incredulous, and sarcastic attitude, especially towards Christianity; Voltair′ism, incredulity, scepticism.

Voltigeur, vol-ti-zhėr′, n. a vaulter or tumbler: formerly in the French army, one of a light-armed company of picked men placed on the left of a battalion: under the Second Empire, a member of several special infantry regiments. [Fr.]

Voluble, vol′ū-bl, adj. easy to roll or move: flowing smoothly: fluent in speech.—adj. Vol′ubile (Milt.), rolling: revolving.—ns. Volubil′ity, Vol′ubleness, state or quality of being voluble: fluency of speech.—adv. Vol′ubly. [L. volubilis—volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Volucrine, vol′ū-krin, adj. pertaining to birds, bird-like. [L. volucris, a bird—volāre, to fly.]

Volume, vol′ūm, n. a roll or scroll, which was the form of ancient books: a book, whether complete in itself or part of a work: a rounded mass, convolution: cubical content: a quantity: dimensions: fullness of voice.—v.i. to swell.—adj. Vol′umed, having the form of a volume or roll: of volume or bulk.—ns. Volumenom′eter, an instrument for measuring the volume of a solid body by the quantity of fluid it displaces; Vol′umēter, an instrument for measuring the volumes of gases.—adjs. Volumet′ric, -al.—adv. Volumet′rically.—adjs. Volū′minal, pertaining to cubical content; Volū′minous, consisting of many volumes or books, or of many coils: of great bulk: having written much, as an author: in many volumes, capable of filling many volumes.—adv. Volū′minously.—ns. Volū′minousness, Voluminos′ity; Vol′ūmist (rare), an author.—Volumetric analysis, the analysis of a compound by determining the quantity of a standard solution required to satisfy a reaction in a known quantity of the compound.—Speak, Tell, volumes, to mean much, to be very significant. [Fr.,—L. volumen, a roll—volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Voluntary, vol′un-ta-ri, adj. willing: acting by choice: free: proceeding from the will: subject to the will: done by design or without compulsion: of or pertaining to voluntaryism.—n. one who does anything of his own free-will: a piece of music played at will: an upholder of voluntaryism.—adv. Vol′untarily.—ns. Vol′untariness; Vol′untaryism, the system of maintaining the Church by voluntary offerings, instead of by the aid of the State, as alone consistent with true religious liberty, involving freedom from State support, patronage, or control; Vol′untaryist.—adj. Vol′untātive, voluntary.—Voluntary school, in England, one of a number of elementary schools supported by voluntary subscriptions, and in many cases controlled by religious bodies. [L. voluntarius—voluntas, choice—volo, velle, to will.]

Volunteer, vol-un-tēr′, n. one who enters any service, esp. military, voluntarily or of his own free choice: a soldier belonging to any body other than the regular army.—adj. entering into service voluntarily.—v.t. to offer voluntarily.—v.i. to enter into any service of one's own free-will or without being asked. [Fr. volontaire—L. voluntarius.]

Voluptuary, vō-lup′tū-a-ri, n. a voluptuous person, or one excessively given to bodily enjoyments or luxury: a sensualist.—adj. promoting sensual pleasure. [L. voluptuarius—voluptas, pleasure.]

Voluptuous, vō-lup′tū-us, adj. full of pleasure: given to excess of pleasure, esp. sensual: contributing to sensual pleasure.—adv. Volup′tuously.—n. Volup′tuousness. [L. voluptuosus—voluptas, pleasure.]

Voluspa, vol-us-pä′, n. one of the poems of the Elder Edda: a sibyl or prophetess—a wrong use, though found in Scott's Pirate. [Ice. Völuspá, the song of the sibyl, völu, gen. of völva, a prophetess, spá, prophecy.]

Volute, vō-lūt′, n. a spiral scroll used in the Ionic and Corinthian capitals: a kind of spiral shell, chiefly tropical: whorl of a spiral shell.—adj. (bot.) rolled up in any direction.—adj. Volū′ted, having a volute.—n. Volū′tion, a convolution: a whorl.—adj. Vol′ūtoid, like a volute. [Fr.,—L. volvĕre, volutum, to roll.]

Volve, volv, v.t. (obs.) to turn over, ponder. [L. volvĕre, to turn.]

Volvox, vol′voks, n. a genus of simple organisms found in ponds, canals, &c., being fresh-water algæ, consisting of green flagellate cells, united by protoplasmic bridges in a hollow spherical colony. [Formed from L. volvĕre, to roll.]

Vomer, vō′mėr, n. the thin flat bone forming part of the middle partition of the nose, separating the nostrils. [L., 'a ploughshare.']

Vomit, vom′it, v.i. to throw up the contents of the stomach by the mouth, to spew.—v.t. to throw out with violence.—n. matter ejected from the stomach: something that excites vomiting.—adj. Vom′ic, purulent.—n. Vom′ica, a cavity in the lung containing pus; Vom′iting, act of one who vomits: matter vomited.—adjs. Vom′itive, Vom′itory, causing to vomit.—n. a vomit or emetic.—ns. Vom′ito, the worst form of yellow fever, usually attended with the black vomit; Vom′itory, a door of a large building by which the crowd is let out; Vomituri′tion, violent retching. [L. vomĕre, -ĭtum, to throw up; Gr. emein.]

Voodoo, Voudou, vōō-dōō, n. the name given in the southern United States to any practiser of witchcraft, or of any charm, incantation, &c., especially when tinctured with African rites or superstitions: the supreme evil spirit of the voodoos.—adj. pertaining to the rites or practices of the voodoo.—v.t. to affect by voodoo charms.—n. Voodoo′ism, voodoo superstitions. [Creole Fr. vaudoux, a negro sorcerer, prob. a form of Fr. Vaudois, a Waldensian—a heretic being capable of any kind of wickedness.]

Voracious, vō-rā′shus, adj. eager to devour: greedy: very hungry.—adv. Vorā′ciously.—ns. Vorac′ity, Vorā′ciousness, quality of being voracious. [L. vorax, voracis—vorāre, to devour.]

Voraginous, vō-raj′i-nus, adj. pertaining to a whirlpool.—n. Vorā′go (-gō), a gulf. [L. vorago.]

Vorant, vō′rant, adj. (her.) devouring. [L. vorans, pr.p. of vorare, to devour.]

Vortex, vor′teks, n. a whirling motion of a fluid forming a cavity in the centre: a whirlpool: an eddy having a rotational motion of the smallest visible portion in the centre:—pl. Vor′tices, Vor′texes.—ns. Vor′tex-ring (phys.), a vortical molecular filament or column forming a ring composed of a number of small rotating circles, placed side by side—e.g. the smoke-rings emitted by a skilful cigarette-smoker; Vor′tex-thē′ory, the theory that matter is ultimately composed of vortices in a fluid—a conception due to Lord Kelvin.—adj. Vor′tical, whirling.—adv. Vor′tically.—adjs. Vor′ticose, Vortic′ūlar, Vortiginal (-ij′-), Vortiginous (-ij′-). [L. vortex, vertex—vortĕre, vertĕre, to turn.]

Vorticella, vor-ti-sel′a, n. a genus of ciliated Infusorians belonging to the order Peritricha, in which the cilia are restricted to a fringe round the mouth. [From L. vortex, a whirl.]

Votary, vō′ta-ri, adj. bound or consecrated by a vow.—n. one devoted as by a vow to some service, worship, or way of life:—fem. Vō′taress.—n. Vō′tarist, a votary. [Low L. votarius—L. votum, to vow.]

Vote, vōt, n. expression of a wish or opinion, as to a matter in which one has interest: that by which a choice is expressed, as a ballot: decision by a majority: something granted by the will of the majority.—v.i. to express the choice by a vote.—v.t. to choose by a vote: to grant by a vote: (coll.) to declare by general consent.—adjs. Vō′table, capable of voting; Vote′less.—ns. Vō′ter; Vō′ting-pā′per, a balloting-paper, used in the election of members to Parliament.—Vote down, to put an end to by a vote, or otherwise; Vote straight, to give one's vote honestly.—Cumulative voting, that system of voting in which the voter has a right to as many votes as there are members to be elected, and may give all his votes or as many as he pleases to one candidate.—Split one's votes, to divide one's votes judiciously among several candidates so as to strengthen those one favours. [L. votum, a wish—vovēre, votum, to vow.]

Votive, vō′tiv, adj. given by vow: vowed.—adv. Vō′tively.—Votive offering, a tablet, picture, &c. dedicated in fulfilment of a vow. [L. votivus—votum, a vow.]

Vouch, vowch, v.t. to call upon to witness: to maintain by repeated affirmations: to warrant: to attest: to produce vouchers for: (Milt.) to second, support.—v.i. to bear witness: to give testimony.—n. confirmation, attestation.—ns. Vouchee′, the person vouched or summoned in a writ of right; Vouch′er, one who vouches or gives witness: a paper which vouches or confirms the truth of anything, as accounts: a mechanical contrivance used in shops for automatically registering the amount of money drawn; Vouch′ment, a solemn declaration. [O. Fr. voucher, vocher, to call to defend—L. vocāre, to call.]

Vouchsafe, vowch-sāf, v.t. to vouch or warrant safe: to sanction or allow without danger: to condescend to grant.—v.i. to condescend.—n. Vouchsafe′ment.

Voulge, vōōzh, n. a weapon carried by foot-soldiers in the 14th century, having a blade fixed on a long staff. [Fr.]

Voussoir, vōō-swär′, n. one of the wedge-like stones which form part of an arch.—v.t. to form with such. [Fr., through Low L., from L. volutus—volvĕre, to roll.]

Vow, vow, n. a voluntary promise made to God, and, as such, carrying with it the most stringent obligation to its fulfilment: a solemn or formal promise of fidelity or affection: (Shak.) a positive assertion.—v.t. to give by solemn promise: to devote: to threaten, to maintain solemnly.—v.i. to make vows.—n. Vow′-fell′ow (Shak.), one bound by the same vow.—Baptismal vows, the promises made at baptism by the person baptised, or by the sponsors or parents in his name; Monastic vows (see Monastery); Solemn, as opposed to Simple vows, such vows as the Church takes under her special charge, or is said in a solemn manner to accept, as those of poverty, obedience, and chastity, involving complete and irrevocable surrender. [O. Fr. vou (Fr. vœu)—L. votum—vovēre, to vow.]

Vowel, vow′el, n. a sound or tone produced by the unimpeded passage of the breath, when modified by the glottis into voice, through the tube of the mouth, which is made to assume different shapes by altering the form and position of the tongue and the lips—the letters a, e, i, o, u are called vowels, as being able to be sounded by themselves, with a continuous passage of the breath; but there are thirteen simple vowel sounds in English.—adj. vocal: pertaining to a vowel.—vs.t. Vow′el, Vow′elise, to insert vowel signs in words written primarily with consonants only.—ns. Vow′elism, the use of vowels; Vow′elist, one given to vowelism.—adjs. Vow′elled, furnished with vowels; Vow′elless, without vowels; Vow′elly, full of vowels.—Vowel points, marks inserted in consonantal word to indicate vowels. [Fr. voyelle—L. vocalis—vox, vocis, the voice.]

Vox, voks, n. voice: a voice or song part.—Vox angelica, or cælestis, in organ-building, a stop producing a wavy effect; Vox humana, in organ-building, a reed-stop producing tones resembling those of the human voice. [L.]

Voyage, voi′āj, n. passage by water: (Shak.) an enterprise.—v.i. to make a voyage, or to pass by water.—v.t. to traverse, pass over.—adj. Voy′age-able, navigable.—n. Voy′ager, one who voyages.—n.pl. Voyageurs (vwo-ya-zher′), name given in Canada to the men who in their bark canoes kept up communication between the stations, and effected transportation of men and supplies, in the North-west and Hudson's Bay territory. [Fr.,—L. viaticum, travelling-money—L. via, a way.]

Vraisemblance, vrā-song-blongs′, n. verisimilitude. [Fr., vrai, true, semblance, appearance.]

Vug, vug, n. a Cornish miner's name for a cavity in a rock.—adj. Vug′gy.

Vulcan, vul′kan, n. (Roman myth.) the god of fire.—n. Vulcanā′lia, an ancient Roman, festival in honour of Vulcan, held on 23d August.—adjs. Vulcā′nian, pertaining to Vulcan, or to one who works in iron; Vulcan′ic (same as Volcanic).—n. Vulcanic′ity, volcanicity.—adj. Vulcanī′sable.—n. Vulcanisā′-tion.—v.t. Vul′canise, to combine with sulphur by heat, as caoutchouc—v.i. to admit of such treatment.—ns. Vul′canism, volcanism; Vul′canist, a supporter of the Huttonian theory in geology which asserted the igneous origin of such rocks as basalt; Vul′canite, the harder of the two kinds of vulcanised india-rubber or caoutchouc, the softer kind being called soft-rubber. [L. Vulcanus.]

Vulgar, vul′gar, adj. pertaining to or used by the common people, native: public: common; national, vernacular: mean or low: rude.—n. the common people: the common language of a country.—ns. Vulgā′rian, a vulgar person: a rich unrefined person; Vulgarisā′tion, a making widely known: a making coarse or common.—v.t. Vul′garise, to make vulgar or rude.—ns. Vul′garism, a vulgar phrase: coarseness; Vulgar′ity, Vul′garness, quality of being vulgar: mean condition of life: rudeness of manners.—adv. Vul′garly.—n. Vul′gate, an ancient Latin version of the Scriptures, so called from its common use in the R.C. Church, prepared by Jerome in the fourth century, and pronounced 'authentic' by the Council of Trent.—Vulgar fraction, a fraction written in the common way.—The vulgar, the common people. [L. vulgaris—vulgus, the people.]

Vulnerable, vul′ne-ra-bl, adj. capable of being wounded: liable to injury.—v.t. Vuln (her.), to wound.—adj. Vulned (her.).—ns. Vulnerabil′ity, Vul′nerableness.—adj. Vul′nerary, pertaining to wounds: useful in healing wounds.—n. anything useful in curing wounds.—adj. Vul′nerose, with many wounds. [L. vulnerabilis—vulnerāre, to wound—vulnus, vulneris, a wound.]

Vulpine, vul′pin, adj. relating to or like the fox: cunning.—adj. Vulpec′ūlar, vulpine.—ns. Vul′picide, the killing of a fox: a fox-killer; Vul′pinism, craftiness. [L.,—vulpes, a fox.]

Vulsella, vul-sel′a, n. a forceps with toothed or clawed blades:—pl. Vulsell′æ (-ē). [L.]

Vulture, vul′tūr, n. a large rapacious bird of prey, feeding largely on carrion: one who or that which resembles a vulture.—adjs. Vul′tūrine, Vul′tūrish, Vul′tūrous, like the vulture: rapacious.—ns. Vul′turism, rapacity; Vul′turn, the Australian brush-turkey. [O. Fr. voutour (Fr. vautour)—L. vultur; perh. from vellĕre, to pluck, to tear.]

Vulva, vul′va, n. the orifice of the external organs of generation of the female.—adjs. Vul′var, Vul′vate; Vul′viform, oval.—ns. Vulvis′mus, vaginismus; Vulvī′tis, inflammation of the vulva.—adjs. Vulvo-ū′terine, pertaining to the vulva and the uterus; Vulvovag′inal, pertaining to the vulva and the vagina.—n. Vulvovaginī′tis, inflammation of both the vulva and the vagina.

the twenty-third letter of our alphabet, like æ, a ligature rather than a letter, with a double value, as consonant and as vowel—when the sound is voiced we have w, as in 'we' or 'wen,' the corresponding unvoiced sound being wh, as in 'when,' 'what.' A final w is vocalic, as in 'few.' The A.S. hw has become wh; cw has become qu as in queen, from A.S. cwén; while w is occasionally intrusive, as in whole, from A.S. hál.

Wabble, Wobble, wob′l, v.i. to incline alternately to one side and the other: to rock, to vacillate.—n. a hobbling, unequal motion.—ns. Wabb′ler, Wobb′ler, one who or that which wabbles: a boiled leg of mutton.—adjs. Wabb′ly, Wobb′ly, shaky, given to wabbling.—adj. and n. Wobb′ling, vacillating. [Low Ger. wabbeln, to wabble; cog. with Eng. waver.]

Wacke, wak′e, n. German miners' term for a soft, grayish kind of trap-rock.

Wad, wod, n. a mass of loose matter thrust close together for packing, &c., as hay, tow, &c.: a little mass of paper, tow, or the like to keep the charge in a gun.—v.t. to form into a mass: to pad, stuff out: to stuff a wad into:—pr.p. wad′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. wad′ded.—n. Wad′ding, a wad, or the materials for wads: a soft stuff, also sheets of carded cotton for stuffing garments, &c. [Skeat refers to Scand., Sw. vadd, wadding; cf. Ger. watte, wadding, wat, cloth (whence Fr. ouate); ult. allied to weed.]

Waddle, wod′l, v.i. to take short steps and move from side to side in walking.—n. a clumsy, rocking gait.—n. Wadd′ler.—adv. Wadd′lingly, with a waddling gait. [Perh. wade.]

Waddy, wad′i, n. a native Australian wooden war-club, a walking-stick—also Wadd′ie.—v.t. to strike with a waddy.

Wade, wād, v.i. to walk through any substance that yields to the feet, as water: to pass with difficulty or labour.—n. (coll.) a ford.—n. Wā′der, one who wades: a bird that wades, e.g, the heron: (pl.) high waterproof boots used by fishermen for wading. [A.S. wadan, to move; Ger. waten.]

Wadi, Wady, wod′i, n. the dry bed of a torrent: a river-valley. [Ar. wadī, a ravine (Sp. guad-, first syllable of many river-names).]

Wadmal, wod′mal, n. (Scot.) a thick woollen cloth.—Also Wad′moll. [Ice. vadhmál—vadhr, cloth, mál, a measure.]

Wadset, wod′set, n. a mortgage—also Wad′sett.—n. Wad′setter, a mortgagee. [Wad=wed, set.]

Wae, wā, n. (Spens.) woe.—adj. (Scot.) sorrowful.—adjs. Wae′ful, Wae′some, woeful, pitiful.—n. Wae′ness, sadness.—interj. Wae′sucks, alas!

Wafer, wā′fėr, n. a thin round cake of unleavened bread, usually stamped with a cross, an Agnus Dei, the letters I.H.S., &c., used in the Eucharist in the R.C. Church: a thin leaf of coloured paste for sealing letters, &c.: a thin cake of paste used to facilitate the swallowing of powders.—v.t. to close with a wafer.—n. Wā′fer-cake.—adj. Wā′fery, like a wafer. [O. Fr. waufre (Fr. gaufre)—Old Dut. waefel, a cake of wax; Ger. wabe, a honeycomb.]

Waff, waf, adj. (Scot.) weak, worthless, paltry.—n. a worthless person. [Waif.]

Waff, waf, n. (Scot.) a slight hasty motion: a quick light blow: a sudden ailment: a faint but disagreeable odour: a ghost.

Waffle, wof′l, n. a kind of batter-cake, baked over the fire in an iron utensil of hinged halves called a Waff′le-ī′ron. [Dut. wafel, wafer.]

Waft, waft, v.t. to bear through a fluid medium, as air or water: (Shak.) to wave the hand, beckon, to turn.—v.i. to float.—n. a floating body: a signal made by moving something in the air, esp. an ensign, stopped together at the head and middle portions, slightly rolled up lengthwise, and hoisted at different positions at the after-part of a ship: a breath, puff, slight odour.—ns. Waf′tāge, act of wafting, transportation in air or water; Waf′ter, one who or that which wafts; Waf′tūre (Shak.), act of wafting or of waving, waving motion, beckoning. [Wave.]

Wag, wag, v.t. and v.i. to move from side to side: to shake to and fro: (coll.) to depart: (Shak.) to move on, make progress:—pr.p. wag′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. wagged.—n. a shaking, moving to and fro. [Referred by Skeat to Old Sw. wagga, to wag (Ice. vagga, a cradle); allied to A.S. wagian, to wag, Old High Ger. wagōn, to shake, A.S. wegan, to carry, move.]

Wag, wag, n. a droll, mischievous fellow: a man full of sport and humour: a wit: a fellow generally.—n. Wag′gery, mischievous merriment.—adjs. Wag′gish—(rare) Wag′some.—adv. Wag′gishly.—ns. Wag′gishness; Wag′-wit, a would-be wit. [Prob. waghalter, one who deserves hanging.]

Wage, wāj, v.t. to pledge: to engage in as if by pledge: to carry on, esp. of war: to venture: (prov.) to hire for pay: (Shak.) to pay wages to: (Spens.) to let out for pay.—v.i. (Shak.) to be equal in value, to contend, battle (with).—n. a gage or stake: that for which one labours: wages.—ns. Wage′-earn′er, one receiving pay for work done; Wage′-fund, Wā′ges-fund theory, the theory that there is at any given time in a country a determinate amount of capital available for the payment of labour, therefore the average wage depends on the proportion of this fund to the number of persons who have to share in it; Wā′ger, that which is waged or pledged: something staked on the issue of anything: a bet: that on which bets are laid: (law) an offer to make oath.—v.t. to hazard on the issue of anything.—v.i. to lay a wager.—n. Wā′gerer.—n.pl. Wā′ges (used as sing.), wage: that which is paid for services.—n. Wage′-work, work done for wages.—Wager of battle, trial by combat, an ancient usage which permitted the accused and accuser, in defect of sufficient direct evidence, to challenge each other to mortal combat, for issue of the dispute.—Living wage (see Living). [O. Fr. wager (Fr. gager), to pledge.]

Waggle, wag′l, v.i. and v.t. to wag or move from side to side. [Freq. of wag (1).]

Wagnerian, vag-nē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to or characterised by the ideas or style of Richard Wagner (1813-83), a famous German composer of music-dramas: pertaining to Rudolf Wagner (1805-64), a famous physiologist.—ns. Wag′nerism, Wagne′rianism, the art theory of Richard Wagner, its main object being the freeing of opera from traditional and conventional forms, and its one canon, dramatic fitness; Wag′nerist, an adherent of Wagner's musical methods.

Wagon, Waggon, wag′un, n. a four-wheeled vehicle for carrying heavy goods: (Shak.) a chariot.—v.t. to transport by wagon.—ns. Wag′onage, money, paid for conveyance by wagon; Wag′on-box, -bed, the carrying part of a wagon; Wag′oner, Wag′goner, one who conducts a wagon: (Shak.) a charioteer: (Spens.) the constellation Auriga; Wagonette′, a kind of open carriage built to carry six or eight persons, with one or two seats crosswise in front, and two back seats arranged lengthwise and facing inwards; Wag′onful, as much as a wagon will hold; Wag′on-load, the load carried by a wagon: a great amount; Wag′on-lock, a kind of iron shoe which is placed on the rear-wheel of a wagon to retard motion in going downhill; Wag′on-train, the machines used by an army for the conveyance of ammunition, provisions, sick, &c.; Wag′on-wright, a maker of wagons. [Dut. wagen; A.S. wægn, Eng., wain.] Wagtail, wag′tāl, n. any bird of the family Motacillidæ, so named from their constant wagging of the tail—the pipits or titlarks, &c.: (Shak.) a pert person.

Wahabee, Wahabai, wä-hä′bē, n. one of a sect of Puritan Moslems founded in Central Arabia about 1760 by Abd-el-Wahhab (1691-1787), whose aim was to restore primitive Mohammedanism—also Wahä′bite.—n. Wahä′biism, the doctrine and practices of the Wahabis.

Wahoo, wa-hōō′, n. the burning bush, a richly ornamental shrub: the bear-berry, which yields cascara sagrada: the winged elm, with valuable hard-grained wood.

Waif, wāf, n. a stray article: anything found astray without an owner: a worthless wanderer.—adj. vagabond, worthless. [O. Fr. waif, wef—Ice. veif, any flapping or waving thing.]

Wail, wāl, v.i. to lament or sorrow audibly.—v.t. to bemoan: to grieve over.—n. a cry of woe: loud weeping.—n. Wail′er.—adj. Wail′ful, sorrowful, mournful.—n. Wail′ing.—adv. Wail′ingly. [M. E. weilen—Ice. vaela, vála, to wail—væ, vei, woe.]

Wain, wān, n. a wagon.—v.t. (rare) to carry.—ns. Wain′age, the team and implements necessary for the cultivation of land; Wain′-rope, a rope for binding a load on a wain or wagon; Wain′wright, a wagon-maker.—The lesser wain, the constellation Ursa Minor. [A.S. wægen, wæn—wegen, to carry; cf. Ger. wagen, L. vehĕre.]

Wainscot, wān′skot, n. the panelled boards on the walls of apartments: a collector's name for certain noctuoid moths.—v.t. to line with, or as if with, boards or panels.—ns. Wain′scoting, Wain′scotting, the act of lining with boards or panels: materials for making a wainscot. [Orig. perh. wood used for a partition in a wagon—Dut. wagenschot, oakwood, beechwood—wagen, wagon, schot, partition. Skeat explains as a corr. of Old Dut. waegheschot, wall-hoarding, from Old Dut. waeg, a wall, schot, a partition.]

Waist, wāst, n. the smallest part of the human trunk, between the ribs and the hips: the bodice of a woman's dress: the middle part, as of a ship, of a musical instrument—(Shak.) of a period of time; (Shak.) something that surrounds.—ns. Waist′-anchor, an anchor stowed in the waist of a ship; Waist′band, the band or part of a garment which encircles the waist; Waist′belt, a belt for the waist; Waist′boat, a boat carried in the waist of a vessel; Waist′cloth, a piece of cloth worn around the waist, and hanging below it, in India; Waist′coat, a short coat worn immediately under the coat, and fitting the waist tightly; Waistcoateer′ (obs.), a strumpet; Waist′coating, material for men's waistcoats, usually of a fancy pattern and containing silk.—adjs. Waist′-deep, -high, as deep, high, as to reach up to the waist.—n. Waist′er, a green-hand on a whaler: an old man-of-war's-man who has not risen. [A.S. wæxt, growth (Ice. vöxtr); conn, with wæstme, growth, weaxen, to grow.]

Wait, wāt, v.i. to stay in expectation (with for): to remain: to attend (with on): to follow: to lie in ambush.—v.t. to stay for: to await: (coll.) to defer: (obs.) to accompany.—n. ambush, now used only in such phrases as 'to lie in wait,' 'to lay wait:' the: act of waiting or expecting: delay: (pl.) itinerant musicians, originally watchmen, who welcome-in Christmas.—ns. Wait′er, one who waits: an attending servant: a salver or tray: a custom-house officer: (obs.) a watchman; Wait′erage, service; Wait′ering, the employment of a waiter; Wait′ing, act of waiting: attendance.—adv. Wait′ingly.—ns. Wait′ing-maid, -wom′an, a female attendant; Wait′ing-room, a room for the convenience of persons waiting; Wait′ing-vass′al (Shak.), an attendant; Wait′ress, a female waiter.—Wait attendance (Shak.), to remain in attendance; Wait upon, on, to call upon, visit: to accompany, to be in the service of: (B.) to look toward, to attend to, do the bidding of.—Lie in wait, to be in hiding ready for attack or surprise.—Lords, or Grooms, in waiting, certain officers in the Lord Chamberlain's department of the royal household; Minority waiter, a waiter out of employment, as a political minority is out of office. [O. Fr. waiter (Fr. guetter), to watch, attend—waite, a sentinel—Old High Ger. wahta (Ger. wacht), a watchman; cog. with A.S. wacan, to watch.]

Waive, wāv, v.t. to relinquish for the present: to give up claim to: not to insist on a right or claim.—n. Wai′ver, the act of waiving: renouncement of a claim: process by which a woman was outlawed. [O. Fr. guever, to refuse, resign—perh. Ice. veifa, to move to and fro; cf. L. vibrāre.]

Wake, wāk, v.i. to cease from sleep: to lie awake: (B.) to watch: to be roused up, active, or vigilant: to return to life: (Shak.) to hold a late revel: to keep vigil.—v.t. to rouse from sleep: to keep vigil over: to excite, disturb: to reanimate:—pa.t. and pa.p. waked or woke.—n. act of waking: feast of the dedication of a church, formerly kept by watching all night: sitting up of persons with a corpse.—adj. Wake′ful, being awake: indisposed to sleep: vigilant.—adv. Wake′fully.—n. Wake′fulness.—v.t. and v.i. Wā′ken, to wake or awake: to be awake.—ns. Wake′ner, one who or that which wakens; Wake′ning, act of one who wakens; (Scots law) revival of an action; Wā′ker, one who wakes.—adj. Wake′rife (Scot.), wakeful.—ns. Wake′-time, time during which one is awake; Wā′king.—adj. being awake: rousing from sleep: passed in the waking state. [A.S. wacan, to be born, also wacian, to waken (cf. weccan, Ger. wecken). Cf. Wait, Watch.]

Wake, wāk, n. the streak of smooth water left in the track of a ship: hence (fig.) 'in the wake of,' in the train of, immediately after. [Ice. vök, a hole in the ice, vökr, moist. The root is seen in L. humēre, to be moist, Gr. hugros, moist.]

Wake-robin, wāk′-rob′in, n. the cuckoo-pint, Arum maculatum: in America, any species of trillium.

Waldenses, wol-den′sēz, n.pl. a famous Christian community of austere morality and devotion to the simplicity of the Gospel, which originally grew out of an anti-sacerdotal movement originated by Peter Waldo of Lyons in the second half of the 12th century—long cruelly persecuted, but still flourishing in the valleys of the Cottian Alps.—adj. and n. Walden′sian.

Waldgrave, wold′grāv, n. an old German title of nobility, originally a head forest-ranger. [Ger. waldgraf.]

Waldhorn, wold′horn, n. a hunting-horn, a French horn without valves. [Ger.]

Wale, wāl, n. a raised streak left by a stripe: a ridge on the surface of cloth: a plank all along the outer timbers on a ship's side.—v.t. to mark with wales.—n. Wā′ler, one who chastises severely. [A.S. walu, the mark of a stripe or blow; Ice. völr, a rod.]

Wale, wāl, n. (Scot.) the choice or pick of anything.—v.t. to choose. [Ice. val, choice; Ger. wahl, choice; from the root of will.]

Waler, wā′lėr, n. in India, a horse imported from New South Wales, or from Australia generally.

Walk, wawk, v.i. to move along leisurely on foot with alternate steps: to pace: to travel on foot: to conduct one's self: to act or behave: to live: to be guided by: (coll.) to move off, depart: to be stirring, move about, go restlessly about (as of a ghost).—v.t. to pass through or upon: to cause to walk.—n. act or manner of walking: gait: that in or through which one walks: distance walked over: place for walking, promenade: place for animals to exercise: path: high pasture-ground: conduct: course of life, sphere of action, a hawker's district or round: (obs.) a hunting-ground: (pl.) grounds, park (obs.).—adj. Walk′able, fit for walking.—ns. Walk′-around′, a dancing performance by negroes in which a large circle is described, also the music for such; Walk′er, one who walks: (law) a forester: one who trains and walks young hounds: a gressorial bird; Walk′ing, the verbal noun of walk: pedestrianism; Walk′ing-beam, in a vertical engine, a horizontal beam, usually trussed, that transmits power to the crankshaft through the connecting-rod; Walk′ing dress, a dress for the street or for walking; Walk′ing-fan, a large fan used out of doors to protect the face from the sun; Walk′ing-leaf, a leaf-insect; Walk′ing-stick, -cane, -staff, a stick, cane, or staff used in walking; Walk′ing-stick, also a sort of long, slender-bodied bug; Walk′ing-toad, a natterjack; Walk′-ō′ver, a race where one competitor appears, who has to cover the course to be entitled to the prize: an easy victory.—Walk about, a former order of an officer to a sentry, waiving the customary salute; Walk away from, to distance easily; Walk′er! a slang interjection of incredulity (also Hookey Walker!); Walking gentleman, lady, a gentleman, lady, who plays ornamental but unimportant parts on the stage; Walk into (coll.), to beat: to storm at: to eat heartily of; Walk one's chalks, to quit, go away without ceremony; Walk tall, to behave haughtily; Walk the chalk, chalk-mark, to keep a correct course in manners or morals; Walk the hospitals, to be a student under clinical instruction at a general hospital or infirmary; Walk with, to attend as a sweetheart.—Heel-and-toe walk, a mode of walking in which the heel of one foot is put on the ground before the toe of the other leaves it. [A.S. wealcan, to roll, turn; cog. with Ger. walken, to full cloth.]

Walking, wawk′ing, n. the act or process of fulling cloth.—n. Walk′mill, a fulling-mill.

Wall, wawl, n. an erection of brick, stone, &c. for a fence or security: the side of a building: (fig.) defence, means of security: in mining, one of the surfaces of rock enclosing the lode: (anat.) a paries or containing structure or part of the body: (pl.) fortifications.—v.t. to enclose with, or as with, a wall: to defend with walls: to hinder as by a wall.—n. Wall′-clock, a clock hung on a walk.—adj. Walled, fortified.—ns. Wall′er, one who builds walls; Wall′-flower, a plant with fragrant yellow flowers, found on old walls: a woman at a ball who keeps her seat, presumably for want of a partner—applied sometimes to men; Wall′-fruit, fruit growing on a wall; Wall′ing, walls collectively: materials for walls; Wall′-knot, a nautical method of tying the end of a rope.—adj. Wall′-less.—ns. Wall′-liz′ard, -newt, a gecko; Wall′-moss, the yellow wall-lichen: the stone-crop; Wall′-paint′ing, the decoration of walls with ornamental painted designs; Wall′-pā′per, paper usually coloured and decorated, for pasting on the walls of a room; Wall′-piece, a gun mounted on a wall; Wall′-plate, a horizontal piece of timber on a wall, under the ends of joists, &c.; Wall′-space (archit.), a plain expanse of wall; Wall′-spring, a spring of water running between stratified rocks; Wall′-tow′er, a tower built into and forming part of a line of fortification or a fortified city-wall; Wall′-tree, a tree trained against a wall; Wall′-wort, the European dwarf elder; Hang′ing-wall, that wall of the vein which is over the miner's head while working, the opposite wall being called the Foot′-wall.—Wall a rope, to make a wall-knot on the end of a rope.—Drive to the wall, to push to extremities; Go to the wall, to be hard pressed: to be pushed to extremes; Hang by the wall, to hang up neglected: to remain unused; Push, or Thrust, to the wall, to force to give place; The wall, the right of taking the side of the road near the wall when encountering another person, as in the phrase to Give, or Take, the wall. [A.S. weall, wall; Ger. wall, both from L. vallum, a rampart—vallus, a stake.]

Walla, Wallah, wol′a, n. a worker, agent: fellow.—Competition wallah, a term applied in Anglo-Indian colloquial speech to a member of the Civil Service who obtained appointment by the competitive system instituted in 1856. [Yule explains wālā as a Hindi adjectival affix, corresponding in a general way to the Latin -arius. Its usual employment as affix to a substantive makes it frequently denote agent, doer, keeper, owner, &c.]

Wallaba, wol′a-ba, n. a Guiana tree with winged leaves and streaked reddish wood.

Wallaby, wol′ab-i, n. a small kangaroo.—On the wallaby, On the wallaby track, out of employment, a slang Australian phrase derived from the shy habits of the kangaroo.

Wallachian, wäl-ā′ki-an, adj. of or pertaining to Wallachia, a Danubian principality, since 1878 forming with Moldavia the kingdom of Roumania.—ns. Wall′ach, Wall′ack, a native or inhabitant of Wallachia. [From a Slavonic term represented by Pol. Wloch, an Italian, Woloch, a Wallach; all from Old High Ger. walh (A.S. wealh), a foreigner.]

Wallet, wol′et, n. a bag for carrying necessaries on a journey: a knapsack: a pocket-book: a bag for tools: (Shak.) anything protuberant. [M. E. walet, possibly from watel, a bag.]

Wall-eye, wawl′-ī, n. an eye in which the white part is very large: the popular name for the disease of the eye called glaucoma.—adj. Wall′-eyed, very light gray in the eyes, esp. of horses: (Shak.) glaring, fierce. [The adj. is the earlier, prob. from Ice. vald-eygthr—vagl, a disease of the eye, and eygthr, eyed—auga, an eye.]

Walloon, wal′ōōn, adj. of or pertaining to a population of mixed Celtic and Romanic stock akin to the French, occupying the tract along the frontiers of the Teutonic-speaking territory in the South Netherlands, from Dunkirk to Malmedy.—n. a native or inhabitant of that part of Flanders: the language of the Walloons, a patois or popular dialect of northern French, with a considerable infusion both of Old Celtic and Low German elements. [O. Fr. Wallon—Late L. Wallus—L. Gallus, a Gaul; cog. with Gael, Welsh, Wallachian, A.S. wealh, a foreigner.]

Wallop, wol′op, v.i. (dial.) to boil and bubble: to move clumsily, to waddle about, to kick about as one does for a little when hung up by the neck—also n. [O. Fr. galoper, to boil, gallop—Old Flem. walop, a gallop; perh. traceable to Old. Flem. wallen (A.S. weallan), to boil.]

Wallop, wol′op, v.t. (slang) to beat, flog.—n. a blow.—ns. Wall′oper, one that wallops; Wall′oping, a thrashing.—adj. (slang) great, bouncing. [Orig. dubious; most prob. a particular use of preceding word.]

Wallow, wol′ō, v.i. to roll about, as in mire: to live in filth or gross vice.—n. the place an animal wallows in.—n. Wall′ower. [A.S. wealwian—L. volvĕre.]

Wallsend, wawlz′end, n. a kind of coal originally dug at Wallsend on the Tyne.

Walnut, wawl′nut, n. a genus (Juglans) comprising seven or eight species of beautiful trees of natural order Juglandaceæ—the wood of the common walnut is much used for furniture and gunstocks; its ripe fruit is one of the best of nuts, and yields an oil used by artists, &c.—Black walnut, a North American walnut, the timber of which is more valuable than that of common walnut, though the fruit is inferior. [A.S. wealh, foreign, hnut, a nut; Ger. wallnuss.]

Walpurgis night, val-pōōr′gis nīt, the night before the first of May, during which German witches rode on broomsticks and he-goats to hold revel with their master the devil at the ancient places of sacrifice, esp. the Brocken in the Harz Mountains. [So called with reference to the day of St Walpurga, abbess of Heidenheim, who died about 778.]

Walrus, wol′rus, n. a genus of aquatic, web-footed (pinniped) Carnivores, representative of a family (Trichechidæ) intermediate between the sea-lions and the seals—the upper canine teeth developed into enormous tusks—also called the Morse or the Seahorse. [Dut.,—Sw. vallross (Ice. hross-hvalr)—vall, a whale, Ice. hross, a horse.]

Waltz, wawlts, n. a German national dance performed by two persons with a rapid whirling motion, introduced into England in 1813: the music for such.—v.i. to dance a waltz: (slang) to move trippingly.—ns. Waltz′er; Waltz′ing. [Ger. walzer—walzen, to roll.]

Waly, Walie, wä′li, adj. (Scot.) beautiful: strong, large. [Conn. with wale, choice, and perh. influenced by A. S. welig, rich—wel, well.]

Wamble, wom′bl, v.i. (prov.) to rumble, of the stomach.—n. a rumbling, a feeling of nausea.—adj. Wam′ble-cropped, sick at stomach.

Wame, wām, n. a provincial form of womb.—n. Wame′-tow, a belly-band, girth.

Wampum, wom′pum, n. the North American Indian name for shells or beads used as money.—Wampum peag (wom′pum pēg), lit. 'white strung beads,' strings of wampum.

Wan, won, adj. faint: wanting colour: pale and sickly: languid: gloomy, dark.—v.i. to become wan.—adv. Wan′ly.—n. Wan′ness.—adj. Wan′nish, somewhat wan. [A.S. wann, dark, lurid; but perh. conn, with A.S. wan, deficient.]

Wanchancy, won-chan′si, adj. (Scot.) unlucky, wicked. [Old pfx. wan-, still Seen in wanton (q.v.).]

Wand, wond, n. a long slender rod: a rod of authority, or of conjurers.—adj. Wand′y, long and flexible. [Ice. vöndr, a shoot of a tree; Dan. vaand.]

Wander, won′dėr, v.i. to ramble with no definite object: (lit. or fig.) to go astray: to leave home; to depart from the subject: to be delirious: (coll.) to lose one's way.—v.t. to traverse: (coll.) to lead astray.—n. Wan′derer.—adj. Wan′dering.—adv. Wan′deringly, in a wandering, uncertain, or unsteady manner.—Wandering Jew, a legendary Jew in the folklore of north-western Europe who cannot die but must wander till the Day of Judgment, for an insult offered to Christ on the way to the Crucifixion—various names given him are Cartaphilus, Isaac Laquedom, and Buttadeus. [A.S. wandrian; Ger. wandern; allied to wend, and to wind, to turn round.]

Wanderoo, won-de-rōō′, n. a catarrhine monkey, a native of the Malabar coast of India. [Cingalese.]

Wane, wān, v.i. to decrease, esp. of the moon—opp. to Wax: to decline, to fail.—n. decline: decrease. [A.S. wanian (Ice. vana), to decrease—wan, deficient, lacking.]

Wang, wang, n. (obs.) the jaw.—n. Wang′-tooth, a grinder. [A.S. wange, cheek.]

Wanion, wan′yon, n. (obs. or Scot.) found only in phrases—e.g. With a wanion, bad luck to you: with a vengeance, vehemently. [Prob. conn. with wane, to decline.]

Wanrestful, won-rest′fool, adj. (Scot.) restless. [Wan-, negative pfx., and restful.]

Want, wont, n. state of being without anything: absence of what is needful or desired: poverty: scarcity: need.—v.t. to be destitute of: to need: to dispense with: to feel need of: to fall short: to wish for.—v.i. to be deficient: to fall short: to be in need.—n. Wan′tage, deficiency.—adj. Wan′ted, sought after, being searched for.—n. Wan′ter, one who wants.—adj. Wan′ting, absent: deficient: (obs.) poor.—prep. except.—n. Want′-wit (Shak.), a fool. [Scand., Ice. vant, neut. of vanr, lacking; cog. with wane.]

Wanton, won′tun, adj. moving or playing loosely: roving in sport: frisky: wandering from rectitude: licentious: running to excess: unrestrained: irregular.—n. a wanton or lewd person, esp. a female: a trifler.—v.i. to ramble without restraint: to frolic: to play lasciviously.—adv. Wan′tonly.—n. Wan′tonness. [M. E. wantowen, from pfx. wan-, sig. want, A.S. togen, educated, pa.p. of teón, to draw, lead; cf. Ger. ungezogen, rude.]

Wap, wop, v.t. (coll.) to strike, drub: to flap.—n. a smart blow. [Whop.]

Wapentake, wap′n-tāk, n. a name given in Yorkshire to the territorial divisions of the county, similar to the hundreds of southern counties and the wards of more northern counties, so called from the inhabitants being formerly taught the use of arms. [A.S. wæpen-getæc, lit. 'weapon-taking.']

Wapinschaw, wap′n-shaw, n. in ancient Scottish usage, a periodical gathering of the people within various areas for the purpose of seeing that each man was armed in accordance with his rank, and ready to take the field when required. The name is sometimes revived for volunteer meetings and shooting competitions.—v.i. to hold a wapinschaw.—ns. Wap′inschawing, Wap′enshawing. [Lit., 'weapon-show.']

Wapiti, wop′i-ti, n. a species of deer of large size, native to North America—often called elk and gray moose, though very different from the true elk or moose-deer.

Wappened, wop′nd, adj. (Shak.) a word of doubtful meaning—perh. a misprint for weeping.

Wapper, wap′ėr, v.i. to move tremulously.—adj. Wapp′er-eyed, blinking.

Wapper-jaw, wap′ėr-jaw, n. a projecting under-jaw.—adj. Wapp′er-jawed.

War, wawr, n. a state of opposition or contest: a contest between states carried on by arms: open hostility: the profession of arms: (rare) army, warlike preparations, warlike outfit.—v.i. to make war: to contend: to fight:—pr.p. war′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. warred.—ns. War′-cry, a cry or signal used in war; War′-dance, a dance engaged in by some savage tribes before going to war; War′fāre, armed contest, military life; War′fārer; War′fāring; War′-horse, a charger, a horse used in battle.—adj. War′like, fond of war, pertaining to or threatening war: martial, military.—ns. War′likeness; War′man (rare), a warrior.—adj. War′-marked (Shak.), experienced in war.—ns. War′-mong′er (Spens.), a mercenary soldier; War′-off′ice, the English military bureau or department; War′-paint, paint applied to the face and person by savages, indicating that they are going to war: (slang) full-dress, equipment; War′-path, among the Red Indians, the path followed on a military expedition, the expedition itself; War′-proof (rare), fitness to be a soldier; War′rior, a soldier, a veteran:—fem. War′rioress (rare); War′-ship, a vessel for war; War′-song, a song sung by men about to fight: a song celebrating brave deeds in war; War′-tax, a tax levied for purposes of war; War′-thought (Shak.), martial deliberation.—adjs. War′-wast′ed, laid waste or ravaged by war; War′-wea′ried, -worn, wearied, worn, with military service—of a veteran.—ns. War′-whoop, a cry uttered by savages on going into battle; War′-wolf, a medieval military engine used in defending fortresses; Man′-of-war (see Man).—War Department, in Great Britain, a department of the state under a Cabinet Minister, the Secretary of State for War, assisted by a permanent and a parliamentary under-secretary, having control of everything connected with the army; War of Liberation, the war of independence carried on by Prussia, with the help of Russia and Great Britain, against Napoleon in 1813.—Declaration of war, that public announcement of war by a duly organised state or kingdom which is necessary to constitute an enemy; Declare war, to announce war publicly; Holy war (see Holy); Make war, to carry on hostilities; Napoleonic Wars, a general name for the wars of France dating from the campaigns of Napoleon in Italy (1796) to his overthrow in 1815; Private war, warfare waged between persons in their individual capacity, as by duelling, family feuds, &c.; Sacred Wars, in ancient Greek history, wars against states judged guilty of sacrilege by the Amphictyonic Council; Seven weeks' war, or Seven days' war, the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. [A.S. werre, influenced by O. Fr. werre (Fr. guerre), which is from Old High Ger. werra, quarrel.]

Warble, wawr′bl, v.i. to sing in a quavering way, or with variations: to chirp as birds do.—v.t. to sing in a vibratory manner: to utter musically: to carol.—n. a quavering modulation of the voice: a song.—n. War′bler, one that warbles: a songster: a singing-bird: any bird of the family Sylviidæ, the Fauvettes—nightingale, redbreast, stonechat, wheatear, whitethroat, &c., also the reed-warbler, &c.: in bagpipe music an ornamental group of grace-notes, introduced to glide from one passage to the other; War′bling.—adv. War′blingly. [O. Fr. werbler, to warble, make turns with the voice—Old High Ger. werban; cf. A.S. hweorfan, to turn (Ger. wirbeln), to make a turn.]

Warble, wawr′bl, n. a small hard swelling on a horse's back, caused by the galling of the saddle: a tumour caused by the gadfly, &c.—n. War′ble-fly, a fly causing warbles. [Other forms are wormil, wornal; ety. dub.]

Ward, wawrd, v.t. to guard or take care of: to keep in safety: to keep away, fend off (with off).—v.i. to act on the defensive.—n. act of warding, watch: those whose business is to ward or defend: state of being guarded: means of guarding: one who is under a guardian: a division of a city, hospital, county, (B.) army, &c.: that which guards a lock or hinders any but the right key from opening it: (B.) guard, prison: a defensive movement in fencing.—ns. Ward′en, one who wards or guards: a keeper, especially a public officer appointed for the naval or military protection of some particular district of country: the head of a school, college, &c.; Ward′enry (rare), the district in charge of a warden; Ward′enship, the office of a warden; Ward′er, one who wards or keeps: a staff of authority; Ward′-mote, a meeting of a ward, or of a court of a ward, which has power to inquire into and present defaults in matters relating to watch, police, &c.; Ward′robe, a room or portable closet for robes or clothes: wearing apparel; Ward′-room, a room used as a messroom by the officers of a war-ship; Ward′ship, the office of a ward or guardian: state of being under a guardian: in English feudal law, the guardianship which the feudal lord had of the land of his vassal while the latter was an infant or minor.—Ward in Chancery, a minor under the protection of the Court of Chancery.—Warden of the Cinque Ports, the governor of the Cinque Ports, having the authority of an admiral and the power to hold a court of admiralty; Warden of the Marches, officers formerly appointed to keep the districts of England adjoining Scotland and Wales in a state of defence; Warden of the Mint, formerly the official of the English Mint next in rank to the Master.—Port warden, the chief officer in a port. [A.S. weardian; Ger. warten, to watch in order to protect.]

Warden, wawr′dn, n. a kind of pear.—Warden pie, a pie made of warden pears. [Prob. 'a pear which may be kept long,' from the preceding word.]

Wardian, wawr′di-an, adj. denoting a kind of close-fitting glass case for transporting delicate ferns and other such plants, or for keeping them indoors—so named from Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791-1868), the inventor.

Ware, wār, n. (used generally in pl.) merchandise: commodities: goods.—v.t. (obs.) to expend, lay out.—n. Ware′house, a house or store for wares or goods.—v.t. to deposit in a warehouse.—ns. Ware′houseman, a man who keeps, or is employed in, a warehouse or wholesale store; Ware′housing, the act of depositing goods in a warehouse; Ware′room, a room where goods are exposed for sale.—Warehousing system, the plan of allowing importers of dutiable goods to store them in a government warehouse without payment of duties until ready to bring the goods into market.—Benares ware, a fine ornamental metal-work made at Benares and other places in India; Delft ware (see Delf); Small ware, wares, textile articles of a small kind—e.g. tape, bindings and braids of cotton, silk, &c.; buttons, hooks, &c.: trifles; Tunbridge ware, inlaid or mosaic wood-work manufactured at Tunbridge; Wedgwood ware, a superior kind of pottery invented by Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795), ornamented by white cameo reliefs on a blue ground and the like; Welsh ware, a yellowish-brown earthenware with a transparent glaze. [A.S. waru, wares; Ger. waare.]

Warison, Warrison, war′i-son, n. (obs.) healing: reward—used by Scott erroneously for a note of assault. [O. Fr.,—warir, to guard.]

Warlock, wawr′lok, n. a sorcerer, a wizard.—n. War′lockry, sorcery. [A.S. wǽrloga, a breaker of an agreement—wǽr, a compact, leógan, to lie.]

Warm, wawrm, adj. having moderate heat, hot: subject to heat: zealous: easily excited: violent: enthusiastic: intimate, close: fresh, of a scent: (coll.) comfortable, well-off: (coll.) indelicate.—v.t. to make warm: to interest: to excite: (coll.) to beat.—v.i. to become warm or ardent.—n. (coll.) a heating.—adj. Warm′-blood′ed, having warm blood: generous, passionate.—n. War′mer.—adj. Warm′-heart′ed, having warm affections: affectionate: hearty.—ns. Warm′-heart′edness; War′ming, act of warming: (slang) a beating; War′ming-pan, a covered pan, with a long handle, for holding live-coals to warm a bed: a person put into a situation to hold it till another is able to take it.—adv. Warm′ly.—ns. Warm′ness; Warmth, moderate heat: geniality: earnestness, moderate or growing anger: the bright effect of warm colours.—Warm colours (paint.), colours of which the basis is yellow or red. [A.S. wearm; Ger. warm.]

Warn, wawrn, v.t. to make wary or aware: to put on ward or guard: to give notice of danger: to caution against: to admonish: (Spens.) to defend.—ns. War′ner; War′ning, caution against danger, &c.: admonition: previous notice: notice to quit, notice of the termination of an engagement, &c.: summons, call.—adj. of threatening aspect.—adv. War′ningly. [A.S. warnian; cf. Ice. varna, to warn, forbid, Ger. warnen; allied to ward, beware, wary.]

Warp, wawrp, v.t. to turn: to twist out of shape: to turn from the right course: to pervert: to move a vessel by hauling on warps or ropes attached to buoys, other ships, anchors, &c.: to improve land by distributing on it, by means of embankments, canals, flood-gates, &c., the alluvial mud brought down by rivers: (rare) to change.—v.i. to be twisted out of a straight direction: to bend: to swerve: to move with a bending motion.—n. alluvial sediment: the threads stretched out lengthwise in a loom to be crossed by a woof: a rope used in towing.—adj. Warped, twisted by shrinking: perverted.—ns. War′per; War′ping; War′ping-bank, a bank to retain water in the process of warping land; War′ping-hook, a ropemakers' hook used in twisting rope-yarns; War′ping-post, a post in a rope-walk, used in warping rope-yarn. [A.S. weorpan, werpan; Ger. werfen, to cast; conn. with Ice. varpa, to throw—varp, a casting, a throw with a net.]

Warragal, war′a-gal, n. the Australian dingo: an Australian horse run wild.—Also War′ri-gal.

Warrant, wor′ant, v.t. to guarantee or make secure: to give assurance against harm to: to authorise: to maintain: to assure.—n. that which warrants or authorises: a commission giving authority: a writ for arresting a person or for carrying a judgment into execution: security: in the army and navy, a writ or authority inferior to a commission: in coal-mining, under-clay.—n. Warr′andice (Scot.), warranty, a clause in a deed by which the grantor binds himself to make good to the grantee the right conveyed.—adj. Warr′antable, authorised by warrant or right: justifiable: of sufficient age to be hunted.—n. Warr′antableness.—adv. Warr′antably.—adj. Warr′anted.—ns. Warr′antee, one to whom warrant is given; Warr′anter, -or, one who warrants; Warr′anting; Warr′antise (Shak.), warrant, authority: promise; Warr′ant-off′icer, in the army and navy, an officer holding a warrant, being the highest rank open to seamen and ordinary soldiers under ordinary circumstances; Warr′anty, a legal warrant or deed of security: a guarantee: authority.—Warrant of arrest, attachment, a writ authorising the arrest of a person or the seizure of property.—Distress warrant, warrant authorising distraining of goods; General warrant, a warrant directed against suspected persons generally; General warranty, a warranty against the claims of all and every person; Justice's warrant, warrant of a justice of the peace to arrest a suspected criminal; Special warranty, warrant against the claims of a particular person. [O. Fr. warantir (Fr. garantir), perh. conn. with warir, to defend—Old High Ger. warjan, werjan.]

Warren, wor′en, n. a piece of ground kept for breeding game or rabbits: (law) a right of enclosure (extending to hares, rabbits, partridges, &c.) by prescription or grant from the Crown.—n. Warr′ener, the keeper of a warren. [O. Fr. warenne (Fr. garenne)—warir, to defend.]

Wart, wawrt, n. a small, hard excrescence on the skin: a protuberance on trees.—adj. Wart′ed.—n. Wart′-hog, a kind of hog found in Africa, having a very large head and the cheeks furnished with large wart-like excrescences.—adj. Wart′less.—ns. Wart′weed, the sun-spurge; Wart′wort, a common name for certain lichens having a warty thallus: the wart-cress or swine-cress, the cud-weed.—adj. Wart′y, like a wart: overgrown with warts. [A.S. wearte; Ger. warze; prob. allied to L. verruca.]

Wary, wā′ri, adj. warding or guarding against deception, &c.: cautious.—adj. Ware′ful, careful.—n. Ware′fulness.—adv. Wā′rily.—n. Wā′riness. [Longer form of ware (2). See Aware.]

Was, woz, used as pa.t. of be. [A.S. wæs, wǽre—wesan, to remain, be; Goth. wisan, pa.t. was, to remain; Ice. vera, pa.t. var.]

Wase, wāz, n. (prov.) a wisp of hay, straw, &c.: a pad on the head to ease the pressure of a burden.

Wash, wosh, v.t. to cleanse with water: to overflow: to waste away by the action of water: to cover with a thin coat of metal or paint: in mining, to separate from earth by means of water.—v.i. to cleanse one's self, to cleanse clothes with water: to stand water, of clothes: (coll.) to stand the test.—n. a washing: the break of waves on the shore: the rough water left behind by a moving vessel: the shallow part of a river or arm of the sea: a marsh or fen: alluvial matter: waste liquor, refuse of food, &c.: that with which anything is washed: a lotion: a thin coat of paint, metal, &c.: (slang) a fictitious kind of sale of stock or other securities between parties of one interest, or by a broker who is at once the buyer and the seller, and who minds his own interest rather than that of his clients.—adj. Wash′able.—ns. Wash′-ball, a ball of toilet-soap; Wash′-bā′sin, -bowl, Wash′hand bā′sin, a bowl in which to wash face and hands; Wash′-board, a corrugated board for rubbing clothes on in washing: a thin plank placed on a boat's gunwale to prevent the sea from breaking over: a board round the bottom of the walls of a room; Wash′-bott′le, a bottle used by chemists for washing chemical preparations and instruments; Wash′-cloth, a piece of cloth used in washing; Wash′-dirt, earth rich enough in metal to pay for washing; Wash′er, one who washes: a flat ring of iron or leather between the nave of a wheel and the linch-pin, under the head of a screw, &c.—v.t to lift with washers; Wash′erman, a man who washes clothes, esp. for hire:—fem. Wash′erwoman; Wash′-gild′ing, a gilding made with an amalgam of gold from which the mercury is driven off by heat, leaving a coating of gold; Wash′-house, Wash′ing-house, a house for washing clothes in; Wash′iness, state of being watery, weakness, worthlessness; Wash′ing, the act of cleansing by water: the clothes washed, esp. at one time: what is washed; Was′hing-machine′, a machine for washing clothes; Wash′ing-pow′der, a powdered preparation used in washing clothes; Wash′ing-up, Wash′-up, cleaning up; Wash′-leath′er, split sheepskin prepared with oil in imitation of chamois, and used for household purposes: buff leather for regimental belts.—adj. Wash′-off, that will not stand washing.—ns. Wash′-out, an erosion of earth by the action of water, the hole made by such; Wash′-pot, a vessel for washing; Wash′-stand, Wash′hand stand, a piece of furniture for holding ewer, basin, and other requisites for washing a person; Wash′-tub, a tub for washing clothes.—adj. Wash′y, watery, moist: thin, feeble.—n. Rain′-wash, a washing away by the force of rain: a deposit formed by rain. [A.S. wascan; Ice. vaska, Ger. waschen.]

Washingtonia, wosh-ing-tō′ni-a, n. a Californian genus of palms, valued for ornament in lawns—from George Washington (1732-99).

Wasp, wosp, n. a popular name for Hymenopterous insects belonging to the family Vespidæ, or to closely related families—(Wasps are generally more slender and much less hairy than bees, and their stinging organ—an ovipositor—resembles that of bees in structure and mode of action): a petulant and spiteful person.—adjs. Was′pish, like a wasp: having a slender waist like a wasp: quick to resent an affront; Was′pish-head′ed (Shak.), passionate.—adv. Was′pishly.—n. Was′pishness.—adjs. Wasp′-tongued (Shak.), biting in tongue, shrewish; Wasp′-waist′ed, very slender waisted, laced tightly; Was′py, waspish. [A.S. wæsp, wæps; Ger. wespe, L. vespa.]

Wassail, wos′āl, n. the salutation uttered in drinking a person's health, a festive occasion: a drunken bout: a liquor consisting of ale with roasted apples, sugar, nutmeg, and toast, once much used on festive occasions.—v.i. to hold a wassail or merry drinking-meeting: to drink to the health of.—ns. Wass′ail-bout, a carouse; Wass′ail-bowl, -cup, a cup from which healths were drunk; Wass′ailer, one who wassails or drinks wassail: a reveller. [A.S. wes hál, 'may you be in health,' the salutation used in pledging another, which the Normans transferred to mean 'a carousal.']

Wasserman, wos′ėr-man, n. (Spens.) a sea-monster, shaped like a man. [Ger. wasser, water, mann, man.]

Waste, wāst, adj. empty, desert: desolate: useless, vain: stripped: lying unused: unproductive.—v.t. to lay waste or make desolate: to destroy: to wear out gradually: to squander: to diminish: to impair.—v.i. to be diminished: to dwindle: to be consumed.—n. act of wasting: useless expenditure: superfluous material, stuff left over: loss: destruction: that which is wasted or waste: uncultivated country: desert: refuse, as of coal, &c.: decay, decline: (law) natural but permanent injury to the inheritance.—ns. Wās′tage, loss by use, natural decay; Waste′-bas′ket, Waste′paper-bas′ket, a basket for holding useless scraps of paper; Waste′-book, a book in which merchants make entries of transactions in order as they occur, and for a temporary purpose.—adj. Waste′ful, full of waste: destructive: lavish: (Spens.) desolate.—adv. Waste′fully.—ns. Waste′fulness; Waste′-gate, a gate for discharging surplus water from a dam, &c.; Wās′ten (Spens.), a desert; Waste′ness (B.), devastation; Waste′-pipe, a pipe for carrying off waste or surplus water; Wās′ter, one who or that which wastes: a spendthrift: a destroyer: an article spoilt in the making.—adj. Wās′ting, devastating: enfeebling—(Wasting investments, stocks redeemable on a certain date at a fixed price, for which a premium above the redemption price is paid).—ns. Wās′ting, devastation; Wās′trel, refuse: anything neglected, a neglected child: (dial.) a profligate; Wās′try (Scot.), prodigality.—adj. improvident.—Waste lands, uncultivated and unprofitable tracts in populous and cultivated countries; Waste time, to employ time unprofitably or not at all.—Run to waste, to become incapable or useless.—Utilisation of waste products, the putting to other use of such material as is rendered either wholly or partially useless in the manufacture of articles and products—e.g. waste-silk is now a valuable raw material for a large spun-silk industry. [O. Fr. wast, gaste—L. vastus, waste; cf. A.S. wéste, Ger. wüst, desolate.]

Wastel-bread, wās′tel-bred, n. bread made from the finest of the flour. [O. Fr. wastel, pastry—Old High Ger. wastel, a cake, and bread.]

Waster, wās′tėr, n. a wooden sword for practising fencing with: (Scot.) a leister.—Play at wasters, to practise fencing. [Ety. dub.]

Watch, woch, n. act of looking out: close observation: guard: one who watches or those who watch: a sentry: a pocket timepiece: the place where a guard is kept: a division of the night: time of watching, esp. in a ship, a division of a ship's crew into two or three sections, so that one set of men may have charge of the vessel while the others rest. (The day and night are divided into watches of four hours each, except the period from 4 to 8 P.M., which is divided into two dog-watches of two hours' duration each).—v.i. to look with attention: to keep guard: to look out: to attend the sick by night: to inspect, keep guard over (with over).—v.t. to keep in view: to give heed to: to have in keeping: to guard: to wait for, detect by lying in wait: (Shak.) to keep from sleep.—ns. Watch′-bill, a list of the officers and crew of a ship, as divided into watches, with their several stations; Watch′-box, a sentry-box; Watch′case, the outer case of a watch: (Shak.) a sentry-box; Watch′-clock, a watchman's clock; Watch′-dog, a dog kept to guard premises and property; Watch′er, one who watches; Watch′-fire, a night-fire acting as a signal: a fire for the use of a watching-party, sentinels, scouts, &c.—adj. Watch′ful, careful to watch or observe: attentive: circumspect: cautious.—adv. Watch′fully.—ns. Watch′fulness; Watch′-glass, a sand-glass: the glass covering of the face of a watch; Watch′-guard, a watch-chain of any material; Watch′-gun, a gun fired at the changing of the watch, as on a ship; Watch′-house, a house in which a guard is placed: a lock-up, detaining office; Watch′-jew′el, a jewel used in the works of a watch for lessening friction; Watch′-key, a key for winding a watch; Watch′-light, a light used for watching or sitting up in the night; Watch′-māk′er, one who makes and repairs watches; Watch′-māk′ing; Watch′man, a man who watches or guards, esp. the streets of a city at night; Watch′-meet′ing, a religious meeting to welcome in the New Year, held on the night before, called the Watch′-night; Watch′-off′icer, the officer in charge of the ship during a watch, also called Officer of the watch; Watch′-pā′per, a round piece of paper, often decorated, put inside the outer case of a watch to prevent rubbing; Watch′-pock′et, a small pocket for holding a watch; Watch′-spring, the mainspring of a watch; Watch′-tow′er, a tower on which a sentinel is placed to watch or keep guard against the approach of an enemy; Watch′word, the password to be given to a watch or sentry: any signal: a maxim, rallying-cry.—Watch and ward, the old custom of watching by night and by day in towns and cities: uninterrupted vigilance.—The Black Watch, the 42d and 73d Regiments, now the 1st and 2d Battalions of the Black Watch or Royal Highlanders. [A.S. wæcce—wacan, wake.]

Watchet, woch′et, adj. (Spens.) pale-blue. [M. E. wachet, perh. conn. ultimately with woad.]

Water, waw′tėr, n. in a state of purity, at ordinary temperatures, a clear transparent liquid, perfectly neutral in its reaction, and devoid of taste or smell: any collection of such, as the ocean, a lake, river, &c.: mineral water: tears: saliva: eye-water: urine: transparency, lustre, as of a diamond: (pl.) waves.—v.t. to wet, overflow, or supply with water: to wet and press so as to give a wavy appearance to: to increase the nominal capital of a company by the issue of new shares without a corresponding increase of actual capital.—v.i. to shed water: to gather saliva, noting strong craving: to take in water.—ns. Wa′terage, money paid for a journey by water; Wa′ter-bag, the bag-like compartment in which the camel stores water; Wa′ter-bail′iff, a custom-house officer who inspects ships on reaching or leaving a port: a person appointed to guard the fish in a protected piece of water; Wa′ter-barom′eter, a barometer in which water is substituted for mercury; Wa′ter-barr′el, -cask, a barrel, cask, for holding water; Wa′ter-bath, a bath composed of water: a vessel containing warm water used for chemical purposes; Wa′ter-batt′ery, a voltaic battery in which the electrolyte is water: (fort.) a battery nearly on a level with the water; Wa′ter-bear′er, one who carries water: (astron.) a sign of the zodiac; Wa′ter-bed, an india-rubber mattress filled with water, used by invalids to prevent bed-sores; Wa′ter-bell′ows, a form of blower used in gas-machines, and formerly to supply a blast for furnaces; Wa′ter-bird, a bird that frequents the water; Wa′ter-bis′cuit, a biscuit made of flour and water; Wa′ter-blink, a spot of cloud hanging over open water in arctic regions; Wa′ter-boat, a boat carrying water in bulk to supply ships; Wa′ter-boat′man, a kind of aquatic bug.—adj. Wa′ter-borne, conveyed in a boat.—ns. Wa′ter-bott′le, a glass, rubber, &c. bottle for carrying water; Wa′ter-brash, an affection consisting of a hot sensation in the stomach with eructations of an acrid burning liquid; Wa′ter-break, a ripple; Wa′ter-brose (Scot.), brose made of meal and water alone; Wa′ter-buck, an African water-antelope; Wa′ter-bug, a species of hemipterous insects found in ponds and still water; Wa′ter-butt, a large barrel for rain-water, usually kept out of doors; Wa′ter-carr′iage, carriage or conveyance by water; Wa′ter-cart, a cart for conveying water, esp. for the purpose of watering streets or roads; Wa′ter-cell, one of several small paunches in a camel used for storing water: a voltaic cell containing pure water; Wa′ter-cement′, hydraulic cement; Wa′ter-chest′nut (Marron d'eau), the name given in France to the edible seeds of the Trapa natans; Wa′ter-clock, a clock which is made to go by the fall of water; Wa′ter-clos′et, a closet used as a privy, in which the discharges are carried off by water; Wa′ter-cock, the kora, a large East Indian gallinule; Wa′ter-col′our, a colour or pigment diluted with water and gum, instead of oil: a painting in such a colour or colours; Wa′ter-col′ourist, a painter in water-colours; Wa′ter-cool′er, a machine for cooling water or for keeping water cool; Wa′ter-core, an apple with watery-looking core: in founding, a hollow core through which water may be passed; Wa′tercourse, a course or channel for water; Wa′ter-craft, boats plying on the water; Wa′ter-crane, a crane for turning water from a railway-tank into a locomotive tender; Wa′ter-cress, a small plant growing in watery places, much esteemed as a salad, and used as a preventive of scurvy; Wa′ter-cure, medical treatment by means of water; Wa′ter-deck, a decorated canvas cover for a dragoon's saddle; Wa′ter-deer, a small Chinese musk-deer of aquatic habits: in Africa, one of the chevrotains; Wa′ter-doc′tor, a hydropathist: one who divines diseases from the urine; Wa′ter-dog, a dog accustomed to the water: a variety of the common dog valuable to sportsmen in hunting water-fowl on account of its aquatic habits: (coll.) an experienced sailor: (pl.) small irregular floating clouds supposed to indicate rain; Wa′ter-drain, a channel through which water runs; Wa′ter-drain′age; Wa′ter-drink′er, a drinker of water: a teetotaler; Wa′ter-drop, a drop of water: a tear; Wa′ter-drop′wort, a genus of umbelliferous plants.—adj. Wa′tered, marked with wavy lines like those made by water—(Watered stocks, a term applied to securities whose nominal amount has been increased without any corresponding payment in cash).—ns. Wa′ter-el′evator, a device for raising water to a level: a lift that works by water; Wa′ter-en′gine, an engine for raising water: an engine for extinguishing fires; Wa′terer, one who waters: a vessel for watering with; Wa′terfall, a fall or perpendicular descent of a body of water: a cataract or cascade: (coll.) a neck-tie, a chignon; Wa′ter-flag, the yellow iris; Wa′ter-flea, the common name for minute aquatic crustaceans; Wa′ter-flood, an inundation; Wa′ter-flow, current of water.—adj. Wa′ter-flow′ing, streaming.—ns. Wa′ter-fly, an aquatic insect: (Shak.) an insignificant, troublesome person; Wa′ter-fowl, a fowl that frequents water; Wa′ter-frame, Arkwright's spinning-frame, which was driven by water; Wa′ter-gall, a watery appearance in the sky accompanying the rainbow: a pit or cavity made by a torrent of water; Wa′ter-gas, a gas partly derived from the decomposition of steam; Wa′ter-gate, a flood-gate: a gate admitting to a river or other body of water; Wa′ter-gauge, -gage, an instrument for gauging or measuring the quantity or height of water; Wa′ter-gilding=Wash-gilding; Wa′ter-glass, a water-clock: an instrument for making observations beneath the surface of water: soluble glass; Wa′ter-god, a deity presiding over some tract of water; Wa′ter-gru′el, gruel made of water and meal, &c., eaten without milk; Wa′ter-guard, river, harbour, or coast police; Wa′ter-hamm′er, the noise made by the sudden stoppage of moving water in a pipe: an air vacuum containing some water: (med.) a metal hammer heated in water and applied to the skin as a counter-irritant; Wa′ter-hen, the moorhen; Wa′ter-hole, a reservoir for water, a water-pool; Wa′teriness; Wa′tering, act of one who waters: the art or process of giving a wavy, ornamental appearance; Wa′tering-call, a cavalry trumpet-signal to water horses; Wa′tering-can, -pot, a vessel used for watering plants; Wa′tering-house, a place where cab-horses are watered; Wa′tering-place, a place where water may be obtained: a place to which people resort to drink mineral water, for bathing, &c.; Wa′tering-trough, a trough in which horses and cattle drink.—adj. Wa′terish, resembling, abounding in, water: somewhat watery: thin.—ns. Wa′terishness; Wa′ter-jack′et, a casing containing water placed around anything to keep it cool—also Wa′ter-box and Wa′ter-man′tle; Wa′ter-kel′pie, a malignant water-spirit, generally in the form of a horse, which delights to drown unwary travellers; Wa′ter-lem′on, a species of passion-flower; Wa′ter-lens, a simple lens formed by placing a few drops of water in a small brass cell with blackened sides and a glass bottom.—adj. Wa′terless, lacking water.—ns. Wa′ter-lev′el, the level formed by the surface of still water: a levelling instrument in which water is used; Wa′ter-lil′y, a name commonly given to the different species of Nymphæa and Nuphar, and also of Nelumbium, all genera of the natural order Nymphæaceæ, and indeed often extended to all the plants of that order—of the three British species all have heart-shaped leaves, floating on the water; Wa′ter-line, the line on a ship to which the water rises: a water-mark.—adj. Wa′ter-logged, rendered log-like or unmanageable from being filled with water.—ns. Wa′ter-lot, a lot of ground which is under water; Wa′ter-main, a great subterranean pipe supplying water in cities; Wa′terman, a man who plies a boat on water for hire: a boatman: a ferryman: a neat oarsman; Wa′termanship, oarsmanship; Wa′termark, a mark showing the height to which water has risen: a tide-mark: a mark wrought into paper, denoting its size or its manufacturer.—v.t. to mark with water-marks.—ns. Wa′ter-mead′ow, a meadow periodically overflowed by a stream; Wa′ter-mel′on, a plant having a spherical, pulpy, pleasantly flavoured fruit, the fruit itself; Wa′ter-me′ter, an instrument measuring the quantity of water passing through it: an instrument for measuring evaporation; Wa′ter-mill, a mill driven by water; Wa′ter-mole, the desman: a duck-mole or duck-billed platypus; Wa′ter-monk′ey, an earthenware jar for keeping drinking-water in hot climates, round, with narrow neck—also Monkey-jar; Wa′ter-mō′tor, any water-wheel or turbine, esp. any small motor driven by water under pressure; Wa′ter-nix′y, a spirit inhabiting water; Wa′ter-nymph, a Naiad; Wa′ter-ou′sel, the dipper; Wa′ter-pars′nip, a plant of the aquatic genus Sium—the skirret; Wa′ter-part′ing (same as Watershed); Wa′ter-phone, an instrument for detecting leaks in pipes; Wa′ter-pipe, a pipe for conveying water; Wa′ter-plane, a plane passing through a vessel when afloat; Wa′ter-plant, a plant which grows in water; Wa′ter-plate, a plate having a double bottom and a space for hot water, used to keep food warm; Wa′ter-pō′lo, an aquatic game played by swimmers in swimming-baths, at piers, &c., the sides numbering seven each—a goal-keeper, two backs, one half-back, and three forwards; Wa′ter-pot, a pot or vessel for holding water; Wa′ter-pow′er, the power of water, employed to move machinery, &c.; Wa′ter-pox, varicella; Wa′ter-priv′ilege, the right to the use of water, esp. for machinery.—adj. Wa′terproof, proof against water: not permitting water to enter.—n. anything with such qualities: a garment of some waterproof substance, like india-rubber.—ns. Wa′terproofing, the act of making any substance impervious to water: the material with which a thing is made waterproof, as caoutchouc; Wa′ter-pump, a pump for water, used humorously of the eyes; Wa′ter-pur′pie (Scot.), brook-lime, a species of Veronica; Wa′ter-rail, the common rail of Europe; Wa′ter-ram, a hydraulic ram; Wa′ter-rat, the popular name of the water-vole: the American musk-rat; Wa′ter-rate, a rate or tax for the supply of water; Wa′ter-route, a stream, lake, &c. used as a means of travel; Wa′ter-rug (Shak.), a kind of dog; Wa′tershed, the line which separates two river-basins: a district from which several rivers rise; Wa′ter-side, the brink of water: the sea-shore; Wa′ter-smoke, water evaporating as visible mist; Wa′ter-snake, a snake frequenting the water; Wa′ter-sol′dier, an aquatic plant (Stratiotes aloïdes) common in lakes and ditches in the east of England; Wa′ter-span′iel (see Spaniel); Wa′ter-spī′der, an aquatic spider; Wa′terspout, a pipe from which water spouts: a moving spout or column of water, often seen at sea, and sometimes on land; Wa′ter-sprin′kle (Spens.), a water-pot; Wa′ter-sprite, a spirit inhabiting the water.—adj. Wa′ter-stand′ing (Shak.), containing water, tearful.—ns. Wa′ter-strid′er, any aquatic heteropterous insect of the family Hydrobatidæ; Wa′ter-supply′, the obtaining and distribution of sufficient water to the inhabitants of a town: the amount of water thus distributed; Wa′ter-tā′ble, a moulding or other projection in the wall of a building to throw off the water; Wa′ter-tank, a tank or cistern for holding water; Wa′ter-tap, a tap or cock used for letting out water; Wa′ter-thermom′eter, a thermometer filled with water instead of mercury, and used for showing the point at which water acquires its greatest density; Wa′ter-thief (Shak.), a pirate.—adj. Wa′ter-tight, so tight as not to admit water nor let it escape—(Water-tight compartment, a division of a ship's hull or other sub-aqueous structure so formed that water cannot enter it from any other part; see Bulkhead).—ns. Wa′ter-tube, a pipe for rain-water; Wa′ter-twist, a kind of cotton-twist, first made by the water-frame; Wa′ter-vī′olet, a plant of the genus Hottonia; Wa′ter-vole, the common European water-rat; Wa′ter-wag′tail, a wagtail, the pied wagtail; Wa′ter-way (naut.) a series of pieces of timber, extending round a ship at the junction of the decks with the sides, pierced by scuppers to carry off the water: a water-route; Wa′terwheel, a wheel moved by water: an engine for raising water; Wa′terwork (mostly in pl.) any work or engine by which water is furnished, as to a town, &c.: a textile fabric, used like tapestry: (slang) used humorously of shedding tears.—adj. Wa′ter-worn, worn by the action of water.—n. Wa′ter-wraith, a water-spirit supposed to portend death.—adj. Wa′tery, pertaining to or like water: thin or transparent: tasteless: weak, vapid: affecting water (of the moon, as governing the tide): (Shak.) eager.—ns. High′-wa′ter, High′-wa′ter-mark (see High); Low′-wa′ter (see Low); Low′-wa′ter-mark, the limit of water at low tide: the lowest point of anything.—Water of life, spiritual refreshment: (Scot.) whisky; Water on the brain, knee, an accumulation of serous fluid in the cranial cavity, knee-joint; Watered silk, silk on which a changeable pattern has been worked by means of pressing and moistening.—Above water, out of trouble; Aerated water (see Aerate); Apollinaris water, an agreeable table-water, obtained in Rhenish Prussia; Bag of waters, the fœtal membranes, filled with liquor amnii, which dilate the mouth of the womb; Cast a person's water, to examine urine to aid in the diagnosis of disease; Deep water, or waters, water too deep for safety, sore trouble, distress; First water, the highest degree of fineness in a diamond, &c., hence the highest rank generally; Hold water, to be correct or well-grounded, to stand investigation; Holy water, water used symbolically as a means of purification; Like water, with the quick, full flow of water: extravagantly, recklessly; Make the mouth water, to arouse in any one a strong desire for a thing—from the gathering of saliva in the mouth at the prospect of a savoury morsel; Make water, to micturate; Mineral water (see Mineral); Oil on troubled waters, anything that allays or assuages, from the effect of pouring oil on rough water; Tread water, to keep the head above water by an up-and-down movement of the feet; Under water, below the surface; White water, breakers, foaming water. [A.S. wæter; Dut. water, Ger. wasser; Gr. hydōr, L. udus, wet, unda, a wave, Sans. udan, water.]

Watling Street, wat′ling strët, n. one of the great Roman highways of Britain, commencing at Dover, passing through Canterbury and Rochester to London, and thence to Chester and York, and northwards in two branches to Carlisle and the Wall in the neighbourhood of Newcastle.

Watt, wot, n. the practical unit of electrical activity or power—from James Watt (1736-1819).

Watteau bodice, wat′ō bod′is, n. a bodice with a square opening at the neck resembling the costumes in the paintings of the French artist Antoine Watteau (1684-1721).

Wattle, wot′l, n. a twig or flexible rod: a hurdle: the fleshy excrescence under the throat of a cock or a turkey: one of various Australian acacias.—v.t. to bind with wattles or twigs: to form by plaiting twigs.—n. Watt′le-bird, a wattled honey-eater of Australia.—adj. Watt′led, having wattles like a bird.—n. Watt′ling, a construction made by interweaving twigs. [A.S. watel, watul, a hurdle.]

Waught, Waucht, wāht, n. (Scot.) a large draught. [Gael. cuach, a cup.]

Wave, wāv, n. a ridge on the surface of water swaying or moving backwards and forwards: (poet.) the sea: a state of vibration propagated through a system of particles: inequality of surface: a line or streak like a wave: an undulation: a rush of anything: a gesture.—v.i. to move like a wave: to play loosely: to be moved, as a signal: to fluctuate.—v.t. to move backwards and forwards: to brandish: to waft or beckon: to raise into inequalities of surface.—p.adj. Waved, showing a wavelike form or outline: undulating: (her.) indented: (nat. hist.) having on the margin a succession of curved segments or incisions.—n. Wave′-length, the distance between the crests of adjacent waves.—adj. Wave′less, free from waves: undisturbed.—n. Wave′let, a little wave.—adj. Wave′like.—ns. Wave′-line, the outline, path, of a wave: the surface of the waves: the line made by a wave on the shore; Wave′-loaf, a loaf for a wave-offering; Wave′-mō′tion, undulatory movement; Wave′-mould′ing (archit.), undulating moulding; Wave′-off′ering, an ancient Jewish custom of moving the hands in succession towards the four points of the compass in presenting certain offerings—opposed to the Heave-offering, in which the hands were only lifted up and lowered.—v.t. Wā′ver, to move to and fro: to shake: to falter: to be unsteady or undetermined: to be in danger of falling.—ns. Wā′verer; Wā′vering.—adv. Wā′veringly, in a wavering or irresolute manner.—n. Wā′veringness.—adjs. Wā′verous, Wā′very, unsteady.—n. Wave′son, goods floating on the sea after a shipwreck.—adj. Wave′-worn, worn or washed away by the waves.—ns. Wā′viness, the state or quality of being wavy; Wā′ving.—adj. Wā′vy, full of or rising in waves: playing to and fro: undulating.—Hot wave, Warm wave, a movement of heat or warmth onwards, generally eastward. [A.S. wafian, to wave; cf. Ice. vafra, to waver.]

Wax, waks, n. the name given to some animal and vegetable substances, and even to one or two mineral bodies (e.g. ozokerite), which more or less resemble beeswax both in their appearance and in their physical properties: the fat-like yellow substance produced by bees, and used by them in making their cells: any substance like it, as that in the ear: the substance used to seal letters: that used by shoemakers to rub their thread: in coal-mining, puddled clay: a thick sugary substance made by boiling down the sap of the sugar-maple, and cooling by exposure to the air: (coll.) a passion.—v.t. to smear or rub with wax.—ns. Wax′-bill, one of various small spermestine seed-eating birds with bills like sealing-wax; Wax′-chand′ler, a maker or dealer in wax candles; Wax′-cloth, cloth covered with a coating of wax, used for table-covers, &c., a popular name for all oil floorcloths; Wax′-doll, a child's doll having the head and bust made of hardened beeswax.—adj. Wax′en, made of wax, like wax, easily effaced.—ns. Wax′-end, better Waxed end, a strong thread having its end stiffened by shoemakers' wax, so as to go easily through the hole made by the awl; Wax′er, one who or that which waxes; Wax′-flow′er, a flower made of wax; Wax′iness, waxy appearance; Wax′ing, a method of putting a finish on dressed leather: the process of stopping out colours in calico-printing; Wax′-in′sect, an insect which secretes wax; Wax′-light, a candle or taper made of wax; Wax′-mod′elling, the process of forming figures in wax; Wax′-moth, a bee-moth; Wax′-myr′tle, the candle-berry tree; Wax′-paint′ing, a kind of painting, the pigments for which are ground with wax and diluted with oil of turpentine; Wax′-palm, either of two South American palms yielding wax; Wax′-pā′per, paper prepared by spreading over its surface a thin coating made of white wax and other materials.—adj. Wax′-red (Shak.), bright-red like sealing-wax.—ns. Wax′tree, a genus of plants of natural order Hypericaceæ, all whose species yield a yellow resinous juice when wounded, forming when dried the so-called American gamboge; Wax′-wing, a genus of small Passerine birds, so named from most of the species having small red horny appendages, resembling red sealing-wax, on their wings; Wax′work, work made of wax, esp. figures or models formed of wax: (pl.) an exhibition of wax figures; Wax′worker.—adj. Wax′y, resembling wax: soft: pallid, pasty: adhesive: (slang) irate, incensed.—Waxy degeneration, a morbid process in which the healthy tissue of various organs is transformed into a peculiar waxy albuminous substance—also amyloid or lardaceous degeneration. [A.S. weax; Ice. vax, Dut. was, Ger. wachs.]

Wax, waks, v.i. to grow or increase, esp. of the moon, as opposed to Wane: to pass into another state.—pa.p. Wax′en (B.), grown. [A.S. weaxan; Ice. vaxa, Ger. wachsen, L. augēre, to increase, Gr. auxanein.]

Way, wā, n. passage: road: length of space: distance: direction: manner of life: condition, state: advance in life: general manner of acting: means: manner: will: (naut.) progress or motion through the water, headway.—v.i. (Spens.) to journey.—ns. Way′-bag′gage (U.S.), baggage to be laid down at a way-station; Way′-bill, list of passengers and goods carried by a coach; Way′-board, Weigh′-board, a thin stratum or seam separating thicker strata; Way′bread, the common plantain.—v.i. Way′fāre, to travel on foot.—n. Way′fārer, a traveller or passenger.—adj. Way′fāring, travelling or passing.—n. Way′fāring-tree, the Viburnum lantana, a large shrub common in British hedges.—adjs. Way′-gō′ing, departing; Way′gone, exhausted by travelling.—v.t. Way′lay, to lie in the way for: to watch or lie in ambush for.—n. Waylay′er.—adj. Way′less, without a path.—ns. Way′-māk′er, a pioneer, path-finder; Way′-mark, -post, guide-post; Way′-pass′enger, one taken up or set down by the way; Way′-side, the side of a way, path, or highway.—adj. growing or lying near the way-side.—ns. Way′-slid′ing (rare), a wandering from the right way; Way′-stā′tion, an intermediate station between principal stations on a railway; Way′-this′tle, the Canada thistle; Way′-traff′ic, local traffic, as distinguished from through or express traffic; Way′-train (U.S.), a train stopping at most of the stations on a line.—adj. Way′ward, froward: wilful: irregular.—n. Way′-war′den, a keeper of roads.—adv. Way′wardly.—n. Way′wardness.—adj. Way′worn, worn-out by travel.—n. Right′-of-way (see Right).—Way of the Cross, a series of pictorial representations representing the stages of Christ's progress to Calvary: devotions used in connection with these stages; Ways and means, resources: methods of raising money for the carrying on of government.—Be under way, Have way (naut.), to be in progress, as a vessel; By the way, as we go on; By way of, as for the purpose of: in character of; Come one's way, to come in one's direction; Committee of ways and means, the House of Commons in its capacity of raising the supplies; Give way (see Give); Go one's way (see Go); Go the way of all the earth, to die; Have one's way, to carry one's point or wish; In a small way, on a petty scale; In the family way (see Family); In the way, on the way: impeding, obstructing; In the way of, in a good position for effecting something: in respect of; Lead the way, to act as a guide in any movement; Make one's way, to push one's self forward; Make way, to give room: to advance; On the way, in progress; Out of the way, so as not to hinder or obstruct: away from the ordinary course: unusual: (Shak.) lost, hidden; Put one's self out of the way, to give one's self trouble; Take one's way, to set out: to follow one's own inclination or plan; The Way, the Christian Religion (Acts ix. 2, &c.). [A.S. weg; Ger. weg, L. via, Sans. vaha, akin to vehĕre, to carry.]

Waygoose, wā′gōōs, n. a printers' annual dinner or picnic, formerly one given by an apprentice to his fellow-workmen, at which a wase-goose or stubble-goose was the great dish.—Also Wase′-goose, Wayz′-goose.

Wayment, wā-ment′, v.t. and v.i. (Spens.) to lament, grieve.—n. (Spens.) lamentation, grief. [O. Fr. waimenter—L. lamentāri, to lament.]

We, wē, pron.pl. of I: I and others. [A.S. wé; cog. with Goth. weis, Ger. wir.]

Weak, wēk, adj. soft: wanting strength and vigour: not able to sustain a great weight: wanting health: easily overcome: feeble of mind: wanting moral or mental force: frail: unsteady: slight or incomplete: having little of the chief ingredient: impressible: inconclusive: (Shak.) inconsiderable: (gram.) of a verb inflected by regular syllabic addition instead of by change of the main vowel: tending downward in price.—adj. Weak′-built (Shak.), ill-founded.—v.t. Weak′en, to make weak: to reduce in strength or spirit.—v.i. to grow weak or weaker.—n. Weak′ener, one who or that which weakens.—adjs. Weak′-eyed, having weak eyes or sight; Weak′-hand′ed, powerless; Weak′-head′ed, having a feeble intellect; Weak′-heart′ed (Shak.), of weak or feeble heart or spirit; Weak′-hinged, ill-balanced; Weak′-kneed, having weak knees: weak in will.—n. Weak′ling, a weak or feeble creature.—adv. Weak′ly.—adj. Weak′-mind′ed, of feeble powers of mind.—ns. Weak′-mind′edness; Weak′ness.—adjs. Weak′-sight′ed, having feeble eyesight; Weak′-spir′ited, bearing wrong tamely, cowardly.—Weaker sex, women; Weaker vessel (see Vessel).—Weak side, point, that side or point in which a person is most easily influenced or most liable to temptation. [A.S. wác, pliant—wican, to yield; Dut. week, Ice. veikr, Ger. weich.]

Weal, wēl, n. state of being well: a sound or prosperous state: welfare.—adj. Weal′-bal′anced (Shak.), explained by Schmidt as kept in a state of just proportion by reasons of state.—n. Weals′man (Shak.), a statesman.—The public, general, or common weal, the well-being, interest, and prosperity of the country. [A.S. wela, wealth, bliss; Ger. wohl.]

Weald, wēld, n. any open country.—adj. Weald′en, pertaining to the Weald.—n. a geological formation seen in the Weald—viz. the upper oolitic series of rocks.—The Weald, a district comprising portions of Kent and Sussex, extending from Folkestone Hill near the Straits of Dover to Beachy Head. [From the root of wild; not directly conn. with A.S. weald, a forest, wold.]

Wealth, welth, n. large possessions of any kind: riches.—adv. Wealth′ily.—n. Wealth′iness.—adj. Wealth′y, rich: prosperous: well-fed. [An extension of weal.]

Wean, wēn, v.t. to accustom to nourishment other than the mother's milk: to reconcile to the want of anything: to estrange the affections from any object or habit.—n. (wān) an infant, a child (Scot.).—ns. Wean′el (Spens.), a weanling; Wean′ing-brash, a severe form of diarrhœa, which supervenes, at times, on weaning.—adj. Wean′ling, newly weaned.—n. a child or animal newly weaned. [A.S. wenian; Ice. venja, Ger. gewöhnen, to accustom, ent-wöhnen, to disuse, to wean.]

Weapon, wep′un, n. any instrument or organ of offence or defence.—adjs. Weap′oned; Weap′onless, having no weapons.—n. Weap′on-salve, a salve supposed to cure a wound by being applied to the weapon that made it. [A.S. wǽpen; Goth. wepna, arms, Ger. waffen and wappen.]

Wear, wār, v.t. to carry on the body: to have the appearance of: to consume by use, time, or exposure: to waste by rubbing: to do by degrees: to exhaust, efface: (naut.) to veer.—v.i. to be wasted by use or time: to be spent tediously: to consume slowly: to last under use: (Shak.) to be in fashion, to become accustomed: (naut.) to come round away from the wind: (obs.) to become:—pa.t. wōre; pa.p. wōrn.—n. act of wearing: lessening or injury by use or friction: article worn.—adj. Wear′able, fit to be worn.—n. Wear′er.—p.adj. Wear′ing, made or designed for wear: consuming, exhausting.—n. the process of wasting by attrition or time: that which is worn, clothes.—ns. Wear′ing-appar′el, dress; Wear′-ī′ron, a friction-guard.—Wear and tear, loss by wear or use; Wear away, to impair, consume; Wear off, to rub off by friction: to diminish by decay: to pass away by degrees; Wear out, to impair by use: to render useless by decay: to consume tediously: to harass. [A.S. werian, to wear; Ice. verja, to cover, Goth. wasjan.]

Wear, wēr, v.t. (obs.) to guard, ward off: to guide. [A.S. werian, to guard, from root of wary.]

Weary, wē′ri, adj. worn-out: having the strength or patience exhausted: tired: causing weariness: (prov.) puny.—v.t. to wear out or make weary: to reduce the strength or patience of: to harass.—v.i. to become weary or impatient: to long for.—adjs. Wea′ried, tired; Wea′riful, wearisome.—adv. Wea′rifully.—adj. Wea′riless, incessant.—adv. Wea′rily.—n. Wea′riness.—adj. Wea′risome, making weary: tedious.—adv. Wea′risomely.—n. Wea′risomeness.—Weary out, to exhaust. [A.S. wérig, weary.]

Weasand, wē′zand, n. the windpipe: the throat. [A.S. wásend; not to be traced to A.S. hwésan (Ice. hvæsa), to wheeze.]

Weasel, wē′zl, n. a common carnivore belonging to the same genus as the polecat and stoat—the body long and slender—eating rats, frogs, birds, mice, &c.: (Shak.) a lean, hungry fellow.—n. Wea′sel-coot, the red-headed smew.—adj. Wea′sel-faced, having a lean sharp face. [A.S. wesle; Ger. wiesel.]

Weather, weth′ėr, n. state of the air as to heat or cold, dryness, wetness, cloudiness, &c.—v.t. to affect by exposing to the air: to sail to the windward of: to gain or pass, as a promontory or cape: to hold out stoutly against difficulties.—v.i. to become discoloured by exposure.—adj. (naut.) toward the wind, windward.—adjs. Weath′er-beat′en, distressed or seasoned by the weather; Weath′er-bit′ten, worn or defaced by exposure to the winds.—n. Weath′er-board, the windward side of a ship: a plank in the port of a laid-up vessel placed so as to keep off rain, without preventing air to circulate.—v.t. to fit with such planks.—n. Weath′er-board′ing, thin boards placed overlapping to keep out rain: exterior covering of a wall or roof.—adj. Weath′er-bound, delayed by bad weather.—ns. Weath′er-box, -house, a toy constructed on the principle of a barometer, consisting of a house with the figures of a man and wife who come out alternately as the weather is respectively bad or good; Weath′er-cloth, a tarpaulin protecting boats, hammocks, &c.; Weath′ercock, a vane (often in the form of a cock) to show the direction of the wind: anything turning easily and often.—v.t. to act as a weathercock for.—p.adj. Weath′er-driv′en, driven by winds or storms.—adj. Weath′ered (archit.), made slightly sloping, so as to throw off water: (geol.) having the surface altered in colour, form, texture, or composition by the action of the elements.—n. Weath′er-eye, the eye considered as the means by which one forecasts the weather.—v.t. Weath′er-fend (Shak.), to defend from the weather, to shelter.—ns. Weath′er-gage, the position of a ship to the windward of another: advantage of position; Weath′er-glass, a glass or instrument that indicates the changes of the weather: a barometer; Weath′er-gleam (prov.), a bright aspect of the sky at the horizon; Weath′er-helm, a keeping of the helm somewhat a-weather when a vessel shows a tendency to come into the wind while sailing; Weath′ering (archit.), a slight inclination given to the top of a cornice or moulding, to prevent water from lodging on it: (geol.) the action of the elements in altering the form, colour, texture, or composition of rocks.—adj. Weath′erly (naut.), making little leeway when close-hauled.—n. Weath′er-map, a map indicating meteorological conditions over a large tract of country.—adj. Weath′ermost, farthest to windward.—n. Weath′er-notā′tion, a system of abbreviation for meteorological phenomena.—adj. Weath′er-proof, proof against rough weather.—ns. Weath′er-proph′et, one who foretells weather: a device for foretelling the weather; Weath′er-roll, the lurch of a vessel to windward when in the trough of the sea; Weath′er-ser′vice, an institution for superintending and utilising observed meteorological phenomena; Weath′er-side, the windward side; Weath′er-sign, a phenomenon indicating change of weather: any prognostic; Weath′er-stain, discolouration produced by exposure; Weath′er-stā′tion, a station where phenomena of weather are observed; Weath′er-strip, a thin piece of some material used to keep out wind and cold; Weath′er-sym′bol, a conventional sign indicating some meteorological phenomenon.—adjs. Weath′er-wise, wise or skilful in foreseeing the changes or state of the weather; Weath′er-worn, worn by exposure to the weather.—Weather anchor, the anchor lying to windward; Weather a point, to gain an advantage or accomplish a purpose against opposition; Weather out (obs.), to hold out against till the end.—Keep one's weather eye open, to be on one's guard, to have one's wits in readiness; Make fair weather (Shak.), to conciliate: to flatter; Stress of weather, violent and especially unfavourable winds, force of tempests. [A.S. weder; Ice. vedhr, Ger. wetter.]

Weave, wēv, v.t. to twine threads together: to unite threads in a loom to form cloth: to work into a fabric: to unite by intermixture: to construct, contrive.—v.i. to practise weaving:—pa.t. wōve, (rarely) weaved; pa.p. wōv′en.—ns. Weav′er; Weav′er-bird, a family of Passerine birds resembling the finches, so called from their remarkably woven nests; Weav′ing, the act or art of forming a web or cloth by the intersecting of two distinct sets of fibres, threads, or yarns—those passing longitudinally from end to end of the web forming the warp, those crossing and intersecting the warp at right angles forming the weft. [A.S. wefan; Ice. vefa, Ger. weben; cog. with Gr. huppē, a web, huphainein, to weave.]

Web, web, n. that which is woven: anything resembling a web, as a roll of cloth, paper, &c.: a plot, scheme: in birds, the blade of a feather: (anat.) any connective tissue: the fine texture spun by the spider as a snare for flies: a film over the eye: the skin between the toes of water-fowls.—v.t. to envelop, to connect with a web.—adj. Webbed, having the toes united by a web or skin.—n. Web′bing, a narrow woven fabric of hemp, used for chairs, &c.: (zool.) the webs of the digits: (print.) tapes conducting webs of paper in a printing machine.—adj. Web′by.—n. Web′-eye, a film spreading over the eye.—adjs. Web′-eyed; Web′-fing′ered.—n. Web′-foot, a foot the toes of which are united with a web or membrane.—adjs. Web′-foot′ed; Web′-toed.—Web and pin (Shak.), or Pin and web, cataract on the eye. [A.S. webb; Ice. vefr, Ger. gewebe; from root of weave.]

Webster, web′stėr, n. (obs.) a weaver. [A.S. webbestre, a female weaver—webban, to weave.]

Wecht, weht, n. (Scot.) an instrument for lifting grain. [Perh. conn. with weigh.]

Wed, wed, v.t. to marry: to join in marriage: to unite closely.—v.i. to marry:—pr.p. wed′ding; pa.t. and pa.p. wed′ded or wed.—adj. Wed′ded, married: belonging to marriage: clasped together.—ns. Wed′ding, marriage: marriage ceremony; Wed′ding-bed, the bridal bed; Wed′ding-cake, a highly decorated cake served at a wedding, and also divided among absent friends.—n.pl. Wed′ding-cards, complimentary cards of a newly married pair, sent to friends.—ns. Wed′ding-day, day of marriage; Wed′ding-dower, marriage portion; Wed′ding-dress, a bride's dress; Wed′ding-fāvour, white rosette worn by men at a wedding; Wed′ding-gar′ment, garment worn at a wedding; Wed′ding-ring, a plain ring given by the groom to the bride at a wedding.—Penny wedding, a wedding where the guests paid for the entertainment, and sometimes contributed to the outfit; Silver, Golden, Diamond wedding, the celebrations of the 25th, 50th, and 60th anniversaries of a wedding. [A.S. weddian, to engage, to marry (Ger. wetten, to wager)—wed, a pledge; Goth. wadi, Ger. wette, a bet.]

Wed, wed, n. a pledge, security—(Scot.) Wad.—v.t. to wager. [A.S. wed, a pledge.]

Wedge, wej, n. a piece of wood or metal, thick at one end and sloping to a thin edge at the other, used in splitting: anything shaped like a wedge: a mass of metal: at Cambridge, the man lowest on the list of the classical tripos.—v.t. to cleave with a wedge: to force or drive with a wedge: to press closely: to fasten with a wedge: to make into a wedge.—v.i. to force one's way like a wedge.—adjs. Wedged, cuneiform or wedge-shaped; Wedge′-shaped, having the shape of a wedge; Wedge′-tailed, having the tail wedge-shaped or cuneate.—adv. Wedge′wise, in the manner of a wedge.—n. Wedg′ing, a method of joining timbers.—Wedge of least resistance, the form in which a substance yields to pressure.—The thin, or small, end of the wedge, the insignificant-looking beginning of a principle or practice which will yet lead to something great and important. [A.S. wecg; Ice. veggr, Ger. weck, a wedge; prob. from the root of weigh.]

Wedlock, wed′lok, n. marriage: matrimony.—Break wedlock, to commit adultery. [A.S. wedlác—wed, -lác, a gift.]

Wednesday, wenz′dā, n. fourth day of the week. [A.S. Wódenes dæg, the day of Woden or Odin, the chief Teutonic deity.]

Wee, wē, n. a short distance, a short time.—adj. tiny. [Scand. form of way; Dan. vei, Ice. vegr; not conn. with Ger. wenig, little.]

Weed, wēd, n. any useless plant of small growth: anything useless or troublesome; a sorry animal, a worthless fellow: (coll.) a cigar.—v.t. to free from weeds: to remove anything hurtful or offensive.—adjs. Weed′ed, Weed′-grown, overgrown with weeds.—n. Weed′er.—n.pl. Weed′er-clips (Scot.), shears for weeding.—ns. Weed′ery, a place full of weeds; Weed′iness; Weed′ing-chis′el, -for′ceps, -fork, -hook, -tongs (pl.) garden implements of varying forms for destroying weeds.—adjs. Weed′less; Weed′y, weed-like, consisting of weeds; worthless. [A.S. wéod, an herb.]

Weed, wēd, n. a garment, esp. in pl. a widow's mourning apparel.—adj. Weed′y, clad in widow's mourning. [A.S. wǽd, clothing; Old High Ger. wāt, cloth; cf. leinwand.]

Weed, wēd, n. (Scot.) a popular name for any sudden illness, cold, or relapse with febrile symptoms in women after confinement or nursing: lymphangitis in the horse.—Also Weid.

Week, wēk, n. the space of seven days, esp. from Sunday to Sunday: the six working days of the week.—n. Week′day, any day of the week except Sunday.—adj. Week′ly, coming, happening, or done once a week.—adv. once a week.—n. a publication appearing once a week.—Week about, in alternate periods of seven days.—A prophetic week (B.), seven years; A week of Sundays (coll.), seven weeks: a long time; Feast of Weeks, a Jewish festival lasting seven weeks; Great Week, Holy Week, Passion Week, the week preceding Easter Sunday; This day week, a week from to-day. [A.S. wice; Dut. week, Ger. woche.]

Weel, wēl, n. (prov.) a trap or snare for fish: (her.) a bearing resembling such.

Ween, wēn, v.i. to think or fancy. [A.S. wénan—wén (Ger. wahn), expectation, hope.]

Weep, wēp, v.i. to express grief by shedding tears: to wail or lament: to drip, rain: to be pendent, as a weeping willow.—v.t. to lament: to pour forth:—pa.t. and pa.p. wept.—n. Weep′er, one who weeps: a white border round the sleeve of a mourning dress: a crape hat-band: a widow's crape-veil: anything pendent.—adj. Weep′ing, drooping the branches (as it were through grief).—ns. Weep′ing-ash, a variety of the common European ash, with drooping branches; Weep′ing-birch, a variety of the white birch, with drooping branches.—adv. Weep′ingly.—adj. Weep′ing-ripe (Shak.), ripe or ready for tears.—ns. Weep′ing-rock, a rock through which water percolates slowly; Weep′ing-spring, a spring from which water escapes slowly; Weep′ing-tree, a tree with long pendulous branches; Weep′ing-will′ow (see Willow).—adj. Weep′y, oozy. [A.S. wépan—wóp, clamour; allied to Goth. wópjan.]

Weet, Weet′ing, Weet′ingly, Weet′less, obsolete form of wit, &c.

Weever, wē′vėr, n. a genus of fishes (Trachinus) of which two species are British, with sharp dorsal and opercular spines capable of inflicting serious wounds.—Also Sting-fish. [Perh. conn. with L. vipera.]

Weevil, wēv′il, n. a popular name for a large number of beetles, with the anterior part of the head prolonged into a beak or proboscis, feeding upon plants: any insect injurious to stored grain.—adjs. Weev′iled, Weev′illed, Weev′ily, Weev′illy, infested by weevils. [A.S. wifel; Ger. wiebel.]

Weft, weft, n. the threads woven into and crossing the warp—also Woof.—n. Weft′age, texture. [A.S. weft—wefan, to weave.]

Weigh. wā, v.t. to compare by the balance: to find the heaviness of: to be equal to in heaviness: to bear up, to raise, esp. a ship's anchor: to ponder in the mind: to consider worthy of notice.—v.i. to have weight: to be considered of importance: to press heavily: to weigh anchor, get under sail.—adj. Weigh′able, capable of being weighed.—ns. Weigh′age, rate paid for the weighing of goods; Weigh′-bauk (Scot.), the beam of a balance: (pl.) a pair of scales; Weigh′-board (same as Way-board); Weigh′-bridge, a machine for weighing carts with their loads.—p.adj. Weighed (Bacon), experienced.—ns. Weigh′er, an officer who weighs articles or tests weights; Weigh′-house, a public building for weighing goods, ascertaining the tonnage of boats, &c.; Weigh′ing; Weigh′ing-cage, a cage in which live animals are weighed; Weigh′ing-machine′, a machine or apparatus for weighing heavy goods; Weight, the heaviness of a thing when weighed, or the amount which anything weighs: the force with which a body is attracted to the earth, measured by the mass into the acceleration: a mass of metal adjusted to a standard and used for finding weight: anything heavy: a ponderous mass: pressure: importance: power: impressiveness: in mining, subsidence of the roof due to overhead pressure, also called Weigh′ting.—v.t. to make more heavy.—adv. Weigh′tily.—n. Weigh′tiness.—adjs. Weight′less; Weigh′ty.—Weigh down, to depress: (Shak.) to preponderate over; Weigh in, to ascertain one's weight before a contest, as a horse-race; Weight of metal, total weight of iron thrown at one discharge from a ship's guns.—Dead weight (see Dead). [A.S. wegan, to carry; Ger. wiegen; L. vehĕre, to carry.]

Weigh, wā, n. a very common misspelling of way in the phrase 'Under way,' through confusion with the phrase 'To weigh anchor.'

Weir, Wear, wēr, n. a dam across a river: a fence of stakes set in a stream for catching fish. [A.S. wer, an enclosure, allied to werian, to protect; cf. Ger. wehr, a dam, wehren, to ward.]

Weird, wērd, n. fate: that which comes to pass: a spell or charm.—adj. skilled in witchcraft: unearthly, uncanny.—v.t. to destine, doom, adjure.—adv. Weird′ly.—n. Weird′ness.—Dree one's weird (see Dree).—The weird Sisters, the Fates. [A.S. wyrd, fate—weorthan, to become; Ger. werden.]

Weismannism, vīs′man-izm, n. the doctrine in biology of August Weismann (born 1834)—that acquired characters are not transmitted, function and environment affecting the individual only, not the species, the sole source of evolutionary change being the intermingling of germ-plasma which occurs in fertilisation, and the condition of progress being found in the action of natural selection on the germinal variations which thus arise.

Welcome, wel′kum, adj. received with gladness: admitted willingly: causing gladness: free to enjoy.—n. kindly reception.—v.t. to receive with kindness: to entertain hospitably.—ns. Wel′comeness; Wel′comer, one who welcomes.—Bid a welcome, to receive with professions of kindness. [Scand., Ice. velkominn—vel, well, kominn, pa.p. of koma, to come.]

Weld, weld, n. a scentless species of mignonette, yielding a yellow dye—(Scot.) Wald. [Cf. Ger. wau.]

Weld, weld, v.t. to join together as iron or steel by hammering, when softened by heat: to join closely.—v.i. to undergo welding.—n. a welded joint.—n. Weldabil′ity.—adj. Wel′dable.—ns. Wel′der; Wel′ding; Weld′-ī′ron, wrought-iron.—adj. Weld′less, having no welds.—n. Weld′-steel, puddled steel. [Scand., Sw. välla, orig. to well up, and so cog. with A.S. weallan, to boil; Ger. wallen.]

Welder, wel′dėr, n. a land-tenant holding under the farmer or middleman. [Ir.]

Welfare, wel′fār, n. state of faring or doing well: freedom from any calamity, &c.: enjoyment of health, &c.: prosperity.

Welk, welk, v.i. (obs.) to wither, to shrivel or shrink: to decline.—v.t. to contract, shorten, or impair: to form into wrinkles or ridges. [From a root seen in Old High Ger. welc (Ger. welk), moist.]

Welkin, wel′kin, n. the sky or region of clouds.—adj. (Shak.) sky-blue. [A.S. wolcnu, pl. of wolcen, cloud, air, sky; Ger. wolke, cloud.]

Well, wel, n. a rise of water from the earth: a spring: a pit in the earth whence a supply of water is obtained: an enclosure in a ship's hold round the pumps: the open space in the middle of a staircase: a cavity: an eddy.—v.i. to issue forth, as water from the earth: to spring.—ns. Well′-boat, -smack, a fishing-boat having a well; Well′-bor′ing, sinking wells by drilling through rock; Well′-buck′et, a vessel for drawing up water from a well; Well′-curb, the stone ring built round the mouth of a well; Well′-deck, an enclosed space on the deck of a ship; Well′-drain, a pit drawing the water from wet land; Well′-dress′ing, the festal decoration of wells and springs, as at Tissington in Derbyshire on Ascension-day, &c.; Well′-head, the source of a spring; Well′-hole, the pit or shaft of a well; Well′-house, a room built over a well; Well′ing, an outpouring; Well′-room, a room enclosing a mineral well: a cavity in a boat for collecting leakage and rain-water; Well′-sink′er, one who digs wells; Well′-sink′ing, the act of boring for water; Well′-spring, a fountain.—The wells, any place where mineral wells are situated. [A.S. wella—weallan, to boil; cf. Ice. vella, to boil.]

Well, wel, adj. good in condition: fortunate: comfortable: in health.—n. (Spens.) good health, fortune.—adv. in a proper manner: rightly: thoroughly: favourably: conveniently: to a considerable extent: conscientiously: so be it (as a sign of assent).—adjs. Well′-acquaint′ed, having intimate personal knowledge; Well′-advised′, prudent.—adv. Well′-anear′ (Shak.), very soon.—adj. Well′-appoint′ed, in good trim.—n. Well′-appoint′edness′.—adjs. Well′-bal′anced, properly adjusted; Well′-behāved′, becoming in manner.—n. Well′-bē′ing, state of being well, welfare.—adjs. Well′-beloved′, very dear; Well′-beseem′ing, properly becoming; Well′-beseen′ (Spens.), showy in appearance; Well′-born, born of a good or respectable family: not of mean birth; Well′-breathed, strong of lung; Well′-bred, educated to polished manners: of good stock; Well′-condi′tioned, in a desirable condition; Well′-conduct′ed, properly led: acting properly; Well′-disposed′, favourable.—ns. Well′-do′er, a benefactor; Well′-do′ing, a doing of what is right or good.—adjs. Well′-earned, thoroughly deserved; Well′-ed′ucated, having a good education; Well′-famed, famous; Well-fā′voured, good-looking; Well′-fed, fat; Well′-found, commendable; Well′-found′ed, highly probable; Well′-graced, popular; Well′-ground′ed, very likely; Well′-informed′, full of varied information; Well′-inten′tioned, of upright intentions or purpose; Well′-judged, correctly calculated; Well′-knit, strongly framed; Well′-known, fully known: celebrated: notorious; Well′-lik′ing (Shak.), in good condition: clever, smart; Well′-look′ing, good-looking; Well′-mann′ered, polite: obedient; Well′-marked, obvious, decided; Well′-mean′ing, well-intentioned; Well′-meant, rightly intended; Well′-mind′ed, favourably inclined.—adv. Well′-nigh, nearly: almost.—adjs. Well′-or′dered, correctly governed; Well′-pleas′ing, acceptable; Well′-plight′ed (Spens.), well folded; Well′-propor′tioned, having correct proportions; Well′-read, of extensive reading; Well′-reg′ulated, well-ordered; Well′-respect′ed, highly esteemed; Well-round′ed, symmetrical; Well′-seen (Shak.), experienced, skilful; Well′-set, properly arranged: fitly put together; Well′-spō′ken, spoken properly: graceful in speech; Well′-tem′pered (mus.), tuned in equal temperament; Well′-thewed (Spens.), well-educated, well-mannered, of good disposition; Well′-tim′bered, furnished with much timber; Well′-timed, opportune: keeping accurate time; Well′-to-do, prosperous; Well′-turned, accurately rounded or fashioned; Well′-warr′anted, having good credit.—ns. Well′-will′er, -wish′er, one who wills or wishes well.—adjs. Well′-wished (Shak.), held in good-will; Well′-won, honestly gained; Well′-worn, worn threadbare: (rare) becomingly worn.—adv. Well′y (prov.), well-nigh.—Well done, a word of praise, bravely! nobly! Well enough, in a moderate but sufficient degree; Well met (see Meet); Well off, in good circumstances; Well said, well done! Well up (coll.), well versed in, well acquainted with (with in).—As well as (see As); Just as well, all the same: so much the better. [A.S. wel; cog. with Goth. vaila, Ger. wohl, from the root of will.]

Welladay, wel′a-dā, Wellaway, wel′a-wā, interjs. alas! [Corr. from M. E. weylaway—A.S. wá, lá, wá, 'woe, lo! woe.']

Wellingtonia, wel-ing-tō′ni-a, n. the largest of existing trees, a native of California—the same as Sequoia (q.v.).

Wellingtons, wel′ing-tonz, n. a kind of riding-boots covering the knee in front, but cut away behind: a shorter closely-fitting boot, worn under the trousers. [Named after the great Duke of Wellington.]

Welsh, welsh, adj. pertaining to Wales or its inhabitants.—n.pl. the inhabitants of Wales:—sing. their language.—ns. Welsh′-harp, a large instrument, furnished with three rows of strings, two tuned in unison and in the diatonic scale, the third in the sharps and flats of the chromatic; Welsh′-hook, an old weapon, like the bill; Welsh′man, a native of Wales; Welsh′-on′ion, the cibol, a perennial plant with a garlic taste; Welsh′-rabb′it (see Rabbit). [A.S. welisc, foreign—wealh (pl. wealas), a foreigner, esp. the Celts or Welshmen.]

Welsh, welsh, v.t. and v.i. to run off from a race-course without settling or paying one's bets—also Welch.—ns. Welsh′er, Welch′er. [Perh. in allusion to the alleged bad faith of Welshmen.]

Welt, welt, n. a kind of hem or edging round a shoe: (coll.) a weal.—v.t. to furnish with a welt: to flog severely.—adj. Welt′ed.—n. Welt′ing. [W. gwald, a hem.]

Welter, wel′tėr, v.i. to roll or tumble about, to wallow about, esp. in dirt: to lie in some floating substance.—v.t. to make way in a weltering manner.—n. a tossing about, a state of turmoil.—adj. Wel′tering. [M. E. walten, to roll over—A.S. wealtan, to roll.]

Welter-weight, wel′tėr-wāt, n. an unusually heavy weight, carried mostly in steeple-chases and hurdle-races.—n. Wel′ter-race, a race in which such weights are carried.—n.pl. Wel′ter-stakes, the stakes in a welter-race. [Perh. from welter, in allusion to the less free motion; others trace to swelter, from the heating of the heavily weighted horses.]

Welwitschia, wel-wich′i-a, n. a genus of African Gymnosperms belonging to the Gnetaceæ, and containing only one species, its flower consisting of a panicle of brilliant overlapping scarlet scales. [Friedrich Welwitsch (1806-72), an Austrian traveller.]

Wen, wen, n. a sebaceous cyst, most commonly on the scalp, consisting of obstructed sebaceous glands, which enlarge by the internal pressure of their accumulated secretions.—adjs. Wen′nish, Wen′ny, wen-like. [A.S. wen, a swelling, a wart; Dut. wen.]

Wench, wensh, n. a maid, damsel: a working-girl, a maid-servant: a lewd woman, a mistress, a whore.—v.i. to frequent the company of whores.—n. Wench′er, one who indulges in lewdness. [Perh. from the sing. of A.S. winclo, children, prob. wencel, weak, wancol, unstable.]

Wend, wend, v.i. to go: to wind or turn. [A.S. wendan, the causative of windan, to turn round.]

Wend, wend, n. the name given by the Germans to a branch of the Slavs which, as early as the 6th century, occupied the north and east of Germany from the Elbe along the coast of the Baltic to the Vistula, and as far south as Bohemia: one of the Slavic population of Lusatia who still speak the Wendish tongue.—adjs. Wen′dic, Wen′dish. [Prob. ultimately cog. with wander.]

Wenlock, wen′lok, adj. (geol.) denoting a group or series of rocks of the Upper Silurian period, consisting of limestone and shale, and largely developed in the neighbourhood of Wenlock in Shropshire.

Went, went, properly pa.t. of wend, but now used as pa.t. of go.—n. (Spens.) a turning: a path.

Wentle-trap, wen′tl-trap, n. a genus of gasteropodous molluscs, having a spiral shell with many deep whorls, crossed by elevated ribs, and the aperture round and narrow. [Ger. wendel-treppe, a winding staircase.]

Were, wer, v.i. the pl. of was, used as pa.t. of be. [A.S. wǽre; Ger. war, Ice. vera, to be. Cf. Was.]

Werewolf, Werwolf, wēr′woolf, n. a person supposed to be able by natural gift or magic art to change himself for a time into a wolf.—adjs. Were′wolfish, Wer′wolfish.—n. Were′wolfism, lycanthropy. [A.S. werwulf—wer, man (Goth. vair, L. vir), wulf, a wolf. The modern Ger. Währwolf is the Mid. High Ger. Werwolf, Latinised as garulphus or gerulphus, whence the O. Fr. garoul, the modern French name being pleonastically loup-garou.]

Weregild, Wergild, wēr′gild, n. a composition by which, by the custom of Anglo-Saxons, Franks, and other Teutonic peoples, homicide and other heinous crimes against the person were expiated. [A.S. wergield, from wer, man, gield—gieldan, to pay.]

Wernerian, wėr-nē′ri-an, adj. pertaining or according to the opinions or system of A. G. Werner, a German mineralogist and geologist (1750-1817), who classified minerals according to their external characters, and advocated that all geological phenomena are due to the action of water.—n. an upholder of this theory.—n. Wer′nerite, a variety of scapolite.

Wert, wert, the 2d pers. sing. of were, used as the pa.t. subjunctive of be.

Wertherian, ver-tē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to or resembling the character of Werther in Goethe's romance, 'The Sorrows of Young Werther.'—n. Wer′therism, sentimentality like that of Werther.

Wesleyan, wes′le-an, adj. pertaining to Wesleyanism.—n. one who adopts Wesleyanism.—n. Wes′leyanism, the system of doctrine and church polity of the Wesleyan Methodists: Arminian Methodism. [Named from John Wesley (1703-91).]

West, west, n. the quarter where the sun sets: one of the four chief points of the compass: the direction faced when one stands with his back to the high altar of a church: the countries to the west of Europe.—adj. situated towards or coming from the west: opposite the high altar of a church.—adv. towards the west.—v.i. (Spens.) to move towards the west.—adv. West′-about′, towards the west.—v.i. Wes′ter (obs.), to turn westward.—adjs. Wes′tering (Milt.), passing to the west; Wes′terly, lying or moving towards west: from the west.—adv. towards the west.—adj. Wes′tern, situated in the west: belonging to the west: moving towards, or coming from, the west.—n. an inhabitant of a western region or country.—ns. Wes′terner, a person belonging to the west; Wes′ternism, an idiom or other characteristic of western people.—adj. Wes′ternmost, furthest to the west.—n. Wes′ting, space or distance westward: departure westward: time of setting or reaching the west.—adv. West′ling, towards the west.—adj. West′most, most westerly.—adj. and adv. West′ward, towards the west.—advs. West′wardly, West′wards, towards the west.—Western Church, the Latin Church, as distinguished from the Eastern or Greek Church; Western Empire, the western division of the later Roman Empire; Western States, the states of the American Union lying west of the Alleghanies.—Westward ho! to the west! an old cry of London watermen plying westwards. [A.S. west (Fr. ouest, Ice. vestr); prob. conn. with Ice. vist, abode, L. vesper, Gr. hespera.]

Westphalian, west-fā′li-an, adj. pertaining to Westphalia, a duchy, a kingdom, and now a province of Prussia.—n. a native of Westphalia.

Wet, wet, adj. containing water: having water on the surface: rainy: (slang) given to drinking, tipsy: (U.S.) allowing the sale of intoxicating liquors, as opposed to prohibition.—n. water or wetness: moisture: act of wetting, a dram, a debauch.—v.t. to make wet: to soak with water: to sprinkle: (slang) to celebrate by drinking:—pr.p. wet′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. wet, (rarely) wet′ted.—ns. Wet′-cup′ping, the simultaneous application of a cupping-glass and the making an incision on the skin; Wet′-dock, a dock or basin for floating vessels at all states of the tide; Wet′ness; Wet′-nurse, a nurse who suckles a child for its mother.—adj. Wet′-shod, having shoes or feet wet.—n. Wet′ting-machine′, a machine used to damp paper for printing.—adj. Wet′tish, somewhat wet.—Wet bob (slang), a boy at school who goes in for rowing in preference to cricket or football; Wet bulb thermometer (see Psychrometer); Wet goods, liquors; Wet meter, a gas-meter in which the gas to be measured passes through water; Wet plate (phot.), a plate coated with collodion and sensitised with a salt of silver.—A wet blanket, a damper, kill-joy. [A.S. wǽt; Ice. vátr; from root of water.]

Wey, wā, n. a measure or weight differing with different articles=182 lb. wool, 40 bushels salt or corn, 48 bushels oats, &c. [Weigh.]

Whack, hwak, v.t. to thwack: (slang) to parcel out, share.—v.i. to keep on striking: (slang) to settle accounts.—n. a blow: a stroke, share.—n. Whack′er (slang), something big.—adj. Whack′ing, very large, astounding. [Thwack.]

Whaisle, Whaizle, hwā′zl, v.i. (Scot.) to wheeze. [A form of wheeze.]

Whale, hwāl, n. the common name of a cetaceous mammal, the largest of sea-animals, including the toothed whales, such as Sperm Whale and Dolphin, and the whalebone whales, such as Right Whale and Rorqual, in which the teeth are only embryonic.—v.i. to take whales.—ns. Whale′-back, a boat whose maindecks are covered in and rounded, for rough seas; Whale′-boat, a long, narrow boat used in the pursuit of whales; Whale′bone, a light flexible substance consisting of the baleen plates of the Arctic and allied whales.—adj. made of whalebone.—ns. Whale′-calf, a young whale—also Calf whale; Whale′-fish′er, one engaged in whale-fishery or the hunting of whales; Whale′-fish′ery; Whale′-fish′ing; Whale′-line, strong rope used for harpoon-lines in the whale-fishery; Whale′-louse, a genus of Crustacea, parasitic on the skin of Cetaceans; Whale′-man, Whāl′er, a person employed in whale-fishing; Whale′-oil, oil obtained from the blubber of a whale; Whāl′er, Whale′ship, a ship employed in the whale-fishing; Whāl′ery, whaling.—adj. Whāl′ing, connected with whale-catching.—n. the business of catching whales.—ns. Whāl′ing-gun, a contrivance for killing whales by means of a projectile; Whāl′ing-mas′ter, the captain of a whaler; Whāl′ing-port, a port where whalers are registered.—Whale's bone, ivory.—Bull whale, an adult male whale. [A.S. hwæl (Ice. hvalr, Ger. walfisch); orig. unknown.]

Whang, hwang, v.t. to flog: (Scot.) to cut in great slices.—n. a blow, bang: a large slice. [Prob. a variant of whack.]

Whangam, hwang′gam, n. a feigned name of some animal, invented by Goldsmith.

Wharf, hworf, n. a bank of timber or stone on the shore of a harbour or river for lading and unlading vessels: (Shak.) the bank of a river:—pl. Wharfs, Wharves.—v.t. to secure by a wharf: to place on a wharf.—ns. Wharf′age, the dues paid for using a wharf: accommodation at a wharf; Wharf′ing, material for making a wharf: wharfs; Wharfinger (hworf′in-jėr), one who has the care of, or owns, a wharf; Wharf′-rat, the common brown rat: a fellow who loafs about a wharf in the hope of picking up a chance job. [A.S. hwerf, a dam; prob. conn. with hweorfan (Ice. hverfa), to turn.]

What, hwot, interrog. pron. applied both to persons and things—also used elliptically and as an interjection: (Shak.) used to express a summons, or as a mere expletive.—interrog. adj. of what sort, how much, how great—also used in an intensive manner.—rel. pron. that which, such ... as: (Shak.) any, who, which.—indef. pron. something: (Spens.) a portion, bit.—adv. (obs.) why? to what degree?—conj. so much as: that, as in but what, that ... not.—ns. What′abouts, the things one is occupied about; What′-d'ye-call (-it, -'em), a word substituted for the name of a thing (or person) because of forgetfulness, or in contempt.—adjs. What′en, What′ten (Scot.), what kind of.—prons. Whatev′er, Whate'er′, anything which: (coll.) what?—adj. any or all that, no matter what.—adjs. What′-like (coll.), of what kind; What′na (Scot.), same as Whaten.—pron. What′not, whatever or whoever.—adj. What′so, of whatever kind.—pron. whosoever.—adjs. Whatsoev′er, Whatsoe'er′, of whatever kind; Whatsomev′er (coll.), whatsoever.—What an if (Shak.), what of; What else, could anything else be the case? What ... for (Shak.), what kind of; What ho! a loud summons; What if, what would happen if? What not, elliptical for 'what may I not say?' implying the presence or existence of many other things; What of, what comes of? what do you think of? What's what, the real or genuine thing; What though, what matters it though, notwithstanding; What time, at the very time when; What with, by reason of. [A.S. hwæt, neut. of hwa, who; Ger. was, L. quid.]

Whatnot, hwot′not, n. a piece of furniture with shelves for books, &c., so called because used to hold anything: anything, no matter what.

Whaup, hwawp, n. (Scot.) a curlew—sometimes Great Whaup as opposed to Little Whaup, the whimbrel.

Wheal, hwēl, n. a wale, weal.—v.t. to cause weals upon. [Prob. conn. with A.S. hwelan, to pine.]

Wheat, hwēt, n. the most valuable of all the cereal grasses, the grain furnishing a white flour for bread—known as bearded, beardless, or bald, according to the presence or the absence of the awns or beard; as white, red, or amber, according to colour; and as spring, summer, autumn, or winter, according to the time of sowing.—ns. Wheat′-bird, the chaffinch; Wheat′-ear, an ear of wheat; Wheat′-eel, a disease in wheat—also Ear-cockle.—adj. Wheat′en, made of wheat.—ns. Wheat′-field, a field of wheat; Wheat′-fly, name of several flies which destroy wheat—e.g. the Hessian fly; Wheat′-midge, a dipterous insect which lays its eggs in the flowers of wheat-heads, and whose reddish larvæ devour the kernels; Wheat′-mil′dew, the rust which gathers on wheat and oats; Wheat′-moth, one of several small moths whose larvæ devour stored wheat.—Wheat-ear stitch, a fancy stitch in embroidery. [A.S. hwǽte—hwit, white; Ger. weizen; allied to white, and named from its colour.]

Wheat-ear, hwēt′-ēr, n. a bird of the genus Chat, a common summer visitant of Britain, abounding on downs and fallow fields. [Corr. from White-arse.]

Wheedle, hwēd′l, v.t. to entice by soft words: to flatter.—n. a coaxing person.—n. Wheed′ler.—adj. Wheed′lesome, coaxing.—n. Wheed′ling. [Perh. from Ger. wedeln, to wag the tail, as a dog—wedel, a fan, brush—Old High Ger. wehan, to blow.]

Wheel, hwēl, n. a circular frame turning on an axle: an old instrument of torture: a steering-wheel: (fig.) the course of events, from the wheel, one of the attributes of Fortune, the emblem of mutability: (coll.) a bicycle or tricycle: circular motion: principle of life or motion: (Shak.) a refrain: (pl.) chariot: (slang) a dollar.—v.t. to cause to whirl: to convey on wheels: to turn.—v.i. to turn round or on an axis: to roll forward: to change direction: to move in a circle: to change about: (coll.) to ride a bicycle or tricycle.—ns. Wheel′-an′imal, -animal′cule, a rotifer; Wheel′-barrow, a barrow supported on one wheel and two handles, and driven forward by one man; Wheel′-boat, a boat having wheels, for use on water or on inclined planes; Wheel′-carr′iage, any kind of carriage moved on wheels; Wheel′-chair, a chair moving on wheels.—adj. Wheel′-cut, cut, or ground and polished, on a wheel—of glass.—n. Wheel′-cut′ter, a machine for cutting the teeth on watch and clock wheels.—p.adj. Wheeled, having wheels.—ns. Wheel′er, one who wheels: the horse nearest the wheels of a carriage: a maker of wheels; Wheel′-horse, one of the horses next the wheels in a team; Wheel′-house, a box or small house erected over the steering-wheel in ships: a paddle-box; Wheel′ing, the act of moving or conveying on wheels: a turning or circular movement of troops; Wheel′-lock, a lock for firing a gun by means of a small steel wheel; Wheel′man, a steersman: a cyclist; Wheel′-plough, a plough the depth of whose furrow is regulated by a wheel; Wheel′-race, the part of a race in which the water-wheel is fixed; Wheel′-tax, a tax on carriages; Wheel′-win′dow, a circular window with radiating tracery; Wheel′-work, a combination of wheels and their connection in machinery; Wheel′wright, a wright who makes wheels and wheel-carriages.—adj. Wheel′y, like a wheel.—Wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers, in its primitive form a cylindrical axle, on which a wheel, concentric with the axle, is firmly fastened, the power being applied to the wheel, and the weight attached to the axis; Wheel of life (see Zoetrope); Wheels within wheels, a complication of circumstances.—Break a butterfly (fly, &c.) upon the wheel, to inflict a punishment out of all proportion to the offence: to employ great exertions for insignificant ends. [A.S. hwéol; Ice. hjól.]

Wheen, hwēn, n. (Scot.) a small quantity: a quantity. [A.S. hwǽne—hwón, adv., a little.]

Wheeze, hwēz, v.i. to breathe with a hissing sound: to breathe audibly or with difficulty.—n. Wheeze—also Wheez′ing.—adv. Wheez′ily.—v.i. Wheez′le, to make wheezy sounds.—adj. Wheez′y. [A.S. hwésan; Ice. hvæsa, to wheeze, to hiss.]

Whelk, hwelk, n. a popular name for a number of marine Gasteropods, especially applied to species of Buccinum common on the coasts of northern seas.—adjs. Whelked, ridged like a whelk; Whel′ky, knobby, rounded. [Wrong form of welk—A.S. wiloc, weoluc, prob. from wealcan, to roll.]

Whelk, hwelk, n. (Shak.) the mark of a stripe on the body, a wrinkle, an inequality or protuberance. [Weal, wheal.]

Whelm, hwelm, v.t. to cover completely: to plunge deep: to overburden: to ruin, destroy.—v.i. to pass over in such a way as to submerge. [M. E. whelmen, whelven, to overturn (Ice. hválfa, Ger. wölben); allied to A.S. hwealf, arched; cf. Gr. kolpos, a gulf.]

Whelp, hwelp, n. the young of the dog kind and of lions, &c.: a puppy: a cub: a young man (in contempt).—v.i. and v.t. to bring forth young. [A.S. hwelp; Ice. hvelpr.]

Whemmle, hwem′l, Whummle, hwum′l, n. an overthrow: (Scot.) confusion.—v.t. to whelm, overthrow. [Freq. form of whelm.]

When, hwen, adv. and conj. at what time? at which time: at or after the time that: while.—interj. (Shak.) an exclamation of impatience, like what!—conj. When′as (Shak.), when: whereas.—adv. and conj. Whence (also From whence), from what place: from which things: wherefore.—adv. Whenceforth′ (Spens.), whence.—conjs. Whencesoev′er, from what place, cause, or source soever; Whenev′er, Whene'er′, at every time when; Whensoev′er, at what time soever: whenever. [A.S. hwænne, hwonne (Ger. wann, wenn); orig. accus. of interrog. pron. hwá, who.]

Where, hwār, adv. and conj. at which place, at what place? to what place, to which place? (Shak.) whence, whereas: wherever.—n. (Shak.) situation, place.—adv. and conj. Whereabout′, about which, about where: near what?—also Where′abouts.—n. Where′abouts, one's present place.—conjs. Whereagainst′ (Shak.), against which; Whereas′, as or on account of which: since: when in fact: where.—advs. and conjs. Whereat′, at which: at what? Whereby′, by which; Where′fore, for which reason: for what reason? why?—n. the cause.—advs. and conjs. Wherefrom′, whence; Wherein′, in which respect: in what? Whereinsoev′er, in whatever place or respect; Whereinto (hwār-in′tōō, -in-tōō′), into what? into which.—n. Where′ness, state of having place or position.—advs. and conjs. Whereof′, of which: of what? Whereon′, on which: on what? Whereout′, out of which; Where′so, Wheresoe'er′, Wheresoev′er, in what place soever: (Shak.) whencesoever; Wherethrough′, through which; Whereto′, to which: to what? Whereun′der, under which; Whereuntil′ (Shak.), whereunto; Whereunto′, Whereun′to, whereto: for what purpose? Whereupon′, upon or in consequence of which; Where'er′, Wherev′er, at whatever place; Wherewith′, Wherewithal′, with which? with what.—Where away? (naut.), a query uttered by the officer of the deck as to the direction of an object sighted by the lookout.—The wherewith, wherewithal, means. [A.S. hwǽr, hwár; from stem of who. Cf. There.]

Wherry, hwer′i, n. a shallow, light boat, sharp at both ends for speed:—pl. Wherr′ies.—n. Wherr′y-man, one who rows a wherry. [Ety. dub.; perh. conn. with Ice. hverfr, crank—hverfa, to turn.]

Whet, hwet, v.t. to sharpen by rubbing: to make keen: to excite: (obs.) to preen:—pr.p. whet′ting: pa.t. and pa.p. whet′ted.—n. act of sharpening: something that sharpens the appetite.—ns. Whet′-stone, a stone for sharpening edged instruments: a stimulant; Whet′ter.—Whet on, or forward (Shak.), to urge on. [A.S. hwettan—hwæt, sharp; Ger. wetzen.]

Whether, hweth′ėr, interrog. and rel. pron. signifying which of two.—conj. which of two alternatives.—interrog. adv. introducing the first of two questions, the second being introduced by or—also conj.—Whether or no (coll.), in any case, surely. [A.S. hwæther, from hwá, who, with the old comp. suffix -ther; cog. with Goth. hwathar, Ger. weder; also with L. uter, Gr. koteros, Sans. katara. Cf. Other and Alter.]

Whethering, hweth′ėr-ing, n. (prov.) the retention of the afterbirth in cows.

Whew, Wheugh, hwū, interj. expressing wonder or dismay.—n. a whistling sound noting astonishment.—v.i. to utter such a sound.

Whey, hwā, n. the watery part of milk, separated from the curd, esp. in making cheese.—adjs. Whey′ey, Whey′ish, of whey: like whey.—n. Whey′-face, a pale or white face, caused by fright.—adj. Whey′-faced.—ns. Whey′ishness; Whey′-tub. [A.S, hwǽg; Low Ger. wey.]

Which, hwich, interrog. pron. what one of a number?—also used adjectively.—rel. pron. (obs.) who, whom: now used of things only.—prons. Whichev′er, Whichsoev′er, every one which: whether one or other.—(obs.) Which...he, who; Which...his, whose—surviving in the vulgar use of which as a mere introductory word; Which is which? which is the one, which is the other? a common phrase denoting inability to decide between two or more things.—The which (obs.), which. [A.S. hwilc, hwelc, from hwí, instrumental case of hwá, who, and líc, like; Goth. hwei-leiks, Ger. welch, welcher; L. qualis. Cf. Such and Each.]

Whid, hwid, n. (Scot.) a rapid movement.—v.i. to move quickly, to whisk.—v.i. Whid′der, to whiz. [Prob. conn. with W. chwid, a jerk; or perh. A.S. hwitha, a breeze.]

Whid, hwid, n. (Scot.) a lie: (obs.) a word: (prov.) a quarrel.—v.i. to lie.—Cut boon whids, to speak good words. [Perh. A.S. cwide, a word—cwethan, to say.]

Whiff, hwif, n. a sudden puff of air or smoke from the mouth: a slight blast: a light kind of outrigger boat: (prov.) a glimpse.—v.t. to throw out in whiffs: to puff.—v.i. to go out or off in a whiff.—ns. Whiff′er; Whiff′et, a whipper-snapper.—v.i. Whiff′le, to veer about, blow in gusts: to be fickle: to prevaricate: to talk idly.—n. a fickle, light-headed person.—ns. Whiff′ler, a fickle person: a herald, usher, piper, leading the way in a procession; Whiff′lery, levity; Whift, a breath, snatch. [W. chwiff, a puff; imit.]

Whiff, hwif, v.i. to fish with a hand-line.—n. Whiff′ing. [Whip.]

Whiffletree, hwif′l-trē, n. a swingletree.—Also Whip′pletree. [From whifle, to turn. Cf. Whiff.]

Whig, hwig, n. the name, since 1830 almost superseded by 'Liberal,' of one of the great English political parties: a Scotch Presbyterian, first so called in the middle of the 17th century: (U.S.) one of those who in the colonial period were opposed to British rule: one of the survivors of the old National Republican party, first so called in 1834—it died in 1852.—adj. composed of Whigs—also Whig′gish.—n. Whig′garchy, government by Whigs.—adv. Whig′gishly.—ns. Whig′gism, Whig′gery, Whig′gishness, Whig′ship, Whig principles. [Prob. short for whiggamore.]

Whiggamore, hwig′a-mōr, n. originally a person who came from the west and south-west of Scotland to Leith to buy corn: one of the 7000 Western Covenanters who marched on Edinburgh in 1648, sealing the doom of Charles I.: a Scotch Presbyterian, a Whig. [Traced by some to whiggam, a sound used by the peasantry of the western Lowlands in driving their horses; others derive from whig, sour whey. Not derivable from whig (1) and Gael. mor, great.]

Whigmaleerie, hwig-ma-lē′ri, n. (Scot.) a trinket, knick-knack: a whim. [Orig. uncertain.]

While, hwīl, n. a space of time: trouble spent.—adv. during the time that: at the same time that, as long as.—v.t. to cause to pass without irksomeness (with away).—conjs. While, Whilst, as long as: at the same time that: (Shak.) until; Whiles (B.), while, at the same time that.—adv. (Scot.) at times (orig. gen. of A.S. hwíl).—advs. Whī′lom, Whī′lome (Milt.), formerly, once (orig. dat. pl. of A.S. hwíl, time).—Every once in a while, now and then; The while (Shak.), in the meantime; The whilst (Shak.), while: in the meantime; Worth while, worth the trouble and time taken. [A.S. hwíl; Goth. hweila, Ger. weile.]

Whilly, hwil′i, v.t. (Scot.) to cajole.—v.i. Whill′y-whaw, to make wheedling speeches.—n. cajolery.—adv. smooth-tongued, wheedling. [Prob. a mixture of wile and wheedle.]

Whim, hwim, n. a caprice: a fancy: a machine for raising ore, a mine.—v.i. to turn round, to be seized with a whim.—v.t. to cause to turn.—adjs. Whim′my, Whim′sical, full of whims, odd, fantastical.—ns. Whimsical′ity, Whim′sicalness.—adv. Whim′sically.—ns. Whim′sy, Whim′sey, a whim, freak.—adj. full of whims, changeable.—n. Whim′-wham, a ridiculous notion or thing, a freak, an odd device. [Ice. hvima, to have the eyes wandering.]

Whimbrel, hwim′brel, n. a bird of the family Scolopacidæ, allied to the curlew and like it in form, plumage, and habits, but smaller, and having a shorter bill.—Also Wim′brel. [Prob. imit.]

Whimper, hwim′pėr, v.i. to cry with a low, whining voice.—n. a peevish cry.—ns. Whim′perer, one who whimpers; Whim′pering, peevish crying.—adv. Whim′peringly.—Be on the whimper, to be peevish and ready to cry. [Scot. whimmer; Ger. wimmern; perh. from the root of whine.]

Whin, hwin, n. gorse, furze.—n. Whin′-chat, a bird very similar in appearance, esp. when it assumes its duller autumn plumage, to the Stone-chat, a summer visitant of Britain.—adj. Whin′ny, abounding in whins. [W. chwyn, weeds.]

Whine, hwīn, v.i. to utter a plaintive, shrill cry: to complain in an unmanly way.—n. a plaintive cry: an affected nasal tone of complaint.—ns. Whī′ner; Whī′ning.—adv. Whī′ningly. [A.S. hwínan, to whine; Ice. hvína.]

Whinger, hwing′ėr, n. a dirk.—Also Whin′iard and Whin′yard. [Prob. a corr. of hanger.]

Whinnock, hwin′ok, n. (prov.) the smallest pig in a litter: a milk-pail.

Whinny, hwin′i, v.i, to neigh:—pa.t. and pa.p. whinn′ied.—n. a neigh. [Freq. of whine.]

Whinstone, hwin′stōn, n. a popular name in Scotland for any hard and compact kind of stone, as distinguished from sandstone or freestone and rocks of slaty structure.—Also Whin. [Perh. corr. from whernstone, quernstone, stone suitable for querns.]

Whip, hwip, n. that which whips: a lash with a handle for punishing or driving: a driver, coachman: one who enforces the attendance of a political party: a whipper-in, the person who manages the hounds: a call made on members of parliament to be in their places against important divisions: a simple form of hoisting apparatus, a small tackle consisting of a single rope and block.—v.t. to strike with a lash: to drive or punish with lashes: to lash with sarcasm: (coll.) to beat, outdo: to beat into a froth, as eggs, cream, &c.: to keep together, as a party: to fish with fly: to overlay, as one cord with another, to enwrap, lay regularly on: to sew lightly: to overcast, as a seam: to move quickly, snatch (with up, away, out).—v.i. to move nimbly: to make a cast in fishing with fly:—pr.p. whip′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. whipped, whipt.—ns. Whip′-and-der′ry, a hoisting apparatus—same as whip above; Whip′cat, a tailor; Whip′cord, cord for making whips.—adj. Whip′cordy, tough like whipcord.—v.t. Whip′-graft, to graft by fitting a tongue cut on the scion to a slit cut slopingly in the stock.—ns. Whip′-hand, the hand that holds the whip: advantage over; Whip′-hand′le, the handle or stock of a whip: an advantage; Whip′jack, a poor whining seaman who never was at sea; Whip′lash, the lash of a whip; Whip′per, one who whips: an officer who inflicts the penalty of whipping; Whip′per-in, one who keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them in to the line of chase: one who enforces the discipline of a party; Whip′per-snap′per, a pretentious but insignificant person; Whip′ping, act of whipping: punishment with the whip or lash: a defeat: a binding of twine, as at the end of a rope: in bookbinding, the sewing of the edges of single leaves in sections by overcasting the thread—also Whip′-stitch′ing; Whip′ping-boy, a boy formerly educated along with a prince and bearing his punishments for him; Whip′ping-cheer (Shak.), chastisement; Whip′ping-post, a post to which offenders are tied to be whipped: the punishment itself; Whip′-saw, a saw usually set in a frame, for dividing timber lengthwise, and commonly worked by two persons.—v.t. to cut with a whip-saw: to have the advantage of a person at every point.—ns. Whip′-snake, a name given in North America to various species of the genus Masticophis (esp. M. flagelliformis, the coach-whip snake, four to five feet long, slender, and harmless), as also to species of Philodryas, of Passerita, &c.; Whip′-sock′et, a socket to hold the butt of a whip; Whip′-staff, the handle of a whip; Whip′ster (Shak.), same as Whipper-snapper; Whip′-stitch, a kind of half-ploughing—raftering: a hasty composition: a tailor; Whip′-stock, the rod or handle of a whip.—adjs. Whip′-tail, -tailed, having a long, slender tail.—Whip and spur, with great haste; Whip the cat, to practise small economies: to work by the day as a dressmaker going from house to house. [M. E. whippen; prob. a form of wippen—Old Dut. wippen, to shake, conn. with Old High Ger. wipph, swinging motion (Ger. weifen, to move), and akin to L. vibrāre, to tremble.]

Whippet, hwip′et, n. (obs.) a kind of dog, a cross between a greyhound and spaniel.

Whip-poor-will, hwip′-pōōr-wil′, n. a species of goat-sucker, a native of North America. [So named from the fancied resemblance of its notes to the words whip poor Will.]

Whir, hwėr, n. a sound from rapid whirling.—v.i. to whirl round with a noise.—v.t. (Shak.) to hurry away with a whizzing sound:—pr.p. whir′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. whirred.—n. Whir′ring. [Dan. hvirre, to whirl; ult. imit.]

Whirl, hwėrl, n. a turning with rapidity: anything that turns with velocity.—v.i. to revolve rapidly.—v.t. to turn round rapidly: to carry away rapidly, as on wheels.—ns. Whirl′-about′, anything that turns round rapidly; Whirl′-bat (obs.), the ancient cestus; Whirl′-blast, a whirling blast of wind; Whirl′-bone, the knee-cap; Whirl′er; Whirl′igig, a child's toy which is spun or whirled rapidly round: a merry-go-round: anything that revolves rapidly: the water-beetle (Gyrinus): an ancient instrument of punishment, consisting of a pivoted wooden cage in which the prisoner was spun round; Whirl′ing; Whirl′ing-der′vish, one of an order of Mohammedan devotees who dance or spin round—the Mevlevis or dancing dervishes, founded in 1273; Whirl′ing-tā′ble, -machine′, a machine exhibiting the effects of centripetal and centrifugal forces: an instrument used by potters; Whirl′pool, a circular current in a river or sea, produced by opposing tides, winds, or currents: an eddy; Whirl′wind, a violent aerial current, with a whirling, rotary, or spiral motion and wild circling rush. [Skeat explains M. E. whirlen as a contraction for an assumed whirf-le, a freq. of Ice. hvirfla, to whirl, freq. of hverfa (pa.t. hvarf), to turn round; Ger. wirbeln, to whirl.]

Whirret, hwir′et, n. (obs.) a blow.—v.t. to give a box on the ear to: to vex.—Also Whirr′ick.

Whish, hwish, v.i. to move with the whizzing sound of rapid motion. [Imit.]

Whisk, hwisk, v.t. to move with a quick motion: to sweep or stir rapidly.—v.i. to move nimbly and rapidly.—n. a rapid sweeping motion: a small bunch of anything used for a brush: a small instrument for beating or whisking, esp. eggs.—ns. Whis′ker, he who, or that which, whisks: the hair on the sides of a man's face (esp. in pl.): the bristle on the face of a cat, &c.; Whiskeran′do, a whiskered person, in allusion to Don Ferolo Whiskerandos in Sheridan's Critic.—adjs. Whiskeran′doed, Whis′kered, Whis′kery, having whiskers; Whis′king, moving briskly; Whis′ky-fris′ky, flighty. [Scand., Ice. visk, a wisp of hay; Sw. viska, to wipe, Ger. wischen; prob. conn. with wash.]

Whisk, hwisk, n. whist. [So called from the rapid action of sweeping the cards off the table after a trick has been won.]

Whisky, Whiskey, hwis′ki, n. a spirit made by the distillation of the fermented extract from malted and unmalted cereals, potatoes, or any starch-yielding material—the best qualities made either from malted barley alone, or from a mixed grist of barley-malt and dried barley and oats.—adjs. Whis′kified, Whis′keyfied, intoxicated.—n. Whis′ky-liv′er, cirrhosis of the liver, from too much whisky.—Whisky insurrection, an outbreak against the excise regulations which occurred in Western Pennsylvania in 1794; Whisky toddy, toddy having whisky for its chief ingredient. [Gael. uisge beatha—uisge, water, beatha, life; cf. L. vita, Gr. bios, life.]

Whisky-jack, hwis′ki-jak, n. the gray or Canada jay.—Also Whis′ky-john. [Amer. Ind. wiss-ka-tjan.]

Whisper, hwis′pėr, v.i. to speak with a low sound: to speak very softly: to plot secretly.—v.t. to utter in a low voice or under the breath.—n. a low, hissing voice or sound: cautious or timorous speaking: a secret hint: a low rustling sound.—ns. Whis′perer, one who whispers: (B.) a secret informer; Whis′pering, whispered talk: insinuation.—adj. like a whisper.—n. Whis′pering-gall′ery, a gallery or dome so constructed that a whisper or slight sound is carried to an unusual distance.—advs. Whis′peringly, in a whisper or low voice; Whis′perously, in a whisper. [A.S. hwisprian; Ger. wispern, Ice. hvískra; allied to whistle.]

Whist, hwist, adj. hushed: silent.—v.i. to become silent.—v.t. (Spens.) to hush or silence.—interj. hush! silence! be still! [Akin to hist!]

Whist, hwist, n. a well-known game at cards, played with the whole pack, by two against two.—ns. Whist′-play, play in the game of whist; Whist′-play′er.—Dummy whist (see Dummy); Five point Whist, whist played without counting honours; Long whist, a game of ten points with honours counting; Short whist, the game of five points, without honours. [Orig. whisk. Cf. Whisk.]

Whistle, hwis′l, v.i. to make a shrill sound by forcing the breath through the lips contracted: to make a like sound with an instrument: to sound shrill: to inform by whistling, to become informer.—v.t. to form or utter by whistling: to call by a whistle.—n. the sound made in whistling: a small wind instrument: an instrument sounded by escaping steam, used for signalling on railway-engines, steamships, &c.—adj. Whis′tle-drunk (obs.), too drunk to whistle.—ns. Whis′tle-fish, a rockling; Whis′tler, one who, or that which, whistles: a kind of marmot: a broken-winded horse; Whis′tling.—adv. Whis′tlingly.—n. Whis′tling-shop (slang), a shebeen, the keeper being called a whistler.—Whistle down the wind, to talk to no purpose; Whistle for, to summon by whistling; Whistle for a wind, a superstitious practice of old sailors during a calm; Whistle off, to send off by a whistle: (Shak.) turn loose.—Go whistle (Shak.), to go to the deuce; Pay for one's whistle, to pay highly for one's caprice; Pigs and whistles, an exclamation equivalent to 'The deuce!' or the like—also in phrase, 'To make pigs and whistles of anything'=to make a sad mess of it; Wet one's whistle (coll.), to take a drink of liquor; Worth the whistle, worth the trouble of calling for. [A.S. hwistlian; Sw. hvissla; cf. Whisper.]

Whit, hwit, n. the smallest particle imaginable: a bit. [By-form of wight, a creature.]

White, hwīt, adj. of the colour of pure snow: pale, pallid: colourless: pure: unblemished: purified from sin: bright: burnished without ornament: transparent and colourless, as of wine: pertaining to the Carmelite monks: gracious, favourable: (U.S.) reliable, honest.—n. the colour of snow: anything white, as a white man, the mark at which an arrow is shot, the albuminous part of an egg.—v.t. to make white.—ns. White′-alloy′, a cheap alloy used to imitate silver; White′-ant, a termite.—adj. White′-backed, having the back white or marked with white.—ns. White′bait, the name by which the fry of the herring and sprat are known in the market, and when served for the table, esp. in London; White′-bass, a silvery serranoid fish of the American Great Lake region.—adj. White′-beaked, having a white beak.—ns. White′-bear, the polar bear; White′-beard, an old man.-adjs. White′-beard′ed; White′-bell′ied; White′-billed.—ns. White′boy, a member of an association of Irish peasants first formed in County Tipperary about 1761—wearing white shirts—long noted for agrarian outrages; White′boyism, the principles of the Whiteboys; White′-brass, an alloy of copper and zinc.—adj. White′-breast′ed.—n.pl. White′caps (U.S.), the name given to a self-constituted committee of persons who generally commit outrageous acts under the guise of serving the community.—ns. White′chapel-cart, a light two-wheeled spring-cart much used by London butchers, grocers, &c.; White′-copp′er, a light-coloured alloy of copper.—adjs. White′-crest′ed, -crowned, having the crest or crown white—of birds.—n.pl. White′-crops, grain, as barley, rye, wheat.—ns. White′-damp, carbonic oxide, a poisonous but not inflammable gas found in coal-mines in the after-damp; White′-el′ephant (see Elephant).—adjs. White′-faced, having a face pale with fear or from illness: with white front, forehead—also White′-front′ed; White′-fā′voured, wearing white favours.—ns. White′-feath′er (see Feather); White′fish, a general name for such fish as the whiting, haddock, menhaden, &c.: the largest of all the Coregoni or American lake whitefish; White′friar, one of the Carmelite order of friars, so called from their white dress.—adj. White′-hand′ed, having white hands unstained with guilt.—ns. White′-hass (Scot.), an oatmeal and suet pudding; White′head, the blue-winged snow-goose: a breed of domestic pigeons, a white-tailed monk; White′-heat, the degree of heat at which bodies become white; White′-herr′ing, a fresh or uncured herring; White′-hon′eysuckle, the clammy azalea; White′-horse, the name applied to a figure of a horse on a hillside, formed by removing the turf so as to show the underlying chalk—the most famous in Berkshire, at Uffington, traditionally supposed to commemorate Alfred the Great's victory of Ashdown (871)—periodically 'scoured' or cleaned from turf, &c.—adj. White′-hot.—ns. White′-īron, pig-iron in which the carbon is almost entirely in chemical combination with the iron; White′-lā′dy, a spectral figure which appears in many of the castles of Germany, as at Ansbach, Baireuth, Altenburg, &c., by night as well as by day, particularly when the death of any member of the family is imminent; White′-land, land with a stiff clayey soil white when dry; White′lead, a carbonate of lead used in painting white; White′-leath′er (see Leather); White′-leg, an ailment of women after parturition—also Milk-leg; White′-lie (see Lie); White′-light, ordinary sunlight; White′-lime, whitewash.—adjs. White′-limed, whitewashed; White′-list′ed, having white lists or stripes on a darker ground; White′-liv′ered, having a pale look, so called because thought to be caused by a white liver: cowardly: malicious; White′ly (Shak.), coming near to white, white-faced.—ns. White′-meat, food made of milk, butter, eggs, &c.: the flesh of poultry, rabbits, veal, &c.; White′-met′al, a general name for alloys of light colour.—v.t. Whī′ten, to make white: to bleach.—v.i. to become or turn white.—ns. Whīt′ener; White′ness; White′-pot, a Devonshire dish of sliced rolls, milk, eggs, sugar, &c. baked; White′-precip′itate, a white mercurial preparation used externally; White′-pyrī′tes, marcasite; White′-rent, the tinner's poll-tax of eightpence to the Duke of Cornwall: rent paid in silver.—adj. White′-rumped.—ns. Whites (see Leucorrhœa); White′-salt, salt dried and calcined; White′smith, a worker in tinned or white iron: a tinsmith; White′-squall (see Squall); White′stone, granulite; White′-swell′ing, a disease of the joints, esp. the knee, in which the synovial membrane passes into pulpy degeneration; White′thorn, the common hawthorn; White′throat, a bird of the same genus as the Blackcap, having the breast and belly of a brownish-white; White′-vit′riol, sulphate of zinc; White′wash, slaked quicklime, reduced to the consistency of milk by means of water, used for colouring walls and as a disinfectant: a wash for the skin: false colouring.—v.t. to cover with whitewash: to give a fair appearance to.—ns. White′washer, one who whitewashes; White′-wa′ter, shoal water near the shore, breakers: the foaming water in rapids, &c.; White′-wax, bleached beeswax: Chinese wax, or pela; White′-wine, any wine of clear transparent colour, as hock, &c.; White′wing, the velvet scoter, scurf-duck: the chaffinch.—adj. White′-winged.—ns. White′wood, a name applied to a large number of trees or their timber—the American tulip-tree, white-wood cedar, cheesewood, &c.; Whī′ting, a small sea-fish allied to the cod, so called from its white colour: ground chalk free from stony matter and other impurities, extensively used as a size-colour, &c.—also White′ning, and Spanish white, Paris white (the finest); Whī′ting-time (Shak.), bleaching-time.—adj. Whī′tish, somewhat white.—ns. Whī′tishness; Whīt′ster (Shak.), a bleacher of cloth or clothes.—adjs. Whī′ty, whitish; Whī′ty-brown, white with a tinge of brown.—White-headed eagle, the North American bald eagle; White horse, a white-topped wave; White House, a popular name of the official residence of the President of the United States at Washington; White of an egg, the albumen, the pellucid viscous fluid surrounding the yolk; White of the eye, that part of the ball of the eye which surrounds the iris or coloured part.—China white, a very pure variety of whitelead—also Silver white and French white; Pearl white, the basic nitrate of bismuth used as a cosmetic; Zinc white, impure oxide of zinc.—Mark with a white stone (see Stone); Show the white feather (see Feather). [A.S. hwít; Ice. hvitr, Ger. weiss.]

Whither, hwith′ėr, adv. to what place? to which place: to what: whithersoever.—adv. Whithersoev′er, to whatever place.—No whither, to no place. [A.S. hwider, from the stem of who. Cf. Thither, There.]

Whitleather, hwit′leth-ėr, n. leather dressed with alum, white leather: the paxwax or nuchal ligament of the ox.

Whitlow, hwit′lō, n. a painful inflammatory affection of the fingers, almost always proceeding to suppuration, paronychia.—n. Whit′low-grass, a small British saxifrage: the small Draba verna of America. [A corr. of whick-flaw=quick-flaw. Cf. Quick and Flaw.]

Whitsun, hwit′sun, adj. pertaining to, or observed at, Whitsuntide.—ns. Whit′sun-ale, a festival formerly held at Whitsuntide; Whit′sunday, Whit′suntide, the seventh Sunday after Easter, commemorating the day of Pentecost, when the converts in the primitive Church wore white robes: in Scotland, one of the term-days (May 15) on which rents, annuities, &c. are payable, the Whitsunday removal terms in towns being fixed as May 28; Whit′suntide, the season of Pentecost, comprising the week following Pentecost Sunday; Whit′sun-week, the week beginning with Whitsunday.

Whittie-whattie, hwit′i-hwot′i, v.i. (Scot.) to mutter, whisper.—n. language intended to deceive.

Whittle, hwit′l, v.t. to pare or cut with a knife: to cut to an edge.—v.i. to cut wood aimlessly: (obs. slang) to confess at the gallows.—n. a small pocket-knife. [M. E. thwitel—A.S. thwítan, to cut.]

Whittle, hwit′l, n. (prov.) a woollen shawl: a blanket. [A.S. hwítel, a white mantle—hwít, white.]

Whiz, hwiz, v.i. to make a hissing sound, like an arrow or ball flying through the air:—pr.p. whiz′zing; pa.t. and pa.p. whizzed.—n. a hissing sound.—ns. Whiz′zer; Whiz′zing.—adv. Whiz′zingly. [Imit.; cf. Wheeze, Whist, and Hiss.]

Who, hōō, pron. (both rel. and interrog.) what person? which person.—pron. Whoev′er, every one who: whatever person.—Who but he, who else? he only.—As who should say, as if one should say.—The who (Shak.), who. [A.S. hwá; cog. with Goth. hwas, Ice. hver, Ger. wer; also with Sans. kas, Gr. pos, L. quis.]

Whole, hōl, adj. sound, as in health (so in B.): unimpaired: containing the total amount, number, &c.: all: not defective: complete: in mining, as yet unworked.—n. the entire thing: a system or combination of parts.—adv. wholly.—adjs. Whole′-col′oured, all of one colour; Whole′-foot′ed (coll.) unreserved; Whole′-heart′ed, -souled, noble: hearty, generous; Whole′-hoofed, having undivided hoof; Whole′-length, giving the whole figure, as a portrait: full-length.—n. a portrait or statue giving the whole figure.—ns. Whole′ness; Whole′sāle, sale of goods by the whole piece or large quantity.—adj. buying and selling in large quantities: extensive.—n. Whole′sāler, one who sells by wholesale.—adjs. Whole′-skinned, having an unbroken skin: unhurt: safe in reputation; Whole′some, healthy: sound: salutary: (Shak.) prosperous.—adv. Whole′somely.—ns. Whole′someness; Whole′-stitch, a lace-making stitch used in filling.—adv. Wholly (hō′li), completely, altogether.—n. Wholth, wholeness, soundness.—Whole number, a unit, or a number composed of units, an integral number.—Upon, On, the whole, generally speaking, to sum up.—With whole skin, safe, unscathed. [A.S. hál, healthy; Ice. heill, Ger. heil. By-form hale (1).]

Whom, hōōm, pron. objective case of who.—prons. Whomev′er, Whomsoev′er, objective case of whoever, whosoever. [A.S. hwám, which was orig. dat. of hwá, who, and replaced in the 12th and 13th centuries the older accus. hwone.]

Whommle, hwom′l, Whomble, hwomb′l, v.t. (prov.). Same as Whemmle.

Whoop, hwōōp, or hōōp, n. a loud eager cry.—v.i. to give a clear, sharp cry: to shout in scorn, eagerness, &c.—v.t. to insult with shouts.—interj. (Shak.) ho!—ns. Whoop′er, one who whoops: a species of swan; Whoop′ing-cough, Hooping-cough, an infectious and epidemic disease, mostly attacking children under ten, esp. in spring and autumn, its characteristic sign a cough occurring in paroxysms consisting of a series of short expiratory puffs followed by a deep inspiration of air through the contracted cleft of the glottis. [O. Fr. houper, to shout; cf. Houp! Houp-la! Perh. of Teut. origin, cog. with Goth. wōpjan, to crow.]

Whop, Whap, hwop, v.t. (coll.) to whip.—v.i. to flop on the ground.—n. Whop′per, one who whops: anything very large, esp. a monstrous lie.—adj. Whop′ping (slang), very large. [Whip.]

Whore, hōr, n. a woman who prostitutes her body for hire, a prostitute, harlot, strumpet, hence any unchaste woman.—v.i. to practise lewdness.—v.t. to corrupt by lewd commerce.—ns. Whore′dom, unlawful sexual intercourse: idolatry; Whore′house, a brothel; Whore′master (Shak.), a pimp.—adj. Whore′masterly, libidinous.—ns. Whore′monger, a lecher: a pander; Whore′son (Shak.), a bastard.—adj. mean, scurvy.—adj. Whō′rish.—adv. Whō′rishly.—n. Whō′rishness. [Ice. hóra, an adulteress, fem. of hórr, an adulterer. The word was confused with A.S. horu (Old High Ger. horo), dirt. There is no connection with hire.]

Whorl, hworl, n. a number of leaves in a circle round the stem: a turn in a spiral shell: a volution—e.g. in the ear: the fly of a spindle.—p.adj. Whorled, having whorls: arranged in the form of a whorl or whorls. [By-form of whirl.]

Whortleberry, hwor′tl-ber-i, n. a widely-spread health plant with a purple edible berry, called also the Bilberry—in Scotland, Blaeberry—sometimes abbrev. Whort. [A.S. wyrtil, a shrub (Ger. wurzel, root), dim. of wyrt, root, and berie, berry; confused rather than conn. with A.S. heort berge, berry of the buckthorn.]

Whose, hōōz, pron. the possessive case of who or which.—pron. Whosesoev′er (B.), of whomsoever. [M. E. hwas—A.S. hwæs, gen. of hwá, who.]

Whoso, hōō′so, Whosoever, hōō-so-ev′ėr, indef. rel. pron. every one who: whoever.

Why, hwī, adv. and conj. for what cause or reason? on which account: wherefore.—interj. used us an expletive or exclamation.—n. Why′-not (obs.), a dilemma.—Why, so (Shak.), an expression of unwilling consent.—The cause why, The reason why, the reason why a thing is, or is to be done; The why and wherefore, the whole reason. [A.S. hwí, hwý, instrumental case of hwá, who.]

Whydah, Whidah, hwid′a, n. a genus of birds of the Weaver family, natives of the tropical parts of Africa, often brought to Britain as cage-birds. [From the country of Whydah in Dahomey.]

Wick, wik, v.t. in curling, to strike a stone in an oblique direction. [Prob. A.S. wícan, to bend.]

Wick, wik, n. the twisted threads of cotton or other substance in a candle or lamp which draw up the inflammable liquid to a flame. [A.S. weoca; allied to weak—A.S. wác.]

Wick, wik, n. a village or town, as in Berwick, Greenwich. [A.S. wíc—L. vicus, a village.]

Wicked, wik′ed, adj. evil in principle or practice: deviating from morality: sinful: ungodly: mischievous: (prov.) active, brisk.—n. (B.) a wicked person, (pl.) wicked persons collectively.—adv. Wick′edly.—n. Wick′edness.—Wicked Bible, an edition printed in 1632 in which the word 'not' was omitted in Exodus xx. 14.—The wicked one, the devil. [Orig. a pa.p. with the sense 'rendered evil' from wikken, to make evil, wikke, bad; A.S. wicca, wizard.]

Wicker, wik′ėr, n. a small pliant twig or osier: wickerwork.—adj. made of twigs or osiers.—adj. Wick′ered, made of wicker: covered with wickerwork.—n. Wick′erwork, basketwork of any kind. [M. E. wiker—A.S. wicen, pa.p. of wícan, to bend.]

Wicket, wik′et, n. a small gate: one of three upright rods bowled at in cricket: a batsman's stay at the wicket: the ground where the wickets are placed.—ns. Wick′et-door, -gate, a wicket; Wick′et-keep′er, in cricket, the fieldsman who stands immediately behind the wicket. [O. Fr. wiket (Fr. guichet), a dim. form, prob. from Ice. vik-inn, pa.p. of víkja, to move; cf. A.S. wícan, to bend.]

Wide, wīd, adj. extended far: having a considerable distance between: broad: distant: bulging, expanded: deviating, errant, wild.—n. wideness: in cricket, a ball that goes wide of the wicket, counting one to the batting side.—advs. Wīde, Wīde′ly.—adj. Wīde′-awake′, fully awake: on the alert: ready.—n. a kind of soft felt hat.—n. Wīde′awakeness.—adj. Wīde′-chapped, wide-mouthed.—v.t. and v.i, Wī′den, to make or grow wide or wider: (Shak.) to throw open.—ns. Wīde′ner, one who, or that which, widens: a kind of tool; Wīde′ness, width.—adjs. Wīde′-spread, diffused; Wīde′-stretched (Shak.), large; Wīde′-wa′tered, bordered or covered by wide waters.—n. Width, wideness, breadth. [A.S. wíd; Ice. víthr, Ger. weit.]

Widgeon, Wigeon, wij′on, n. a genus of Ducks having the bill shorter than the head, the legs short, the feet rather small, the wings long and pointed, and the tail wedge-shaped: a fool. [O. Fr. vigeon—L. vipio, vipionis, a small crane.]

Widow, wid′ō, n. a woman who has lost her husband by death.—v.t. to bereave of a husband: to strip of anything valued: (Shak.) to endow with a widow's right: to be widow to.—ns. Wid′ow-bench, a widow's share of her husband's estate besides her jointure; Wid′ow-bewitched′, a grass-widow; Wid′ow-bird, a corruption of Whydah-bird; Wid′ower, a man whose wife is dead; Wid′owerhood; Wid′owhood, state of being a widow, or (rarely) of being a widower: (Shak.) a widow's right; Wid′ow-hun′ter, one who seeks to marry a widow for her money; Wid′ow-mā′ker, one who bereaves women of their husbands; Wid′ow's-cham′ber, the apparel and bedroom furniture of the widow of a London freeman, to which she was entitled; Wid′ow-wail, a dwarf shrub with pink, sweet-scented flowers, native to Spain and southern France.—Widow's lawn, a fine thin muslin; Widow's man, a fictitious person; Widow's silk, a silk fabric with dull surface, for mournings; Widow's weeds, the mourning dress of a widow. [A.S. widwe, wuduwe; Ger. wittwe, L. vidua, bereft of a husband, Sans. vidhavā.]

Wield, wēld, v.t. to use with full command: to manage: to use.—adj. Wiel′dable, capable of being wielded.—ns. Wiel′der; Wiel′diness.—adjs. Wield′less (Spens.), not capable of being wielded, unmanageable; Wiel′dy, capable of being wielded: manageable: dexterous, active.—Wield the sceptre, to have supreme command or control. [A.S. geweldan—wealdan; Goth. waldan, Ger. walten.]

Wife, wīf, n. a woman: a married woman: the mistress of a house, a hostess—often in this sense 'goodwife.'—n. Wife′hood, the state of being a wife.—adjs. Wife′less, without a wife; Wife′-like, Wife′ly. [A.S. wíf; Ice. víf, Ger. weib; not conn. with weave.]

Wig, wig, n. an artificial covering of hair for the head, worn to conceal baldness, formerly for fashion's sake, as in the full-dress full-bottomed form of Queen Anne's time, still worn by the Speaker and by judges, and the smaller tie-wig, still represented by the judge's undress wig and the barrister's or advocate's frizzed wig: a judge. (For Bag-wig, see Bag.)—n. Wig′-block, a block or shaped piece of wood for fitting a wig on.—adj. Wigged, wearing a wig.—n. Wig′gery, false hair: excess of formality.—adj. Wig′less, without a wig.—n. Wig′-mā′ker, a maker of wigs. [Short for periwig.]

Wig, wig, v.t. (coll.) to scold.—n. Wig′ging, a scolding. [Prob. derived from 'to snatch at one's wig,' to handle roughly.]

Wigan, wig′an, n. a stiff canvas-like fabric for stiffening shirts, borders, &c. [Wigan, the town.]

Wiggle, wig′l, v.i. (prov.) to waggle, wriggle.—n. a wiggling motion.—n. Wigg′ler, one who wriggles.

Wight, wīt, n. a creature or a person—used chiefly in sport or irony. [A.S. wiht, a creature, prob. from wegan, to move, carry; Ger. wicht. Cf. Whit.]

Wight, wīt, adj. swift, nimble: courageous, strong.—adv. Wight′ly, swiftly, nimbly. [Ice. vígr, warlike—víg, war (A.S. wíg).]

Wigwag, wig′wag, v.i. to twist about, to signal by means of flags.—adj. twisting.—adv. to and fro.

Wild, wīld, adj. frolicsome, light-hearted: being in a state of nature: not tamed or cultivated: uncivilised: desert: unsheltered: violent: eager, keen: licentious: fantastic: wide of the mark.—n. an uncultivated region: a forest or desert.—ns. Wīld′-ass, an Asiatic or African ass living naturally in a wild state; Wīld′-boar, a wild swine or animal of the hog kind.—adj. Wīld′-born, born in a wild state.—n. Wīld′-cat, the undomesticated cat.—adj. (U.S.) haphazard, reckless, unsound financially.—ns. Wīld′-cherr′y, any uncultivated tree bearing cherries, or its fruit; Wīld′-duck, any duck excepting the domesticated duck.—v.t. Wilder (wil′dėr), to bewilder.—v.i. to wander widely or wildly.—adv. Wil′deredly, in a wildered manner.—ns. Wil′dering, any plant growing wild, esp. one that has escaped from a state of cultivation; Wil′derment, confusion; Wil′derness, a wild or waste place: an uncultivated region: a confused mass: (Shak.) wildness; Wīld′-fire, a composition of inflammable materials: a kind of lightning flitting at intervals: a disease of sheep; Wīld′-fowl, the birds of the duck tribe: game-birds; Wīld′-fowl′ing, the pursuit of wild-fowl; Wīld′-goose, a bird of the goose kind which is wild or feral; Wīld′-goose-chase (see Chase); Wīld-hon′ey, the honey of wild bees; Wīld′ing, that which grows wild or without cultivation: a wild crab-apple.—adj. uncultivated.—adj. Wīld′ish, somewhat wild.—n. Wīld′-land, land completely uncultivated.—adv. Wīld′ly.—ns. Wīld′ness; Wīld′-oat, a tall perennial Old World grass.—adj. Wīld′-wood, belonging to wild uncultivated wood.—n. a forest.—Wild animals, undomesticated animals; Wild birds, birds not domesticated, esp. those protected at certain seasons under the Act of 1880; Wild hunt, the name given in Germany to a noise sometimes heard in the air at night, mostly between Christmas and Epiphany, as of a host of spirits rushing along, accompanied by the shouting of huntsmen and the baying of dogs—the 'Seven Whistlers' and 'Gabriel's Hounds' of our own north country; Wild shot, a chance shot.—Run wild, to take to loose living: to revert to the wild or uncultivated state; Sow wild oats (see Oat). [A.S. wild; prob. orig. 'self-willed,' from the root of will; Ger. wild.]

Wildgrave, wīld′grāv, n. a German noble, whose office was connected with hunting. [Ger. wild, game, graf, count.]

Wile, wīl, n. a trick: a sly artifice.—v.t. to beguile, inveigle: coax, cajole: to make to pass easily or pleasantly (confused with while).—adj. Wile′ful, full of wiles. [A.S. wíl, wíle; Ice. vél, væl, a trick. Doublet guile.]

Will, wil, n. power of choosing or determining: volition: choice or determination: pleasure: command: arbitrary disposal: feeling towards, as in good or ill will: disposition of one's effects at death, the written document containing such.—v.i. to have a wish, desire: to resolve, be resolved: to be accustomed, certain, ready, or sure (to do, &c.)—used as an auxiliary, esp. in future constructions: to exercise the will: to decree: (B.) to be willing.—v.t. to wish, desire: to determine: to be resolved to do: to command: to dispose of by will: to subject to another's will, as in hypnotism:—pa.t. would.—adj. Wil′ful, governed only by one's will: done or suffered by design: obstinate: (Shak.) willing.—adv. Wil′fully.—n. Wil′fulness.—adj. Willed, having a will: brought under another's will.—n. Will′er, one who wishes, one who wills.—adjs. Will′ing, having the will inclined to a thing: desirous: disposed: chosen; Will′ing-heart′ed, heartily consenting.—adv. Will′ingly.—n. Will′ingness.—adj. Will′yard (Scot.), wilful: shy.—ns. Good′-will (see Good); Ill′-will (see Ill).—At will, at pleasure; Conjoint, Joint, will, a testamentary act by two persons jointly in the same instrument; Have one's will, to obtain what one desires; Tenant at will, one who holds lands at the will of the owner; With a will, with all one's heart; Work one's will, to do exactly what one wants. [A.S. willa, will—willan, wyllan, to wish; Goth. wiljan, Ger. wollen, L. velle.]

Willet, wil′et, n. a North American bird of the snipe family, belonging to the tattler group—also Stone-curlew.

Williewaught, wil′i-wäht, n. (Scot.), for gude-willie waught. [See Waught.]

Will-o'-the-wisp, wil′-o-the-wisp′, n. the ignis-fatuus: any deluding person or thing.

Willow, wil′ō, n. any tree or shrub of the genus Salix, having slender, pliant branches: the wood of the willow: a cricket-bat.—v.t. to beat with willow rods, as in cleaning cotton, &c.—adj. Will′owed, abounding with, or containing, willows.—n. Will′ow-herb, a perennial herb (Epilobium) of the evening primrose family—also Rose-bay, Bay-willow, French or Persian willow.—adj. Will′owish, like a willow, slender and supple.—ns. Will′ow-machine′, a machine for extracting dirt from hemp, cotton, &c.—also Will′ow; Will′ow-moth, a common British night-moth; Will′ow-war′bler, -wren, a small European sylviine bird; Will′ow-weed, one of various species of Polygonum or knot-weed: the purple loose-strife.—adj. Will′owy, abounding in willows: flexible, graceful.—n. Weep′ing-will′ow, a very ornamental species, a native of the East, much planted in Britain on account of its beautiful pendent twigs.—Bedford willow, a species whose bark is especially rich in salicin and in tannin; White, or Huntingdon, willow, the largest of British species, reaching a height of eighty feet. [A.S. welig; Low Ger. wilge, Dut. wilg.]

Will-worship, wil′-wur′ship, n. (B.) worship that is self-invented, superstitious observance without divine authority.

Willy-nilly, wil′i-nil′i, adv. willing or unwilling.—adj. vacillating. [Will and nill.]

Wilt, wilt, v.i. to droop, lose energy.—v.t. to render limp or pithless. [Cf. Welk; cf. Ger. welk, withered.]

Wily, wī′li, adj. full of wiles or tricks: using craft or stratagem: artful: sly.—adv. Wī′lily.—n. Wī′liness, cunning.

Wimble, wim′bl, n. an instrument for boring holes, turned by a handle.—v.t. to bore through with such. [Scand., Dan. vimmel, auger; conn. with Old Dut. weme, a wimble, and wemelen, to whirl.]

Wimble, wim′bl, adj. (Spens.) active, nimble. [Sw. vimmel, giddy—vima, to be giddy; allied to whim.]

Wimple, wim′pl, n. a hood or veil folded round the neck and face (still a part of a nun's dress): a flag.—v.t. to hide with a wimple: (Shak.) to hoodwink: to lay in folds.—v.i. to ripple: (Spens.) to lie in folds. [A.S. wimpel, a neck-covering; cf. Ger. wimpel, a pennon, Fr. guimpe, a nun's veil, Eng. gimp, a thin cloth for trimming.]

Win, win, v.t. to get by labour: to gain in contest: to allure to kindness, to gain: to achieve, effect: to attain: to induce: in mining, to sink down to a bed of coal: to obtain the favour of.—v.i. to gain the victory: to gain favour: (prov.) to make one's way, to succeed in getting:—pr.p. win′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. won (wun).—n. a victory, success.—ns. Win′ner; Win′ning, the act of one who wins: that which is won (usually in pl.): a shaft or pit to open a bed of coal.—adj. influencing: attractive.—adv. Win′ningly.—ns. Win′ningness; Win′ning-post, the goal of a race-course.—Win by a head, to win very narrowly; Win in a canter, to win easily, as it were at an easy gallop; Win on, upon, to gain upon, to obtain favour with; Win, or Gain, one's spurs, to earn one's knighthood by valour on the field, hence to gain recognition or reputation by merit of any kind. [A.S. winnan, to suffer, to struggle; Ice. vinna, to accomplish, Ger. gewinnen, to win.]

Wince, wins, v.i. to shrink or start back: to be affected acutely, as by a sarcasm: to be restive, as a horse uneasy at its rider.—n. Win′cer, one who winces. [O. Fr. guinchir, ganchir, to wince—Old High Ger. wenkan (Ger. wanken), to wince. Allied to Eng. wink, and Ger. winken, to nod.]

Wincey, Winsey, win′si, n. a cloth, plain or twilled, usually with a cotton warp and woollen filling—same as linsey-woolsey (q.v.).

Winch, winsh, n. the crank of a wheel or axle: a kind of hoisting machine: a dyer's reel suspended horizontally by the ends of its axis over the vat, so as to allow the cloth to descend into either compartment of the bath according as it is turned on the right or left.—Also Wince. [A.S. wince, prob. orig. 'a bent handle,' and so akin to Eng. wink.]

Wind, wind (poet. wīnd), n. air in motion: breath: flatulence: anything insignificant: the wind instruments in an orchestra: air impregnated with scent: a hint or suggestion of something secret, publicity: (slang) a part of the body near the stomach: a disease of sheep in which the inflamed intestines are distended by gases.—v.t. (wīnd) to sound or signal by blowing: to scent: (wind) to expose to the wind: to drive hard, so as to put out of breath: to allow to recover wind:—pr.p. wīnd′ing and wind′ing; pa.p. wind′ed and wound.—ns. Wind′age, the difference between the size of the bore of a gun and that of the ball or shell: the influence of the wind in deflecting a missile; Wind′bag, a person of mere words.—adjs. Wind′-bound, hindered from sailing by a contrary wind; Wind′-brō′ken, affected with convulsive breathing—of a horse; Wind′-chang′ing, fickle.—ns. Wind′-chart, a chart showing the direction of the wind; Wind′-chest, the box or reservoir that supplies compressed air to the pipes or reeds of an organ; Wind′-drop′sy, tympanites; Wind′-egg, an addle-egg, one soft-shelled or imperfectly formed; Wīnd′er, one who sounds a horn: one who, or that which, winds or rolls; Wind′fall, fruit blown off a tree by the wind: any unexpected money or other advantage.—adj. Windfall′en, blown down by wind.—ns. Wind′-flow′er, the wood-anemone; Wind′-fur′nace, any form of furnace using the natural draught of a chimney without aid of a bellows; Wind′-gall, a puffy swelling about the fetlock joints of a horse; Wind′-gauge, an instrument for gauging or measuring the velocity of the wind: an appliance fixed to a gun by means of which the force of the wind is ascertained so that allowance may be made for it in sighting; Wind′-gun, air-gun; Wind′-hō′ver, the kestrel.—adv. Wind′ily.—ns. Wind′iness; Wind′-in′strument, a musical instrument sounded by means of wind or by the breath.—adj. Wind′less, without wind.—ns. Wind′mill, a mill for performing any class of work in which fixed machinery can be employed, and in which the motive-power is the force of the wind acting on a set of sails; Wind′pipe, the passage for the breath between the mouth and lungs, the trachea.—adj. Wind′-rode (naut.), riding at anchor with head to the wind.—ns. Wind′rose, a graphic representation of the relative frequency of winds from different directions drawn with reference to a centre; Wind′row, a row of hay raked together to be made into cocks, a row of peats, &c., set up for drying; Wind′-sail (naut.), a wide funnel of canvas used to convey a stream of air below deck.—adj. Wind′-shā′ken, agitated by the wind.—ns. Wind′side, the side next the wind; Wind′-suck′er, the kestrel: a critic ready to fasten on any weak spot, however small or unimportant.—adjs. Wind′-swift, swift as the wind; Wind′-tight, air-tight.—adv. Wind′ward, toward where the wind blows from.—adj. toward the wind.—n. the point from which the wind blows.—adj. Wind′y.—A capful of wind, a slight breeze; Before the wind, carried along by the wind; Between wind and water, that part of a ship's side which is now in, now out of, the water owing to the fluctuation of the waves: any vulnerable point; Broken wind, a form of paroxysmal dyspnœa; Cast, or Lay, an anchor to windward, to make prudent provision for the future; Down the wind, moving with the wind; Fight windmills, to struggle with imaginary opposition, as Don Quixote tilted at the windmill; Get one's wind, to recover one's breath; Get the wind of, to get on the windward side of; Get to windward of, to secure an advantage over; Get wind of, to learn about, to be informed of; Have the wind of, to be on the trail of; How the wind blows, or lies, the state of the wind: the position of affairs; In the wind, astir, afoot; In the wind's eye, In the teeth of the wind, right against the wind; Sail close to the wind, to keep the boat's head near enough to wind as to fill but not shake the sails: to be almost indecent; Second wind, new powers of respiration succeeding to the first breathlessness; Sow the wind and reap the whirlwind, to act wrongly and receive a crushing retribution. [A.S. wind; Ice. vindr, Ger. wind, L. ventus, Gr. aētēs, Sans. vāta, wind.]

Wind, wīnd, v.t. to turn: to twist: to coil: to haul or hoist, as by a winch: to encircle: to change: (Spens.) to weave.—v.i. to turn completely or often: to turn round something: to twist: to move spirally: to meander: to beat about the bush:—pr.p. wīnd′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. wound.—n. Wīnd′er, one who winds: an instrument for winding: a twisting plant.—adj. Wīnd′ing, curving, full of bends: twisted.—n. a turning: a twist.—n. Wīnd′ing-en′gine, a machine for hoisting.—adv. Wīnd′ingly.—ns. Wīnd′ing-machine′, a twisting or warping machine; Wīnd′ing-sheet, a sheet enwrapping a corpse: the dripping grease which clings to the side of a candle; Wīnd′-up, the close.—Wind a ship, to turn her about end for end; Wind up, to come to a conclusion: to tighten, to excite very much: to give new life to: to adjust for final settlement: (Shak.) to restore to harmony. [A.S. windan; Ger. winden, Ice. vinda, Goth. windan. Cf. Wend, Wander.]

Windlass, wind′las, n. a modification of the wheel and axle, used for raising weights, consisting of a revolving cylinder.—v.i. to use a windlass.—v.t. to hoist by means of such. [Skeat explains as a corruption, due to confusion with the succeeding word, of M. E. windas, a windlass—Ice. vindáss—vinda, to wind; Dut. windas.]

Windlass, wind′las, n. (Shak.) indirect, crafty action.—v.i. to take a round-about course. [For wind-lace, a winding course; from wind (n.) and lace, a twist.]

Windle, win′dl, n. an engine for turning: a dry measure. [A.S. windel—windan, to turn.]

Windlestraw, win′dl-straw, n. the stalk of various grasses. [A.S. windel, a woven basket, streów, straw.]

Window, win′dō, n. an opening in the wall of a building for air and light: the frame in the opening: a cover, lid.—v.t. to furnish with windows: (Shak.) to make rents in: (Shak.) to place in a window.—ns. Wind′ow-bar, a wooden or iron bar fitted into a window for security: (Shak.) lattice-work across a woman's stomacher; Win′dow-blind, a blind or screen for a window; Win′dow-bole (same as Bole, 3); Win′dow-cur′tain, a curtain hung over a window, inside a room.—adj. Win′dowed, having a window or windows.—ns. Win′dow-frame, a frame or case which surrounds a window; Win′dow-gar′dening, the cultivation of plants indoors before a window, or in boxes fitted on the outside sill; Win′dow-glass, glass suitable for windows.—adj. Win′dowless, having no windows.—ns. Win′dow-pane, a square of glass set in a window; Win′dow-sash, a light frame in which panes of glass are set; Win′dow-screen, any device for filling the opening of a window; Win′dow-seat, a seat in the recess of a window; Win′dow-shade, a sheet covering the window when pulled out; Win′dow-sill, the flat piece of wood at the bottom of a window-frame.—Window tax, till 1851 a tax in Great Britain levied on windows of houses.—Blind window, a window space blocked up with masonry. [M. E. windowe—Ice. vindauga—vindr, wind, auga, eye.]

Windsor, win′zor, adj. pertaining to Windsor, as in Wind′sor-chair, a kind of strong, plain, polished chair, made entirely of wood; Wind′sor-soap, a kind of perfumed brown toilet-soap.

Wine, wīn, n. the fermented juice of the grape: a liquor made from other fruits: (fig.) intoxication: a wine-drinking, a wine-party.—ns. Wine′-bag, a wine-skin: a tippler; Wine′-bibb′er, a bibber or drinker of wine: a drunkard; Wine′-bibb′ing; Wine′-bis′cuit, a sweet biscuit intended to be served with wine; Wine′-cask, a cask for holding wine; Wine′-cell′ar, a cellar for storing wine.—adj. Wine′-col′oured, of the colour of red wine.—ns. Wine′-cool′er, a receptacle for cooling wine in bottles about to be served at table; Wine′-fat, the vat receiving the liquor from a wine-press; Wine′-glass, a small glass used in drinking wine; Wine′-glass′ful; Wine′-grow′er, one who cultivates a vineyard and makes wine; Wine′-meas′ure, an old English liquid measure, its gallon 5⁄6 of the gallon in beer-measure, containing 231 cubic inches—the standard United States gallon; Wine′-mer′chant, a merchant who deals in wine, esp. at wholesale; Wine′-par′ty, a drinking-party; Wine′-press, a machine in which grapes are pressed in the manufacture of wine; Wine′-skin, a skin for holding wine; Wine′-stone, crude argol; Wine′-tāst′er, one whose business it is to sample wines; Wine′-vault, a vaulted wine-cellar: (pl.) a place where wine is tasted or drunk.—Adam's wine, water; Rhine, Rhenish, wine, wine produced on the banks of the Rhine, esp. hock; Spirit of wine, alcohol; White wine, Chablis, Sauterne, the wines of Germany—formerly Madeira and sherry. [A.S. wín; Goth, wein, Ger. wein; all from L. vinum; cog. with Gr. oinos.]

Wing, wing, n. the organ of a bird, or other animal or insect, by which it flies: flight, means of flying: anything resembling a wing, any side-piece, the side of a building, &c.: one of the longer sides of crown-works or horn-works in fortification: the flank corps or division of an army on either side: the ships on either extremity of a fleet ranged in line: (fig.) protection.—v.t. to furnish or transport with wings: to lend speed to: to supply with side-pieces: to bear in flight, to traverse by flying: to wound on the wing, to wound a person in arm or shoulder.—v.i. to soar on the wing.—adv. Wing′-and-wing′, the condition of a ship sailing before the wind with studding sails on both sides.—n. Wing′-case, the horny case or cover over the wings of some insects, as the beetle.—adj. Winged, furnished with wings: swift: wounded in the wing: lofty, sublime: alate, abounding in wings.—adv. Wing′edly, on or by wings.—adjs. Wing′-foot′ed, having wings on the feet, aliped; Wing′less, without wings.—ns. Wing′let, the bastard wing or alula of a bird: the pterygium of a weevil; Wing′-shell, a stromb: an aviculoid bivalve, a hammer-oyster: a wing-snail; Wing′-shoot′ing, the act or practice of shooting flying birds; Wing′-shot, a shot at a bird on the wing: one who shoots flying birds.—adj. shot in the wing, or while on the wing.—adj. Wing′y, having wings: soaring on wings.—Winged bull, a common form in Assyrian sculpture, symbolic of domination.—Make, Take, wing, to depart; On, Upon, the wing, flying, in motion: departing; On the wings of the wind, with the highest speed; Under one's wing, under one's protection. [Ice. vængr, a wing; Sw. vinge.]

Wink, wingk, v.i. to move the eyelids quickly: to give a hint by winking: to seem not to see, connive at (gener. with at): to flicker, twinkle, sparkle.—v.t. to close and open quickly.—n. act of winking: a hint given by winking.—ns. Wink′-a-peep, the scarlet pimpernel; Wink′er, one who winks: a horse's blinkers: (Shak.) an eye: the winking membrane of a bird's eye, the winking muscle: a small bellows in an organ, regulated by a spring, controlling variations of wind-pressure; Wink′ing, the act of winking.—adv. Wink′ingly.—Forty winks (coll.), a short nap; Like winking (slang), very rapidly; Tip one the wink, to wink to one as a sign of caution, or of mutual understanding, &c. [A.S. wincian (Ger. winken); akin to A.S. wancol, wavering.]

Winning, win′ing, adj. and n.—n. Win′ner.—adv. Win′ningly. [Win.]

Winnow, win′ō, v.i. to separate the chaff from the grain by wind: to fan: to examine: to sift: to blow upon: (Milt.) to set in motion: (rare) to flap, flutter.—v.i. to separate chaff from grain.—n. a fan for winnowing.—ns. Winn′ower; Winn′owing; Winn′owing-fan, -machine′, a fan, machine, for winnowing. [A.S. windwian, to winnow.]

Winsome, win′sum, adj. cheerful: pleasant: attractive.—adv. Win′somely.—n. Win′someness. [A.S. wyn-sum, pleasant—wyn, joy (Ger. wonne).]

Winter, win′tėr, n. the cold season of the year: a year: any season of cheerlessness: the last corn of the harvest, a harvest festival.—adj. wintry.—v.i. to pass the winter.—v.t. to feed, or to detain, during winter.—ns. Win′ter-app′le, an apple that keeps well in winter, or that does not ripen till winter; Win′ter-bar′ley, a kind of barley which is sown in autumn.—adj. Win′ter-beat′en (Spens.), beaten or injured by the cold of winter.—ns. Win′ter-berr′y, a name given to several shrubs of the genus Ilex, growing in the eastern parts of North America; Win′ter-bloom, the witch-hazel; Win′ter-bourne, an intermittent spring in the chalk-districts; Win′ter-cherr′y, one of the Solanaceæ, a plant with edible red berries—also called in the United States Strawberry-tomatoes: the Balloon-vine, having large triangular, inflated fruit.—adj. Win′ter-clad, warmly clad.—ns. Win′ter-clov′er, the partridge-berry; Win′ter-cress, a cruciferous plant, cultivated for winter salad; Win′ter-crop, a crop that will endure the winter, or that yields fodder in winter-time.—adj. Win′tered, having seen many winters: exposed to winter: (Shak.) worn in winter.—ns. Win′ter-fall′ow, a fallow made in the winter; Win′ter-gar′den, an ornamental garden for winter; Win′ter-green, a plant of genus Pyrola, also of Chimaphila: a plant of genus Gualtheria, whose oil is an aromatic stimulant, used chiefly in flavouring confectionery and syrups.—v.t. Win′ter-ground (Shak.), to protect, as a plant, from the inclemency of winter.—ns. Win′ter-lodge, -lodg′ment, the hibernacle of a plant.—adj. Win′terly, cheerless.—n.pl. Win′ter-quar′ters, the quarters of an army during winter: a winter residence.—ns. Win′ter-sett′le, an old word for a winter dwelling; Win′ter-tide, winter: Win′ter-wheat, wheat sown in autumn; Win′triness.—adjs. Win′try, Win′tery, resembling, or suitable to, winter: stormy. [A.S. winter; Ger. winter; of uncertain origin; not conn. with wind.]

Winter, win′tėr, n. an appliance for fixing on the front of a grate, to keep warm a tea-kettle or the like.

Winter's-bark, win′tėrs-bärk, n. a stimulant, aromatic, and tonic bark, named from Captain Winter, who first brought it from the Strait of Magellan in 1579.

Winy, wī′ni, adj. having the qualities of, or resembling, wine: influenced by wine.

Winze, winz, n. in mining, a small ventilating shaft between two levels. [Prob. related to winnow.]

Wipe, wīp, v.t. to clean by rubbing (with away, off, out): cleanse, clear away: to apply solder to with a piece of cloth or leather: (coll.) to beat.—n. act of cleaning by rubbing: a blow: a scar: (slang) handkerchief.—ns. Wī′per; Wī′ping, the act of wiping: a thrashing. [A.S. wípian; cf. Low Ger. wiep, a wisp.]

Wire, wīr, n. a thread of metal: the metal thread used in telegraphy, &c.: the string of an instrument: the slender shaft of the plumage of certain birds: a telegram: (slang) a clever pickpocket: (Shak.) the lash, scourge.—adj. formed of wire.—v.t. to bind, snare, or supply with wire: to keep the ends of a broken bone together with wire: to send by telegraph.—v.i. to telegraph.—n. Wire′-bridge, a suspension-bridge.—adj. Wired, having wiry feathers.—n. Wire′-dan′cer, a performer on a tight wire.—v.t. Wire′-draw, to draw into wire: to draw or spin out to a great length: to strain or stretch the meaning of anything.—ns. Wire′drawer; Wire′drawing.—adj. Wire′drawn, spun out into needless fine distinctions.—ns. Wire′-gauze, a kind of stiff close fabric made of fine wire; Wire′-grass, a kind of fine meadow-grass; Wire′-guard, wire-netting placed in front of a fire; Wire′-heel, a defect or disease of the foot; Wire′-man, one who puts up or takes care of wires; Wire′-net′ting, Wire′work, a texture of wire woven in the form of a net; Wire′-pull′er, one who exercises an influence felt but not seen, as if the actors were his puppets and he pulled the wires that move them: an intriguer; Wire′-pull′ing; Wī′rer, a snarer; Wire′-rope, a rope of twisted iron or steel.—adj. Wire′-sewed, -stitched, sewed with wire instead of thread.—ns. Wire′way, transportation by means of wires; Wire′work, articles made of wire; Wire′worker; Wire′working; Wire′-worm, a name given to the larvæ of click-beetles, from their slenderness and uncommon hardness, very injurious to root, grain, and fodder crops.—adj. Wire′wove, denoting a fine glazed quality of writing-paper.—adv. Wī′rily.—n. Wī′riness, the state of being wiry.—adj. Wī′ry, made of, or like, wire: flexible and strong.—Wire away, or in, to act with vigour.—Pull the wires (see Wire-puller above). [A.S. wír; Ice. vírr; perh. conn. with L. viriæ, bracelets.]

Wis, wis, v. (in the form I wis) erroneously used as 'I know.' [I wis is the M. E. adv. i-wis—A.S. ge-wis, certainly; cf. Ger. ge-wiss.]

Wisdom, wiz′dum, n. quality of being wise: judgment: right use of knowledge: learning: (B.) skilfulness, speculation, spiritual perception: the apocryphal Book of the Wisdom of Solomon (see Apocrypha).—n. Wis′dom-tooth, a large double back-tooth, so called because it appears late, when people are supposed to have arrived at the age of wisdom. [A.S. wísdóm, wisdom. Cf. Wise.]

Wise, wīz, adj. having wit or knowledge: able to make use of knowledge well: judging rightly: discreet: learned: skilful: dictated by wisdom: containing wisdom: pious, godly.—adjs. Wise′-heart′ed, having wisdom: prudent; Wise′-like (Scot.), sensible, judicious: looking as if capable of playing one's part well.—n. Wise′ling, one who pretends to be wise.—adv. Wise′ly.—n. Wise′ness.—Wise woman, a witch: (Scot.) a midwife.—Never the wiser, still in ignorance. [A.S. wís; Ger. weise; from root of wit.]

Wise, wīz, n. way, manner.—In any wise, In no wise, in any way, in no way; On this wise, in this way. [A.S. wíse, orig. wiseness; Ger. weise; akin to wise (1) and wit. Doublet guise.]

Wiseacre, wī′zā-kėr, n. one who pretends to wisdom without grounds, a simpleton quite unconscious of being such. [Perh. through the medium of Dutch from Ger. weissager, a soothsayer, weissagen, to foretell—Old High Ger. wīzago, a prophet.]

Wish, wish, v.i. to have a desire: to long (so in B.): to be inclined.—v.t. to desire or long for: to ask: to invoke: (Shak.) to recommend.—n. desire, longing: thing desired: expression of desire.—n. Wish′er.—adj. Wish′ful, having a wish or desire: eager.—adv. Wish′fully.—ns. Wish′fulness; Wish′ing-bone, Wish′-bone, the furcula or merrythought of a fowl; Wish′ing-cap, a cap by wearing which one obtains everything he wishes. [A.S. wýscan—wúsc, a wish; Ger. wünschen, Sw. önska.]

Wishtonwish, wish′ton-wish, n. the North American prairie-dog. [Amer. Ind.]

Wish-wash, wish′-wosh, n. (coll.) anything wishy-washy.—adj. Wish′y-wash′y, thin and weak, diluted, feeble. [Formed from wash.]

Wisp, wisp, n. a small bundle of straw or hay: a small broom: will-o'-the-wisp: a disease affecting the feet of cattle.—v.t. to rub down with a wisp.—adj. Wis′py, like a wisp. [M. E. wisp, wips, conn. with wipe; cf. Low Ger. wiep, Norw. vippa, a wisp.]

Wist, wist, v.pa.t. (B.) knew. [A.S. wiste, pa.t. of witan, 3d pers. sing. pr.t. wát, to know. Cf. Wit.]

Wistaria, wis-tā′ri-a, n. a genus of leguminous plants, some of the species amongst the most magnificent ornamental climbers known in English gardens, named from the American anatomist, Caspar Wistar (1761-1818).

Wistful, wist′fōōl, adj. hushed: full of thought: thoughtful: earnest: eager, wishful, longing.—adv. Wist′fully.—n. Wist′fulness.—adv. Wist′ly (Shak.), silently, earnestly. [Most prob. for whistful, whistly—i.e. silently; and not conn. with wish. Skeat, however, makes it a substitution for wishful, confused with wisly=certainly—Ice. viss, certain (distinct from, yet allied to, víss, wise).]

Wit, wit, v.i. to know:—pr.t. 1st pers. sing. Wot; 2d, Wost (erroneously Wot′test); 3d, Wot (erroneously Wot′teth):—pl. 1st, 2d, 3d, Wot; pa.t. Wist (erroneously Wot′ted); pr.p. Wit′ting, Weet′ing (erroneously Wot′ting); pa.p. Wist.—To do to wit, to cause to know; To wit, that is to say—the A.S. gerund tó witanne. [A.S. witan, to know (pr.t. ic wát, þu wást, he wát, pl. witon; pa.t. wiste—also wisse, pl. wiston, pa.p. wist); Goth. witan, Ger. wissen; cf. L. vidēre, Gr. idein.]

Wit, wit, n. understanding: a mental faculty (chiefly in pl.): the power of combining ideas with a ludicrous effect, the result of this power: ingenuity: (rare) imagination: (obs.) information.—adj. Wit′less, wanting wit or understanding: thoughtless.—adv. Wit′lessly.—ns. Wit′lessness; Wit′ling, one who has little wit: a pretender to wit; Wit′-mong′er, a poor would-be wit; Wit′-snap′per (Shak.), one who affects wit or repartee.—adj. Wit′ted, having wit or understanding.—n. Witticism (wit′i-sizm), a witty remark: a sentence or phrase affectedly witty.—adv. Wit′tily.—n. Wit′tiness.—adv. Wit′tingly, knowingly: by design.—adj. Wit′ty, possessed of wit: amusing: droll: sarcastic: (B.) ingenious: (Shak.) wise, discreet.—v.i. Wit′wanton, to indulge in irreverent wit.—At one's wits' end, utterly perplexed; Live by one's wits, to live in a haphazard manner by any shift; The five wits, the five senses. [A.S. wit, from the verb above.]

Wit, wit, n. a person of understanding or judgment, esp. a person who has a keen perception of the ludicrous and can express it neatly. [Perh. a use of the preceding word; others trace through A.S. wita, gewita, a counsellor—witan, to know.]

Witan, wit′an, n.pl. members of the Witenagemot. [Pl. of A.S. wita, a man of knowledge. See preceding words.]

Witch, wich, n. a woman regarded as having supernatural or magical power and knowledge through compact with the devil or some minor evil spirit: a hag, crone: (coll.) a fascinating young girl: (Shak.) a wizard.—v.t. to bewitch, to effect by means of witchcraft.—ns. Witch′craft, the craft or practice of witches: the black art, sorcery: supernatural power; Witch′-doc′tor, a medicine-man; Witch′ery, witchcraft: fascination; Witch′es'-broom, a popular name for the broom-like tufts of branches developed on the silver-fir, birch, cherry, &c. by means of an uredineous fungus; Witch′es'-but′ter, a dark-brown fungus (see Nostoc); Witch′es'-thim′ble, the sea-campion; Witch′-find′er, one whose business was to detect witches.—adj. Witch′ing, weird: fascinating.—adv. Witch′ingly.—ns. Witch′-knot, a knot, esp. in the hair, tied by means of witchcraft; Witch′-meal, the inflammable pollen of the club-moss.—adj. Witch′-ridd′en, ridden by witches.—n. Witch′-wife, a woman who practises witchcraft. [M. E. wicche (both masc. and fem.)—A.S. wicca (masc.), wicce (fem.), wizard, witch; prob. reduced from wítega, wítiga, witga, a seer (Old High Ger. wīzago)—a supposed adj. wítig, seeing—wítan, to see, allied to witan, to know. For the change, cf. Orchard—A.S. ortgeard. Cf. Wit and Wicked.]

Witch, Witch-elm, wich, wich′-elm, n. the common wild elm—also Witch′-hā′zel.—n. Witch′en, the mountain-ash or rowan. [A.S. wice, the service-tree—wícan, to bend.]

Wite, wīt, v.t. (Spens.) to blame, to reproach.—n. (Spens.) blame, reproach.—adj. Wite′less (Spens.), blameless. [A.S. wítan, to punish, fine (Ice. víta); ult. conn. with witan, to know.]

Witenagemot, wit′e-na-ge-mōt′, n. the supreme council of England in Anglo-Saxon times, composed of the bishops, the ealdormen of shires, and a number of the king's friends and dependents, the king's thanes. It was thus purely a council of royal officers and territorial magnates, not at all resembling the representative House of Commons. [A.S. witena gemót—wita, a wise man, gemót, a meeting.]

With, with, prep. denoting nearness, agreement, or connection: by: in competition or contrast: on the side of: immediately after: among: possessing: in respect of, in the regard of: like: by, by means of, through: showing, using: from.—adv. Withal′, with all or the rest: likewise: moreover.—prep. an emphatic form of with.—With that, thereupon. [A.S. wið; Ice. við, Ger. wider. It absorbed the A.S. mid, with (Ger. mit).]

Withdraw, with-draw′, v.t. to draw back or away: to take back: to recall.—v.i. to retire: to go away.—ns. Withdraw′al, Withdraw′ment; Withdraw′er; Withdraw′ing-room, a room used to retire into: a drawing-room. [Pfx. with-, against, and draw.]

Withe, with, or wīth, Withy, with′y, n. a flexible twig, esp. of willow: a band of twisted twigs: an elastic handle to a tool to save the hand from the shock of blows: a boom-iron.—adj. Withy (with′i or wī′thi), made of withes: like withes, flexible. [A.S. withthe, a form of withig, a withy; Ice. vidhir, Ger. weide, willow.]

Wither, with′ėr, v.i. to fade or become dry: to lose freshness: to shrink: waste.—v.t. to cause to dry up: to cause to decay, perish, waste.—adj. With′ered, dried up.—n. With′eredness.—adj. With′ering, blasting, blighting, scorching.—n. With′ering-floor, the drying-floor of a malt-house.—adv. With′eringly. [A.S. wedrian, to expose to weather.]

Withers, with′ėrz, n.pl. the ridge between the shoulder-bones of a horse and behind the root of the neck.—adj. With′er-wrung, injured in the withers. [A.S. wither, against, an extension of with, against.]

Withershins, Widdershins, with′-, wid′ėr-shinz, adv. (Scot.) in the contrary direction—to the left, contrary to the course of the sun, in the wrong way.—Also Widd′ersins, Widd′ersinnis. Cf. the Gaelic deiseil, to the right, going round in the way of the sun. [Widder- is the Ice. vithra, against (A.S. wither, Ger. wieder, Dut. weder); Sins is the adverbial genitive, from Ice. sinni, walk, movement, originally journey, cog. with A.S. síth, Goth. sinths, journey, Old High Ger. sind.]

Withhold, with-hōld′, v.t. to hold back: to keep back.—v.i. to stay back:—pa.t. and pa.p. Withheld′ (arch. pa.p. Withhol′den).—ns. Withhol′der; Withhold′ment. [Pfx. with-, against, and hold.]

Within, with-in′, prep. in the inner part: inside: in the reach of: not going outside of.—adv. in the inner part: inwardly: at home.—Within call, hail, not too far to hear a call, hail. [A.S. wiðinnan—wið, against, with, innan, in.]

Without, with-owt′, prep. outside or out of: beyond: not with: in absence of: not having: except: all but.—adv. on the outside: out of doors.—conj. except.—adj. Without′-door (Shak.), being out of doors.—prep. Without′en (Spens.), without.—Without book, on no authority; Without distinction, indiscriminately.—From without, from the outside. [A.S. wiðútan—wið, against, útan, outside.]

Withstand, with-stand′, v.t. to stand against: to oppose or resist:—pa.t. and pa.p. Withstood′.—n. Withstand′er.

Witness, wit′nes, n. knowledge brought in proof: testimony of a fact: that which furnishes proof: one who sees or has personal knowledge of a thing: one who attests.—v.t. to have direct knowledge of: to see: to give testimony to: to show: (Shak.) to foretell.—v.i. to give evidence.—ns. Wit′ness-box, the enclosure in which a witness stands when giving evidence in a court of law; Wit′nesser.—With a witness (Shak.), to a great degree. [A.S. witnes, testimony—witan, to know.]

Wittol, wit′ol, n. one who knows his wife's faithlessness, and submits to it.—adj. Witt′olly (Shak.), like a wittol or contented cuckold. [Formerly also wittal, wittold, a particular use of witwal, the popinjay; cf. the similar allusions to the cuckoo, from which grew the word cuckold.]

Witwal, wit′wawl, n. the popinjay, or green woodpecker, the greater spotted woodpecker. [Var. of woodwale, a woodpecker.]

Wive, wīv, v.t. to take for a wife: to provide with a wife.—v.i. to marry.—n. Wive′hood (Spens.), wifehood. [A.S. wífian—wíf, wife.]

Wizard, wiz′ard, n. one who practises witchcraft or magic: (obs.) a wise man.—adj. with magical powers.—adv. Wiz′ardly, like a wizard.—n. Wiz′ardry, sorcery. [O. Fr. guiscart—Ice. vizkr (for vitskr), from vita, to know.]

Wizen, wiz′n, Wizened, wiz′nd, adj. dried up: thin: shrivelled.—v.i. and v.t. to become dry, to make dry.—adj. Wiz′en-faced, having a thin, shrivelled face. [A.S. wisnian, to wither; cog. with Ice. visinn, wizened, visna, to wither.]

Woad, wōd, n. a genus of cruciferous plants, whose few species are mostly natives of the countries around the Mediterranean—Dyer's woad yields a good and very permanent dye, but is now largely superseded by indigo.—adj. Woad′ed, dyed blue with woad. [A.S. wád; Ger. waid; L. vitrum.]

Woden, wō′den, n. the Anglo-Saxon form of the Norse Odin.—n. Wō′denism, the worship of Woden.

Woe, Wo, wō, n. grief: misery: a heavy calamity: a curse: an exclamation of grief.—adj. sad, wretched.—adjs. Woe′begone, Wō′begone, beset with woe (see Begone); Woe′ful, Wō′ful, Woe′some (Scot. Wae′some), sorrowful: bringing calamity: wretched.—advs. Woe′fully, Wō′fully.—ns. Woe′fulness, Wō′fulness.—adjs. Woe′-wea′ried, -worn, wearied, worn, with woe.—Woe worth the day (see Worth).—In weal and woe, in prosperity and adversity. [A.S. (interj.) wá; Ger. weh; L. væ, Gr. ouai. Cf. Wail.]

Wold, wōld, n. an open tract of country. [A.S. weald, wald, a wood, perh. ultimately conn. with wealdan, to possess, wield.]

Wolf, woolf, n. the common name of certain species of the genus Canis—including the ravenous Common Wolf, the Abyssinian Wolf, the Antarctic Wolf, the Maned Wolf, and the Prairie Wolf or Coyote: anything very ravenous: a greedy and cunning person: (obs.) a tuberculous excrescence: (mus.) a harsh discord heard in the organ, &c.:—pl. Wolves.—v.i. to hunt for wolves.—v.t. (slang) to devour ravenously.—ns. Wolf′-dog, a dog of large breed kept to guard sheep, esp. against wolves; Wol′fer, one who hunts wolves; Wolf′-fish, a fierce and voracious salt-water fish—called also Sea-wolf and Cat-fish; Wolf′-hound (see Borzoi); Wol′fing, the hunting of wolves for their skins.—adjs. Wol′fish, Wol′vish, like a wolf either in form or quality: rapacious.—adv. Wol′fishly.—ns. Wolf′kin, Wolf′ling, a young wolf; Wolf's′-bane, aconite; Wolf's′-foot, -claw, the club-moss Lycopodium; Wolf′-skin, the skin or pelt of a wolf; Wolf's′-peach, the tomato; Wolf′-spī′der, the tarantula; Wolf′-tooth, a small supernumerary premolar in a horse.—Cry wolf, to give a false alarm—from the story of the boy who cried 'Wolf' when there was none, and was not believed when there was one; Have a wolf by the ears, to be in a very difficult situation; Have a wolf in the stomach, to be ravenously hungry; Keep the wolf from the door, to keep out hunger; See a wolf, to lose one's voice, in allusion to an old superstition. [A.S. wulf; Ger. wolf; L. lupus; Gr. lykos.]

Wolffian, wōōl′fi-an, adj. pertaining to, or associated with, the name of the German embryologist K. F. Wolff (1733-94)—applied to the primordial renal organs in the embryo of the higher vertebrates, performing the function of kidneys till superseded by the true or permanent kidneys.

Wolfian, wōōl′fi-an, adj. pertaining to the philosophy of Johann Christian von Wolf (1679-1754). He systematised and popularised the philosophy of Leibnitz, and gave a strong impulse to that development of natural theology and rationalism which soon almost drove out revelation by rendering it unnecessary—also Wolff′ian.—n. Wolf′ianism.

Wolfian, wōōl′fi-an, adj. pertaining to, or associated with, the name of Friedrich August Wolf (1759-1824), the most gifted classical scholar and first critic of his age—applied esp. to his theory that the Odyssey and Iliad are composed of numerous ballads by different minstrels, strung together in a kind of unity by subsequent editors.

Wolfram, wol′fram, n. a native compound of tungstate of iron and manganese. [Ger.]

Wolverene, Wolverine, wool-ve-rēn′, n. a name given to the American glutton or carcajou, from its rapacity. [Extension of wolf.]

Woman, woom′an, n. the female of man, an adult female of the human race: the female sex, women collectively: a female attendant:—pl. Women (wim′en).—v.t. to cause to act like a woman, to unite to a woman (both Shak.): to call a person 'woman' abusively.—n. Wom′an-bod′y (Scot.), a woman, used disparagingly.—adjs. Wom′an-born, born of woman; Wom′an-built, built by women.—adv. Wom′anfully, like a woman.—adj. Wom′an-grown, grown to womanhood.—ns. Wom′an-hāt′er, a misogynist; Wom′anhood, the state, character, or qualities of a woman.—adj. Wom′anish, having the qualities of a woman: feminine.—adv. Wom′anishly.—ns. Wom′anishness; Wom′ankind, Wom′enkind, women taken together: the female sex.—adj. Wom′an-like, like a woman.—n. Wom′anliness.—adj. Wom′anly, like or becoming a woman: feminine.—adv. in the manner of a woman.—ns. Wom′an-post (Shak.), a female messenger; Wom′an-quell′er, a killer of women; Wom′an-suff′rage, the exercise of the electoral franchise by women.—adjs. Wom′an-tired (Shak.), hen-pecked; Wom′an-vest′ed, wearing women's clothes.—Woman of the town, a whore; Woman of the world, a woman of fashion.—Women's rights, the movement of women towards personal and proprietary independence.—Play the woman, to give way to weakness. [A.S. wimman, wífman, a compound of wíf, a woman, man, man.]

Womb, wōōm, n. the uterus, the organ in which the young of mammals are developed and kept till birth: (Shak.) the stomach: the place where anything is produced: any deep cavity.—v.t. (Shak.) to contain.—adj. Womb′y (Shak.), capacious. [A.S. wamb; Ger. wamme, paunch.]

Wombat, wom′bat, n. an Australian marsupial mammal of the opossum family. [Native name.]

Won, wun, v.i. to dwell: to abide: to be accustomed.—n. a dwelling: an abode.—n. Won′ing, dwelling. [A.S. wunian, Dut. wonen, Ger. wohnen, to dwell.]

Wonder, wun′dėr, n. the state of mind produced by something new, unexpected, or extraordinary: a strange thing: a prodigy: a sweet fried cake—also Cruller.—v.i. to feel wonder: to be amazed (with at): to speculate expectantly.—p.adj. Won′dered (Shak.), having performed, or able to perform, wonders.—n. Won′derer.—adj. Won′derful, full of wonder: exciting wonder: strange: (B.) wonderfully.—adv. Won′derfully.—ns. Won′derfulness; Won′dering.—adv. Won′deringly, with wonder.—ns. Won′derland, a land of wonders; Won′derment, surprise.—adjs. Won′derous (same as Wondrous); Won′der-struck, -strick′en, struck with wonder or astonishment.—ns. Won′der-work, a prodigy, miracle: thaumaturgy; Won′der-work′er; Won′der-work′ing.—adjs. Won′der-wound′ed (Shak.), wonder-stricken; Won′drous, such as may excite wonder: strange.—adv. Won′drously.—ns. Won′drousness.—Bird of wonder, the phœnix; Nine days' wonder, something that astonishes everybody for the moment; Seven wonders of the world (see Seven). [A.S. wundor; Ger. wunder, Ice. undr.]

Wonga-wonga, wong′ga-wong′ga, n. the large Australian white-faced pigeon—a table delicacy.

Wont, wunt, adj. used or accustomed.—n. habit.—v.i. to be accustomed.—adj. Won′ted, accustomed: usual.—n. Won′tedness.—adj. Wont′less (Spens.), unaccustomed. [Orig. pa.p. of won, to dwell—A.S. wunian; Ger. wohnen.]

Woo, wōō, v.t. to ask in order to marriage: to court: to solicit eagerly, to seek.—v.i. to court or make love: to ask.—ns. Woo′er; Woo′ing. [A.S. wógian, to woo—wóg, wóh, bent.]

Wood, wood, n. the solid part of trees: trees cut or sawed: timber: a collection of growing trees: the cask or barrel, as distinguished from the bottle: (print.) a woodblock.—v.t. to supply with wood.—ns. Wood′-ac′id, wood-vinegar, impure acetic acid from wood-distillation; Wood′-anem′one, the wind-flower, a little woodland plant, blooming in early spring, with a single white flower purplish outside; Wood′-ant, a large forest-dwelling ant: a white ant infesting the wood of old buildings.—n.pl. Wood′-ash′es, ashes obtained by burning wood or plants—the source of many potassium salts.—ns. Wood′bine, Wood′bind, the honeysuckle, applied also to other climbers, such as some kinds of ivy, the Virginia-creeper, &c.; Wood′-bird, a bird that lives in the woods; Wood′block, a die cut in relief on wood and ready to furnish ink impressions: a woodcut.—adjs. Wood′-bō′ring; Wood′-born, born in the woods.—ns. Wood′-car′ving, the process of carving in wood; Wood′chat, a bird which, notwithstanding its name, is not a species of Chat, but of Shrike; Wood′chuck, the green woodpecker; Wood′-coal, coal like wood in texture: charcoal: lignite or brown coal; Wood′cock, a genus of birds allied to the snipes, but of a more bulky body, and with shorter and stronger legs; Wood′cock's-head, a tobacco-pipe; Wood′craft, skill in the chase or anything pertaining to forests, forestry generally; Wood′cut, an engraving cut on wood: an impression from it; Wood′-cut′ter, one who cuts wood: a wood-engraver; Wood′-cut′ting, the act or employment of cutting wood: wood-engraving.—adjs. Wood′ed, supplied with wood: covered with wood; Wood′en, made of wood: hard: dull, insensible: heavy, stupid: clumsy, without grace or spirit—of literary style, &c.—ns. Wood′-engrā′ver; Wood′-engrāving, the art of engraving designs on wood, differing from copper and steel plate engraving by having the parts intended to print on the paper in relief: an engraving on or taken from wood; Wood′en-head, a blockhead, stupid person.—adj. Wood′en-head′ed, stupid.—n. Wood′en-head′edness.—adv. Wood′enly.—ns. Woodenness, wooden quality: want of spirit or expression, clumsiness; Wood′-ē′vil, red-water: severe constipation in cattle, often occurring after eating freely of hedge-cuttings or shoots of trees; Wood′-fī′bre, fibre derived from wood; Wood′-fret′ter, a wood-borer or wood-eater; Wood′-god, a deity of the woods; Wood′-grouse, the capercailzie; Wood′-hole, a place where wood is stored; Wood′-hon′ey, wild honey; Wood′-horse, a saw-horse; Wood′-house, a house or shed in which wood for fuel is deposited; Wood′-ī′bis (see Tantalus); Wood′iness, the state or quality of being woody; Wood′land, land covered with wood; Wood′lander, an inhabitant of the woods; Wood′lark, a species of lark, found in or near woods, singing chiefly on the wing; Wood′-lay′er, a young oak, &c., laid down in a hedge.—adj. Wood′less, without wood.—ns. Wood′lessness; Wood′-louse, any terrestrial isopod of the family Oniscidæ—the Scotch slater, common under stones, &c.: a termite or white ant: any one of the pseudo-neuropterous family Psocidæ, found in the woodwork of houses; Wood′man, a man who cuts down trees: a forest officer: a huntsman; Wood′-mite, a beetle-mite; Wood′-naph′tha, the mixture of light hydrocarbons distilled from wood (see Pyroxylic); Wood′-night′shade, bitter-sweet, or woody nightshade; Wood′-note (Milt.), a wild musical note, like that of a song-bird; Wood′-nymph, a nymph or goddess of the woods; Wood′-off′ering (B.), wood burned on the altar; Wood′-ō′pal, silicified wood; Wood′-owl, the European brown owl; Wood′-pā′per, paper prepared from wood; Wood′pecker, one of a family (Picidæ) of birds in the order Picariæ, remarkable for the structural modification of the skull in adaptation to its use as an axe, and for the long flexible tongue, which is used for extracting insects from holes and crevices of trees; Wood′-pig′eon, the cushat or ringdove; Wood′-pulp, wood-fibre reduced to a pulp, used in making paper; Wood′-reeve, the overseer of a wood; Wood′ruff, a genus of rubiaceous plants with whorled leaves and a funnel-shaped corolla—Sweet Woodruff has a creeping root-stock sending up erect stems, and small white flowers; when dried it has a very agreeable fragrance like vernal-grass—(obs.) Wood′-roof; Wood′-sage, the wood germander; Wood′-sand′piper, a common European tattler, allied to the redshank; Wood′-screw, a screw for fastening pieces of wood or wood and metal; Wood′shed, a shed for storing firewood; Wood′-shook, the pekan, fisher, or Pennant's marten—also Black-cat and Black-fox; Wood′-skin, a Guiana Indian's canoe, made of the bark of the purple heart-tree; Woods′man, a woodman; Wood′-soot, soot from burnt wood; Wood′-sorr′el, a plant of the genus Oxalis; Wood′-spir′it (same as Pyroxylic spirit); Wood′-spite, the green woodpecker or yaffle; Wood′-stamp, a stamp made of wood, as for stamping fabrics in colours; Wood′-stone, petrified wood; Wood′-swall′ow, an Australian name for any of the fly-catching Artamidæ, also called Swallow-shrike—the resemblance to shrikes being considerably closer than to swallows either in appearance or habits.—adj. Wood′sy, pertaining to, or characteristic of, woods.—ns. Wood′-tar, tar obtained from the dry distillation of wood; Wood′thrush, a singing-thrush common in the woods of the eastern United States, reddish-brown above, olive on the rump, white spotted with black on breast; Wood′-tick, any tick of the family Ixonidæ: a small insect which makes a ticking sound in the woodwork of a house, the death-watch; Wood′-tin, a nodular variety of cassiterite, or tin-stone; Wood′-vin′egar (see Wood-acid); Wood′wale, a woodpecker, esp. the green woodpecker, Yaffle or Rainbird; Wood′-warb′ler, the yellow willow-warbler or woodwren: an American warbler, esp. of the beautiful genus Dendrœca; Wood′ward, an officer to guard the woods; Wood′work, a part of any structure made of wood; Wood′worm, a worm or larva infesting wood; Wood′wren, the willow-warbler or willow-wren (Phylloscopus trochilus): the true wood-warbler or yellow willow-wren (Phylloscopus sibilatrix)—neither being properly wrens.—adj. Wood′y, abounding with woods: pertaining to woods: consisting of wood.—n. Wood′y-night′shade (see Wood-nightshade).—Wooden horse, or Timber-mare (see Horse); Wooden leg, an artificial leg made of wood; Wooden spoon, a spoon of wood presented to the person who stands lowest for the year in the mathematical tripos list at Cambridge; Wooden type, large type cut in wood.—Commissioners of Woods and Forests, a department of government having charge of the Crown woods and forests. [A.S. wudu; cog. with Ice. vidhr, wood; akin to Ir. fiodh, timber.]

Wood, wood, adj. (Shak.) mad, furious.—n. Wood′ness. [A.S. wód; Ice. ódhr, Goth. wods, frantic, Ger. wuth, madness.]

Woodburytype, wood′ber-i-tīp, n. a method of photograph printing in which a sensitised gelatine film, developed under a negative to an extra relief, is impressed on soft metal by hydraulic pressure. This in turn can be printed by special ink in a press, and as it gives all the gradations of tint, it may be said to be a perfect photo-mechanical printing process. [Named from the inventor.]

Woof, woof, n. same as Weft (q.v.).—adj. Woof′y, dense. [A.S. ówef, áweb—áwefan, to weave—á-, prefix, wefan, to weave.]

Wool, wool, n. the soft, curly hair of sheep and other animals: short, thick hair: any light, fleecy substance resembling wool.—n. Wool′ball, a ball of wool, such as is sometimes found in a sheep's stomach.—adj. Wool′-bear′ing, bearing or yielding wool.—ns. Wool′-card′ing, the process of separating the fibres of wool preparatory to spinning; Wool′-comb′er, one whose occupation is to comb wool in order to disentangle and straighten out the fibres; Wool′-comb′ing; Wool′-drī′ver, one who buys up wool for a market.—adj. Wool′-dyed, dyed before spinning or weaving.—ns. Wool′fat, lanolin; Wool′fell, the skin with the wool still on it; Wool′-gath′ering, indulgence of idle fancies.—adj. dreamy: listless.—n. Wool′-grow′er, one who raises sheep for the production of wool.—adj. Wool′len, made of, or pertaining to, wool: clad in wool, rustic.—n. cloth made of wool.—ns. Wool′len-cord, a ribbed stuff, the face all of wool; Wool′len-drā′per, one who deals in woollen goods; Wool′liness.—adjs. Wool′ly, consisting of, or like, wool: clothed with wool; Wool′ly-haired, -head′ed, having the hair like wool.—ns. Wool′ly-pas′tinum, a kind of red orpiment; Wool′man, a dealer in wool; Wool′-mill, a building for the spinning of wool and the weaving of woollen cloth; Wool′pack, the package in which wool was formerly done up for sale: a bundle weighing 240 lb.: cirro-cumulus cloud; Wool′-pack′er; Wool′-pick′er, a machine for cleaning wool; Wool′sack, the seat of the Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords, being a large square sack of wool covered with scarlet; Wool′sey, a material made of cotton and wool.—n.pl. Wool′-shears, shears used in shearing sheep.—ns. Wool′-sort′er, one who sorts wool according to quality, &c.; Wool′-stā′ple, the fibre or pile of wool; Wool′-stā′pler, a wool-factor: a wool-sorter.—adv. Wool′ward (Shak.), in wool, as a penance.—ns. Wool′-wind′er, one who bundles wool for packing; Wool′work, needlework imitative of tapestry.—Wool-sorters' disease (see Anthrax).—Angora wool, the wool of the Angora goat; Berlin-wool, a kind of fine-dyed wool used for worsted work. [A.S. wull; Goth. wulla, Ger. wolle, L. villus.]

Woold, wōōld, v.t. to wind about.—adj. Wool′ded.—ns. Wool′der, a stick used in woolding a mast or yard, or a pin in a rope-maker's top; Wool′ding.

Woorali, woo′ra-li, n. a S. American poison for arrows.—Also Woo′rara, Wou′rali, same as Curari (q.v.).

Wootz, woots, n. steel made by fusing iron with carbonaceous matter. [Perh. the Canarese ukku, steel.]

Word, wurd, n. an oral or written sign expressing an idea or notion: talk, discourse: signal or sign: message: promise: declaration: a pass-word, a watch-word, a war-cry: the Holy Scripture, or a part of it: (pl.) verbal contention.—v.t. to express in words: (Shak.) to flatter.—v.i. to speak, talk.—ns. Word′-blind′ness, loss of ability to read; Word′-book, a book with a collection of words: a vocabulary.—adj. Word′-bound, unable to find expression in words.—n. Word′-build′ing, the formation or composition of words.—adj. Wor′ded, expressed in words.—adv. Wor′dily.—ns. Wor′diness; Wor′ding, act, manner, or style of expressing in words.—adj. Wor′dish (obs.), verbose.—n. Wor′dishness.—adj. Word′less (Shak.), without words, silent.—ns. Word′-mem′ory, the power of recalling words to the mind; Word′-paint′er, one who describes vividly; Word′-paint′ing, the act of describing anything clearly and fully by words only; Word′-pic′ture, a description in words which presents an object to the mind as if in a picture.—adj. Wor′dy, full of words: using or containing many words.—Word for word, literally, verbatim.—Break one's word, to fail to fulfil a promise; By word of mouth, orally; Good word, favourable mention, praise; Hard words, angry, hot words; Have a word with, to have some conversation with; Have words with, to quarrel, dispute with; In a word, In one word, in short, to sum up; In word, in speech only, in profession only; Pass one's word, to make a promise; The Word, the Scripture: (theol.) the second person in the Trinity, the Logos. [A.S. word; Goth. waurd, Ice. orth, Ger. wort; also conn. with L. verbum, a word, Gr. eirein, to speak.]

Wordsworthian, wurds-wur′thi-an, adj. pertaining to the style of the sovereign poet of nature, William Wordsworth (1770-1850).—n. an admirer of Wordsworth.

Work, wurk, n. effort directed to an end: employment: the result of work: that on which one works: anything made or done: embroidery: deed: effect: a literary composition: a book: management: an establishment for any manufacture, a factory (gener. in pl.): (physics) the product of a force by the component displacement of its point and application in the direction of the force: (pl.), (fort.) walls, trenches, &c.: (theol.) acts performed in obedience to the Divine law: a manufactory, workshop, place of work (esp. in pl.): mechanism—e.g. of a watch.—v.i. to make efforts to attain anything: to perform: to be in action: to be occupied in business or labour: to produce effects, to make progress with difficulty, to strain or labour: to ferment: to be agitated, to seethe: to embroider.—v.t. to make by labour: to bring into any state by action: to effect: to carry on operations in: to put in motion: to purge: to influence: to manage: to solve: to achieve: to cause to ferment: to provoke, agitate: to keep employed: to embroider:—pa.t. and pa.p. worked or wrought (rawt).—ns. Workabil′ity, Work′ableness.—adjs. Work′able, that may be worked; Work′aday, work-day, toiling, plodding.—ns. Work′-bag, -bas′ket, a bag, basket, for holding materials for work, esp. needlework; Work′-box, a lady's box for holding materials for work; Work′-day, a day for work: a week-day.—adj. pertaining to a work-day.—ns. Work′er, a toiler, performer: among insects, the neuter or undeveloped female; Work′-fell′ow, one who is engaged in the same work with another.—ns.pl. Work′folk, Work′folks, persons engaged in manual labour.—adj. Work′ful, industrious.—ns. Work′girl, a girl or young woman employed in some manual labour; Work′house, a house where any work or manufacture is carried on: a house of shelter for the poor, who are made to work; Work′ing, action, operation: fermentation: (pl.) the parts of a mine, &c., where actual operations are in hand.—adj. active: labouring: connected with labour.—ns. Work′ing-beam, the oscillating lever of a steam-engine connecting the piston-rod and the crank-shaft, a walking-beam; Work′ing-class, manual labourers (often in pl.); Wor′king-day, a day on which work is done, as distinguished from the Sabbath and holidays: the period of actual work each day.—adj. laborious: plodding.—ns. Work′ing-draw′ing, a drawing of the details of a building by which the builders are guided in their work; Work′ing-house (Shak.), workshop; Work′ing-par′ty, a group of persons who do some work in common, or who meet periodically for such a purpose; Work′man, Work′ing-man, a man who works or labours, esp. manually: a skilful artificer.—adjs. Work′man-like, like a workman: becoming a skilful workman: well performed; Work′manly, becoming a skilful workman.—adv. in a manner becoming a skilful workman.—ns. Work′manship, the skill of a workman: manner of making: work done; Work′-mas′ter, a skilled or directing workman, esp. in some great undertaking.—n.pl. Work′-peo′ple, people engaged in labour.—ns. Work′room, a room for working in; Work′shop, a shop where work is done.—adj. Work′some, industrious.—ns. Work′-tā′ble, a small table used by ladies at their needlework; Work′-woman, a woman who makes her living by some manual labour.—Work of art, a production in one of the fine arts; Work double tides, to work through continuous tides, night and day; Work in, to intermix, to make to penetrate; Work into, to make way gradually into: to change, alter; Work off, to separate and throw off, to get rid of, circulate: to produce as by work, esp. to print; Work on, or upon, to act or operate upon, to influence; Work one's passage, to give one's work on board in place of passage-money; Work out, to effect by continued labour: to expiate: to exhaust: to solve or study anything fully out; Work up, to excite, rouse: to create by slow degrees, to expand, elaborate: to use up, as material: (naut.) to set at an irksome or needless task; Work with, to strive to influence by appeals, &c.—Board of Works, the body which has the management and control of public works and buildings, of which the expenses are defrayed from the crown revenues or parliamentary grants; Have one's work cut out, to have one's work prescribed: to have a difficult task before one; Make short work of (see Short); Out of work, out of working order: without employment; Set to work, to employ in some work: to engage in some work; Seven Works of Corporal Mercy, to feed the hungry, give drink to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, visit prisoners, visit the sick, harbour strangers, bury the dead—of Spiritual Mercy, to convert sinners, instruct the ignorant, counsel the doubtful, console the afflicted, bear wrongs patiently, forgive injuries, pray for the living and the dead. [A.S. weorc; Ice. verk, Ger. werk; further conn. with Gr. ergon.]

World, wurld, n. the earth and its inhabitants: the system of things: present state of existence: any planet or heavenly body: public life or society: an organic whole: business: the public: a secular life: course of life: a very large extent of country, as the 'New World:' very much or a great deal, as 'a world of good:' time, as in the phrase 'world without end'=eternally: possibility, as in 'nothing in the world:' (B.) the ungodly.—adjs. Worl′ded, containing worlds; World′-har′dened, hardened by the love of worldly things.—ns. World′-lang′uage, a universal language; World′liness; World′ling, one who is devoted to worldly or temporal possessions.—adjs. World′ly, pertaining to the world, esp. as distinguished from the world to come: devoted to this life and its enjoyments: bent on gain—also adv.; World′ly-mind′ed, having the mind set on the present world.—n. World′ly-mind′edness.—adjs. World′ly-wise, wise in this world's affairs; World′-old, exceedingly ancient; World′-wea′ried, -wea′ry, tired of the world; World′wide, wide or extensive as the world.—All the world, everybody: everything; All the world and his wife (coll.), everybody: also, an ill-assorted mass; A world, a great deal; Carry the world before one, to pass to success through every obstacle; For all the world, precisely, entirely; Go to the world (Shak.), to get married; In the world, an intensive phrase, usually following an interrogative pronoun or adverb.—The New World, the western hemisphere, the Americas; The Old World, the eastern hemisphere, comprising Europe, Africa, and Asia; The other world, the non-material sphere, the spiritual world; The whole world, the sum of what is contained in the world; The world's end, the most distant point possible. [A.S. woruld, world, weorold, (lit.) 'a generation of men,' from wer, a man, and yldo, sig. an age; Ice. veröld, Old High Ger. weralt (Ger. welt).]

Worm, wurm, n. a term destitute of scientific precision, but often applied to any one of the members of numerous classes of invertebrate animals which are more or less earthworm-like in appearance, the earthworm, a grub, a maggot: anything spiral: the thread of a screw: the lytta or vermiform cartilage of a dog's tongue: the instrument used to withdraw the charge of a gun: a spiral pipe surrounded by cold water into which steam or vapours pass for condensation in distilling: anything that corrupts, gnaws, or torments: remorse: a debased being, a groveller: (pl.) any intestinal disease arising from the presence of parasitic worms.—v.i. to move like a worm, to squirm: to work slowly or secretly.—v.t. to effect by slow and secret means: to elicit by underhand means: to remove the lytta or vermiform cartilage of a dog's tongue.—n. Worm′-cast, the earth voided by the earthworm.—adjs. Worm′-eat′en, eaten by worms: old: worn-out; Worm′-eat′ing, living habitually on worms; Wormed, bored by worms: injured by worms.—ns. Worm′-fence, a zigzag fence formed of stakes; Worm′-fē′ver, a feverish condition in children ascribed to intestinal worms; Worm′-gear, a gear-wheel having teeth shaped so as to mesh with a worm or shaft on which a spiral is turned, an endless screw; Worm′-gear′ing; Worm′-grass, pink-root: a kind of stonecrop; Worm′-hole, the hole made by a worm.—adj. Worm′-holed, perforated by worm-holes.—ns. Worm′-pow′der, a vermifuge; Worm′-seed, santonica: the treacle mustard; Worm′-wheel, a wheel gearing with an endless screw or worm, receiving or imparting motion.—adj. Wor′my, like a worm: grovelling: containing a worm: abounding with worms: gloomy, dismal, like the grave. [A.S. wyrm, dragon, snake, creeping animal; cog. with Goth. waurms, a serpent, Ice. ormr, Ger. wurm; also with L. vermis.]

Wormian, wurm′i-an, adj. associated with the name of the Danish anatomist Olaus Worm (1588-1654), applied esp. to the supernumerary bones developed in the sutures of the skull.

Wormwood, wurm′wood, n. the bitter plant Artemisia absinthium: bitterness. [A.S. wermod (Ger. wermuth), wormwood; perh. lit. 'keep-mind,' in allusion to its medicinal (anthelmintic and tonic) properties—werian, to protect (Ger. wehren), mód, mind.]

Worn-out, wōrn′-owt, adj. much injured or rendered useless by wear: wearied: past, gone.

Worricow, wur′i-kow, n. (Scot.) a hobgoblin: the devil: anything frightful or even only grotesque.

Worry, wur′i, v.t. to tear with the teeth: to harass: to tease: (Scot.) to choke.—v.i. to trouble one's self: to be unduly anxious: to fret:—pa.t. and pa.p. worr′ied.—n. act of worrying: trouble, perplexity, vexation.—ns. Worr′ier, one who worries himself or others; Worr′iment (coll.), anxiety.—adj. Worr′isome, causing trouble.—v. Worr′it (slang), to worry.—n. (slang) annoyance.—adj. Worr′ying, harassing.—adv. Worr′yingly.—Worry down, to swallow with a strong effort. [A.S. wyrgan, found in compound áwyrgan, to harm; cf. Dut. worgen, Ger. würgen, to choke; A.S. wearg, werg, a wolf.]

Worse, wurs, adj. (used as comp. of bad) bad or evil in a greater degree: more sick.—adv. bad in a higher degree: less: (Shak.) with more severity.—v.t. (obs.) to worst.—v.i. Wor′sen, to grow worse.—v.t. to make worse.—adv. Wor′ser, a redundant comparative of worse.—The worse, defeat, disadvantage. [A.S. wyrsa, from wiers-sa from wirsiza (Goth. wairsiza), formed with comp. suffix -iz from a Teut. root wers, found in Ger. ver-wirren, to confuse.]

Worship, wur′ship, n. religious service: fervent esteem: adoration paid to God: a title of honour in addressing certain magistrates, &c.: submissive respect.—v.t. to respect highly: to treat with civil reverence: to pay divine honours to: to adore or idolise.—v.i. to perform acts of adoration: to perform religious service:—pr.p. wor′shipping; pa.t. and pa.p. wor′shipped.—adjs. Wor′shipable, Wor′shipful, worthy of worship or honour, used as a term of respect.—adv. Wor′shipfully.—n. Wor′shipfulness.—adj. Wor′shipless, destitute of worship or worshippers.—n. Wor′shipper.—House, or Place, of worship, a church or chapel. [A.S. weorthscipe—weorth, wurth, worth, affix -scipe, -ship.]

Worst, wurst, adj. bad or evil in the highest degree.—adv. to a very bad or very evil degree.—n. the highest degree of badness: the most evil state.—v.t. to get the advantage over in a contest: to defeat.—v.i. (obs.) to grow worse. [A.S. wyrst, wyrrest, wyrresta, from the same source as worse.]

Worsted, woost′ed, or woorst′ed, n. twisted thread or yarn spun out of long, combed wool: woollen yarn for ornamental needlework.—adj. made of worsted yarn.—n. Worst′ed-work, needlework done with worsted. [From Worstead, a village near Norwich in England.]

Wort, wurt, n. a plant of the cabbage kind. [A.S. wyrt; Ger. wurz, wurzel, a root.]

Wort, wurt, n. new beer unfermented or in the act of fermentation: the sweet infusion of malt. [A.S. wyrte, new beer (Ice. virtr)—wyrt, root. See preceding word.]

Worth, wurth, n. value: possessions: that quality which renders a thing valuable: price: moral excellence: importance.—adj. equal in value to: having a certain moral value: deserving of.—adj. Worth′ful.—adv. Worth′ily (th), in a worthy manner: justly: truly.—n. Worth′iness (th).—adj. Worth′less, of no worth or value: having no value, virtue, excellence, &c.: useless.—adv. Worth′lessly.—n. Worth′lessness.—adj. Worthy (wur′thi), having worth: valuable: deserving: suited to: (B.) deserving (either of good or bad).—n. a man of eminent worth: a local celebrity: (Shak.) anything of value:—pl. Wor′thies.—v.t. to make worthy.—Worthiest of blood, male, as opposed to female—of inheritance.—Nine worthies, Hector, Alexander the Great, Julius Cæsar; Joshua, David, Judas Maccabæus; Arthur, Charlemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon. [A.S. weorth, wurth (Ger. wert), value.]

Worth, wurth, v.i. to be, happen, as in the phrase Woe worth=woe be to (with the noun in the dative). [A.S. weorthan, to become; cf. Ger. werden.]

Wot, wot, Wotteth, wot′eth, v.t. (B.) pr.t. of obsolete wit, to know. [Wit.]

Would, wood, pa.t. of will.—adj. Would′-be, aspiring, trying, or merely professing to be.—n. a vain pretender. [A.S. wolde, pa.t. of willan.]

Woulfe-bottle, woolf′-bot′l, n. a form of three-necked bottle, generally arranged in a series known as Woulfe's apparatus, used for the purpose of purifying gases, or of dissolving them in suitable solvents—from the name of the London chemist, Peter Woulfe (1727-1806).

Wound, wōōnd, n. any division of soft parts, including the skin, produced by external mechanical force—whether incised, punctured, contused, lacerated, or poisoned: any cut, bruise, hurt, or injury.—v.t. to make a wound in: to injure.—adj. Woun′dable, capable of being wounded.—n. Woun′der.—adv. Woun′dily (coll.), excessively.—n. Woun′ding.—adj. Wound′less, exempt from being wounded, invulnerable: harmless.—n. Wound′wort, a name applied to several plants of popular repute as vulneraries, as the kidney-vetch, &c.: a plant of genus Stachys, the marsh or clown's woundwort.—adj. Woun′dy, causing wounds: (coll.) excessive. [A.S. wund (Ger. wunde, Ice. und)—A.S. wund, wounded; prob. orig. pa.p. of A.S. winnan, to fight, strive.]

Wrack, Rack, rak, n. a term loosely given to various seaweeds, esp. to the Fucaceæ, common on British shores, long valuable as a source of kelp, and utilised as manure: shipwreck: ruin.—adj. Wrack′ful, destructive. [Lit. 'something cast ashore,' A.S. wræc, exile, misery—wrecan, to drive, urge. Wrack is a doublet of wreck.]

Wraith, rāth, n. a spectre: an apparition in the exact likeness of a person seen before or soon after his death. [Cf. dial. form warth, an apparition; prob. orig. having the sense of 'guardian spirit'—Ice. vörthr, a guardian.]

Wrangle, rang′gl, v.i. to make a disturbance: to dispute: to dispute noisily or peevishly.—n. a noisy dispute.—ns. Wrang′ler, one who wrangles or disputes angrily: (Shak.) a stubborn foe: in the University of Cambridge, one of those who have attained the first class in the public mathematical honour examinations; Wrang′lership.—adj. Wrang′lesome, given to wrangling.—n. Wrang′ling.—Senior wrangler, the student taking the first place in the class mentioned, the second being called Second wrangler, and so on in the same way. [A freq. of wring.]

Wrap, rap, v.t. to roll or fold together: to enfold: hide: to cover by winding something round (often with up):—pr.p. wrap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. wrapped.—n. a wrapper, as a shawl, &c.—ns. Wrap′page, act of wrapping: things used as wrappers; Wrap′per, one who, or that which, wraps: a loose outer garment of a woman; Wrap′ping; Wrap′-ras′cal, a loose greatcoat worn about 1740 (a humorous term).—Wrapped up in, bound up in: engrossed with: comprised in. [A form of warp—M. E. wrappen, also wlappen. Cf. Lap (v.t. to wrap) and Envelop.]

Wrasse, ras, n. a genus of bony fishes representative of the large family Labridæ, and including many species on European and North African coasts. Common British species are the ballan-wrasse, the red wrasse, and the gibbous wrasse. [Perh. the W. gwrachen.]

Wrath, räth, n. violent anger: holy indignation: heat.—adj. violently angry.—adj. Wrath′ful, full of wrath: very angry: springing from, or expressing, wrath.—adv. Wrath′fully.—n. Wrath′fulness.—adv. Wrath′ily.—adjs. Wrath′less; Wrath′y, apt to wrath. [Old Northumbrian wrǽððo—A.S. wráð, adj. wroth; Ice. reithi.]

Wreak, rēk, v.t. to inflict: avenge.—n. Wreak′er.—adjs. Wreak′ful, revengeful: angry; Wreak′less, unpunished. [A.S. wrecan, orig. to drive, and so to punish, avenge; Ice. reka, to drive, pursue, Ger. rächen; conn. with L. urgēre.]

Wreath, rēth, n. a chaplet: a garland: anything long and circular: a defect in glass.—v.t. Wreathe (rēth), to form by twisting: to form into a wreath: to twine about or encircle.—v.i. to be interwoven.—adj. Wreath′en (th), wreathed.—n. Wreath′er (th).—adjs. Wreath′less; Wreath′y. [A.S. wrædh, 'a twisted band'—wríthan, to writhe.]

Wreck, rek, n. destruction: destruction of a ship: ruins of a destroyed ship: remains of anything ruined: shipwrecked property.—v.t. to destroy or disable: to ruin.—v.i. to suffer wreck or ruin.—ns. Wreck′age, the act of wrecking: wrecked material; Wreck′er, a person who purposely causes a wreck or who plunders wreckage: one who lures a ship on to the rocks for purposes of plunder: one who criminally ruins anything: a person employed by the owners in recovering disabled vessels or their cargo.—adj. Wreck′ful, causing ruin.—n. Wreck′-mas′ter, a person taking charge of a disabled ship and its cargo.—Wreck commissioners, a tribunal which inquires into shipping disasters.—Receivers of wrecks, wreck-masters. [A.S. wræc, expulsion—wrecan, to drive, Low Ger. wrak, Dut. wrak, Ice. reki, a thing drifted ashore; a doublet of wrack.]

Wren, ren, n. a genus (Troglodytes) and family (Troglodytidæ) of birds, having a slender, slightly curved and pointed bill, the wings very short and rounded, the tail short and carried erect, the legs slender and rather long.—ns. Wren′ning, the stoning of a wren to death on St Stephen's Day, December 26th—Wrenning Day—once practised in the North Country; Wren′-tit, a Californian bird (Chamæa fasciata), of dubious relations, at once resembling the wren and the titmouse. [A.S. wrenna, wrǽnna—wrǽne, lascivious.]

Wrench, rensh, v.t. to wring or pull with a twist: to force by violence: to sprain.—v.i. to undergo a violent wrenching.—n. a violent twist: a sprain: an instrument for turning bolts, &c.: in coursing, bringing the hare round at less than a right angle—half a point in the recognised code of points for judging. [A.S. wrencan (Ger. renken)—wrenc, fraud; root of wring.]

Wrest, rest, v.t, to twist from by force: to twist from truth or from its natural meaning.—n. violent pulling and twisting: distortion: an instrument, like a wrench, for tuning the piano, &c.—n. Wrest′er. [A.S. wrǽstan—wrǽst, firm, from wráth, pa.t. of wríthan, to writhe; Dan. vriste.]

Wrestle, res′l, v.i. to contend by grappling and trying to throw the other down: to struggle: to apply one's self keenly to: (Scot.) to pray earnestly.—v.t. to contend with in wrestling.—n. a bout at wrestling: a struggle between two to throw each other down.—ns. Wrest′ler; Wrest′ling, the sport or exercise of two persons struggling to throw each other to the ground in an athletic contest governed by certain fixed rules—catch-hold, ground-wrestling, catch-as-catch-can, back-hold, &c. [A.S. wrǽstlian; a freq. of wrǽstan, to wrest.]

Wretch, rech, n. a most miserable person: one sunk in vice: a worthless person: body, creature (in pity, sometimes admiration).—adj. Wretch′ed, very miserable: distressingly bad: despicable: worthless.—adv. Wretch′edly.—n. Wretch′edness. [A.S. wrecca, an outcast—wræc, pa.t. of wrecan, to drive.]

Wriggle, rig′l, v.i. to twist to and fro: to move sinuously: to use crooked means.—v.t. to cause to wriggle.—n. the motion of wriggling.—ns. Wrigg′ler, one who wriggles: one who uses trickery; Wrigg′ling;. [A freq. of obs. wrig, to move about, itself a variant of wrick, M. E. wrikken, to twist; cf. Dut. wriggelen, to wriggle.]

Wright, rīt, n. a maker (chiefly used in compounds, as ship-wright, &c.). [A.S. wyrhta—wyrht, a work—wyrcan, to work.]

Wring, ring, v.t. to twist: to force, or force out, by twisting: to force or compress: to pain: to extort: to bend out of its position.—v.i. to writhe: to twist:—pa.t. and pa.p. wrung, (B.) wringed.—ns. Wring′-bolt, a bolt with a ring or eye, used to secure a ship's planks against the frame till they are permanently fixed in place; Wring′er, one who wrings: a machine for forcing water from wet clothes—also Wring′ing-machine′.—adj. Wring′ing-wet, so wet that water can be wrung out.—n.pl. Wring′-staves, strong pieces of wood used in applying wring-bolts.—Wring from, to extort; Wring off, to force off by wringing; Wring out, to squeeze out by twisting; Wring the hands, to manifest grief by convulsive clasping of the hands. [A.S. wringan, to twist; Dut. wringen, Ger. ringen. Cf. Wreak, Wry.]

Wrinkle, ring′kl, n. (coll.) a tip, valuable hint. [Perh. from A.S. wrenc, a trick. Cf. Wrench.]

Wrinkle, ring′kl, n. a small ridge on a surface caused by twisting or shrinking: unevenness.—v.t. to contract into wrinkles or furrows: to make rough.—v.i. to shrink into ridges.—adj. Wrink′ly, full of wrinkles: liable to be wrinkled. [M. E. wrinkel, conn. with A.S. wringan, to twist; prob. related to Sw. rynka, Dan. rynke, a wrinkle.]

Wrist, rist, n. the joint by which the hand is united to the arm: a stud or pin projecting from the side of a crank.—ns. Wrist′band, the band or part of a sleeve which covers the wrist; Wrist′-drop, inability to extend the hand, often caused by lead-poisoning; Wrist′let, an elastic band used to confine the upper part of a glove to the wrist: a bracelet: (slang) a handcuff; Wrist′-plate, an oscillating plate bearing wrist-pins for the connection of rods or pitmans, as on the cut-off gear of an engine; Wrist′-pin, any pin connecting a pitman to a cross-head; Wrist′-shot, in golf, a short stroke usually played with an iron, from the wrist, without swinging the club over the shoulder. [A.S. wrist—wríthan, to twist; Ger. rist.]

Writ, rit, n. a writing: (law) a written document by which one is summoned or required to do something: a formal document, any writing.—Holy Writ, the Scriptures.—Serve a writ on, to deliver a summons to.

Write, rīt, v.t. to form letters with a pen or pencil: to express in writing: to compose: to engrave: to record: to communicate by letter.—v.i. to perform the act of writing: to be employed as a clerk: to compose books: to send letters: to practise the art of writing: to work as an author: to compose a letter:—pr.p. wrī′ting; pa.t. wrōte; pa.p. writ′ten.—ns. Wrī′ter, one who writes: a professional scribe or clerk: an ordinary legal practitioner in Scotch country towns: an author: a petty officer in the United States navy who keeps the watch-muster and other books of the ship—usually Ship-writer:—fem. Wrī′teress (rare); Wrī′ter's-cramp (see Cramp); Wrī′tership, the office of a writer; Wrī′ting, the forming letters with a pen or pencil: that which is written: literary production; Wrī′ting-book, a book of paper for practising penmanship; Wrī′ting-case, a portable case containing materials for writing; Wrī′ting-cham′ber, a room fitted for writing: a law office; Wrī′ting-desk, a desk with a sloping top for writing upon: a portable writing-case; Wrī′ting-ink, ink suited for writing with; Wrī′ting-mas′ter, a master who teaches the art of penmanship: the yellow-bunting; Wrīting-pā′per, paper finished with a smooth surface, for writing upon; Wrī′ting-school, a school for penmanship; Wrī′ting-tā′ble, a table fitted or used for writing upon.—adj. Writ′ten, reduced to writing—opposed to Oral.—Writers to the Signet, an ancient society of solicitors in Scotland who formerly had the exclusive right to prepare all summonses and other writs pertaining to the supreme court of justice, and still have the exclusive privilege of preparing crown writs, which include all charters, precepts, and writs from the sovereign or prince of Scotland.—Write down, to put down in written characters: to condemn in writing; Write off, to cancel by an entry on the opposite side of the account; Write out, to transcribe: to exhaust one's mental capacity by too much writing; Write up, to put a full description of in writing: to praise something in writing above its merits. [A.S. wrítan; Ice. ríta; the original meaning being 'to scratch' (cf. the cog. Ger. reissen, to tear).]

Writhe, rīth, v.t. to turn to and fro: to twist violently: to wrest: (obs.) to extort.—v.i. to twist.—n. (rare) a contortion.—adv. Wrī′thingly. [A.S. wríthan, to twist; Ice. rítha. Cf. Wreath, Wrest, Wrist.]

Wrong, rong, adj. not according to rule or right, deviating from what is correct or suitable: perverse: not fit or suitable: incorrect: not right or true.—n. whatever is not right or just: any injury done to another: an erroneous view.—adv. not rightly.—v.t. to do wrong to: to deprive of some right: to injure.—ns. Wrong′-do′er, one who does wrong: one who injures another; Wrong′-do′ing, evil or wicked action or conduct; Wrong′er, one who wrongs.—adj. Wrong′ful, wrong: unjust: injurious.—adv. Wrong′fully.—n. Wrong′fulness.—adj. Wrong′-head′ed, obstinately and perversely stubborn.—adv. Wrong′-head′edly.—n. Wrong′-head′edness.—adv. Wrong′ly, in a wrong manner.—adj. Wrong′-mind′ed, having erroneous views.—n. Wrong′ness.—adj. Wrong′ous, unjust, illegal.—adv. Wrong′ously.—adj. Wrong′-timed, inopportune.—Go wrong, to fail to work properly: to stray from virtue; Have wrong, to be wrong: to suffer injustice; In the wrong, holding an erroneous view or unjust position; Private wrong, a violation of the civil or personal rights of an individual in his private capacity; Put in the wrong, to cause to appear in error. [A.S. wrang, a wrong; most prob. Scand., Ice. rangr, unjust, Dan. vrang, wrong. Skeat explains A.S. wrang as from wrang, pa.t. of wringan, to wring, like Fr. tort, from L. tortus, twisted.]

Wroth, rōth, adj. wrathful. [A.S. wráth, angry—wráth, pa.t. of wríthan, to writhe; cf. Ice. reithr.]

Wrought, rawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of work.—n. Wrought′-ī′ron, malleable iron. [A.S. worhte, geworht, pa.t. and pa.p. of wyrcan, wircan, to work.]

Wry, rī, adj. twisted or turned to one side: not in the right direction.—n. (prov.) distortion.—v.i. (Shak.) to go astray.—v.t. to give a twist to, pervert.—n. Wry′bill, a New Zealand plover with bill bent sideways.—adv. Wry′ly.—adj. Wry′-mouthed, having a crooked mouth, unflattering.—n. Wry′-neck, a twisted or distorted neck: a small bird allied to the woodpecker, which twists round its head strangely when surprised.—adj. Wry′-necked.—n. Wry′ness.—Make a wry face, or mouth, to pucker up the face, or mouth, in sign of disgust or pain. [A.S. wrigian, to drive, bend. Ult. conn. with wriggle and writhe.]

Wuther, wuth′ėr, v.i. (prov.) to roar sullenly.—n. a low roaring. [Perh. traceable to A.S. wóth, a cry.]

Wyclifite, Wycliffite, wik′lif-īt, adj. pertaining to the English reformer and translator of the Bible, John Wycliffe (1325-84).—n. a follower of Wycliffe; a Lollard.

Wykehamist, wik′am-ist, n. a student, or former student, of Winchester College, founded by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester (died 1404).

Wynd, wīnd, n. (Scot.) a lane: narrow alley in a town. [Same as Wind (2).]

Wyvern, wī′vrn, n. (her.) a fictitious monster allied to the dragon and the griffin, and having its two legs and feet like those of the eagle. [O. Fr. wivre, a viper—L. vipera.]

the twenty-fourth letter in our alphabet, having in modern English the value of ks, which it had in Anglo-Saxon—except at the beginning of a word, where it is pronounced like z. As a numeral X stands for ten,

for a thousand, X for ten thousand; X as an abbreviation represents the word Christ—Xian, Xmas; x in algebra is the first of the unknown quantities; and the use of X, XX, and XXX on barrels of stout is a well-known way of indicating the quality.—X-rays, the name given by Röntgen of Würzburg in 1895 to those dark or invisible rays emitted, under the influence of an electric current, from a glass-bulb highly exhausted of air through an aluminium window into a close box, and which when passed through the hand or other part of the body imprint a shadow-picture of the bones on a sensitive photographic plate—a discovery of high value in surgery, enabling a bullet, &c., embedded in the flesh to be carefully localised.

Xantheine, zan′the-in, n. the yellow colouring matter of flowers. [From Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

Xanthian, zan′thi-an, adj. pertaining to Xanthus, the capital of ancient Lycia, in Asia Minor.

Xanthin, zan′thin, n. a name given to the yellow colouring matter of various flowers, to a principle in madder, and to a deposit of urine.—n. Xan′thate, a salt of xanthic acid.—adj. Xan′thic. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

Xanthium, zan′thi-um, n. a weedy plant of the aster family.—Also Cockle-bur, Clot-bur.

Xanthochroi, zan-thok′roi, n.pl. one of the five groups of men, according to Huxley and other ethnologists, comprising the fair whites.—n. Xanthochroi′a, a yellow discolouration of the skin.—adjs. Xanthochrō′ic, Xanthoch′rōous. [Formed through L. from Gr. xanthos, yellow, chroa, skin.]

Xanthoma, zan-thō′ma, n. a skin disease consisting of a growth of flat or tuberculated yellowish patches, often on the eyelids.—adj. Xanthoma′atous. [Gr. xanthos, yellow.]

Xanthomelanous, zan-thō-mel′a-nus, adj. applied to a type of men with black hair and yellow or olive skins. [Gr. xanthos, yellow, melas, -anos, black.]

Xanthophyll, zan′thō-fil, n. any one of certain yellow pigments contained in leaves.

Xanthopsy, zan′thop-si, n. a kind of colour-blindness in which everything looks yellowish.

Xanthosis, zan-thō′sis, n. the formation of a yellowish pigment in the areolar or muscular tissue, discolouring the skin—esp. in cancerous tumours.

Xanthoxylum, zan-thok′si-lum, n. a genus of the Rutaceæ, comprising over one hundred species, of which many are found in Brazil and the West Indies—the Prickly Ash or Toothache-tree. [Formed from Gr. xanthos, yellow, xylon, wood.]

Xanthura, zan-thū′ra, n. a genus of American jays, with yellow tail. [Gr. xanthos, yellow, oura, tail.]

Xebec, zē′bek, n. a small three-masted vessel much used by the former corsairs of Algiers. [Sp.,—Turk. sumbakī.]

Xenarthral, zen-arth′ral, adj. peculiarly jointed, as dorso-lumbar vertebræ. [Gr. xenos, strange, arthron, a joint.]

Xenial, zē′ni-al, adj. of or belonging to hospitality. [Gr. xenos, a guest.]

Xenium, zē′ni-um, n. a present made to a guest, stranger, or ambassador. [Gr.]

Xenodochy, zē-nod′ō-ki, n. reception of strangers.—n. Xenodochē′um, a building for the reception of strangers: an inn in modern Greece.

Xenogamy, zen-og′a-mi, n. (bot.) cross-fertilisation. [Gr. xenos, strange, gamos, marriage.]

Xenogenesis, zen-ō-jen′e-sis, n. the generation of something altogether and permanently unlike the parent.—adj. Xenogenet′ic. [Gr. xenos, a stranger, genesis, birth.]

Xenomania, zen-ō-mā′ni-a, n. an inordinate attachment to things foreign. [Gr. xenos, foreign, mania, madness.]

Xenomenia, zen-ō-mē′nī-a, n. vicarious or supplementary menstruation. [Gr. xenos, strange, mēniaia, menses.]

Xenomorphic, zen-ō-mor′fik, adj. not having its own proper form, but an irregular shape impressed by adjacent minerals. [Gr. xenos, strange, morphē, form.]

Xenops, zē′nops, n. a genus of South American tree-creepers, with short turned-up bills. [Gr. xenos, strange, ōps, face.]

Xenurus, zē-nū′rus, n. a genus of armadillos.—adj. Xenū′rine. [Gr. xenos, strange, oura, tail.]

Xerasia, zē-rā′si-a, n. a morbid dryness of the hair.—Also Xerō′sis. [Gr. xēros, dry.]

Xeroderma, zē-rō-der′ma, n. a morbid state of dryness of the skin due to diminished secretion of the sebaceous glands.

Xerophagy, zē-rof′a-ji, n. the habit of living on dry food. [Gr. xēros, dry, phagein, to eat.]

Xoanon, zō′a-non, n. a primitive statue, fallen from heaven, originally of wood, later overlaid with ivory and gold. [Gr.]

Xylem, zī′lem, n. the woody part of vegetable tissue—opposed to the phloëm, or bast part.

Xylobalsamum, zī-lō-bal′sa-mum, n. the dried twigs of the balm-of-Gilead tree.

Xylocarp, zī′lō-kärp, n. a hard and woody fruit.—adj. Xylocar′pous.

Xylography, zi-log′ra-fi, n. the art of engraving on wood.—ns. Xyl′ograph, an impression or print from a wood block: an impression of the grain of wood for surface decoration; Xylog′rapher.—adjs. Xylograph′ic, -al. [Gr. xylon, wood, graphein, to write.]

Xyloidine, zī-loi′din, n. an explosive like gun-cotton, prepared by the action of strong nitric acid on starch or woody fibre. [Gr. xylon, wood, eidos, form, appearance.]

Xylol, zī′lol, n. any of the metameric dimethyl benzenes. [Gr. xylon, wood, L. oleum, oil.]

Xylonite, zī′-lō-nīt, n. a kind of celluloid (q.v.). [Gr. xylon, wood.]

Xylophagan, zī-lof′a-gan, n. one of the Xyloph′aga, a genus of boring bivalves.

Xylophone, zī′lō-fōn, n. a musical instrument consisting of a graduated series of wooden bars, which are rested on straw, and are struck by wooden hammers. [Gr. xylon, wood, phōnē, a voice.]

Xylopia, zī-lō′pī-a, n. a genus of plants, natives of the tropics, chiefly in America. [Gr. xylon, wood, pikros, bitter.]

Xyst, zist, n. a covered portico used by athletes for their exercises.—Also Xyst′os, Xyst′us.

the twenty-fifth letter of our alphabet.—Y=150; Y=150,000.—ns. Y′-level, an engineers' spirit-level, so called because of the telescope formerly resting on 'Y's,' capable of being rotated at will—now substituted by the 'dumpy-level'—also Wye-level; Y′-moth, the gamma, a destructive noctuid moth, with a silvery Y-shaped mark on the upper wings; Y′-track, a short track laid at right angles to a railway-line, connected with it by two switches resembling a Y, used instead of a turn-table for reversing engines.

Yacht, yot, n. a sailing or steam vessel, elegantly fitted up for pleasure-trips or racing, or as a vessel of state.—v.i. to sail in a yacht.—adj. Yacht′-built, built on the model of a yacht.—ns. Yacht′-club, a club of yachtsmen; Yacht′er, one engaged in sailing a yacht; Yacht′ing, sailing in a yacht; Yachts′man, one who keeps or sails a yacht; Yachts′manship, the art of sailing a yacht. [Dut. jagt (formerly jacht), from jagen, to chase=Old High Ger. jagōn, Ger. jagen, to hunt.]

Yaffingale, yaf′ing-gāl, n. (Tenn.) the green woodpecker. [From Prov. Eng. yaffle (and under the influence of nightingale), from the sound.]

Yager, yā′gėr, n. formerly one of various bodies of light infantry in German armies, largely recruited from foresters, now one of various corps of infantry or cavalry, generally riflemen.—Also Jä′ger. [Ger. jäger, a huntsman.]

Yagger, yag′ėr, n. (Scot.) a peddler, a stroller. [Dut. jager, a huntsman—jagen, to hunt.]

Yahoo, ya-hōō′, n. a name given by Swift in Gulliver's Travels to a class of animals which have the forms of men but the understanding and passions of the lowest brutes: a despicable character.

Yak, yak, n. a species of ox found in Tibet, and domesticated there, covered all over with a thick coat of long silky hair, that of the lower parts hanging down almost to the ground. [Tibetan.]

Yakut, ya-kōōt′, n. a member of a mixed Turkish race in Siberia, in the Lena district.

Yam, yam, n. a large root like the potato growing in tropical countries. [Port. inhame.]

Yama, yam′a, n. in Hindu mythology, the first mortal progenitor of the human race. [Sans.]

Yammer, yam′ėr, v.i. to lament, wail: to whine.—n. Yamm′ering. [A.S. geómerian—geómor, sad.]

Yank, yangk, v.t. to carry, move with a jerk (with out, over).—n. (Scot.) a blow, buffet.—n. Yank′er (Scot.), a rap: a big lie.—adj. Yank′ing (Scot.), active: (U.S.) pulling, jerking.—n. Yank′ie (Scot.), a scold: an impudent woman. [Scand., Sw. prov. jakka, to rove about, Ice. jaga, to move about.]

Yankee, yang′kē, n. a citizen of the New England States in America: an inhabitant of the United States—also Yank (coll.).—ns. Yank′eedom, the country inhabited by Yankees: Yankees generally; Yank′ee-Doo′dle, a Yankee, from a popular air—also adj.—adj. Yank′eefied.—n. Yank′eeism, Yankee characteristics. [Perh. a corr. of English, or of Fr. Anglais, by the North American Indians.]

Yap, yap, v.i. (prov.) to yelp, bark constantly.—n. a yelp: a cur.—n. Yap′ster, a dog.

Yapok, Yapock, yap′ok, n. the S. Amer. water-opossum. [From the river Oyapok, in French Guiana.]

Yapon, yä′pon, n. a bushy evergreen shrub of the holly family, native to the S.E. coasts of the U.S., its leaves yielding the medicinal 'black drink' of the Indians.—Also Yau′pon, Yu′pon. [Most prob. Amer. Ind.]

Yapp, yap, n. a kind of limp leather binding in which the cover overlaps the edge of the book.

Yard, yärd, n. an English measure of 3 feet or 36 inches: a long beam on a mast for spreading square sails: the penis.—ns. Yard′-arm, either half of a ship's yard (right or left) from the centre to the end; Yard′stick, a stick 3 feet long, any standard of measurement—also Yard′wand. [A.S. gyrd, gierd, a rod, measure; Dut. garde, Ger. gerte; further conn. with Goth. gazds, a stick, L. hasta, a spear.]

Yard, yärd, n. an enclosed place, esp. near a building, as 'prison-yard,' or where any special work is carried on, as 'brick-yard,' 'wood-yard,' 'dock-yard,' 'navy-yard:' a garden.—v.t. to enclose in a yard.—ns. Yard′age, the use of a yard, or the charge made for such: the cutting of coal at so much per yard; Yard′-land, the amount of land held by a tenant in villeinage, in older English usage, varying from 15 to 40 acres; Yard′man, the person having special charge of a farm-yard: one employed in a railway-yard in making up trains, &c.; Yard′-mas′ter, one who has the special oversight of a railway-yard. [A.S. geard, hedge, enclosure; Ger. garten; conn. with L. hortus, Gr. chortos.]

Yare, yār, adj. ready: dexterous: quick: easily handled, manageable.—adv. Yare′ly (Shak.), promptly: dexterously: skilfully. [A.S. gearu, gearo, ready, prompt; Dut. gaar, dressed, Ger. gar, wholly.]

Yarn, yärn, n. spun thread: one of the threads of a rope: a sailor's story (spun out to some length), a story generally.—v.i. to tell stories. [A.S. gearn, thread; Ice. and Ger. garn.]

Yashmak, yash′mak, n. the double veil worn by Moslem women in public, the eyes only being uncovered. [Ar.]

Yasht, yäsht, n. in the Zend-Avesta, one of a collection of hymns and prayers.

Yataghan, yat′a-gan, n. a long Turkish dagger, without guard, usually curved. [Turk.]

Yaw, yaw, v.i. to move unsteadily: (naut.) to deviate temporarily or to turn out of the line of her course, as a ship.—n. a deviation from the course. [Scand., cf. Norw. gaga, to bend back, Ice. gagr, bent back.]

Yawl, yawl, n. a ship's small boat, generally with four or six oars: a small fishing-boat: a small sailing-boat with jigger and curtailed mainboom. [Dut. jol. Cf. Jollyboat.]

Yawn, yawn, v.i. to open the jaws involuntarily from drowsiness: to gape: to gape with astonishment.—n. the opening of the mouth from drowsiness.—adj. Yawn′ing, gaping: opening wide: drowsy.—n. act of opening wide or gaping: a modification of the ordinary movements of respiration, in which the inspiration is deeper than usual, accompanied by a kind of spasmodic contraction of the muscles which depress the lower jaw, and by a great elevation of the ribs and to some degree of the shoulder-blades.—adv. Yawn′ingly. [A.S. gánian, to yawn—gínan, pa.t. gán, to gape widely; Ice. gína, to gape, Gr. chainein, to gape.]

Yaws, yaws, n. a tropical epidemic and contagious disease of the skin—also Frambœsia, Button scurvy, Verruga Peruviana, Buba or Boba, Patta, Tetia, &c.—adj. Yaw′ey, pertaining to the yaws. [African yaw, a raspberry.]

Ye, yē, pron. the nom. pl. of the 2d person—in old English ye was always used as a nominative, and you as a dative or accusative, as in the English Bible. [M. E. ye, ȝe, nom.; your, ȝour, gen.; you, ȝou, yow, dat. and accus. pl. A.S. ge, nom. ye; eówer, gen. of you; eów, to you, you, dat. and accus.]

Yea, yā, adv. yes: verily.—adj. (B.) true.—n. an affirmative vote. [A.S. geá; Dut. and Ger. ja, Ice. já. Cf. Yes.]

Yead, Yede, yēd, v.i. (Spens.) to go: to march:—pr.p. yead′ing; pa.p. yōde. [A.S. eode, went, pa.t. of gán, to go.]

Yean, yēn, v.t. to bring forth young.—n. Yean′ling (Shak.), the young of a sheep: a lamb. [A.S. éanian, to bring forth—eacen, pregnant.]

Year, yēr, n. a period of time determined by the revolution of the earth in its orbit, and embracing the four seasons, popularly a period beginning with 1st January and ending with 31st December, consisting of 365 days (excepting every fourth year, called 'bissextile' or 'leap-year,' in which one day is added to February, making the number 366)—the Calendar, Civil, or Legal year: a space of twelve calendar months: (pl.) period of life, esp. age or old age.—ns. Year′-book, a book published annually, containing reports of judicial cases, or of discoveries, events, &c.; Year′ling, an animal a year old.—adj. a year old.—adjs. Year′long, lasting a year; Year′ly, happening every year: lasting a year.—adv. once a year: from year to year.—Year of Grace, or of our Lord, date of the Christian era.—Anomalistic year (see Anomaly); Astronomical year, the interval between one vernal equinox and the next, or one complete mean apparent circuit of the ecliptic by the sun, or mean motion through 360° of longitude—365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49.7 seconds—called also the Equinoctial, Solar, or Tropical year; Canicular year—the ancient Egyptian—counted from one heliacal rising of Sirius to the next—(the Canicular Cycle was the cycle of 1461 years of 365 days each, or 1460 Julian years, also called the Sothiac period); Ecclesiastical year, the year as arranged in the ecclesiastical calendar, with saints' days, festivals, &c.; Embolismic year, a year of thirteen lunar months or 384 days, occurring in a lunisolar calendar like that of the Jews; Hebrew year, a lunisolar year, of 12 or 13 months of 29 or 30 days—in every cycle of nineteen years the 3d, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th having thirteen months instead of twelve; Julian year, a period of 365¼ days, thus causing an annual error of about 11 minutes—corrected by dropping 10 days in 1582 under Pope Gregory XIII.—not adopted in England till 3d September 1752, which became September 14 (see Style); Legal year, the year by which dates were reckoned, which till 1752 began in England on 25th March, that date being originally chosen by Dionysius Exiguus as being the Annunciation—exactly nine months before Christmas. In Scotland the year began on 1st January since 1600.—The most common New Year's Days were these four—(a) 25th December; (b) 25th March; (c) Easter; (d) 1st January. Thus England used both the first and second from the 6th century to 1066; the fourth till 1155; then the second till the day after 31st December 1751, which was called 1st January 1752. Scotland used the second till 1599, when the day after 31st December 1599 was called 1st January 1600. France under Charlemagne used the first, and afterwards also the third and second till 1563; Lunar year, a period of twelve lunar months or 354 days, Platonic year, a cycle of years at the end of which the heavenly bodies are in the same place as at the Creation—also Great, or Perfect, year; Sabbatic, -al, year (see Sabbath); Sidereal year, the period required by the sun to move from a given star to the same star again—affected by Nutation only, one of the most invariable quantities which nature affords us, having a mean value of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.6 seconds.—In years, advanced in age. [A.S. geár, gér; Ger. jahr, Ice. ár, Gr. hōra, season.]

Yearn, yėrn, v.i. to feel earnest desire: to feel uneasiness, as from longing or pity.—n. Yearn′ing, earnest desire, tenderness, or pity.—adj. longing.—adv. Yearn′ingly. [A.S. giernan, giernian, to desire—georn, desirous, eager; cf. Ger. begehren. to long for.]

Yearn, yėrn, v.i. and v.t. (Shak.) to grieve. [M. E. ermen—A.S. yrman, to vex—earm, poor.]

Yearn, yėrn, v.i. to curdle, as milk—also Earn.—n. Yearn′ing, rennet.

Yeast, yēst, n. the froth of malt liquors in fermentation: the vegetable growth to which fermentation is due, of value in brewing, baking, &c.: (Shak.) spume or foam of water.—v.i. to ferment.—ns. Yeast′iness, the state of being yeasty or frothy; Yeast′-plant, a small plant causing alcoholic fermentation in saccharine liquids; Yeast′-pow′der, a baking powder.—adj. Yeast′y, like yeast: frothy, foamy: unsubstantial. [A.S. gist, gyst; Ger. gäscht, gischt.]

Yeld, yeld, adj. (Scot.) barren, not giving milk. [A variant of geld.]

Yell, yel, v.i. to howl or cry out with a sharp noise: to scream from pain or terror.—v.t. to utter with a yell.—n. a sharp outcry.—n. Yell′ing.—v.i. Yell′och (Scot.), to yell.—n. a yell. [A.S. gellan, gyllan; Ger. gellen; conn. with A.S. galan, to sing.]

Yellow, yel′ō, adj. of a bright gold colour.—n. a bright golden colour: (pl.) the peach-yellows (see Peach): (Shak.) jaundice in horses.—v.t. to make yellow.—v.i. to become yellow.—adjs. Yell′ow-backed, -bell′ied, -billed, -breast′ed, -cov′ered, -crowned, -eyed, -foot′ed, -front′ed, -head′ed, -horned, -legged, -necked, -polled, -ringed, -rumped, -shoul′dered, -spot′ted, &c.—ns. Yell′ow-bird, one of various birds of a yellow colour—the golden oriole, summer-warbler, &c.; Yell′ow-boy, a gold coin: a mulatto or dark quadroon:—fem. Yell′ow-girl; Yell′ow-bunt′ing, the yellow-hammer; Yell′ow-earth, a yellow ochre sometimes used as a pigment; Yell′ow-fē′ver, a pestilential contagious fever of a continuous and special type, presenting at least two well-defined stages, the first occupying 36 to 150 hours, marked by a rapid circulation and high temperature; the second being characterised by general depression and black vomit—also known as Yellow Jack, Bronze John, El Vomito, and Vomito Prieto or Vomito Amarilli; Yell′ow-flag, a flag of a yellow colour, displayed by a vessel in quarantine or over a military hospital or ambulance; Yell′ow-gum, the melæna or black jaundice of infants; Yell′ow-hamm′er, -amm′er, a song-bird, so named from its yellow colour: the common yellow-bunting.—adj. Yell′owish, somewhat yellow.—ns. Yell′owishness; Yell′ow-met′al, a brass consisting of sixty parts copper and forty parts zinc; Yell′owness; Yell′ow-root, an American herb whose root-stock yields berberine—also Orange-root, Goldenseal; Yell′ow-soap, common soap composed of tallow, resin, and soda; Yell′ow-wash, a lotion consisting of a mixture of mercuric chloride and lime-water; Yell′ow-weed, weld; Yell′ow-wood, a name given to Fustic and many other trees—e.g. satin-wood, and various kinds of podocarpus, rhus, xanthoxylum, &c.; Yell′ow-wort, an annual of the gentian family—also Yell′ow-cen′taury.—adj. Yell′owy, yellowish.—ns. Yell′ow-yol′dring, -yor′ling, or -yow′ley, the European yellow-hammer.—Yellow berries, Persian berries. [A.S. geolo; Ger. gelb; cog. with L. heluus, light bay.]

Yelp, yelp, v.i. to utter a sharp bark.—n. a sharp, quick cry or bark.—n. Yelp′er. [A.S. gilpan, to boast, exult; Ice. giálpa, to yelp.]

Yen, yen, n. a Japanese gold or silver coin, used as the monetary unit since 1871, and now equivalent to about 2s. 0½d. of our money. [Jap.,—Chin. yuen, round, a dollar.]

Yeoman, yō′man, n. in early English history, a common menial attendant, but after the fifteenth century, one of a class of small freeholders, forming the next grade below gentlemen: a man of small estate, any small farmer or countryman above the grade of labourer: an officer of the royal household: a member of the yeomanry cavalry: (Shak.) a journeyman, assistant: a gentleman in a royal or noble household, ranking between a sergeant and a groom.—adj. Yeo′manly, of yeoman's rank: humble and honest.—adv. staunchly, bravely.—n. Yeo′manry, the collective body of yeomen or smaller freeholders: a cavalry volunteer force in Great Britain, formed during the wars of the French Revolution, its organisation by counties, under the lords-lieutenant, raised and drilled locally, the men providing their own horses and uniform.—Yeomen of the guard, a veteran company of picked soldiers, employed in conjunction with the gentlemen-at-arms on grand occasions as the sovereign's bodyguard—constituted a corps in 1485 by Henry VII., and still wearing the costume of that period; Yeoman's service, powerful aid, such as came from the yeomen in the English armies of early times. [M. E. yoman, yemen, doubtless from an A.S. gáman, not found, but seen in Old Frisian gāman, villager—gā, a village (Ger. gau, district), man, man.]

Yerk, yėrk, v.t. to throw or thrust with a sudden, quick motion, to jerk: (obs.) to beat, rouse, excite (Scot.): to bind or tie with a jerk. [Akin to jerk.]

Yes, yes, adv. ay: a word of affirmation or consent. [A.S. gise, gese—geá, yea, sý, let it be.]

Yester, yes′tėr, adj. relating to yesterday: last.—n. Yes′terday, the day last past.—adv. on the day last past.—ns. Yes′tereve, -n, Yes′terevening, the evening last past; Yes′termorn, Yes′termorning, the morning last past; Yes′ternight, the night last past; Yes′teryear, last year.—adv. Yestreen′ (Scot.), last evening, contracted from yestereven. [A.S. geostran-, giestran- (only in compounds); Ger. gestern; cf. L. hesternus, Gr. chthes.]

Yet, yet, adv. in addition: besides: at the same time: up to the present time: hitherto: even: however.—conj. nevertheless: however. [A.S. git, gita; Ger. jetz.]

Yett, yet, n. (Scot.) a gate, door—another term of yate, itself a dialectal form of gate.

Yew, ū, n. a tree of genus Taxus—natural order Taxaceæ, itself a suborder of Coniferæ—widely diffused over the whole northern parts of the world, with narrow lanceolate or linear leaves (in Europe long planted in graveyards), yielding an elastic wood good for bows: its wood.—adj. Yew′en (Spens.), made of yew.—n. Yew′-tree. [A.S. íw, éow, éoh; Ger. eibe, Ir. iubhar.]

Yggdrasil, ig′dra-sil, n. (Scand. myth.) the ash-tree binding together heaven, earth, and hell, and extending its branches over the whole world and above the heavens—according to Vigfusson and Powell, not a primitive Scandinavian idea, but originating after the contact with Christianity, and so a corruption of the cross [Ice. Yggdra Syll; cf. Yggr, Uggr, a surname of Odin, syll, sill. Magnusson explains as 'Odin's horse,' Ice. sleipner, horse.]

Yiddish, yid′ish, n. a strange compound of very corrupt Hebrew and ancient or provincial German spoken by the commoner Jews—extensively in the East End of London.—ns. Yid, Yidd′isher, a Jew. [Ger. jüdisch, Jewish.]

Yield, yēld, v.t. to resign: to grant: to give out: to produce: to allow.—v.i. to submit: to comply with: to give place.—n. amount yielded: product.—adj. Yield′able, that may be yielded: inclined to yield.—ns. Yield′ableness; Yield′er.—adj. Yield′ing, inclined to give way or comply: compliant.—adv. Yield′ingly.—n. Yield′ingness.—Yield up the ghost (see 'Give up the ghost,' under Give). [A.S. gieldan, gildan, to pay, gelten, Ice. gjalda.]

Yo, yō, interj. expressive of effort, &c.—Yo-ho, in order to call attention.

Yodel, Yodle, yō′dl, v.t. and v.i. to sing, changing frequently from the ordinary voice to falsetto and back again after the manner of the mountaineers of the Tyrol.—n. a song sung in this fashion—also Jō′del.—ns. Yō′deler, Yō′dler. [Ger. dial. jodeln.]

Yoga, yō′ga, n. a system of Hindu philosophy showing the means of emancipation of the soul from further migrations.—ns. Yō′gi, a Hindu ascetic who practises the yoga system, consisting in the withdrawal of the senses from external objects, long continuance in unnatural postures, &c.; Yō′gism. [Hind. yoga—Sans. yoga, union.]

Yoicks, yō′iks, interj. an old fox-hunting cry.—v.t. Yō′ick, to urge on by this cry.

Yojana, yō′ja-na, n. an Indian measure of distance, usually about five miles.—Also Yō′jan.

Yoke, yōk, n. that which joins together: the frame of wood joining oxen for drawing together: any similar frame, as one for carrying pails: (prov.) a chain of hills: a stretch of work—e.g. from meal-time to meal-time: a mark of servitude: slavery: a pair or couple.—v.t. to put a yoke on: to join together: to enslave.—v.i. to be joined: to go along with.—ns. Yoke′-dev′il (Shak.), a companion devil; Yoke′-fell′ow, -mate, an associate: a mate or fellow.—adj. Yoke′-toed, pair-toed.—n. Yōk′ing, as much work as is done at a stretch. [A.S. geoc, iuc, ioc; Ger. joch; L. jugum, Gr. zygon.]

Yokel, yō′kl, n. a country bumpkin.—adj. Yō′kelish. [Ety. dub.; but cf. Gawk and Gowk.]

Yolk, yōk, Yelk, yelk, n. the yellow part of an egg: the vitellus of a seed: wool-oil.—adjs. Yolked, having a yolk; Yolk′y, like yolk. [A.S. geoloca, geoleca—geolo, yellow.]

Yon, yon, Yonder, yon′dėr, adv. at a distance within view.—adj. being at a distance within view. [A.S. geon; Goth. jains (masc.), jaina (fem.), Ger. jen-er, that.]

Yond, yond, adj. (Spens.) furious, mad—apparently a mere coinage from the foregoing.

Yoni, yō′nē, n. the pudendum muliebre, the symbol under which Sakti is worshipped in India.

Yore, yōr, n. in old time. [A.S. geára, formerly, gen. pl. of gár, a year.]

Yorker, york′ėr, n. a term in cricket applied to a ball pitched to a point directly under the batsman's bat—formerly called tice from entice. [Prob. from Yorkshire, but history quite unknown.]

Yorkish, york′ish, adj. pertaining to the county or city of York: adhering to the House of York in the Wars of the Roses.—n. York′ist, one of this party.—Yorkshire grit, a grit from Yorkshire used for polishing; Yorkshire pudding, a pudding made of unsweetened batter, and baked under meat so as to catch the drippings.

You, ū, pron. 2d pers. pron. pl., but also used as singular.—pron.pl. You′-uns, a provincial form for you, you ones.—You're another, the vulgar form of tu quoque, effective in vituperation, but not an argument. [A.S. eów, orig. only dat. and accus. Cf. Ye.]

Young, yung, adj. not long born: in early life: in the first part of growth: vigorous: relating to youth: junior, the younger of two persons having the same name: inexperienced: newly arrived—in Australia.—n. the offspring of animals.—adjs. Young′-eyed (Shak.), with the bright eyes of youth; Young′ish, somewhat young.—n. Young′ling, a young person or animal.—adj. youthful, young.—adv. Young′ly.—ns. Young′ness; Young′ster, a young person: a lad; Youngth (Spens.), youth.—adj. Youngth′ly (Spens.), youthful.—Young blood, fresh accession of strength; Young England, the name applied, during the Corn-Law struggle (1842-45), to a little band of young Tory politicians, who hated Free Trade and Radicalism, and professed a sentimental attachment to earlier forms of social life in England; Young England, America, &c., the rising generation in England, America, &c.; Young Ireland, a group of Irish politicians who broke away from O'Connell about 1844, because of his rooted aversion to physical force; Young Italy, an association of Italian republican agitators, active about 1834, under the lead of Mazzini; Young person, Mr Podsnap's phrase for youth generally, considered as too inexperienced to hear about some matters within the range of adult human experience—from Dickens's Our Mutual Friend; Young Pretender, Prince Charlie, as distinguished from his father the Pretender or Old Pretender.—With young, pregnant. [A.S. geong; Ger. jung; also conn. with L. juvenis, Sans. yuvan, young.]

Younker, yung′kėr, n. a young person: (Shak.) a simpleton: (Spens.) a young gentleman or knight. [Old Dut. joncker (Dut. jonker), from jonk-heer, 'young master' or 'lord;' Ger. junker.]

Your, ūr, pron. poss. of you: belonging to you: (Shak.) used to denote a class or species well known, the use implying something of contempt.—Yourn (prov.), yours. [A.S. eówer. Cf. Ye.]

Yours, ūrz, pron. poss. of you, not followed by a noun: used in many idiomatic senses, as e.g. 'you and yours,' your family, property, 'yours of yesterday,' your letter, &c.—Yours faithfully, sincerely, truly, &c., Yours to command, &c., are forms used in letters just before the signature, as phrases of conventional politeness, for the most part: also sometimes used by a vulgar speaker in alluding to himself.

Yourself, ūr-self′, pron. your own self or person:—pl. Yourselves′.

Youth, yōōth, n. state of being young: early life: a young person: young persons taken together: (Shak.) recentness, freshness.—adj. Youth′ful, pertaining to youth or early life: young: suitable to youth: fresh: buoyant, vigorous.—adv. Youth′fully.—ns. Youth′fulness; Youth′head, Youth′hood (obs.), youth.—adjs. Youth′ly (Spens.), young, youthful; Youth′some, youthful; Youth′y, young. [A.S. geogoth—geong, young; Ger. jugend.]

Yowl, yowl, v.i. to cry mournfully, as a dog: to yell, bawl.—n. a distressed cry.—n. Yowl′ing, a howling. [M. E. yowlen—Ice. gaula, to howl; cf. Scot. gowl and Eng. yell.]

Yowley, yow′li, n. the yellow-bunting.—Also Yel′dring, Yel′drock, Yor′ling, &c. [A.S. geolu, yellow.]

Y-pointing, i-point′ing, adj. (Milt.) pointing, looking up into the air. [An erroneous formation, as the prefix y- was confined to the past participle, and then, too, only or nearly always to words of Anglo-Saxon origin.]

Y-ravish, i-rav′ish, v.t. (Shak.) to ravish. [An erroneous formation. Cf. Y-pointing.]

Ytterbium, i-ter′bi-um, n. an element discovered by Marignac in gadolinite.

Yttrium, it′ri-um, n. a rare metal obtained as a blackish-gray powder, and contained in a few minerals in which there are usually also present compounds of one or more other rare metals, such as cerium, didymium, erbium, and lanthanum.—n. Ytt′ria, its oxide, a yellowish-white powder.—adjs. Ytt′ric; Yttrif′erous; Ytt′rious.—ns. Ytt′ro-cē′rite, a violet mineral found embedded in quartz, a fluoride of yttrium, cerium, and calcium; Ytt′ro-col′umbite, -tan′talite, a brownish mineral found at Ytterby, a tantalate of yttrium, uranium, and iron, with calcium. [From Ytterby, a town in Sweden, where it was first discovered.]

Yucca, yuk′a, n. a genus of plants of natural order Liliaceæ, natives of Mexico, &c., some cultivated in gardens on account of the singularity and splendour of their appearance.—Yucca gloriosa, a native of Virginia, but quite hardy in England, the stem two or three feet high, its upper part producing a great tuft or crown of large sword-shaped evergreen leaves, each terminating in a sharp black spine. From the centre of this crown of leaves rises the flower-stalk, three feet high, branching out into a large panicle, the flowers white with a purple stripe. [West Indian name.]

Yuck, yuk, v.i. (prov.) to itch.—n. the itch.—adj. Yuck′y, itchy.

Yuga, yōō′ga, n. one of the Hindu ages of the world.—Also Yug. [Sans.]

Yulan, yōō′lan, n. a Chinese magnolia, with large white flowers. [Chin.]

Yule, yool, n. the season or feast of Christmas.—n. Yule′tide, the time or season of Yule or Christmas.—Yule log, the block of wood cut down in the forest, then dragged to the house, and set alight in celebration of Christmas. [A.S. géol, yule, se ǽrra géola, December; Ice. jól. Not conn. either with Ice. hjól, wheel, or M. E. youlen, yollen, to cry out or yawl.]

the twenty-sixth and last letter in our alphabet, is derived through the Greek zeta, from zayin, the seventh Semitic letter—its sound a voiced sibilant, either a voiced s as in 'zeal,' or a voiced sh as in 'azure.'—The cedilla (ç) is a 'little zed,' as is implied by the Italian name zediglia, from zeticula.

Zabian, zā′bi-an, adj. and n. the same as Sabian.—ns. Zā′baism, Zā′bism, the doctrines esp. of the Pseudo-Zabians, or Syrian Zabians (in Haurân, Edessa, Bagdad), remnants of the ancient Syrian but Hellenised heathens, from about the 9th to the 12th century. Under the name Zabians used to be grouped several peoples distinct in origin and by no means alike in religion. The medieval Arabic and Jewish writers called nearly all those heathens or Sabæans who were neither Jews or Christians, nor Mohammedans or Magians. Now the name Sabæans denotes strictly the ancient inhabitants of southern Arabia, who were but little modified by Babylonian influences; the Zabians of the Koran were originally non-Christian Gnostics—the ancestors of the still existing Mandæans (q.v.) or Joannes' Christians.

Zabrus, zā′brus, n. a large genus of caraboid beetles. [Gr. zabros, gluttonous.]

Zadkiel, zad′ki-el, n. the name assumed by Richard James Morrison (1794-1874), the compiler of a popular astrological almanac, a retired commander in the royal navy, a Hebraist, mathematician, astronomer, and a real believer in his pseudo-science.

Zaffre, Zaffer, zaf′ėr, n. the impure oxide obtained by partially roasting cobalt ore previously mixed with two or three times its weight of fine sand. [Fr. zafre, of Ar. origin.]

Zalophus, zal′ō-fus, n. a genus of otaries or eared seals. [Gr. za-, intens., lophos, a crest.]

Zambomba, tham-bom′ba, n. a simple Spanish musical instrument made by stretching a piece of parchment over a wide-mouthed jar and inserting a stick in it which is rubbed with the fingers.

Zamia, zā′mi-a, n. a genus of palm-like trees or low shrubs of the order Cycadaceæ—some species yield an edible starchy pith. [L. zamia, a dead fir-cone—Gr. zēmia, damage.]

Zander, zan′dėr, n. the European pike-perch.—Also San′der and Zant. [Ger.]

Zanje, than′hē, n. an irrigating canal.—n. Zanjē′ro, one who superintends the distribution of such water. [Sp. Amer.]

Zante, zan′te, n. the same as Zan′te-wood, the wood of the smoke-tree, from Zante, one of the principal Ionian Islands: satin-wood.—n. Zan′tiote, a native of Zante.—Zante currant, the small seedless fruit of a Zante grape.

Zany, zā′ni, n. a merry-andrew: a buffoon.—v.t. to play the zany to.—n. Zā′nyism, condition or habits of a buffoon. [Fr. zani—It. zani, a corr. of Giovanni, John. Cf. the similar use of the names John and Jack.]

Zaporogian, zā-pō-rō′ji-an, adj. pertaining to those Little Russian or Ukraine Cossacks who dwelt near the Porogi or falls of the Dnieper.—n. one of the foregoing.

Zarathustrian, zar-a-thōōs′tri-an, adj. and n.=Zoroastrian.—Zarathus′trianism, Zarathus′trism=Zoroastrianism; Zarathus′tric=Zoroastric.

Zaratite, zar′a-tīt, n. a hydrous carbonate of nickel, found usually as an incrustation on chromite. [From Zarate, a Spaniard.]

Zareba, zā-rē′ba, n. in the Soudan, a stockade, thorn-hedge, &c. against wild animals or enemies, a fortified camp generally.—Also Zaree′ba, Zere′ba, Zeri′ba.

Zarf, zärf, n. an ornamental holder for a hot coffee-cup.—Also Zurf. [Ar. zarf, a vessel.]

Zarnich, zär′nik, n. a native sulphide of arsenic, orpiment, realgar.—Also Zar′nec. [Ar. zernikh—Gr. arsenikon, arsenic.]

Zarzuela, thär-thōō-ā′la, n. a kind of operetta or vaudeville—named from the royal residence of La Zarzuela in Spain.

Zastruga, zas-trōō′ga, n. one of a series of long parallel snow-ridges on the open wind-swept plains of Russia. [Russian.]

Zea, zē′a, n. a cereal having monœcious flowers. The only species is Z. mays, the well-known maize or Indian corn. [Gr.]

Zeal, zēl, n. boiling or passionate ardour for anything: enthusiasm.—n. Zeal′ant (Bacon), a zealot or enthusiast.—adj. Zeal′less, wanting zeal.—ns. Zealot (zel′ot), one full of zeal: an enthusiast: a fanatic: one of a fanatical Jewish party whose restless opposition to the Roman domination finally brought about the ruin of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.; Zealotism (zel′-), the character of a zealot; Zealotry (zel′-).—adj. Zealous (zel′-), full of zeal: warmly engaged or ardent in anything.—adv. Zealously (zel′-).—n. Zealousness (zel′-). [O. Fr. zele—L. zelus—Gr. zēlos, zeein, to boil. Cf. Yeast.]

Zebra, zē′bra, n. a generic name given to the group of striped Equidæ—all of which are peculiar to the African continent—and thus including the Dauw or Burchell's Zebra, the Quagga, and the true or Mountain Zebra.—n. Zē′bra-wood, the hard and beautifully striped wood of a Guiana tree.—adj. Zē′brine, like the zebra. [Of African origin.]

Zebu, zē′bū, n. the humped domestic ox of India (or Brahminy bull), a kind of ox very nearly allied to the common ox, diffused over India, China, the east coast of Africa, &c. [Fr. zébu, the whimsical name taken by Buffon from the exhibitors of such a beast at a French fair as if African.]

Zebub, zē′bub, n. an Abyssinian fly hurtful to cattle, similar to the tsetse. [Ar. zubāb, a fly.]

Zecchino, tsek-kē′nō, n. a Venetian gold coin, the same as the sequin (q.v.).

Zechstein, zek′stīn, n. a deposit of calcareous rock which covers the Kupfer-schiefer. [Ger.,—zeche, a mine, stein, a stone.]

Zed, zed, n. the letter Z, also called zee and izzard: a bar of metal of form similar to the letter Z.

Zedoary, zed′ō-ā-ri, n. certain species of curcuma, natives of India, China, &c., whose root-stocks (rhizomes) are aromatic, bitter, pungent, and tonic, and used for similar purposes with ginger—a powerful sudorific. [Ar. Jedwar.]

Zelotypia, zel-ō-tip′i-a, n. morbid zeal in the prosecution of any project or cause. [Gr. zēlotypia, jealousy, zēlos, zeal, typtein, to strike.]

Zemindar, zem-in-dar′, n. under the Mogul emperors of India, the farmer of revenue from land held in common by the cultivators, as responsible for the revenue—now the actual native proprietor paying revenue direct, and not to any intermediate superior—also Zamindar′.—n. Zem′indary, the jurisdiction of a zemindar, the system of land-tenure and taxation under such—also Zam′indari, Zem′indari, &c. [Pers. zemīndār, a landholder.]

Zemstvo, zems′tvō, n. in Russia, a district and provincial assembly to which the administration of the economic affairs of the district and the province was committed in 1866, but whose rights were much curtailed in 1890. [Russ.]

Zenana, ze-nä′na, n. the apartments in which Indian women are secluded, corresponding to the harem in Arabic-speaking Moslem lands.—Zenana mission, a mission to Hindu women, necessarily conducted by women. [Pers. zanāna—zan, a woman.]

Zend, zend, n. the ancient East-Iranian and purely Aryan language, in which the Zend-Avesta was long orally preserved and at last written—closely related to the Vedic Sanskrit.—Zend-Avesta, the ancient sacred writings of the Parsees, including works of widely differing character and age, collected into their present canon under Shah-puhar II. (Shah-pur II.; 309-338 A.D.). [A word meaning 'commentary' (zend=zand, from Sans. jñâ, to know).]

Zendik, zen′dik, n. an unbeliever in revealed religion in the East, one who practises magic. [Ar. zendīq.]

Zenith, zen′ith, n. that point of the heavens which is exactly overhead—i.e. in line with the spectator's position and the centre of the earth (it is thus the upper pole of the spectator's horizon, as the nadir is the under pole): greatest height, summit of ambition, &c.—adj. Zen′ithal.—ns. Zen′ith-dis′tance, the angular distance of a heavenly body from the zenith; Zen′ith-sec′tor, an instrument for measuring zenith-distances. [Fr., through Sp. zenit, from Ar. samt, short for samt-ur-ras, lit. 'way of the head.']

Zeolite, zē′ō-līt, n. the common name of a large group of minerals often called the Zeolitic family—they are all soluble in acids, and most of them gelatinise in acids in consequence of silica being set free.—adjs. Zeolit′ic; Zeolit′iform. [Gr. zeein, to boil, lithos, a stone.]

Zephyr, zef′ir, n. the west wind: a soft, gentle breeze: thin light worsted or woollen yarn, also a close-fitting jersey or undergarment made of such: anything very light and fine of its kind.—Zephyr cloth, a thin, finely spun woollen cloth for women's gowns. [Gr. zephyros—zophos, darkness, the dark quarter, the west.]

Zero, zē′ro, n. cipher: nothing: the point from which the reckoning begins on scales, such as those of the barometer, &c. [Fr.,—Ar. sifr. Doublet cipher.]

Zerumbet, zē-rum′bet, n. an East Indian drug, the cassumunar—sometimes for the round zedoary.

Zest, zest, n. something that gives a relish: relish. [Fr. zeste, skin of an orange or lemon used to give a flavour—L. schistus—Gr. schistos, cleft, divided—schizein, to cleave.]

Zeta, zē′ta, n. a small closet or parlour, the sexton's room over the porch of a church. [Gr. diaita, a dwelling.]

Zetetic, zē-tet′ik, adj. proceeding by inquiry.—n. a seeker, the name taken by some of the Pyrrhonists. [Gr. zētētikos—zētein, to seek.]

Zeuglodon, zūg′lō-don, n. a fossil whale-like mammal, so named by Owen from the yoke-like double-rooted formation of its cheek teeth.—adj. and n. Zeug′lodont.—n.pl. Zeuglodon′tia, a suborder of Cetacea, represented by the zeuglodonts. [Gr. zeuglē, the strap or loop of the yoke, odous, -ontos, a tooth.]

Zeugma, zūg′ma, n. (gram.) a figure by which an adjective or verb which agrees with a nearer word is, by way of supplement, referred also to another more remote, whether grammatically corresponding or not.—adj. Zeugmat′ic. [Gr.,—zeugnunai, to yoke.]

Zeus, zūs, n. the greatest of the national deities of Greece, son of Cronos (Saturn) and Rhea, brother of Poseidon (Neptune), Hades (Pluto), Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), and Hera (Juno). His consort was Hera; his supreme seat, Mount Olympus in Thessaly. [Gr.]

Zeuxite, zūks′īt, n. a ferriferous tourmaline. [Gr.,—zeuxis, joining—zeugnunai, to yoke.]

Ziamet, zi-ä′met, n. a large military fief under the Turkish feudal system. [Turk.]

Zibeline, zib′e-lin, adj. pertaining to the sable.—n. the fur of the sable. [Sable.]

Ziganka, zi-gan′ka, n. a Russian country-dance, the music for such, usually quick, with a drone bass. [Russ.]

Zigzag, zig′zag, n. a short, sharp turning.—adj. having short, sharp turns, bent from side to side.—v.t. to form with short turns:—pr.p. zig′zagging; pa.p. zig′zagged.—adv. with frequent sharp turns—also Zig′zaggy.—n. Zigzag′gery, angular crookedness.—adj. Zig′zaggy, zigzag. [Fr. zig-zag—Ger. zick-zack, zacke, a sharp point.]

Zillah, zil′a, n. the technical name for the administrative districts into which British India is divided, each of which has in the older provinces a Collector (or Collector and Magistrate combined), a Sessions Judge, &c., and in the newer provinces, such as the Punjab and British Burma, a Deputy Commissioner. [Properly Ar. (in Indian pronunciation) zila, 'a rib,' thence 'a side,' 'a district.']

Zimb, zimb, n. an Abyssinian dipterous insect, like the tsetse, hurtful to cattle. [Ar. zimb, a fly.]

Zinc, zingk, n. a bluish-white metal, breaking with a crystalline fracture—when chemically pure it is malleable and ductile at ordinary temperature, but ordinary zinc is so only at temperatures above 212° Fahr.—v.t. to cover with zinc.—ns. Zinc′-am′yl, a colourless transparent liquid, composed of zinc and amyl; Zinc′-blende, sphalerite, native sulphide of zinc; Zinc′-bloom, hydrozincite; Zinc-col′ic, a colic caused by the slow poison of zinc-oxide; Zinc′-ē′thyl, a colourless volatile liquid, composed of zinc and the radical ethyl.—adjs. Zincif′erous, Zinkif′erous, containing or producing zinc.—ns. Zinc′ite, a native oxide of zinc, brittle, translucent, deep red; Zinckificā′tion, Zinkificā′tion, the process of coating or impregnating an object with zinc.—vs.t. Zinck′ify, Zink′ify, to cover or impregnate with zinc.—adjs. Zinck′y, Zink′y, pertaining to zinc: looking like zinc.—n. Zinc′-meth′yl, a mobile stinking liquid, spontaneously inflammable, resembling zinc-ethyl.—adj. Zinc′oid, like zinc.—ns. Zincol′ysis, a mode of decomposition caused by an electric current; Zinc′olyte, a body decomposable by electricity; Zinc′otype, a zincograph.—adj. Zinc′ous, pertaining to zinc.—ns. Zinc′-white, zinc oxide used as a pigment; Zinc′-work′er. [Ger. zink, prob. allied to zinn, tin.]

Zincali, zin′ka-li, n. a name in Spain for the Gipsies, akin to Zingaro (q.v.).

Zinckenite, zing′ken-īt, n. a grayish mineral consisting of the sulphides of antimony and lead. [Named from the German metallurgist Zincken (1790-1862).]

Zinco, zing′kō, n. a familiar abbreviation for zincograph.—v.i. to produce a plate for printing by the zincographic process.

Zincode, zing′kōd, n. the negative pole of a voltaic battery: the anode of an electrolytic cell.

Zincography, zing-kog′ra-fi, n. a process of etching on zinc (or copper) by which black and white pictures of all kinds can be reproduced as surface-blocks for printing by the ordinary letterpress process—in the etching the whites, and not the black lines as in the ordinary etching, are eaten away.—ns. Zinc′ograph, a plate or picture produced by zincography; Zincog′rapher, one who makes zincographic plates.—adjs. Zincograph′ic, -al. [Zinc, Gr. graphein, to write.]

Zingaro, zing′ga-rō, n. a name in Italy for the Gipsies;—pl. Zing′ari, Zing′ane.—Also Zing′ano. [Cf. the Ger. Zigeuner, Czech Cingán or Cigán, Magyar Cigány.]

Zingel, zing′el, n. a fish of the perch family, found in the Danube. [Ger.]

Zingiberaceæ, zin′ji-be-rā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order of about 470 species of perennial tropical herbs, with horizontal thickened root-stock and cone-like inflorescence—the typical genus Zin′giber.—adjs. Zingiberā′ceous, Zinziberā′ceous. [L. zingiber—Gr. zingiberis, ginger.]

Zinke, tsing′ke, n. an old wind instrument like a cornet, of wood or horn, with seven finger-holes. [Ger.]

Zion, zī′on, n. Jerusalem: the Israelitish theocracy: the Christian Church: heaven.—adv. Zī′onward, heavenward. [Gr. Ziōn—Heb. tsīyōn, a hill.]

Zip, zip, n. the ping or sound of a bullet striking anything or whizzing through the air. [Imit.]

Ziphiinæ, zif-i-ī′nē, n.pl. a subfamily of Physteridæ, the ziphioid or ziphiiform cetaceans—the typical genus Ziph′ius.—n.pl. Ziphiī′dæ, the ziphiinæ rated as a family apart from Physteridæ, and divided into Ziphiinæ and Anarnacinæ.—adjs. Ziphiī′form; Ziph′ioid. [Gr. xiphios, the sword-fish—xiphos, a sword.]

Zirconium, zir-kō′ni-um, n. the metallic constituent of the earth Zircō′nia, which is found in association with silica in the minerals Zir′con and hyacinth, and is obtained only in Ceylon, one district of the Ural, and southern Norway.—n. Zir′conite, a variety of zircon. [Ar. zarkūn, vermilion—Pers. zargūn, gold-coloured.]

Zither, zīth′ėr, n. the cithern, the modern representative of the ancient cithara, a popular and common instrument in Tyrol—a flat stringed instrument, having a wooden frame and flat sounding-board with from twenty-nine to forty-two strings, placed on a table or on the knees, the strings played by the right hand, the thumb being armed with a metallic plectrum.—Also Zith′ern. [Ger.]

Zizania, zī-zā′ni-a, n. a genus of tall aquatic grasses, of tribe Oryzeæ—wild, water, or Indian rice. [Gr. zizanion, darnel.]

Zizel, ziz′el, n. a European ground squirrel, type of a genus mainly American.—Also Suslik.

Zizyphus, ziz′i-fus, n. a genus of shrubs or trees of the buckthorn family, mostly native to tropical Asia and America—the jujube-tree. [L.,—Gr. zizyphos.]

Zoantharia, zō-an-thā′ri-a, n.pl. a division of Actinozoa, including the sea-anemones, &c.—adj. and n. Zoanthā′rian.

Zoanthropy, zō-an′thrō-pi, n. a form of mental delusion in which a man believes himself to be a beast—the devout divine, Simon Browne (1680-1732), under this belief devoted himself to the making of a dictionary—'I am doing nothing,' he says, 'that requires a reasonable soul: I am making a dictionary.'—adj. Zōanthrop′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, anthrōpos, a man.]

Zoanthus, zō-an′thus, n. the typical genus of Zoanthidæ, a family of hexacoralline actinozoans. [Gr. zōon, an animal, anthos, a flower.]

Zoarium, zō-ā′ri-um, n. the colony of the polypides of a polyzoan. [Gr. zōarion, dim. of zōon, an animal.]

Zobo, zō′bō, n. a name used in the semi-Tibetan tracts of the Himalaya for hybrids between the yak bull and the ordinary hill cow, much used in transport and agriculture.—Also Zhō′bo, Dsō′mo. [Tibetan.]

Zocco, zok′ō, n. a socle.—Also Zocc′olo. [It.,—L. soccus, a sock.]

Zodiac, zō′di-ak, n. an imaginary belt in the heavens, having as its mesial line the ecliptic or apparent path of the sun, and containing the twelve constellations, called signs of the zodiac. The constellations, with the appropriate symbols of the corresponding signs, are as follows: Aries (Ram),

; Taurus (Bull),

; Gemini (Twins),

; Cancer (Crab),

; Leo (Lion),

; Virgo (Virgin),

; Libra (Balance),

; Scorpio (Scorpion),

; Sagittarius (Archer),

; Capricornus (Goat),

; Aquarius (Water-bearer),

; Pisces (Fishes),

.—adj. Zodī′acal.—Zodiacal light, a singular appearance seen after sunset or before sunrise, at all seasons of the year in low latitudes, but rarely in Great Britain, except in March, April, and May in the evenings, and six months later in the mornings. [Fr. zodiaque—L. zodiacus—Gr. zōdiakos, belonging to animals—zōdion, dim. of zōon, an animal, zaein, to live.]

Zoëa, zō-ē′a, n. a larval stage of certain decapod crustaceans—also called the copepod stage preceding the megalopa stage—also Zoœ′a:—pl. Zoë′æ.—adjs. Zoë′al, Zoœ′al; Zō′ëform. [Gr. zōon, an animal.]

Zoetrope, zō′e-trōp, n. a scientific toy by which several pictures of objects or persons in various positions are combined into one visual impression, so as to give the appearance of movement or life—the Thaumatrope and Praxinoscope are variations.—adj. Zoetrop′ic. [Gr. zōē, life, tropos, a turning—trepein, to turn.]

Zoiatria, zō-i-at′ri-a, n. veterinary surgery. [Gr. zōon, an animal, iatreia, healing.]

Zoic, zō′ik, adj. pertaining to animals: containing evidences of life in fossils—of rocks. [Gr. zōikos, of animals—zōon, an animal.]

Zoilism, zō′i-lizm, n. carping and unjust criticism.—adj. Zoil′ēan, characteristic of Zoilus, a Greek grammarian who flourished in the time of Philip of Macedon, and assailed Homer with such asperity that his name became proverbial for a captious and malignant critic.—n. Zō′ilist, a carping critic.

Zoisite, zoi′sīt, n. a mineral closely allied to epidote. [Baron von Zois.]

Zoism, zō′izm, n. the doctrine that life originates from a specific principle.—n. Zō′ist, one who maintains this theory. [Gr. zōē, life.]

Zolaism, zō′la-izm, n. the literary principles and practice of the industrious French novelist Emile Zola (1840-1902)—an attempt at a so-called realism claimed to be a proper scientific view of human nature and human life. In effect Zola's books are dull and dirty, and his realism is not reality.

Zöllner's lines, rows of parallel lines appearing to be not parallel through the optical effect of oblique intersecting lines.—Also Zöllner's pattern.

Zollverein, zol′ve-rīn, n. a union of the German states, under the leadership of Prussia, so as to enable them in their commercial relations with other countries to act as one state. [Ger.,—zoll, duty, verein, union.]

Zonda, zon′da, n. a dry, hot, and dusty wind blowing from the Andes in the vicinity of San Juan, Argentine Republic, during July and August.

Zone, zōn, n. a girdle, a belt, a stripe of different colour or substance round anything: one of the five great belts into which the surface of the earth is divided: any continuous tract with particular characteristics.—v.t. to encircle, as with a zone.—n. Zō′na, a term in anatomy, &c., for a belt: herpes zoster.—adjs. Zō′nal, like a zone, arranged in zones: pertaining to the somites of an articulate or annulose animal; Zō′nary, resembling a belt or girdle; Zō′nate, marked with zones, belted; Zoned, wearing a zone, having zones; Zone′less, wanting a zone or belt.—n. Zō′nic, a girdle.—adjs. Zonif′erous, zoned; Zō′noid, like a zone.—n. Zō′nula, a small zone.—adj. Zō′nular, like a zone or zonule.—ns. Zon′ule, Zon′ulet, a little girdle. [L. zona—Gr. zōnē, a girdle—zōnnynai, to gird; akin to join, yoke.]

Zonotrichia, zō-nō-trik′i-a, n. a genus of American finches, the crown-sparrows. [Gr. zōnē, a girdle, thrix, trichos, hair.]

Zonurus, zō-nū′rus, n. the typical genus of Zonuridæ, a South African family of lizards. [Gr. zōnē, a belt, oura, a tail.]

Zoo, zōō, n. the Zoological Gardens in London: any similar collection of animals.

Zooblast, zō′ō-blast, n. an animal cell. [Gr. zōon, an animal, blastos, a germ.]

Zoochemistry, zō-ō-kem′is-tri, n. the chemistry of the constituents of the animal body.—adj. Zoochem′ical. [Gr. zōon, an animal, chemistry.]

Zoodynamics, zō-ō-dī-nam′iks, n. the science that treats of the vital powers of animals, animal physiology. [Gr. zōon, an animal, dynamics.]

Zoœcium, zō-ē′si-um, n. one of the cells forming the investment of polyzoans:—pl. Zoœ′cia. [Gr. zōon, an animal, oikia, a house.]

Zoogamous, zō-og′a-mus, adj. pertaining to zoogamy.—n. Zoög′amy, sexual reproduction. [Gr. zōon, an animal, gamos, marriage.]

Zoogeny, zō-oj′e-ni, n. the doctrine or the process of the origination of living beings—also Zoög′ony.—adj. Zoogen′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, geneia, production.]

Zoogeography, zō-ō-jē-og′ra-fi, n. the science of the distribution of animals on the surface of the globe, faunal geography.—n. Zoogeog′rapher, a student of faunal geography.—adjs. Zoogeograph′ic, -al. [Gr. zōon, an animal, geography.]

Zooglœa, zō-ō-glē′a, n. the term applied to the resting, motionless stage of the Bacteria, in which they are embedded in gelatinous material.—adjs. Zooglœ′ic; Zooglœ′oid. [Gr. zōon, an animal, gloios, a sticky substance.]

Zoograft, zō′ō-graft, n. a piece of tissue taken from the living body of an animal to supply a part wanting in the human body, by being grafted on it. [Gr. zōon, an animal, graft.]

Zoography, zō-og′ra-fi, n. descriptive zoology.—n. Zoög′rapher.—adjs. Zoograph′ic, -al.—n. Zoög′raphist. [Gr. zōon, an animal, graphein, to write.]

Zoogyroscope, zō-ō-jī′rō-skōp, n. a development of the zoetrope by means of which an appearance of an object in motion is thrown on a screen. [Gr. zōon, an animal, gyroscope.]

Zooid, zō′oid, adj. having the nature of an animal, having organic life and motion.—n. a term applied to each of the individuals which make up a compound organism. [Gr. zōon, an animal, eidos, form.]

Zoolatry, zō-ol′a-tri, n. the worship of animals.—ns. Zoöl′ater, one who worships animals; Zoolā′tria, zoolatry.—adj. Zoöl′atrous. [Gr. zōon, an animal, latreia, worship.]

Zoolite, zō′ō-līt, n. a fossil animal—also Zō′olith.—adjs. Zoolith′ic, Zoolit′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, lithos, a stone.]

Zoology, zō-ol′ō-ji, n. the science of animal life included along with Botany within the science of Biology. The various departments of zoological study are the Morphological, Physiological, Historical, and the Ætiological.—adj. Zoolog′ical.—adv. Zoolog′ically.—n. Zool′ogist, one versed in zoology.—Zoological gardens, a place where wild animals are kept for public exhibition. [Gr. zōon, an animal, logia—legein, to speak.]

Zoomagnetism, zō-ō-mag′ne-tizm, n. animal magnetism.—adj. Zoomagnet′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, magnetism.]

Zoomancy, zō′ō-man-si, n. divination by observation of animals.—adj. Zooman′tic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, manteia, divination.]

Zoometry, zō-om′e-tri, n. comparative measurement of the parts of animals.—adj. Zoomet′ric. [Gr. zōon, an animal, metron, a measure.]

Zoomorphic, zō-ō-mor′fik, adj. pertaining to zoomorphism: representing animals in art.—n. Zoomor′phism, the representation or the conception of a god or a man in an animal form, the attributing of human or of divine qualities to beings of animal form—also Zoomor′phy. [Gr. zōon, an animal, morphē, form.]

Zoon, zō′on, n. a morphological individual, the total product of a fertilised ovum:—pl. Zō′a, Zō′ons.—adjs. Zō′onal, like a zoon; Zoön′ic, relating to animals.—n. Zō′onite, one of the segments of an articulated animal.—adj. Zoonit′ic. [Gr.]

Zoonomy, zō-on′ō-mi, n. animal physiology—also Zoonō′mia.—adj. Zoonom′ic.—n. Zoön′omist. [Gr. zōon, an animal, nomos, law.]

Zoonosis, zō-on′ō-sis, n. a disease communicated to man from the lower animals, as hydrophobia, &c.:—pl. Zoön′osēs. [Gr. zōon, an animal, nosos, disease.]

Zoopathology, zō-ō-pa-thol′ō-ji, n. the study of disease in animals. [Gr. zōon, an animal, pathology.]

Zoopathy, zō-op′a-thi, n. animal pathology. [Gr. zōon, an animal, pathos, suffering.]

Zoophaga, zō-of′a-ga, n.pl. the carnivorous animals collectively.—n. Zoöph′agan, a carnivorous animal.—adj. Zoöph′agous. [Gr. zōophagos, flesh-eating, zōon, an animal, phagein, to eat.]

Zoophilist, zō-of′il-ist, n. a lover of animals.—n. Zoöph′ily, love of animals. [Gr. zōon, an animal, philos, dear.]

Zoophorus, zō-of′ō-rus, n. a continuous frieze sculptured in relief with figures of men and animals.—adj. Zoophor′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, pherein, to bear.]

Zoophysics, zō-ō-fiz′iks, n. the study of the structure of animal bodies, comparative anatomy. [Gr. zōon, an animal, physics.]

Zoophyte, zō′ō-fīt, n. a term employed by Cuvier in his earlier attempts at classification to designate numerous simple animals, sedentary in habit, often with a superficial resemblance to plants—now restricted to hydroid colonies.—adjs. Zoophyt′ic, -al; Zoöph′ytoid; Zoophytolog′ical.—ns. Zoophytol′ogist; Zoophytol′ogy; Zoöph′yton:—pl. Zoöph′yta. [Gr. zōon, an animal, phyton, a plant.]

Zooplastic, zō-ō-plas′tik, adj. pertaining to the operation of transplanting living tissue from one of the lower animals to man. [Gr. zōon, an animal, plassein, to form.]

Zoopraxinoscope, zō-ō-prak′si-nō-skōp, n. a mechanical toy by means of which images of animals are made to go through motions on a screen. [Gr. zōon, an animal, praxis, doing, skopein, to view.]

Zoopsychology, zō-ō-sī-kol′ō-ji, n. the psychology of the lower animals. [Gr. zōon, an animal, psychology.]

Zooscopy, zō′ō-skō-pi, n. a form of mental delusion in which one sees imaginary animals, esp. snakes.—adj. Zooscop′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, skopein, to view.]

Zoosperm, zō′ō-sperm, n. the sperm-cell, or male seed-cell—also Zoosper′mium.—adj. Zoospermat′ic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, sperma, seed.]

Zoospore, zō′ō-spōr, n. a spore capable of moving about.—adjs. Zoospor′ic; Zoosporif′erous. [Gr. zōon, an animal, spora, a seed.]

Zootaxy, zō′ō-tak-si, n. the science of the classification of animals, systematic zoology. [Gr. zōon, an animal, taxis, arrangement.]

Zootechny, zō′ō-tek-ni, n. the science of the breeding and domestication of animals.—Also Zootech′nics. [Gr. zōon, an animal, technē, art.]

Zoothapsis, zō-ō-thap′sis, n. premature burial. [Gr. zoo-, living, thaptein, to bury.]

Zoothecium, zō-ō-thē′si-um, n. the tubular sheath of certain infusorians.—adj. Zoothē′cial. [Gr. zōon, an animal, thēkion, a casket.]

Zootheism, zō′ō-thē-izm, n. the attribution of divine qualities to an animal.—adj. Zootheis′tic. [Gr. zōon, an animal, theism.]

Zootherapy, zō-ō-ther′a-pi, n. veterinary therapeutics. [Gr. zōon, an animal, therapeia, service.]

Zootocology, zō-ō-tō-kol′ō-ji, n. the biology of animals. [Gr. zōotokos, viviparous, legein, to speak.]

Zootomy, zō-ot′ō-mi, n. the dissection of animals: comparative anatomy.—adjs. Zootom′ic, -al.—adv. Zootom′ically.—n. Zoöt′omist, one who dissects the bodies of animals: an anatomist. [Gr. zōon, an animal, temnein, to cut.]

Zootrophic, zō-ō-trof′ik, adj. pertaining to the nourishment of animals. [Gr. zōon, an animal, trophos, food.]

Zopilote, zō-pi-lō′te, n. one of the smaller American vultures, the turkey-buzzard, an urubu.—Also Tzopilotl. [Mex.]

Zopissa, zō-pis′a, n. an old medicinal mixture of pitch and tar scraped from the sides of ships. [Gr. zōpissa.]

Zoppo, tsop′pō, adj. (mus.) alternately with and without syncopation. [It.]

Zorgite, zor′gīt, n. a metallic copper-lead selenide, found at Zorge, in the Harz Mountains.

Zoril, Zorille, zor′il, n. an African skunk-like carnivore: an American skunk.—n. Zoril′la, a genus of African skunk-like quadrupeds, representing the Zorillinæ, an African subfamily of Mustelidæ. [Fr. zorille—Sp. zorilla, dim. of zorra, a fox.]

Zoroastrianism, zor-ō-as′tri-an-izm, n. the ancient religion founded or reformed by Zoroaster—the Greek pronunciation of Zarathushtra—set forth in the Zend-Avesta (q.v.), and still held by the Guebres and Parsees in India.—n. and adj. Zoroas′trian.

Zorra, zor′a, n. a South American skunk.—Also Zorrino (zo-rē′nō). [Sp.]

Zoster, zos′tėr, n. an ancient Greek waist-belt for men: herpes zoster or shingles. [Gr. zōstēr, a girdle.]

Zotheca, zō-thē′ka, n. a small living-room, as distinguished from a sleeping-room: an alcove. [Gr. zōthēkē.]

Zouave, zwäv, n. one of a body of troop wearing a quasi-Moorish dress in the French army, which derives its name from the Zwawa, a tribe of Kabyles in the Algerian province of Constantine. These Kabyles had long been employed as mercenaries by the deys of Algiers; and after the conquest in 1830 the French took them into their service.

Zounds, zowndz, interj. an exclamation of anger and astonishment. [A corr. of God's wounds, referring to Christ's sufferings on the cross.]

Zucchetta, tsuk-ket′ta, n. the skull-cap of an ecclesiastic, covering the tonsure: a form of helmet worn in the 16th century. [It., dim. of zucca, a gourd.]

Zufolo, zōō′fō-lō, n. a small flute or flageolet used in training singing-birds.—Also Zuf′folo. [It.]

Zulu, zoo′loo, n. a branch of the great Bantu division of the human family, belonging to South Africa, conspicuous for physical and intellectual development.—adj. pertaining to the Zulus, their language, &c. [South African.]

Zumbooruk, zum′bōō-ruk, n. a small cannon mounted on a swivel, carried on the back of a camel.—Also Zum′booruck, Zom′boruk, Zam′boorak. [Hind. zambūrak—Turk. zambūrak—Ar. zambūr, a hornet.]

Zuñi, zōō′nyē, n. one of a tribe of Pueblo Indians living in large communal houses near the Zuñi river in New Mexico.—adj. and n. Zu′ñian.

Zupa, zū′pa, n. a confederation of village communities governed by a Zu′pan, in the early history of Servia, &c. [Servian.]

Zwanziger, tswan′tsi-gėr, n. an old Austrian silver coin, equivalent to twenty kreutzers. [Ger.,—zwanzig, twenty.]

Zwieback, zvī′bak, n. biscuit rusk, or a sweet spiced bread toasted. [Ger.]

Zwinglian, zwing′- or tswing′gli-an, adj. pertaining to the Swiss reformer Huldreich Zwingli (1484-1531), or his doctrines, esp. his divergence from Luther in the doctrine of the Eucharist. Zwingli rejected every form of local or corporeal presence, whether by transubstantiation, impanation, or consubstantiation, assailing every form, however subtle, of the old Capernaitic (John vi. 51-53, 59) conception of a carnal presence and carnal appropriation.—n. a follower of Zwingli.

Zygadite, zig′a-dīt, n. a variety of albite found in thin twin crystals at Andreasberg, in the Harz Mountains. [Gr. zygadēn, jointly—zygon, a yoke.]

Zygæna, zī-jē′na, n. a genus of moths, typical of the family Zygænidæ: a genus of sharks, the hammer-heads, now Sphyrna.—adjs. Zygæ′nid, Zygæ′nine, Zygæ′noid. [Gr. zygaina, a shark.]

Zygal, zī′gal, n. pertaining to a zygon, formed like a letter

. [Zygon.]

Zygantrum, zī-gan′trum, n. a fossa on the posterior face of the arches of each of the vertebræ of the Lacertilia, into which the zygosphene of the succeeding vertebra fits. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, antron, a cave.]

Zygapophysis, zī-ga-pof′i-sis, n. one of the yoke-pieces or articulations of the vertebræ: pl. Zygapoph′ysēs. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, apophysis, process.]

Zygite, zī′gīt, n. a rower in the second tier of a Greek trireme. [Gr. zygitēs—zygon, yoke.]

Zygobranchiate, zī-gō-brang′ki-āt, adj. having paired gills or ctenidia, as certain molluscs: belonging to the Zygobranchiā′ta, an order or suborder of Gastropoda.—Also Zy′gobranch. [Gr. zygon, yoke, brangchia, gills.]

Zygocardiac, zī-gō-kär′di-ak, adj. yoke-like and cardiac, as an ossicle of the stomach of some Crustacea. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, kardia, the heart.]

Zygodactyl, zī-gō-dak′til, adj. having the toes arranged in pairs, two before and two behind, as certain birds—also Zygodactyl′ic, Zygodac′tylous.—n. Zygodac′tylism. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, daktylos, a finger.]

Zygodont, zī′gō-dont, adj. pertaining to molar teeth whose cusps are paired, possessing such molars. [Gr. zygon, yoke, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Zygoma, zī-gō′ma, n. the arch formed by the malar bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone of the skull.—adj. Zygomat′ic.—Zygomatic fossa, the lower part of the fossa bridged over by the zygomatic arch; Zygomatic muscles, two muscles (major and minor) arising from the zygomatic arch. [Gr. zygōma—zygon, a yoke.]

Zygomorphous, zī-gō-mor′fus, adj. yoke-shaped—of flowers divisible into similar halves in one plane only—also Zygomor′phic.—ns. Zygomor′phism, Zygomor′phy. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, morphē, form.]

Zygomycetes, zī-gō-mī-sē′tēz, n.pl. a group of fungi marked by the production of zygospores—the commonest type Mucor mucedo, the common white mould of dead organic matter, as horse-dung.—adj. Zygomycē′tous. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, mykēs, mykētos, a mushroom.]

Zygon, zī′gon, n. a connecting bar: an

-shaped fissure of the brain. [Gr., a yoke.]

Zygophyllaceæ, zī-gō-fil-ā′sē-ē, n.pl. a natural order containing about 100 species of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees, chiefly natives of subtropical countries—the bean-caper family—the typical genus Zygophyllum. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, phyllon, a leaf.]

Zygophyllum, zī-gō-fil′um, n. a genus of plants, natural order Zygophylleæ, of the bean-caper family.

Zygophyte, zī′gō-fīt, n. a plant in which reproduction takes place by means of zygospores. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, phyton, a plant.]

Zygopleural, zī-gō-plōō′ral, adj. bilaterally symmetrical. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, pleura, the side.]

Zygosis, zī-gō′sis, n. (bot.) conjugation, the coalescence of two distinct cells: the sexual intercourse of protoplasmic bodies.—n. Zy′goīte, an organism resulting from zygosis.—adj. Zy′gose, pertaining to zygosis. [Gr. zygōsis, a joining.]

Zygosphene, zī′gō-sfēn, n. a process on the anterior face of each of the vertebral arches in the Lacertilia, which articulates with the zygantrum of the preceding arch. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, sphēn, a wedge.]

Zygospore, zī′gō-spōr, n. a spore produced by the union of buds from two adjacent hyphaæ in the process of conjugation by which some fungi multiply—the same as Zy′gosperm and Zy′gote. [Gr. zygon, a yoke, spora, seed.]

Zyme, zīm, n. a ferment: a disease-germ—the supposed specific cause of a zymotic disease.—n. Zy′mase, enzym, any of the unorganised ferments.—adj. Zy′mic, relating to fermentation.—ns. Zy′mite, a priest using leavened bread in the Eucharist; Zy′mogen, a substance capable of developing by internal change into a ferment.—adjs. Zymogen′ic; Zy′moid, like a ferment; Zymolog′ic, -al, pertaining to zymology.—ns. Zymol′ogist, one skilled in zymology; Zymol′ogy, the science of fermentation; Zymol′ysis, Zymō′sis, fermentation of any kind; Zymom′eter, Zymosim′eter, an instrument for measuring the degree of fermentation; Zy′mophyte, a bacterioid ferment capable of liberating fatty acids from neutral fats.—adjs. Zymotech′nic, -al, producing and utilising fermentation.—n. Zymotech′nics, the art of managing fermentation.—adj. Zymot′ic, pertaining to fermentation.—adv. Zymot′ically.—Zymotic disease, a term for diseases caused by the multiplication of a living germ introduced from without into the body. [Gr. zymē, leaven, zymōsis, fermentation.]

Zymome, zī′mōm, n. an old name for the part of gluten insoluble in alcohol.

Zymurgy, zī′mėr-ji, n. that department of technological chemistry which treats of wine-making, brewing, distilling, and similar processes involving fermentation. [Gr. zymē, leaven, ergon, work.]

Zythum, zī′thum, n. a kind of beer made by the ancient Egyptians—much commended by Diodorus. [Gr. zythos.]

Zyxomma, zik-som′a, n. a genus of Indian dragon-flies, of family Libellulidæ, with large head and eyes and narrow face. [Gr. zeuxis, a joining, omma, eye.]

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

(1) A.S. an, on, on, as abed, aboard, afoot, ashore, asunder, now-a-days, twice-a-week, alive, among, about, a-fishing.

(2) A.S. and-, over against, in reply to, to, as along (from A.S. and-lang, i.e. over against in length); appearing also as e- in elope, as am- in ambassador, and as em- in embassy; the same as un- in verbs. See Un- (2). [Cog. with Goth. and-, Ger. ent-, ant-, L. ante-, Gr. anti-.]

(3) A.S. á-, an intensive prefix to verbs, out, out from, as in arise (from A.S. árísan, to rise out of or up); or sig. 'very,' as in aghast. Cf. abide, accurse, affright, amaze, arise, arouse, ago. [Cog. with Ger. er-, Goth. us-, ur-.]

(4) A.S. of, of, from, as in adown (from A.S. of dúne, 'from the height'), anew, akin; or from of-, intensive, as athirst.

(6) at, old sign of inf., as ado. [A Northern idiom, due to Scand. influences, as in Ice., Sw., &c.]

A- (L. and Gr.) represents: (1) L. Ab-, as in avert; (2) L. Ad-, as achieve; (3) L. E- or Ex-, as in abash, amend; (4) Gr. A- (for An-), as in abyss. See these prefixes.

A-, Ab-, Abs-, As- (L.), away from, as avert, absent, absolve, abstract; and also assoil and avaunt through French. Indeed, this prefix appears as a-, adv-, av-, v-, as in avert, advance, avaunt, vanguard, &c. [L. a, ab, abs (oldest form ap); cog. with Gr. apo-, Sans. apa, Ger. ab, Eng. off.]

Ad- (L.), to, at, as adhere, adapt. It appears as a-, ab-, ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, as in achieve, abbreviate, accede, admire, affix, aggregate, allot, annex, approve, arrive, assign, attract. The words achieve, agree, amerce, amount, acquit, acquaint, avow, &c. show the same prefix, derived through the medium of Old French. [L. ad; cog. with Sans. adhi, Goth. and Eng. at, Celt. ar-.]

After- (A.S.), as after-growth, after-math, after-wards. [A.S. æfter-.]

Al- (Ar.), the—also as a-, ar-, as-, el-, l-, as apricot, artichoke, assagai, elixir, lute.

All- (A.S.), all, as almighty, all-wise. In Early English al-=quite is added (1) to past participles, as al-brent=quite burnt, al-heled=quite concealed; (2) to verbs preceded by to, as al-to-brenne=to burn up entirely. In Elizabethan and later writers all-to=altogether, quite—the original meaning of to having been lost sight of. Cf. Milton's 'all-to ruffled,' &c. [A.S. eall-.]

Am-, (1) the Fr. em—L. im for in, as ambush: see In- (2); (2) the Gr. an-, as in Ambrosia: see An- (2); (3) the same as An- (1), as in ambassador.

Ambi-, Amb-, Am- (L.), round about, both, as ambidexter, ambition, amputate. [L.; cog. with Gr. amphi-, Sans. abhi, around.]

Amphi- (Gr.), round about, both, as amphitheatre, amphibious. [Cog. with L. ambi-, amb-.]

An- (A.S.), against, in return, as answer. See A- (A.S.) (2), above. [A.S. and-, Ger. ant-, Goth. and-.]

An-, A-, Am- (Gr.), not, without, as anarchy, atom, ambrosia. [Gr.; cog. with Sans. an-, a-, L. in-, Eng. un-, in-, not.]

Ana-, An- (Gr.), up, back, as analyse, anatomy, aneurism. [Cog. with Goth. ana, Eng. on.]

Ante-, Anti-, Anci-, An- (L.), before, as antecedent, anticipate, ancient, ancestor (for L. antecessor). [L. ante, old form anti; conn. with anti-; Fr. anci-, an-.]

Anti- (Gr.), opposite to, against, as antipathy, antipodes; as ant- in antagonist, and anth- in anthem. [Gr.; conn. with L. ante-, Sans. anti-, facing, Ger. ant- in Antwort, Eng. an- (for and-) in answer (see Dict.). Cf. A- (A.S.) (2), above.]

Apo- (Gr.), off, from, away, as apostle; as aph- in aphelion, aphæresis. [Cog. with L. ab-.]

Arch-, Archi-, Arche- (Gr.), first, chief, as archbishop, architect, archetype.

At- (Eng.), denoting nearness, as atone; against, as twit (A.S. æt-wítan, to blame). [A.S. æt.]

Auto-, Auth- (Gr.), self, as autocrat, autograph, autopsy, authentic.

Be- (A.S.), the most fertile of all English prefixes, is the weak form of by. The original meaning was 'about.' (1) It forms derivative verbs, with the sense of 'around,' 'on all sides,' 'in all directions,' as beblear=to blear all over, begirdle, bejumble, bepaste, besmudge; (2) it forms intensive verbs, with the sense of 'thoroughly,' 'soundly,' as bebreech=to breech soundly, bedaub, bewelcome; (3) it renders intransitive verbs transitive by adding a prepositional relation, as bechatter=to environ with chattering, begaze=to gaze at, besmile=to smile at, bespeak; (4) it forms transitive verbs of adjectives and substantives, as befoul=to affect with foulness, bedim=to make dim, bedew=to cover with dew, befriend.

Bis-, Bi-, Bin- (L.), twice, double, as biscuit, biennial, binocular; as ba- in balance. [Corr. of duis, ablative of duo, two.]

Cata-, Cath-, Cat- (Gr.), down, downwards, according to, thoroughly, as cataract, catholic, catechism. [Gr. kata.]

Circum-, Circu- (L.), round about, as circumscribe, circuit. [Properly accusative of circus, a circle. See Circle in Dict.]

Com-, Con-, Co- (L.), together, with, as connect, cohere, collect, correct, council. In curry, this prefix has been attached to O. Fr. roi, order; often intensive, as commotion; co-admire, co-enjoy, co-actor, co-believer. [Com- is the old form of L. cum, with; cog. with Gr. syn, Sans. sam. The root, originally signifying 'one,' is seen in L. sim-ul, together, Gr. ham-a, together, Eng. simple (which see in Dict.).]

Contra-, Contro-, Contr-, Counter- (L.), against, as contradict, controvert, contralto, counteract. [L. contra (whence Fr. contre), from Con-, and -tra, from root tar, to cross, seen also in trans.]

De- (L., or Fr.—L.), down, from, away, occurs in words derived either directly from L., as deduce; or through the Fr. from L., in which case De-, Di-, represents either (1) O. Fr. des- from L. dis-, asunder, not, as in defeat (O. Fr. des-fait), or (2) Fr.—L. de-, as describe [lit. 'write down'], decompose. This prefix de- is negative and oppositive in destroy, desuetude, deform, or intensive in declare, desolate, desiccate.

Demi- (Fr.—L.), half, as demigod, demiquaver. [Fr. demi—L. dimidium, half.]

Dia- (Gr.), through, as diameter; shortened to di- in diæresis, and appearing as de-, dea-, in devil, deacon. [Gr. dia, from dyo, two.]

Dis- (Gr.), two, twice, as dissyllable, dicotyledonous. [From duis, from root of two.]

Dis-, Di- (L.; in O. Fr. des-), in two, asunder, as dispart, differ, disperse; negative, as disrelish; privative, as dislodge. Thus variously di-, dif-, dis-, des-, de-, and even s-, as in spend. [Dis for duis, from L. duo, Gr. dyo, Sans. dvi, Goth. and Eng. two.]

Dys- (Gr.), ill, difficult, as dysentery, dyspepsy. [Cog. with Sans. dus, Goth. tus, Ger. zer-, A.S. to-, Eng. two.]

E-, a purely phonetic addition, of French origin, as in esquire, estate, eschew, especial, escutcheon.

Ec- or Ex- (Gr.), out of, from, as ecstasy, exodus; also as el- in ellipse. [Gr. ex, cog. with L. ex, out.]

En- (Gr.), in, on, as energy, endemic, emphasis—sometimes extended to Endo-, within, as endogen.

En-, Em- (Fr.—L.), in, into, as enlist; to make, as enlarge, enact, endure; before b and p, Em-, as embark, embolden. [Fr. en—L. in. See In- (L.), in, into.]

Epi-, Ep-, Eph- (Gr.), on, as epitaph; during, as epoch, ephemeral. [Gr. epi; Sans. api, L. ob-.]

Es- (Fr. or Sp.—L.), out, as escape, esplanade. [O. Fr. or Sp. es—L. ex-.]

Eso- (Gr.), in, into, as esoteric. [From Gr. eis, into, whose form was prob. orig. ens, a strengthened form of En- (Gr.).]

Eu- (Gr.), well, as euphony, eulogy; as ev- in evangelist. [Gr. eu, eus, good, for an assumed es-us, real.]

Ex- or E- (L.), from, out of, as expel, eject, efflux; by assimilation, appearing as a-, e-, ef-, es-, ex-, iss-, s-, as amend, enormous, effect, escape, extend, issue, sample. It is French influence which has disguised it in such words as affray, amend, escape, escheat, essay, &c.—Ex- has a privative sense in ex-emperor, ex-mayor. [L. ex-, e-; O. Fr. es-, Fr. é-, ex.]

Ex-, out of, as in exodus.—Exo-, outside, as exotic. [Gr. ex, out of, exō, outside.]

Extra- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as extramural, extraordinary, extra-work; as stra- in strange. [Contr. of exterā (parte being understood), abl. fem. of exterus, beyond, a comp. form, from Ex- (L.).]

For- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so as to be non-existent, or to be destroyed, as forswear, forbid, forego (better forgo). [A.S. for-; Ger. ver-, Goth. fra-, conn. with far and from.]

For- (Fr.—L.), as in foreclose, forfeit. [Fr.—L. foris, lit. 'out of doors,' used in the sense of 'outside,' 'beyond,' 'amiss.']

Fore- (A.S.), before, as foretell, forebode; foredated, foresaid, foretold; forecastle, forefather, foresight. [A.S. fore-; Ger. vor.]

Hemi- (Gr.), half, as hemisphere—shortened to me- in megrim. [Gr.; cog. with L. semi-, Sans. sāmi-.]

Homo- (Gr.), same—lengthened to Homœo-, as homœopathy. [Gr. homos, same.]

Hyper- (Gr.), over, above, beyond, as hyperborean, hypercritical. [Cog. with super- and over-.]

Hypo-, Hyph-, Hyp-, (Gr.), under, as hypotenuse, hyphen, hypallage. [Cog. with L. sub-, Goth. uf, Sans. upa.]

I-, Y-, as in I-wis, yclept, hand-y-work. This prefix appears as a- in aware, as c- in clutch, and as e- in enough. [A.S. ge-, sign of the past participle passive.]

In-, Im- (L.), not, as inconvenience, incautious, infirm. Before p the n changes to m, as impudent; before l, m, and r it is assimilated to those consonants, as illegal, immature, irregular. This prefix thus appears as en-, i-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, as enemy, ignoble, illegal, immortal, infirm, irregular. [L.; cog. with Gr. an-, Eng. un-.]

In- (L.), in, into, as infuse, illumine, impel, irrigate. It becomes il- before l; im- before b, m, and p; ir- before r. This prefix thus appears as am-, an-, em-, en-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, as ambush, anoint, embrace, enclose, illude, immure, include, irritate.

In- (A.S.), in, on, as income, inward, inland, insight; to make, as imbitter, lit. to put into a state of bitterness; as im- in imbed, impark, &c.

Inter- (L.), in the midst of, between, as interval, intellect, intermarry. [A compar. form; cog. with Eng. under, and Sans. antar, within.]

Intra- (L.), in the inside of, within, as intramural. [Contr. of intera, ablative feminine of interus, inward—Inter-.]

Intro- (L.), into, within, as introduce. [Contr. of intero, ablative masculine of interus—Inter-.]

Juxta- (L.), near, as juxtaposition. [Superl. form, from root of L. jungĕre, to join.]

Male-, Mali-, Mal-, Mau- (L.), badly, ill, as malefactor, malcontent, malediction, malevolent; through French, maugre=notwithstanding. [L. male, badly.]

Meta-, Meth-, Met- (Gr.), among, with; after, as method. (lit. 'way after'); often implies change, as metamorphose, meteor, metonomy. [Gr. meta; cog. with A.S. mid, Goth. mith, Ger. mit.]

Mis- (A.S.), wrong, ill, as misbehave, misdeed, mislead. [A.S. mis-; Ice. mis-, Goth. missa-, Ger. miss-. Cf. Mis-in Dict.]

Mis- (Fr.—L.), as in mischief, misalliance, mischance. [Fr. mis-, for O. Fr. mes-, from L. minus, less.]

Mono-, Mon- (Gr.), single, as monograph, monologue, monk, and minster. [Gr. monos, alone.]

Multi-, Mult-, many, as in multiply, multeity. [L. multus, much, many.]

N-, as in newt, nickname, due to the n of the article in an ewt, an ekename. In nuncle the origin is mine uncle; in 'for the nonce,' M. E. for the nones, miswritten for then ones, for the once.

N- (A.S.), no, not, as never; or L. ne-, as in null. [A.S. ne; cog. with Goth. ni, L. ne, Sans. na.]

Ne- (Gr.), not, as nepenthe; Ne-, Neg- (L.), not, as nefarious, neuter, negative, neglect. [L. ne, nec, a contr. of neque, from ne, not, que, and.]

Non- (L.), not, as nonsense, nonage. It appears as um- in umpire=numpire. [From ne unum, not one.]

Ob- (L., by assimilation, o-, ob-, oc-, of-, op-, also os-), in front of, against, in the way of, as obstruct, omit, occur, offer, oppose, ostentation. [Cog. with Gr. epi, Sans. api.]

Off- (A.S.), off, from, away, as offal, offshoot, offset. [A form of Of. There is the same relation between of and off as between be and by; A.S. of has been differentiated into the stressless or weak form of, and the stressed or strong form off. Cf. A-, Ab-.]

Or- (A.S.), out, in ordeal. [A.S. or-; cog. with Dut. oor-, Ger. ur-, Goth, us-, away, out of.]

Out- (A.S.), out, beyond, as outlaw, outbid, outside, outcast. [A.S. út.]

Palin-, Palim- (Gr.), again, as palingenesis, palimpsest. [Gr. palin, again.]

Para-, Par- (Gr.), beside, as parable; beyond, wrong, as paralyse. It appears as pa- in palsy, par- in parody. [Gr. para.]

Per- (L.), through, as permit; thoroughly, as perfect; also appearing as par-, pel-, pil-, as in parson, pardon, pellucid, pilgrim. In perjure, perish, it has a destructive force, equivalent to Eng. for- in forswear (for-, A.S.). [Akin to Gr. para-, beside, Eng. for-, Ger. ver.]

Peri- (Gr.), round, as perimeter, periphrasis. [Gr. peri; Sans. pari, also allied to Gr. para.]

Pol-, Por- (L.), as pollute, portend. [From Old L. port-, towards; cf. Ger. pros, Eng. forth.]

Post- (L.), after, backwards, behind, as postdate, postscript, postpone.

Pre-, Præ- (L.), before, as predict, prefer, prearrange, prætor; also in prison and provost. [L. præ, akin to L. pro.]

Preter- (L.), beyond, as preterit, preternatural, pretermit. [L. præter—præ, with comp. suffix -ter.]

Pro- (Gr.), before, as prologue, programme, prophet. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. pro-, Sans. pra, Eng. for (prep.).]

Pro- (L.), forth, forward, before, instead, as project; instead of, from the idea of being before, as pronoun, proconsul. Appearing also as por-, pour-, pr-, prof-, pur-, and as prod- in prodigal.—Of Fr. origin, proceed, purchase, purpose, pursue, purvey. [Cog. with pro- (Gr.), which see.]

Proto-, Prot- (Gr.), first, as prototype, protoxide. [Gr. prōtos, first.]

Re-, Red-, Ren- (L.), change of place or condition, as in remove, reunion (an assemblage of things or persons formerly apart); hence, change of motion from one direction to the opposite='back,' 'again,'as retract, resound, redeem, redolent. It appears as ren- in render, &c.; as r- in rally, rampart; as ra- in ragout. In rebuild, remind, &c. it has been prefixed to English words.

Retro- (L.), back, backwards, as retrospect, retrograde.—Of Fr. origin, rereward, arrear, &c.

S- for Se-, as in sure; for Dis-, as in spend; for Ex-, as in sample; for Sub-, as in sombre.

Se-, Sed- (L.), without, as secure; aside, as seduce, secede, sedition; appearing as s- in sure, sober.

Sub- (L.), by assimilation, before c, f, g, m, p, r, s—suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-; under, from under, after, as subject, suspect, succeed, suffuse, suggest, summon, support, surprise, suspend—also as s- in sombre and so- in sojourn.—Of Fr. origin, succour, summon; Eng. formations, sublet, sub-kingdom, sub-worker. [L. sub (which in O. Fr. became so-).]

Subter- (L.), under, as subterfuge. [From Sub-, and compar. suffix -ter, meaning motion.]

Super- (L.), over, above, beyond, as superstructure, supernatural.—Of Fr. origin, surface, surfeit, surpass, surprise;—Eng. compounds, superabundant, supercargo, supercritical. [L.; cog. with Sans. upari, Gr. hyper.]

Supra- (L.), over, above, as supramundane. [Contr. of ablative fem. of superus, above, from Super-.]

Syn-, Sy-, Syl-, Sym- (Gr.), together, with, as syntax, system, syllable, symbol, symmetry. [Cog. with Com-.]

T-, in twit, for at; in tawdry=Saint Awdry, the t being the final letter of saint; in tautology, representing the Greek article to.

To- (A.S.), in to-day, together, toward, here-to-fore, is the prep. to. [A.S. tó.]

To- (A.S.), asunder, as in to-brake. [A.S. tó-; cf. Ger. zer-, Gr. dys-.]

Trans-, Tra-, Tran-, Tres-, Tre- (L.), beyond, across, as transport, traverse, transcend, trespass, and treason (through French).

Ultra- (L.), beyond, as ultramarine. The French form outre appears in outrage and in utterance. [From ulter (stem of ulterior), ul- being from root of L. ille.]

Un- (A.S.), negative prefix, not, as unhappy, untruth, uncouth. [Cog. with Gr. an- and L. in- (negative).]

Un- (A.S.), verbal prefix, signifying the reversal of an action, as unlock, unbind, undo, unwind. [A.S. on-, un-; cf. Dut. ont-, Ger. ent-, Goth. and-. See A- (A.S.) (2).]

Under- (A.S.), under, below, as undergrowth, underwood, underprop, undersell. [See Under in Dict.]

Up- (A.S.), up, as upland, upstart, upright, uphill, upbraid, upset. [A.S. up, upp; Ger. auf.]

Ve- (L.), apart from, as vestibule. [L. ue, apart from; prob. allied to bi- and duo, two.]

Vis-, Vice- (Fr.—L.), in place of, as viscount, viceroy. [Fr. vis-, from L. vice, instead of.]

With- (A.S.), against, back, as withstand, withdraw; with, near, as within (this meaning is very rare as prefix). [A.S. with—wither. See With in Dict.]

SUFFIXES.

-able, adj. suffix, capable of, as portable, laughable; cf. also come-at-able, get-at-able. [L., according to the stem-ending, -abilis, -ebilis, -ibilis, -ubilis.]

-ac, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegiac; also used as noun suffix, as maniac. [L. -acus, Gr. -akos.]

-ade, noun suffix, the L. -ata, which in popular French words appears as -ée, becomes -ade in words borrowed from the Provençal, Spanish, Portuguese, and even Italian, as in accolade, gasconade. Also we have ambassade, ambuscade, balustrade, brigade, cascade, &c. from French, words in -ade. Examples of words formed in imitation of these in English itself are blockade, orangeade.

-age, ending of abstract nouns, as homage; marks place where, as vicarage;—of English formation, bondage, brewage, parsonage. [L. -aticum; Fr. -age.]

-ain, -an, -en, -on, noun suffixes, as villain, pagan, warden, surgeon. [L. -anus.]

-al, adj. suffix, as annual, legal, mortal, cardinal;—of English or French formation, circumstantial, cordial, national. Noun suffix, as approval, denial, removal, betrothal. Latin nouns in -alia (neut. pl.) which survived into Old French became -aille (fem. sing.), adopted in Middle English as -aylle, -aille, later -aile, -al, as Latin sponsālia, O. Fr. espousailles, M. E. spousaille, spousal; L. battālia, O. Fr. bataille, M. E. bataille, batail, battle. On this analogy, -aille, -ail, -al, became a formative of nouns of action on verbs of French or Latin, and even of Teutonic, origin. [L. -alis; Fr. -al, -el.]

-an, -ain, -ane, adj. suffix, as human, certain, humane;—of English formation, Anglican, suburban. Noun suffix [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en], as publican, veteran. [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en.]

-ana, things belonging to, such as sayings, anecdotes, &c., as Johnsoniana, Burnsiana. [L. neut. pl. of adjs. in -anus. See -an.]

-ance, -ence (L. -antia, -entia, Fr. -ance), noun suffix, as in arrogance, repentance, experience, penitence.

-ancy, -ency, a modern English differentiated form of the earlier -ance, expressing more distinctly the sense of quality, state, or condition, often belonging to Latin substantives in -ntia, as in elegantia, 'elegantness,' as distinct from the sense of action or process, regularly expressed by the French form -ance, as in aidance, guidance. The modern tendency is to confine -nce to action, and to express quality or state by -ncy; cf. compliance, pliancy, annoyance, buoyancy.

-and, -end, noun suffix, as viand, legend. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suffix.]

-ant, -ent, adj. suffix, as repentant, patient. Also noun suffix, sometimes denoting the agent, as instant, sergeant, student, innocent. [L. -ans, -ant-is, or -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr.p.]

-ar, adj. suffix, belonging to, as angular, popular. [L. -aris; Fr. -ier or -aire.]

-ar, -er, -or, noun suffixes, marking place where, as cellar, larder, manor [L. -arium];—denoting the agent, as vicar, treasurer, chancellor. [L. -arius.]

-ard, intensive, as drunkard, coward, sluggard, wizard. [O. Fr. -ard, -art; Ger. -hard, strong.]

-ary, noun suffix, marking place where, as seminary [L. -arium]; the agent, as secretary, antiquary [L. -arius]. Adjective suffix [L. -arius, Fr. -aire], as contrary, necessary, secondary.

-ass, -ace, as cuirass, cutlass, menace, pinnace. [L. -aceus, -acius; It. -accio, Fr. -as.]

-aster, dim. and freq. (often implying contempt), as poetaster. [Fr. -artre (It. astro)—L. -as-ter.]

-ate, -ete, -ite, -ute, -t, forming adjectives—all adapted forms of the endings of past participles in Latin according to the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed, as accurate, desolate; complete, replete; contrite, exquisite; absolute, minute; abject, elect.

-ate, verbal suffix, as navigate, permeate. Adj., as above. Noun, as legate, advocate. [Norm. Fr. at—L. -ātus, suffix of pa.p.]

-ble, -ple, fold, as double, treble, quadruple. [L. -plus, lit. 'full.']

-bund and -cund, as moribund, rubicund. [L. -bundus and -cundus; Fr. -bond and -cond.]

-celli, -cello, dim., as vermicelli, violoncello. [It., from L. -culus.]

-cle, -cule, dim., as in particle, animalcule, from L. culus, which also gives (through It.) -celli, -cello, [See under -l.]

-cy, -sy, noun suffix, denoting being, or state of being, condition, rank, as clemency, bankruptcy, curacy, minstrelsy. [L. -tia, as in constantia, constancy, or -tio, as in conspiratio, conspiracy.]

-d, -t, or -ed, pa.t. suffix, as loved. The e in -ed is the connecting vowel, omitted when the verb ends in e. [A.S. -de, 'did,' from di-de, pa.t. of do.]

-d, pa.p. suffix of weak verbs, as loved; in nouns (with passive meaning), as deed, seed; in adjectives formed from nouns, as connoting the possession of the attribute or thing expressed by the substantive, as booted, feathered, wooded; in the form -th (or -t), in abstract nouns from adjectives and, later on, from verbs, as death, flight, swift, (with euphonic -s-) du-s-t, bla-s-t. [Orig. -th, as in uncouth, and from the root of the, that; seen also in the L. suffix -tu-s, as in no-tu-s, Sans. jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.]

-dom, noun suffix, denoting dominion, power, as kingdom; state, as freedom; act, as martyrdom. New words, as flunkeydom, can be coined. [A.S. dóm, judgment, Ger. -thum.]

-dor, -dore, noun suffix, as in corridor, matadore, stevedore, battledoor. [Sp. -dor, L. -tor.]

-ee, noun suffix, one who or that which is (passive), as trustee, legatee. In such words as absentee, devotee, the old function of -ee is entirely lost; refugee is adopted from Fr. refugié, grandee from Sp. grande. [Fr. -é—L. -ātus, suffix of pa.p.]

-eer, -ier, one who, has frequentative meaning, as charioteer; also -er, -ar, as in carpenter, vicar. [Fr. -ier—-L. -arius.]

-en, fem. suffix, now found only in vixen. [A.S. -en, -n; Ger. -in, Gr. -ine, L. -ina.]

-en, added to noun-stems to form adjectives chiefly indicating the material of which a thing is composed. From the 16th century onwards there has been a tendency to discard these adjectives for the attributive use of the substantive, as in 'a gold watch;' only a few words are still familiarly used in their literal sense—earthen, wheaten, wooden, woollen. [A.S. -en; Goth. -en, -an, Ger. -en, -ein, Sans. -um; a genitive suffix, as in mine.]

-en, pa.p., as woven, borne, sworn. [A.S. -n, -ne, -en; conn. with -ant, -ent.]

-en, pl. suffix, as oxen, kine (for M. E. kyen—A.S. cý, pl. of cú, a cow). [A.S. -an.]

-en, -in, -ene, belonging to, as alien, vermin, terrene. [L. -enus, -ena, -enum.]

-eous, in righteous, corr. of -wise (which see); in courteous, from O. Fr. -eis (from L. -ensis.)

-er, infinitive suffix, as cover, encounter. [Fr, -re, -ir, from L. pres. infin. -āre, -ēre, -ĕre, -īre.]

-er marks the agent, designating persons according to their occupation, as writer, singer, hatter, leader, sometimes changed to -ar, as liar; with -i- or -y- prefixed, as cloth-i-er, law-y-er (where the A.S. primitive substantive ends in ȝ); with excrescent -t or -d, as bragg-ar-t. Note that in the words auger, heifer, shelter, what looks like the suffix -er is really an independent substantive. [A.S. -ere; Goth. -arja, Ger. -er.]

-er, more, used in compar. of adjs., as greater, more. [Aryan compar., suffix -ra.]

-ern, adj. suffix sig. direction, as southern [A.S. -er-n]; adj. suffix, sig. belonging to, as modern [L. -ernus]; noun suffix, as cistern [L. -erna].

-ery, noun suffix, as brewery, witchery, cutlery. [Noun suffix -y added to nouns in -er (marking agent). See -ary, -erie, -ory.]

-es or -s, pl. suffix, as foxes, hats. [A.S. -as. -s is a general pl. suffix, as L. and Gr. -es.]

-escent, adj. suffix, denoting growing, becoming, as convalescent. [L. -esco, -isco, -asco, Gr. -askō, suffix, implying becoming, beginning.]

-ese, adj. suffix, belonging to, as Japanese. [L. -ensis; O. Fr. -eis, mod. Fr. -ois, -ais.]

-esque, adj. suffix, partaking of the quality of, as picturesque, grotesque, Turneresque. [Fr. -esqe (It. -esco)—L. -iscus, a by-form of -icus (see -ic), and conn. with -ish, adj. suffix.]

-ess, -ice, -ise, as prowess, justice, merchandise. Note that riches was mistaken for a plural, being really M. E. richesse—Fr. richesse. [L. -itia, -ities, Late L. -icia, Fr. -esse.]

-est, suffix of 2d sing. in verbs, as bringest. [A.S. -ast, -est; L. -es, -isti; Gr. -si, -sthon. -s or -st = 2d pers. pron., Gr. sy (su), L. tu, Eng. thou.]

-est, superl. suffix, formed from the compar. by adding -t, as smallest. [A.S. -est (in adjectives), -ost (in adverbs); L. -issimus, Gr. -istos, -stos, -tatos. Sans. -ishta.]

-et, -ete, noun suffix, marking the agent, as prophet, poet, athlete. [L. -ēta, Gr. -ētēs.]

-et, -ette, -ot, dim., as cygnet, billet, etiquette, ballot. See also -let. [Norm. Fr. -et, -ot; Fr. -et, -ette.]

-fast, adj. suffix, as in steadfast, shamefaced (A.S. scamfæst). [A.S. fæst, firm, fast.]

-fy, a verbal suffix signifying to make, as purify. [Fr. -fier—L. -fic-āre, for fac-ĕre, to make.]

-head, -hood, noun suffix, denoting state, nature, as Godhead, manhood, likelihood, hardihood. Note that livelihood was in A.S. líflád=líf, life + lád, way; the second part ceased to be understood, and thus -lihood took its place. [From A.S. hád, Ger. -heit, state; changed into Hood.]

-i, pl. suffix of nouns in -us, as in literati [L. -i; conn. with Ger. -ai, -oi]; also pl. suffix of nouns borrowed from It., as banditti [It.—L.].

-ian, adj. suffix, as Arabian, Christian. See -an. [L. -ianus; Fr. -ien.]

-ible, adj. suffix, as possible, flexible. [From L. -ibilis, another form of -abilis. See -able.]

-ic, adj. suffix, of or belonging to, as gigantic, public, voltaic. Also largely used as noun suffix, as fabric. [L. -icus, -ica, -icum, Gr. -ikos; Fr. -ic, -igne.]

-ice, noun suffix, as chalice [Fr.—L. -ex, -icis]; novice [Fr.—L. -icius]. [See another -ice under -ess, -ice, -ise.]

-ics, lit. things that belong to a science, as mathematics. [In imitation of Gr. -ika, neuter pl. of adjs. in -ikos. See -ic.]

-id, noun suffix, as Nereid; also used in coining chemical words, as chloride, oxide, bromide [L. -id-, Gr. -id-, Fr. -ide]. Also adj. suffix, as tepid, acid, morbid [L. -idus].

-ier, noun suffix, one who, as cavalier, clothier, brazier, hosier. [Fr. -ier; usually appears in form -eer.]

-il, -ile, able, as civil, ductile. [L. -ĭlis, from verbal roots, -īlis, from noun-stems; to be distinguished from -ile (below). See -able.]

-ine, -in, noun suffix, as ravine, medicine, cousin; much used in chemical compounds, as iodine, glycerine, bromine. Also adj. suffix, as adamantine, divine. [L. -inus, -ina; Fr. -in.]

-ing, suffix of present participles (often used as adjectives), as loving, charming. [Corr. of A.S. -ende, which, as also -ande, it replaced. See -nd, also -ant, -ent.]

-ing, noun suffix, forming nouns of action from verbs, as living, dwelling; these often acquire a concrete sense, as learning. [A.S. -ung, -ing; Ger. -ung.]

-ing, representing Teut. ingoz (masc.), with several functions—(1) -ing (A.S. -ing), patronymic æðeling (the son of a noble), cyning (lit. 'son of a king,' cyne = king), Elising (the son of Elisa). This suffix is preserved in proper names, as Harding, Manning; esp. in place-names, as Billingsgate, Reading. (2) -ing is also found in names of animals, as in herring, whiting. (3) -ing in names of coins has also a sense of diminution, as in farthing (the fourth part, viz., of a penny), shilling.

-ion, -sion, -tion, -son, -som, being, state of being, as opinion, rebellion, religion, tension, poison, ransom, reason, season, creation. [L. -io, -tio, -sio; Fr. -ion, -sion, -tion.]

-ique, belonging to, as antique. [Fr.—L. -iquus; conn. with -ic, L. -icus. See -ac.]

-ise, -ize, verbal suffix, signifying to make; as equalise. [L. -izāre, from Gr. -izein; Fr. -iser.]

-ish, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Irish; signifying somewhat, as brownish, oldish; sometimes implying depreciation, as outlandish, childish. [A.S. -isc.]

-ish, verbal suffix, signifying to make, as establish. [From Fr. pr.p. suffix -iss-ant; chiefly used in words from the Fr. The Fr. -iss- is from L. -esc-, inceptive.]

-isk, dim., as asterisk. [Gr. -iskos; conn. with -ish, little. See -ock.]

-ism, -asm, -icism, forming abstract nouns sig. condition, system, as egoism, deism, Calvinism, laconism, pleonasm; Anglicism, witticism. [L. -ismus, -asmus—Gr. -ismos, -asmos.]

-ist, denoting the person who holds a doctrine or practises an art, as Calvinist, chemist, novelist, artist, royalist, nihilist. [L. -ista—Gr. -istēs.]

-ite, -it, noun suffix, born in, belonging to, as Israelite, Jesuit. [L. -ita—Gr. -itēs.]

-ive (-iff), forming nouns, orig. an adjectival suffix, as bailiff, captive, native, plaintiff; forming adjectives (L. -ivus), as active, extensive, furtive.

-ix, fem. suffix, as testatrix. [L. -ix, -icis. Conn. with -ess, fem. suffix.]

-kin, dim., as bumpkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin, napkin; also in proper names, as Jenkins (John), Perkins (Peterkin), Wilkins (William). [A.S. -cen—very rare, the currency of the suffix being due to words adopted from Dutch or Low German; Ger. -chen.]

-l, -le, -el (after v, th, ch, n), represents A.S. -el, -ela, -ele, and serves to form agent-nouns, instrumental substantives, and diminutives, as nail, sail; beadle, fiddle, sickle, apple, bramble, bundle, icicle, nettle; runnel. -al is sometimes from A.S. -els from isli, as bridle, riddle, burial. -l, -le, as a verbal suffix, gives to the root the sense of frequency, repetition, diminution, as kneel, drizzle, nestle, sparkle.

-lence, -lency, forming abstract nouns. [L. -l-entia, from -lens. See -lent.]

-less, adj. suffix, free from, wanting, as guiltless, godless. [A.S. -léas, Ger. -los, Goth. -laus.]

-let, dim., as bracelet, leaflet, streamlet. [From -l and -et, dim. in certain words formed with -et on substantives ending in -el.]

-ling, dim., hence expressing affection, as darling (A.S. déorling), duckling, gosling; sometimes implying depreciation, as hireling, groundling, underling, worldling. [A.S. -ling.]

-ling, -long, adv. suffix, as darkling, sidelong. [A.S. -lunga, -linga.]

-lock, noun suffix, in wedlock and knowledge. It is the A.S. lác, the same as lác, sport.

-lock, -lick, noun suffix, being a weakened form of A.S. leác, a leek, as in hemlock, garlic, charlock.

-ly, adj. and adv. suffix, as manly, only, wickedly. [The adj. suffix is from A.S. líc, Eng. like; adv. is from líc-e, dat. of líc.]

-m, noun suffix, as blossom [A.S. blóstma]; fathom [A.S. -ma, -m]; as realm, regime [Fr.,—L. -men].

-men, that which, state, as regimen, acumen. [Only in words borrowed from Latin. L. -men; Sans. -man. See -ment, -mony.]

-ment, noun suffix, as nourishment, establishment, detriment;—of Eng. formation, acknowledgment, employment. [L. -mentum, Fr. -ment. See -men.]

-most, suffix of superl. deg., as endmost. See Most in Dict. [In most cases this suffix is not the word most, the m being part of the root, or an old superl. suffix, and -ost, the superl. suffix, as in inmost=in-m-ost. See -est, superl. suffix.]

-n, in participles, as broken, hewn; in substantives, as bairn, beacon, burden, chin, corn, heaven, maiden.

-nce, -ncy, forming abstract nouns, as distance, decency. [Fr. -nce—L. -nt-ia.]

-ness, noun suffix, denoting abstract idea, as tenderness, sweetness. [A.S. -nis, -nes, cog. with Ger. -niss.]

-ock, dim., as hillock, bullock—also in proper names, as Pollock (from Paul), &c. In stirk we see the simple suffix -k, the word being the diminutive of steer, A.S. stéor, whence stýric, a stirk. [A.S. -uca—Aryan -ka. See -ie and -ing, dim.]

-om, old dative suffix, now used as objective, as whom; in adverbs of time, as seldom. [A.S. -um.]

-on, -eon, -ion, noun suffix, as capon, mason, truncheon, onion, clarion. [Fr.—L. -onem, ionem.]

-oon, noun suffix, often augmentative, as balloon, saloon. [Fr. -on, It. -one.]

-or, -our, -er, denoting the agent, sometimes directly from L. (see -tor), but mostly through O. Fr. -ŏr, -our (mod. Fr. eur), as emperor (old spelling emperour, Fr. empereur—L. imperatorem); in others, Eng. -er has supplanted -eur, -our, as preacher (Fr. prêcheur—L. prædicatorem), while -or is at times affixed to Eng. roots, as sailor. In certain abstract nouns from L. -or, Fr. -eur is still represented by -our, as colour, labour, honour, and in a few cases directly retained, as in grandeur. The words demeanour and behaviour are English formations with -our.

-ory, belonging to, as prefatory [L. -orius]; place where, as purgatory. [L. -orium.]

-ous, adj. suffix, as religious, delirious, curious [L. -osus]; dubious, anxious [L. -us].—In righteous the ous has replaced wís, A.S. rihtwís.

-ow, noun suffix, as shadow [from A.S. -u]; swallow [from A.S. -ewe]; marrow [from A.S. -h]. Also adj. suffix, as narrow [from A.S. -u].

-r, noun suffix, marking the instrument, as stair, timber; adj. suffix, as bitter.

-red, noun suffix, denoting manner, state, as hatred, kindred (in A.S. cynren, a shortening of cynn-ryne, in M. E. the meaningless -ren being supplanted by -red). [A.S. -rǽden; cog. with Ger. -rath. See Read in Dict.]

-red, in hundred. This is cog. with Ice. hundrað, Ger. hundert, the suffix implying number, reckoning.

-ric, noun suffix, formerly an independent word denoting dominion, power, region, as bishopric. [A.S. ríce, power.]

-ry, noun suffix, originally with a collective meaning, as chevalerie, 'body of knights;' now expressing action or quality, as bigotry, pedantry, sorcery; condition, as outlawry, slavery; trade, as carpentry, heraldry; the place of action or occupation, as laundry, nursery; the result or product of action, as poetry, tapestry; forming collective nouns, as infantry, yeomanry. [Fr. rie = er + ie.]

-s, adverbial suffix, as needs, always, once, hence, thence, whil-s-t, betwi-x-t. [A.S. -es, gen. suffix.]

-'s, is the present genitive suffix. [Short for A.S. -es—Aryan -s or sya, orig. a demons. pron. The (') is prob. due to a false notion that this -s was a relic of his.]

-s, -se, verbal suffix, making transitive verbs from adjectives, as cleanse (A.S. clǽnsian), rinse (Ice. hreinsa—hreinn, pure). It also occurs in clasp, grasp, put for clap-s, grap-s.

-ship, -scape, noun suffix, as friendship, stewardship, worship, landscape (earlier landskip, the Dut. landschap). [A.S. scipe, shape, form—scapan; cog. with Ger. -schaft.]

-some, adj. suffix, full of, as gladsome, buxom (orig. 'pliable,' 'good-natured,' A.S. búhsum, lissome, from búgan, to bow, bend). [A.S. -sum, Ger. -sam; a by-form of same.]

-ster marks the agent, as maltster, and in the personal names (orig. trade-names) Baxter, Brewster, Webster; often with depreciation, as gamester, punster. [A.S. -estre, a fem. suffix, which now keeps this sense only in spinster.]

-stress, fem. suffix, as songstress. [From -ster, orig. fem. suffix, with the addition of L. -ess.]

-t, -te, adj. and noun suffix, as convent, fact, chaste, tribute. [L. -tus, pa.p. suffix; cog. with -d, pa.p. suffix.]

-teen, ten to be added, as fourteen. [A.S. -tyne. Cf. -ty, ten to be multiplied.]

-ter, noun suffix, as character. [Gr. -ter, L. -tor, Sans. -tri; perh. conn. with -ster.]

-ter, -ther, as in after, hither. [A.S. -der, -ther, old comp. suffix.]

-th, order, as sixth. [Becomes also -d; conn. with L. -tus, -tius, as in L. quartus, fourth.]

-th, suffix of 3d pers. sing. of verbs, now for the most part softened to -s. [A.S. from root -ta, which appears in L. -t, Gr. -ti, -si, -tai, -to.]

-ty, being or state of being, as dignity; quality, as honesty. [L. -tas, -tatem; O. Fr. -té.]

-ty, ten to be multiplied, as sixty. [A.S. -tig; cog. with Ger. -zig. Cf. -teen.]

-ule, little, dim. [from L. -ulus, -ula, -ulum], as in globule, pustule; also -cule [L. -culus, -cula, -culum], as animalcule, or [through Fr.] -cle, as article. A different Latin suffix -culum, forming substantives from verbs, is represented in the form -cle in several words adopted through French, as miracle, oracle, spectacle.

-uncle, little, dim., as peduncle. [L. -un-cu-lus, A.S. -incle; conn. with -en and -cule, diminutives.]

-ure, noun suffix, denoting act of, as capture; state of being, as verdure.—In leisure and pleasure, -ir has been replaced by -ure, O. Fr. leisir, plaisir. [L. -ura; Fr. -ure.]

-urnal, belonging to, as diurnal. [L. -urn-us and -al; conn. with -ern (in modern).]

-ward, -wards, forming adjectives from substantives, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions, as eastward, homeward, homewards; downward, forward, inward, toward. [A.S. -weard, gen. -weardes, cog. with Ger. -wärts; conn. with A.S. weorthan, to be, and L. versus—vertĕre, to turn.]

-way, -ways, adv. suffix, sig. manner, direction, as alway, always, straightway. [Cf. -wise.]

-wise, way, manner, as likewise, also righteous. [A.S. -wíse, manner; Ger. -wiss.]

-y, adj. suffix, as spongy [from L. -iosus]; as jolly [Norm. Fr. -if from L. -ivus; cf. -ive]; as silly, dirty, any [A.S. -ig; cog. with Ger. -ig, Goth. -ha, -ga, L. -cu-s, Gr. -ko-s].

-y, noun suffix, as story, family, Italy [Fr. -ie, L. -ia]; as augury, joy, remedy [from L. -ium]; as ally, clergy, deputy, treaty [from L. -ātus, Fr. -é]; as progeny [from L. -ies]; as army, country, entry [from L. -āta, Fr. ée]; as body [from A.S. -ig]; and perhaps the modern Eng. in forming diminutives or words of contempt, as puppy, baby, lassie, from pup, babe, lass; Billy from Bill; Betsy, Lizzie, &c.

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

A (A.S. eá, Ice. -aa), 'a stream;' as Greta, Rotha, Thurso ('Thor's stream'), Laxay ('salmon stream').

Aber (Celt.), 'a confluence,' 'an embouchure;' as Aberfeldy, Aberdeen, Aberystwith, Barmouth, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, Fochabers, Lochaber, Applecross for Aber-Crossan. [Synonymous with Inver.]

All (Gael.), 'white;' Al-ian, 'white water,' so the rivers Allen, Ellen, Aln, Lune, Allwen, Elwin.

Ar, Ara, found in many river-names; as Aire, Ayr, Aar, Aray, Irvine, Arno, Arve. [Perh. conn. with Sans. ara, 'swift,' 'flowing.']

Ard (Celt.), 'high;' as Ardoch, Airdrie, Ardrossan, Ardglass, Arden, Ardennes.

Ath (Ir. and Gael.), 'a ford;' as Athlone, Athtruim (now Trim), Athole. The Gael. abh, 'water,' appears in Aboyne, Awe.

Auch (Gael.), Agh (Ir.), 'a field;' as Auchinleck, Aghinver, Aghadoe.

Avon (Celt.), 'a river;' as Avon, Aven, Aisne, Inn, Ain, Vienne; also in Devon, Evan, Guadiana, Punjaub.

Bally (Ir. and Gael.), 'a village' or 'town;' as Ballymore, Balbriggan, Balmoral, Ballantrae, Balquhidder.

Ban (Celt.), 'white;' as Banna, Banon, Banchory; the rivers Ben, Bann, Bandon, Banney, &c.

Beck (Scand.), Bach (Ger.), 'a brook;' as Holbeck, Lauterbach. [See Beck in Dict.]

Ben (Gael. and Ir.), 'mountain,' Pen (W.), 'headland,' 'hilltop;' as Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond, The Twelve Pins, Bangor; Pen, Pennigant, Penzance, Pennine Alps, Apennines, Pindus.

Berg, Borough (A.S. beorh), 'a hill;' as Ingleborough, Flamborough Head, Browberg Hill, Königsberg, Bergen. [From the same root as Burgh (below).]

Blair (Gael.), 'a plain,' 'a battlefield;' as Blair-Athole, Blairgowrie.

Bottle or Battle, Büttel (Teut.), 'a dwelling;' as Newbattle, Buittle, Morebattle, Wolfenbüttel.

Burgh, Borough, Bury (Teut.), 'a fortified place,' 'a town;' as Edinburgh, Peterborough, Shrewsbury, Hamburg, Cherbourg, Carisbrook, Burgos. [A.S. burg, burh (see Borough in Dict.), Ger. burg.]

Burn (Northern Eng. and Scotch, A.S. burna), 'a brook.;' as Burnfoot, Blackburn, Tyburn, Eastbourne.

By (Scand.), 'a dwelling,' 'a town;' as Derby, Rugby, Whitby, Elbœuf. [Cf. Bylaw in Dict.]

Caer, Cader (W.), Caher (Ir.), 'fortified enclosure;' as Caerleon, Caernarvon, Cardigan, Carlisle, Cader-Idris, Sanquhar, Carlingford.

Cam (Celt.), 'crooked;' as Cam, Cambeck, Cambuskenneth, Morecambe Bay, Cambrai.

Carrick (Gael. and Ir. carraig), Carreg (W.), 'a sea-cliff,' 'rock;' as Carrickfergus, Carrick-on-Suir, Carrigafoyle, Cerrig-y-Druidion.

Caster, Chester, Cester (—L. castra), 'a camp,' as Doncaster, Chester, Winchester, Leicester.

Cefn (Celt.), 'a ridge;' as Cefncoed, Chevin, Keynton, Chevington, Cheviot, Cevennes.

Cheap and Chipping (A.S. ceap), 'price,' 'a market;' as Chipping-Norton, Chepstow, Cheapside, Copenhagen (Dan. Kjöben-havn, 'merchants' haven'). [See Cheap in Dict.]

Civita (It.), Ciudad (Sp.), 'a city;' as Civita Vecchia ('old city'); Ciudad Rodrigo ('city of Roderick'). [From L. civitas.]

Clach, Cloch, Clough (Gael.), 'a stone;' as Clackmannan, Clogher, Auchnacloy, Clonakilty.

Clachan (Gael.), 'a village,' often also 'church.' There are perhaps twenty clachans in Scotland.

Cluan, Cloon (Gael.), 'a meadow;' as Clunie, Clonmel, Clontarf, Clynder.

Clyd (Celt.), 'warm,' Clyth (Celt.), 'strong;' as Clwyd—most prob. not Clyde.

Cnoc (Gael.), 'a knoll,' 'hill,' as Knockmeledown. Sir Herbert Maxwell (Studies in the Topography of Galloway, 1885) gives 220 Knocks in Galloway alone.

Coln (from L. colonia), 'a colony;' as Lincoln, Colne, Cologne (Köln). [See Colony in Dict.]

Combe (A.S.), Cwm or Cum (Celt.), 'a hollow between hills;' as Wycombe, Compton, The Coombs, Como.

Craig, Crag (Celt.), 'a rock;' as Craigie, Crathie, Carrick, Crick, Cricklade, Croagh-Patrick. See Carrick (above).

Dal (Scand.), Thal (Ger.), Dail and Dol (Celt.), 'a dale,' 'a field;' as Liddesdale, Rydal, Kendal, Arundel, Rheinthal; (in Celtic names prefixed) Dalry, Dalkeith, Dolgelly. [See Dale in Dict.]

Den or Dean (Teut.), 'a deep wooded valley;' as Tenterden, Southdean, Hazeldean, Denholm.

Dour (Celt.), 'water;' as the Dour, Adour, Douro, Dore, Thur, Doro, Adder, Derwent, Darwin, Darent, Dart, Dorchester, Dordogne.

Drum and Drom (Celt.), 'a backbone,' 'a ridge;' as Dromore, Drummond, Aughrim, Leitrim.

Du (Celt.), 'black;' as Douglas; the rivers Dulas, Doulas; Dublin ('dark pool').

Dum, Dun (Gael.), Dinas, Din (W.), 'a hill-fortress;' as Dunmore, Dunblane, Dunkeld, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Dunstable, Dunmow, Downpatrick, Donegal, Maldon, Verdun, Leyden, Dinas-fawr, Dinan, Denbigh. [See Down, a hill, in Dict.]

Ea, Ey (A.S. íg, Ice. ey, Norw. and Dan. ö), 'an island;' as Swansea, Eton, Jersey, Romney, Sheppey, Rothesay, Staffa, Faroe. [See Island in Dict.]

Eccles, Egles (like Fr. église, through L., from Gr. ekklēsia), 'a church;' as Eccleston, Ecclefechan, Ecclesmachan, Ecclesiamagirdle, Eaglesham, Terregles.

Esk (Gael. and Ir. easg [obs.] or uisge, W. wysg), 'water;' as the Esk, Usk, Ise, Oise, Easeburn, Ashbourne, Iz, Isis, Exe, Ux, Ouse, Wisbeach, Wis, Ischia, Isère, Aisne, Ausonne.

Fahr, Fuhr (Teut.), 'way,' 'passage;' as Fahrenbach, Campvere, Queensferry, Connel-Ferry.

Feld, or Veld (Teut.), 'plain,' 'field;' as Huddersfield, Lichfield, Spitalfields.

Fell (Old Norse fjall, fell), 'a mountain;' as Carterfell, Goatfell, Snaefell.

Fin, Finn (Gael.), 'fair,' 'white;' as Findon, Fintry, Fincastle, Knockfin.

Fiord, Fjord (Scand.), 'a creek,' 'inlet of the sea;' as Laxfiord, Waterford, Wexford.

Fleet (Scand. fljót, a stream), 'a small river' or 'channel;' as Purfleet; found in Normandy as fleur, as Harfleur, Barfleur.

Folk (A.S.), 'people;' as Norfolk ('north people'), Suffolk ('south people').

Ford (A.S.), 'a shallow passage over a river,' as Chelmsford, Hereford, Stamford.

Garth (Scand.), 'yard;' Gorod, Grod, Grade, Grätz (Slav.), 'enclosure,' 'town;' as Stuttgart, Novgorod (=Newton), Grodno, Belgrade (=Whitton), Königgrätz (=Kingston).

Garw (Celt.), 'rough;' hence Garonne, Garioch, Yarrow, Yair, possibly Garry.

Gate (Teut.), 'a passage' or 'road;' as Canongate, Harrowgate, Reigate (=Ridgegate), Cattegat.

Glen (Gael.), Glyn (W.), 'a narrow valley;' as Glencoe, Glengarry, Glynneath, Glamorgan.

Guada, the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Ar. wadī, 'a ravine;' as in Guadalquivir (Wadī-'l-kebīr, 'the great river'), Guadiana.

Gwen (Celt.), 'white;' as Derwent, Ventnor, Corwen; Gwent (Celt.), 'a plain;' Latinised into venta, as Venta Belgarum (now Winchester), formerly Caergwent.

Hall (Teut.), 'a stone house;' as Eccleshall, Walsall; (in Germany) a salt-work, as Halle, Hallstadt. [See Hall in Dict.]

Ham (A.S., Ger. heim), 'a home;' as Buckingham, Clapham, Hexham, Trondhjem, Hildesheim, Hochheim, Ednam, Edrom, Hounam.

Haugh, Heugh, a particular Scotch form and use of Haw (A.S. haga), perhaps due to the Ice. form hagi, a pasture. The meaning is generally a low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream, and it is noticeable that in Scotch use How and Hope have frequently the same sense. A Hope, however, is properly a hollow, esp. the upper end of a narrow mountain valley, while a How is a low hill (Ice. haugr, 'a mound'). Cf. Hobkirk, Howwood, Hutton, Fox How.

Hay, Haigh (Teut.), a place surrounded by a 'hedge;' as Rothwell Haigh, Hague.

Holm (Scand., &c.), 'an island in a lake or river,' 'a plain near a river;' as Stockholm, Flatholm, Langholm.

Holt (Teut.), 'a wood;' as Bagshot, Aldershot, Holstein. [See Holt in Dict.]

Ing (A.S.), a suffix denoting son, in pl. 'a family' or 'tribe;' as Warrington ('the town of the Warrings'), Haddington. [See -ing in list of suffixes.]

Innis or Ennis (Celt.), Inch in Scotland, an island; as Inchcolm ('the island of St Columba'); Enniskillen, Ennismore, Innisfallen, in Ireland.

Inver (Gael.), 'the mouth of a river;' as Inverness, Inveraray, Innerleithen. This is supposed to be the Gaelic form (inbhir) corresponding to the Brythonic aber-; and it is at any rate certain that in Wales there are scores of abers-, but of invers- not a solitary one; while on the west coast of Scotland and north of Inverness aber- barely exists.

Kara (Turk.), 'black;' as Karakum ('black sand'), Kara Hissar ('black castle').

Kenn (Gael.), Kin (Ir.), 'a head;' as Kenmore, Cantire, Kinnaird, Kinross, Kinsale, Kent. Kin or Cin, older cind, is really a survival of the old dative or locative of Gael. ceann (W. penn), 'head,' 'promontory,' as in Kinaldie, Kinbuck, Kinglassie, Kinloch, Kingussie, Kinnoul. See Ceann.

Kil (Gael. cill, really a survival of the old dative of ceall, a hermit's cell—L. cella, then a church, esp. a parish church—the proper form is seen in Lochnan-ceal, 'loch of the churches,' in Mull); as Kilbride, Kilchattan, Kildonan, Kilmarnock; Icolmkill, 'the island (I) of Columba of the church.'

Kirjath (Heb.), Gadr (Phœnician), 'an enclosure,' 'a fortified place;' as Kirjath-Arba, Carthage, Cades or Cadiz.

Kirk (North Eng. and Scand.), Kirche (Ger.); as Selkirk, Kirkwall, Kirkcudbright, Kirchheim, Fünfkirchen. [See Church in Dict.]

Lax (Scand.; Ger. lachs), 'a salmon'; as Loch Laxford in Sutherland; the Laxay in the Hebrides and in Man; Laxweir on the Shannon.

Leamhan (Ir. and Gael.; pron. lavawn), 'the elm-tree;' as in Leven, Lennox, Laune.

Linn (Celt.), 'a waterfall;' as Lynn Regis in Norfolk; Roslin, 'the promontory (ross) at the fall;' Linlithgow, Linton.

Lis (Celt.), 'an enclosure,' 'a fort,' 'a garden;' as Lismore ('the great enclosure' or 'garden').

Llan (W.), 'an enclosure,' 'a church;' as Llandaff ('the church on the Taff').

Low and Law (A.S. hláw, hlæw),'a rising ground;' as Hounslow, Ludlow, and numerous laws in Scotland. [Cog. with Goth. hlaiw, a mound, and perh. allied to L. clivus, a slope.]

Minster (A.S.), Münster (Ger.), 'a monastic foundation;' as Westminster, Neumünster.

Mor (Celt.), 'the sea;' as Moray, Armorica, Morlaix, Glamorgan, Morbihan.

Ness or Naze (Scand.; see Dict.), 'a nose' or 'promontory;' as Caithness, Sheerness, Cape Grisnez; the Naze.

Old, Eld, Alt (Teut.), 'old;' as Althorp, Elton, Eltham, Aldbury, Abury. [See Old in Dict.]

Peak, Pike (Celt., conn. with Ger. spitz, Fr. pic and puy) 'point;' as the Peak, the Pikes in Cumberland, Spitzbergen, Pic du Midi, Puy de Dôme.

Peel (Celt.), 'a stronghold;' as Peel in Man, and numerous peels on the Border of Scotland.

Poor, Pore, Pur (Sans. pura), 'a town;' as Nagpur, Cawnpore, Singapore.

Rath (Ir.), 'a round earthen fort;' as Rathmore, Rathbeg, Ratho, Rattray.

Rhe, Rea, Ri, a root found in many languages, as L. rivus, a stream, Sans. rīna, flowing, A.S. ríth, a stream, Sp. and Port. rio, a river, meaning 'to flow;' as Rhine, Rhone, Rha, Reno, Rye, Ray, Rhee, Wrey, Roe, Rae; Rio de Janeiro, Rio-Negro.

Ridge, in Scotland Rigg (A.S. hrycg, Ger. rücken), 'a back;' as Reigate, Rugeley, Longridge.

Rin (Celt.), 'a point of land;' Rhinns of Galloway; Penrhyn in Wales, Ringsend near Dublin.

Ros, Ross (Celt.), 'a promontory;' Kinross, Rosneath, Rosehearty, Rossdhu, Roslin; in S. Ireland, a wood, as Roscommon, Rosskeen. The -ros in Melrose is more probably the equivalent of Cornish ros, a moor; thus Melrose=the Celt. maol-ros, 'bare moor.'

Scale (Scand.), 'a hut' (Scot. shieling; Ice. skali); Portinscale, and possibly Shields, Galashiels, Selkirk.

Set (A.S.), 'a seat,' 'a settlement;' Dorset, Somerset, Ambleside, Seidlitz.

Sierra (Sp.—L. serra), 'a saw;' or from Ar. sehrah, 'an uncultivated tract.'

Slievh (Ir.; allied to L. clivus, a slope), 'a mountain;' as Slievh Beg.

South, found in Suffolk, Sussex, Southampton, Sutherland, Sutton, Sudbury, Sudley.

Stoc, Stoke, and Stow (A.S.), 'a stockaded place;' as Bristow or Bristol, Tavistock, Stockholm, Stow.

Stone (A.S.), Stein (Ger.), 'a stone,' 'a rock;' as Stanton, Staines, Eddystone, Stennis, Frankenstein.

Strath (Gael.), 'a broad valley;' as Strathmore, Strathblane, Strathearn.

Street (L. stratum), 'a Roman road;' as Stratford, Stratton, Streatham. [See Street in Dict.]

Tam (Celt.), 'still,' 'smooth;' as the Thamesis ('smooth Isis'), the Tema, Tame, Tamar, Tay.

Thing (Scand.), 'a legislative assembly,' also 'the place where it is held;' as in Dingwall, Tinwald, Tynwald Hill, Tain.

Thorpe (Norse), Dorf (Ger.), Dorp (Dut.), 'a village;' as Burnham-Thorpe, Heythorpe, Düsseldorf, Middledorp.

Tor (Celt.), 'a tower-like rock;' as Torbay, Torphichen, Turriff, Torbolton, Kintore, Torridon. [From L. turris, 'a tower,' and its derivatives are Torres-Novas and Torres-Vedras in Portugal, Truxillo in Spain, Tourcoing in France.]

Tre (W.), 'a dwelling;' as Tretown, Coventry ('convent dwelling'), Oswestry, Uchiltre.

Uchel (W.), 'high;' Uachter (Gael.), 'a height;' as the Ochil Hills, Ochiltree, Auchterarder.

Ville (Fr.,—L. villa), Villa (It., Sp., Port.), Well (Eng.), 'an abode;' as Tankerville, Yeovil, Pottsville, Kettlewell, Bradwell, Maxwelltown.

Wall, found in many names of places on the Roman wall from Newcastle to Carlisle; as Wallsend, Wallhead.

Weald, Wold (Ger. wald), 'a wood;' Waltham, Walden, the Cotswolds; Schwarzwald ('Black Forest').

Wick, Wich (A.S. wíc), 'a village;' as in Berwick, Warwick, Greenwich, Sandwich.

Worth (A.S.), 'a farm' or 'estate;' as Tamworth, Kenilworth, Bosworth, Worthing, Polwarth, Jedburgh=Jedward.

Wy or Gwy (W.), 'water;' as the Wye; used as affix to many streams, as Conway, Medway.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS,
TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN
MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

A.A.S., Americanæ Antiquarianæ Societatis Socius, Fellow of the American Academy.

A.H., anno Hegiræ=In the year of Hegira—i.e. from the flight of Mohammed (622 A.D., 13th Sept.).

A.M., Artium Magister=Master of Arts; Ante meridiem=Before noon; Anno mundi=In the year of the world; Annus mirabilis=The wonderful year (1666); Ave Maria=Hail Mary.

A.P.R.C., Anno post Romam conditam=In the year after the building of Rome (753 B.C.).

A.R.R., anno regni regis or reginæ= In the year of the king's or queen's reign.

A.R.S.A. Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy; Associate of the Royal Society of Arts.

A.R.S.S., Antiquariorum Regiæ Societatis Socius=Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries.

A.S. Anglo-Saxon; Anno salutis=In the year of salvation; Assistant Secretary.

A.U.C., anno urbis conditæ, or ab urbe conditâ=In the year from the building of the city—Rome (753 B.C.).

A.V. Authorised Version; Artillery Volunteers; Annos vixit=Lived [so many] years.

B.A., Baccalaureus Artium=Bachelor of Arts; British America; British Association.

B.M. Bachelor of Medicine; Beatæ Memoriæ=Of blessed memory; British Museum.

b.p. Bill of parcels; Bills payable; Birthplace (also bpl.); Bonum publicum=The public good.

C. Centigrade; Catholic; Consul; Court; Congress; Church; Chancellor; Conservative.

C.A. Chartered Accountant; Chief Accountant; Commercial Agent; Confederate Army.

cap., caput=Capital; Chapter;—Capitulum=Head; Capiat=Let him (or her) take.

C.B. Companion of the [Most Honourable Order of the] Bath; Confined to barracks.

C.C. Caius College; Circuit Court; County Council; County Clerk; Cricket Club; Catholic Clergyman.

C.G. Captain-general; Captain of the Guard; Coast-guard; Commissary-general; Consul-general.

C.M. Certificated Master; Corresponding Member; Common Metre; Chirurgiæ Magister=Master in Surgery.

C.M.G. Companion of the [Most Distinguished] Order of St Michael and St George.

coch., cochl., cochlear=a spoon, spoonful;—coch. amp., cochlear amplum=a tablespoonful;—coch. mag., cochlear magnum=a large spoonful;—coch. med., cochlear medium=a dessert-spoonful;—coch. parv., cochlear parvum=a teaspoonful.

C.R., Carolus rex=King Charles; Civis Romanus=a Roman citizen; Custos Rotulorum=Keeper of the Rolls.

C.S. Court of Session; Clerk to the Signet; Civil Service; Chemical Society.

d., dele=Delete; Dead or Died; Deserted; Degree; Denarius or denarii=A penny or pence; Duke.

D.D.D., dat, dicat, dedicat=He gives, devotes, and dedicates; Dono dedit dedicavit=He gave and dedicated as a gift.

del., delt., delineavit='He drew it,' put after the draftsman's name on an engraving.

Eccl., Eccles. Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiastical;—Ecclesiol., Ecclesiology.

et seq., sq., or sqq., et sequentes or sequentia=And the following.

F.B.S. Fellow of the Botanical Society;—F.B.S.E., Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

F.K.Q.C.P.I. Fellow of the King's and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland.

F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society; Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society.

G.C.I.E. [Knight] Grand Commander [of the Most Eminent Order] of the Indian Empire.

G.C.M.G. [Knight] Grand Cross of [the Most Distinguished Order of] St Michael and St George.

G.C.S.I. [Knight] Grand Commander of the [Most Exalted Order of the] Star of India.

G.P. General Practitioner; Grateful Patient; Gloria patri=Glory to the Father.

H.J., hic jacet=Here lies;—H.J.S., hic jacet sepultus=Here lies buried.

H.S., hic situs=Here lies;—H.S.E., hic sepultus (or situs) est=Here is buried (or laid).

I.H.S., for the Greek capitals IHC, (the C a form of Greek Σ), the first three letters of the name Jesus, often misread as Jesus Hominum Salvator=Jesus Saviour of Men.

in loc., in loco=In its place;—in loc. cit., in loco citato =In the place cited.

I.N.R.I., Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum=Jesus of Nazareth< King of the Jews.

K.C.M.G. Knight Commander of [the Most Distinguished Order of] St Michael and St George.

l.c. Lower-case (in printing); Loco citato=In the place cited; Left centre; Letter of credit.

M., Mons., Monsieur (Fr.). Mr or Sir;—MM., Messieurs, Gentlemen or Sirs.

n.l., non licet=It is not permitted; non liquet=It is not clear; non longe=Not far.

O.P. Old Price; Ordinis Prædicatorum=Of the Order of Preachers (or Dominicans).

P.C., Patres Conscripti=Conscript Fathers; Privy Councillor; Police Constable; Post Commander.

R.H.S. Royal Humane Society; Royal Horticultural Society; Royal Historical Society.

R.S.S., also S.R.S., Regiæ Societatis Socius=Fellow of the Royal Society.

S.A.S., Societatis Antiquariorum Socius=Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

S.M. Lond. Soc., Societatis Medicæ Londiniensis Socius=Member of the London Medical Society.

S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme Court (Scotland); Societas Sancti Crucis=Society of the Holy Cross.

SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.

Scruple;

i, one scruple;

ij, two scruples;

ss, half a scruple;

iss, a scruple and a half.

Dram or drachm;

i, one dram;

ij, two drams;

ss, half a dram;

iss, a dram and a half.

Ounce;

i, one ounce;

ij, two ounces;

ss, half an ounce;

iss, an ounce and a half.

The above symbols are employed almost always in medical prescriptions. A prescription consists of the following parts: (1) The Superscription; (2) The Inscription; (3) The Subscription; (4) The Signature. The Superscription, which consists of the letter

, is a relic of the days of astrology. It originally was used to represent the symbol of the planet Jupiter. By common consent it is now regarded as representing the imperative mood of the Latin verb recipere, to take. The Inscription is a statement of the names of the substances to be used, with their quantities. The Subscription is made up of the directions for the guidance of the dispenser. The Signature includes the directions to the patient. This part of the prescription should be written in English; the other parts are in Latin. Sometimes the signature also is in Latin.

The body or prescription contains the following: the Basis, or principal active ingredient; the Adjuvant, or Auxiliary, to assist its action; the Corrective, to correct or diminish some undesirable quality; the Vehicle, or Excipient, to give a suitable form for administration.

PRESCRIPTION.

Without Abbreviations or Contractions.

Recipe.

Potassii Acetatis drachmas quinque.

Tincturæ Digitalis drachmam unam.

Syrupi Aurantii unciam unam.

Decoctum Scoparii ad uncias octo.

Misce, fiat mistura.

Capiat cochlearia duo magna quartâ quâque horâ

ex paululo aquæ.

English Translation.

Take thou (the dispenser).

Five drachms of acetate of potassium.

One drachm of the tincture of digitalis.

One ounce of syrup of orange-peel.

Decoction of broom up to eight ounces.

Mix, let a mixture be made.

Let him (the patient) take two large spoonfuls at

each fourth hour, out of (in) a little water.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY
USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

MUSICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

Each of these notes represents twice the duration of sound of that which comes next in order. The sign to the right of each note indicates a rest or silence equal to its sound duration.

In time, the figure above a line drawn thus across the stave denotes the length of the pause in bars.

Ad lib. Ad libitum. Passages so marked may be rendered at the will of the performer.

And. Andante. Moderately slow: graceful; sometimes used as the name of a movement or separate piece.

Bar. A line drawn perpendicularly across the stave, separating the notes into measures of equal length; also the music comprised within two such lines.—Double Bar. The former of the two signs is used to mark the larger divisions of a piece or movement; in psalm tunes, hymns, chants, &c., to mark the end of a verse or sentence. The latter sign denotes the end of a composition.

Bind or Tie. Placed over two or more notes in the same position on the stave, to show they are to be played as one.

Denoting common time; the former indicating four crotchets to the bar, the latter two minims to the bar.

Clef. The sign placed at the beginning of a stave, determining the absolute pitch of the notes that follow it.

(

) Dash. When placed over or under a note, implies a very detached (staccato) style.

D.C. Da capo. From the beginning; indicating that the performer must return to the beginning of the movement, and conclude at the double bar marked Fine.

(·) Dot. When added to a note or rest, lengthens it by one-half. When placed over or under a note, means that its duration should be cut short.

Double Flat. Used before a note already flat, lowering it another semitone. It is corrected by a flat and a natural.

Lo. Loco. Indicating to return to the proper pitch after having played an octave higher.

M.M.

=80. Denoting that the beat of a crotchet is equal to the pulse of the pendulum of Maelzel's metronome, with the weight set at 80.

Natural. Restores a note, which has been raised by the sharp or lowered by the flat, to its original pitch.

Ott., O^va, 8^va=Ottava. An octave—as 8^va alta=ottava alta, (to be played) an octave higher; 8^va bas. = ottava bassa, an octave lower.

Pause or Corona. When placed over a note or rest, indicates that it must be held longer than its natural length. When over a double bar, indicates where the piece is to be concluded after a repeat.

Pizz. Pizzicato. A direction to violinists to twang the string with the finger instead of using the bow.

Repeat. When placed at the beginning and end of a passage or movement, indicates that the portion so marked is to be played over again.

Sem., Semp. Sempre. Always, throughout—as sempre legato, smooth throughout; sempre ritardando, continually slackening the time.

Sforzando. Denoting emphasis applied to a particular note or notes. Abbreviated sf., sfz.

Sforzato-piano. A sudden forte followed by a diminuendo or piano. Abbreviated sfp., sfz.p.

Double Sharp. Used before a note already sharp, raising the pitch by a semitone. It is contradicted by a natural and a sharp.

Slur. Showing that the notes over which it is placed must be played in a smooth (legato) manner.

Sos., Sos^t. Sostenuto. Sustained; prolonging the tone for the full duration of time indicated.

Stave or Staff. The horizontal and parallel lines on which the notes are placed, used to indicate their relative position as regards pitch.

Trem. Tremolando. With trembling or wavering; a note or chord played with great rapidity so as to produce such an effect.

CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS.

Ambassador, British—Address: 'His Excellency [in other respects according to his rank], H.B.M.'s Ambassador and Plenipotentiary.' Begin: 'Sir,' 'My Lord,' &c., according to rank. Refer personally to as 'Your Excellency.' An Ambassador's wife, when resident abroad, is sometimes, but not very correctly, designated 'Your Excellency.'

Archbishop—'His Grace the Lord Archbishop of ——.' Begin: 'My Lord Archbishop.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.' In formal documents the Archbishop of Canterbury is addressed as 'The Most Reverend Father in God, Frederick, by Divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England and Metropolitan;' the Archbishop of York as 'The Most Reverend Father in God, William, by Divine permission Lord Archbishop of York, Primate of England and Metropolitan.' But an Irish Archbishop appointed since 1868 is only 'The Most Reverend the Archbishop of ——,' unless he happen to be a temporal peer, in which case he is 'The Right Hon. and Most Rev.'

Archdeacon—'The Venerable the Archdeacon of ——.' Begin: 'Venerable Sir.'

Baron—'The Right Hon. Lord ——,' or 'The Lord ——.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Baron's Daughter—If unmarried, 'The Hon.' [Christian name and surname]; if married, 'The Hon. Mrs' [husband's surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' If married to a Baronet or Knight, 'The Hon. Lady' [husband's surname]. Begin: 'My Lady.' If the wife of a peer, or of the son of a Duke or Marquess, address as such.

Baron's Son—'The Hon.' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Sir.' But the eldest sons of Barons in the Peerage of Scotland are usually addressed as 'The Hon. the Master of' [peerage title].

Baron's Son's Wife—'The Hon. Mrs' [husband's surname], or, if necessary for distinction, the husband's Christian name should also be used. Begin: 'Madam.' If the daughter of an Earl, Marquess, or Duke, address as such.

Baroness, either in her own right or her husband's—'The Right Hon. the Baroness ——,' 'The Right Hon. Lady ——,' or 'The Lady ——.' Begin: 'My Lady.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Baronet's Wife—'Lady' [surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Bishop, English—'The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of London,' or 'The Lord Bishop of London.' Begin: 'My Lord Bishop.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' In formal documents a Bishop is 'The Right Rev. Father in God, John, by Divine permission Lord Bishop of Salisbury.'

Bishop, Irish, consecrated since 1868—'The Right Rev. the Bishop of Ossory,' or in case of the Bishops of Meath and Tuam, 'The Most Rev.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir,' or 'Most Rev. Sir.'

Bishop, Retired—'The Right Rev. Bishop ——,' or 'The Right Rev. —— ——, D.D.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir.'

Bishop, Scottish—'The Right Rev. the Bishop of Edinburgh,' or 'The Right Rev. Bishop Dowden.' The Bishop who holds the position of Primus is generally addressed, 'The Most Rev. the Primus.' The use of 'Lord Bishop' and 'My Lord' is incorrect.

Bishop Suffragan—'The Right Rev. the Bishop Suffragan of Bedford.' Begin: 'Right Rev. Sir.'

Clergy—'The Rev.' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Rev. Sir.' If son of a Duke or Marquess, 'The Rev. Lord' [Christian name and surname]. If the son of an Earl, Viscount, or Baron, 'The Rev. the Hon.' [Christian name and surname] is beginning to supersede 'The Hon. and Rev.' The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland during his year of office is styled 'Right Rev.;' ex-moderators are usually spoken of as 'Very Rev.'

Companion of an Order of Knighthood—The initials, C.B., C.M.G., C.S.I., or C.I.E., as it may be, are subjoined to the ordinary form of address.

Consul, British—'—— ——, Esq., H.B.M.'s Agent and Consul-General,' 'Consul-General,' 'Consul,' or 'Vice-Consul,' as it may be.

Countess—'The Right Hon. the Countess of ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Doctor—The initials D.D., M.D., LL.D., Mus.D., are placed after the ordinary form of address, as 'The Rev. John Davidson, D.D.,' 'David Patrick, Esq., LL.D.' But 'The Rev. Dr Davidson,' 'Dr David Patrick,' are also frequently used.

Dowager—On the marriage of a peer or Baronet, the widow of the previous holder of the title becomes 'Dowager,' and is addressed, 'The Right Hon. the Dowager Countess of ——,' 'The Dowager Lady ——.' As more than one Dowager may hold the same title, the term is less used than formerly, and the Christian name is instead coming to be employed as a distinction—e.g. 'The Right Hon. Helen Countess of ——.'

Duchess—'Her Grace the Duchess of ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

Duke—'His Grace the Duke of ——.' Begin: 'My Lord Duke.' Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

Duke's Daughter—'The Right Hon. Lady' [Christian name and surname], or 'The Lady' [Christian name and surname], the surname being that of her husband if married. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.' If married to a peer, she is addressed according to her husband's rank only. This, however, does not hold in the case of peers by courtesy; and a Duke's daughter married to the eldest son of an Earl, after the prefix 'Lady,' sometimes takes her own Christian name, followed by her husband's courtesy title.

Duke's Eldest Son and his Children—The courtesy title is treated as if it were an actual peerage; his eldest son taking the grandfather's third title, and being addressed as if a peer.

Duke's Eldest Son's Wife—As if her husband's courtesy title were an actual peerage.

Duke's Younger Son—'The Right Hon. Lord' [Christian name and surname], or 'The Lord' [Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Duke's Younger Son's Wife—'The Right Hon. Lady,' or 'The Lady' [husband's Christian name and surname]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Earl—'The Right Hon. the Earl of ——,' or 'The Earl of ——.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Earl's Eldest Son, and Earl's Eldest Son's Wife—As if the courtesy title were an actual peerage.

Governor of Colony—'His Excellency [ordinary designation], Governor of ——.' Begin according to rank, and refer to as 'Your Excellency.'

Judge, English or Irish—'The Hon. Sir —— ——,' if a Knight, or 'The Hon. Mr Justice ——.' Begin: 'Sir.' On the bench only he is addressed as 'My Lord,' and referred to as 'Your Lordship.'

Judge of County Court—'His Honour Judge ——.' When on the bench, referred to as 'Your Honour.'

Justice of Peace in England (not Scotland)—'The Right Worshipful.' Referred to when on the bench as 'Your Worship.'

KING—'The King's Most Excellent Majesty.' Begin: 'Sire,' or 'May it please your Majesty,' or 'Lord —— presents his duty to your Majesty.' Refer to as 'Your Majesty.'

Knight of the Bath, of St Michael and St George, or of the Star of India—'Sir' [Christian name and surname], with the initials G.C.B., K.C.B., K.M.G., or K.S.I. added. Begin: 'Sir.'

Knight of the Garter, of the Thistle, or of St Patrick—The initials K.G., K.T., or K.P., as it may be, are to be added to the address.

Knight's Wife, whether wife of Knight Bachelor, of the Bath, of St Michael and St George, or of the Star of India—As Baronet's wife.

Lord Advocate of Scotland—'The Right Hon. the Lord Advocate.' Usual beginning: 'My Lord,' though 'Sir' is said to be more correct.

Lord Chancellor—'The Right Hon. the Lord Chancellor.' Begin and refer to according to rank.

Lord Chief-Justice—'The Right Hon. the Lord Chief-Justice of England,' or 'The Right Hon. Sir —— ——, Lord Chief-Justice of England.' Begin, if a peer, according to his degree; otherwise as under Judge.

Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly—'His Grace the Lord High Commissioner.' Begin according to rank as a peer. Refer to as 'Your Grace.'

Lord Justice-Clerk—'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice-Clerk.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Lord Justice-General of Scotland—'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice-General.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Lord Justice of Appeal—'The Right Hon. the Lord Justice ——,' or 'The Right Hon. Sir —— ——.' Begin and refer to as a Judge.

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland—'His Grace,' if a Duke; otherwise, 'His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant.' Begin and refer to according to rank as a peer.

Lord Mayor of London, York, Dublin, &c.—'The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor of London,' or 'The Right Hon. —— ——, Lord Mayor of London.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Lord Mayor's Wife—'The Right Hon. the Lady Mayoress of ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and his Wife—As Baron and Baroness. Their children have no title.

Lord of Session in Scotland—'The Hon. Lord ——.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' His wife has no title.

Lord Provost—'The Right Hon. the Lord Provost of Edinburgh,' 'The Hon. the Lord Provost of Glasgow,' 'The Lord Provost of Aberdeen' or of 'Perth.' Begin: 'My Lord Provost,' or 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.' The Lord Provost's wife has no title.

Marchioness—'The Most Hon. the Marchioness of ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Marquess—'The Most Hon. the Marquess of ——.' Begin: 'My Lord Marquess.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Mayor—'The Right Worshipful the Mayor of ——.' Begin: 'Sir.' Refer to as 'Your Worship.'

Minister Resident—'—— ——, Esq. [or according to rank], 'H.B.M.'s Minister Resident, ——.'

Officers in the Army and Navy—The professional is prefixed to any other rank—e.g. 'Admiral the Right Hon. the Earl of ——,' 'Lieut.-Col. Sir —— ——, K.C.B.' Officers below the rank of Captain in the Army or Commander in the Navy are more generally addressed by their social, not professional rank, followed by the name of the regiment, R.A., R.E., or R.N., as may be.

Prince—If a Duke, 'His Royal Highness the Duke of ——.' If not a Duke, 'His Royal Highness Prince' [Christian name]. Begin, in either case, 'Sir.' Refer to as 'Your Royal Highness.'

Princess—If a Duchess, 'Her Royal Highness the Duchess of ——.' If not a Duchess, 'Her Royal Highness the Princess' [Christian name]. Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Royal Highness.'

Principal of a Scottish University—When a clergyman, 'The Very Rev. the Principal of Aberdeen,' or 'The Very Rev. Principal' [Marshall Lang].

Privy Councillor—'The Right Hon.,' followed by name or title. Begin and refer to according to rank.

QUEEN—'The Queen's Most excellent Majesty.' Begin: 'Madam,' or 'May it please your Majesty.' Otherwise, 'Lord —— presents his duty to your Majesty.' Refer to as 'Your Majesty.'

Secretary of State—'Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the —— Department.'

Vice-Chancellor—As a Judge. Begin: 'Sir.' Address on the bench as 'My Lord.'

Viscount—'The Right Hon. the Lord Viscount ——,' or 'The Lord Viscount ——.' Begin: 'My Lord.' Refer to as 'Your Lordship.'

Viscountess—'The Right Hon. the Viscountess ——,' or 'The Viscountess ——.' Begin: 'Madam.' Refer to as 'Your Ladyship.'

Viscount's Daughter, Son, and Son's Wife—As Baron's daughter, son, and son's wife.

In correspondence with equals or personal friends letters are begun less formally—e.g., 'My dear Lord,' 'Dear Lord ——,' 'Dear Sir James.' We are less ceremonious than our ancestors a few generations ago, when letters to the nearest relatives and most intimate friends were begun and ended in the most formal manner. Designations like 'Mrs General ——,' 'Mrs Captain ——,' 'Mrs Dr ——,' which were fifty years ago not uncommon, were always improper. Persons holding offices other than those enumerated are addressed in the usual form, 'Sir,' 'Dear Sir,' or 'My dear Sir,' according to the more or less formal terms on which the writer may be with his correspondent. A firm is addressed 'Gentlemen' or 'Dear Sirs.'

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES,
WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

See especially Miss Yonge's History of Christian Names (2 vols. 1863).

Abraham, Abram (Heb.), father of a multitude, high father.—Dims. Abe, Aby.

Adeline, also Adaline, Adela, Adelaide, Adelia, Adelina (Teut.), of noble birth, a princess.—Dim. Addy.

Adolphus (Teut.), noble wolf.—Fr. Adolphe, It. Adolfo or Udolfo, Ger. Adolf.

Albert (Teut.), nobly bright.—Dims. Bert, Bertie.—L. Albertus, Fr. Albert, Sp. and It. Alberto, Ger. Adalbert, Albert, Albrecht.—Fem. Alberta.

Alexander (Gr.), a helper of men.—Dims. Aleck, Alick, Eck, Ecky, Sanders, Sandy, Sawnie.—Fr. Alexandre, It. Alessandro.—Fem. Alexandra, Alexandrina.

Alfred (Teut.), elf in counsel—i.e. good counsellor.—Dim. Alf.—L. Alfredus, Aluredus, Fr. Alfred, It. and Sp. Alfredo.

Algernon (O. Fr.), with moustaches—prob. from the usual title, 'William als Gernons,' applied for this cause to William de Albini, the second husband of Henry I.'s widow, Alix of Louvaine.—Dim. Algy.

Alice, Alicia (Teut.), noble cheer—closely related to Adeline above.—Dims. Ally or Allie, Elsie.

Alison, a Scotch form of Aloyse, Elöise, Helöise, from Hlodovicia, a name of Teut. origin meaning holy fame.—Dim. Elsie.

Allan, Alan, a name first found in early Breton history, referred by Miss Yonge to Hilarius ('cheerful'), confused with Ælianus; more prob. Celt., meaning harmony.

Ambrose (Gr.), immortal, divine.—L. Ambrosius, Fr. Ambroise, It. Ambrogio, Sp. Ambrosio.

Amelia (Teut.), toiling, energetic.—Fr. Amélie, It. Amelia, Amalia.

Andrew (Gr.), manly.—Dim. Andy.—L. Andreas, Fr. André, It. Andrea, Sp. Andres.

Ann, Anna, Anne (Heb.), grace—the same as Hannah.—Dims. Annie, Nancy, Nanny, Nina, Nan, Annette.

Annabel, Annabella, Annaple, made up of Anna (Heb.), grace, as above, and Bella (L.), fair; or probably the early Celtic name Aine, meaning joy, praise, Anglicised. It may be, however, a variant of Arabella, earlier Arnhilda (Teut.), eagle heroine.

Anthony, Antony (L.), worthy of praise.—Dim. Tony.—L. Antonius, Fr. Antoine, It. and Sp. Antonio, Ger. Antonius, Anton.—Fem. Antonia.

Antoinette, the French form of Antonia, Antonina, the fem. of Anthony.—Dim. Net, Netty.

Arabella (L.), a fair altar, or an Arabian woman—perh. Teut., meaning eagle heroine.—Dims. Bella, Bel, Belle. See Annabel above.

Archibald (Teut.), very bold, or holy prince.—Dims. Archy, Baldie.—L. Archibaldus, Fr. Archambault, It. Arcibaldo.

Arthur (Celt.), high, noble.—L. Arthurus, Fr. Artur, Artus, It. Arturo.

Augustin, Augustine, Austin (L.), belonging to Augustus.—L. Augustinus, Fr. Augustin, It. Agostino, Ger. Augustin.

Augustus (L.), exalted.—Dims. Gus, Gussie, Gustus.—Fr. Auguste, Ger. August.—Fem. Augusta.

Baldwin (Teut.), prince-friend.—L. Balduinus, Fr. Baudouin, It. Baldovino, Balduino, Ger. Balduin.

Baptist (Gr.), a baptiser.—Fr. Baptiste, Batiste, It. Battista, Ger. Baptist.

Bardolph (Teut.), bright wolf or distinguished helper.—Fr. Bardolphe, It. Bardolfo.

Bartholomew (Heb.), son of one's own brother (i.e. friend).—Dims. Bart, Bat.—L. Bartholomæus, Fr. Bartolomée, Barthélemi, It. Bartolomeo, Ger. Bartholomäus, Barthel.

Benedict (L.), blessed.—Dim. Bennet.—L. Benedictus, Fr. Benoît, It. Benedetto, Bettino, Sp. Benedicto, Benito, Ger. Benedict.—Fem. Benedicta.

Benjamin (Heb.), son of the right hand (i.e. of good fortune).—Dims. Ben, Benny.—It. Beniamino.

Bernard (Teut.), bold as a bear.—Dim. Barney.—L. Bernardus, Fr. Bernard, Bernardin, It. Bernardo, Bernardino, Sp. Bernardo, Bernal, Ger. Bernhard, Barend, Berend.

Bertha (Teut.), bright.—Dims. Bertie, Berty.—Fr. Berthe, It. and Sp. Berta.

Bertram (Teut.), bright raven.—Dim. Bert.—Fr. Bertrand, It. Bertrando, Sp. Beltran.

Boniface (L.), a benefactor.—L. Bonifacius, It. Bonifacio, Bonifazio, Sp. Bonifacio.

Bridget (Celt.), strength.—Dim. Biddy.—Fr. Brigitte, It. and Sp. Brigida, Ger. Brigitta.

Cæsar (L.), hairy, or blue-eyed, or born under the Cæsarean operation.—Fr. César, It. Cesare, Ger. Cäsar.

Caroline, a French form of the fem. of Carolus, the Latin of Charles.—Dims. Carrie, Caddie.

Catherine, also Catherina, Catharine, Katharine, Katherine (Gr.), pure.—Dims. Casy, Kate, Kathleen, Katie, Cathie, Kathie, Katrine, Kit, Kitty.—Fr. Catherine, It. Caterina, Sp. Catalina, Ger. Katharine.

Cecilia, Cecily, fem. of Cecil.—Dims. Sisely, Sis, Cis, Cissy.—Fr. Cécile, It. Cecilia.

Charles (Teut.), strong, manly.—Dims. Charley, Charlie.—L. Carolus, Fr. Charles, It. Carlo, Sp. Carlos, Ger. Carl, Karl.—Fem. Caroline, Charlotte.

Christian (L.), belonging to Christ.—Dims. Christie, Christy.—L. Christianus, Fr. Chrestien, Chrétien, It. and Sp. Cristiano.—Fem. Christiana, Christina.

Christina, fem. of Christian.—Dims. Chrissie, Teenie, Tina, Xina.

Christopher (Gr.), bearing Christ.—Dims. Kester, Kit, Chris.—L. Christophorus, Fr. Christophe, It. Cristoforo, Sp. Cristoval, Ger. Christoph.

Clara (L.), bright.—Dim. Clare.—Fr. Claire, It. Chiara, Sp. Clara.

Clement (L.), mild, merciful.—L. Clemens, It. and Sp. Clemente, Fr. Clément, Ger. Clemens.—Fem. and dim. forms are Clementina, Clementine.

Conrad (Teut.), bold in counsel, resolute.—L. Conradus, Fr. Conrade, It. Conrado, Corrado, Ger. Konrad.

Constance, a fem. form of Constant.—Dim. Connie.—L. Constantia, Fr. Constance, It. Costanza.

Constant (L.), firm, faithful.—L. Constans, Constantius, It. Costante, Costanzo, Sp. Constancio, Ger. Constanz.

Constantine (L.), firm.—L. Constantinus, It. Costantino, Sp. Constantino, Ger. Constantin.

Cornelius, prob. related to L. cornu, a horn.—Fr. Cornélius (fem. Cornélie), It. and Sp. Cornelio.—Fem. Cornelia.

Crispin, Crispian, Crispus (L.), curly-haired.—L. Crispinus, Crispianus, Fr. Crispin, Crépin, It. Crispino, Crispo, Ger. Crispus.

Cyril (Gr.), lordly.—L. Cyrillus, Fr. Cyrille, Sp. Cirilo, Ger. Cyrill.

David (Heb.), beloved.—Dims. Davy, Dave.—Fr. David, It. Davide, Davidde, Ger. David.—Fem. Davida, Vida.

Demetrius (Gr.), belonging to Demeter or Ceres.—Fr. Demétrius, It. Demetrio.

Dionysius (Gr.), belonging to Dionysos or Bacchus.—Fr. Denys, Denis, It. Dionigio, Dionigi, Dionisio, Ger. Dionysius, Dionys.

Dominic (L.), Sunday child.—L. Dominicus, Fr. Dominique, It. Domenico, Sp. Domingo.

Dorothea, Dorothy (Gr.), the gift of God.—Dims. Dol, Dolly.—Fr. Dorothée, Dorette, It. and Sp. Dorotea.

Edmund (A.S.), rich protection.—Dims. Ed, Ned.—L. Edmundus, Fr. Edmond, It. Edmondo, Sp. Edmundo.

Edward (A.S.), rich guard.—Dims. Ed, Eddy, Ned, Neddy, Ted, Teddy.—L. Edvardus, Fr. Edouard, It. Eduardo, Edoardo, Sp. Eduardo, Ger. Eduard.

Edwin (A.S.), rich friend.—Dims. Ed, Eddy.—L. Edvinus, It. Eduino.

Egbert (A.S.), terribly bright.—L. Egbertus, It. Egberto, Ger. Eckbert, Egbert.

Eleanor, Elinor (Gr.), light—the same as Helen.—Dims. Ella, Ellen, Nell, Nellie, Nora.—It. Eleonora, Ger. Eleonore, Fr. Aliénor.

Elijah (Heb.), God is the Lord.—L. Elija, Fr. Élie, It. Elia, Ger. Elias, Elia.

Elisabeth, Elizabeth, Eliza (Heb.), God of the oath.—Dims. Bess, Bessie, Bessy, Beth, Betsy, Betty, Elsie, Liz, Lizzie, Libby, Lisa, Liza.—Fr. Elisabeth, Élise, It. Elisabetta, Elisa, Ger. Elisabeth, Elise.

Elisha (Heb.), God of salvation.—L. Eliseus, Fr. Élisée, It. and Sp. Eliseo.

Elspeth (Heb.), God of the oath—a Scotch form of Elisabeth.—Dims. Elspie, Elsie.

Emeline, Emmeline, Emily (Teut.), industrious, energetic.—Fr. Émilie, It. and Sp. Emilia, Ger. Emilie.

Emma, the same as Emeline.—Dims. Emm, Emmie.—Fr. Emma, It. Emma, Sp. Ema.

Emmanuel, Immanuel (Gr. from Heb.), God with us.—Fr. Emmanuel, It. Emmanuele, Sp. Manuel, Ger. Emanuel.

Ernest (Ger.), earnest.—Fr. Ernest, It. and Sp. Ernesto, Ger. Ernst.—Fem. Ernestine.

Esther (Pers.), a star, good fortune.—Dim. Essie.—Fr. Esther, It. Ester, Esterre, Sp. Ester, Ger. Esther.

Eugene (Gr.), well born, noble.—L. Eugenius, Fr. Eugène, It. Eugenio, Sp. Eugenio, Ger. Eugenius, Eugen.—Fem. Eugenia.

Eugenia, fem. of Eugene.—Dim. Genie.—Fr. Eugénie, It. and Sp. Eugenia.

Euphemia (Gr.), of good report.—Dims. Effie, Euphie, Phemie, Phamie.—Fr. Euphémie, It. and Sp. Eufemia.

Eustace (Gr.), healthy, firm.—L. Eustachius, Eustathius, Fr. Eustach, Eustathe, It. Eustazio, Eustachio, Ger. Eustathius.

Eva, Eve (Heb.), life.—Dims. Evelina, Eveline, Evelyn.—Fr. Eve, It. and Sp. Eva, Ger. Eva.

Everard (Teut.), strong as a wild boar.—Fr. Evraud, It. Everardo, Eberardo, Ger. Eberhard, Ebert.

Felicia (L.), happiness.—Fr. Félicie, Félicite, It. Felicia, Sp. Felicidad.

Felix (L.), happy.—Fr. Félix, It. Felice, Sp. Felix, Port. Feliz, Ger. Felix.—Fem. Felicia.

Ferdinand (Teut.), brave.—Fr. Ferdinand, Ferrand, It. Ferdinando, Ferrando, Sp. Hernando, Fernando, Ger. Ferdinand.

Florence (L.), blooming.—Dims. Flo, Flossie, Floy.—L. Florentia.

Frances, fem. of Francis.—Dim. Fanny.—L. Francisca, Fr. Françoise, Francisque, It. Francesca, Sp. Francisca, Ger. Franziske.

Francis (Fr.), free—dim. Frank—L. Franciscus, Fr. François, It. Francesco, Franco, Sp. Francisco, Ger. Franciscus, Franz.—Fem. Frances—dim. Fanny.

Frederic, Frederick (Teut.), peace ruler.—Dims. Fred, Freddy.—L. Fredericus, Fr. Frédéric, It, Frederigo, Frederico, Sp. Federico, Ger. Friedrich, Fritz.—Fem. Frederica.

Frederica, fem. of Frederic.—Dim. Freddie.—Fr. Frédérique, It. Frederica, Sp. Federica, Ger. Friederike.

Gabriel (Heb.), hero of God.—Dim. Gabe.—Fr. Gabriel, It. Gabriello.

George (Gr.), a husbandman—dims. Georgie, Geordie—L. Georgius, Fr. Georges, It. Giorgio, Sp. Jorge, Ger. Georg.—Fem. Georgiana, Georgina—dim. Georgie.

Gerald, Gerard (Teut.), spear-power.—L. Geraldus, Gerardus, Fr. Gérard, Géraud, Giraud, Girauld, It. Gerardo, Giraldo, Ger. Gerhard.—Fem. Geraldine.

German, Germaine (L.), German.—L. Germanus, Fr. Germain, It. Germano.

Gertrude (Teut.), spear-maid.—Dims. Gertie, Trudy.—Fr. Gertrude, It. Gertrude, Geltruda, Sp. Gertrudes, Ger. Gertraud, Gertrud.

Gilbert (Teut.), bright pledge.—Dim. Gil.—L. Gilbertus, Fr. Guilbert, Gilbert, It. and Sp. Gilberto, Ger. Gilbert, Giselbert.

Giles (Gr.), with the ægis, or a kid.—L. Ægidius, Fr. Gilles, Égide, It. Egidio, Ger. Egidius.

Godfrey (Teut.), God's peace.—L. Godefridus, Galfridus, Fr. Godefroi, Geoffroi, It. Godofredo, Goffredo, Giotto, Sp. Godofredo, Gofredo, Ger. Gottfried.

Gregory (Gr.), watchman.—L. Gregorius, Fr. Grégoire, It. and Sp. Gregoiro, Ger. Gregorius, Gregor.

Gustavus (Teut.), Goth's staff—Fr. Gustave, It. and Sp. Gustavo, Ger. Gustav.

Guy (Fr.), a leader, or Celt., meaning sense.—L. Guido, Fr. Guy, It. and Sp. Guido.

Hadrian, Adrian (L.), of Adria, a town in Picenum, whence also Adriatic Sea.—L. Hadrianus.

Hannibal (Punic), grace of Baal.—So L., Fr. Hannibal, Annibal, It. Annibale, Sp. Anibal.

Harriet, Harriot, fem. and dim. forms of Harry, Henry.—Dim. Hatty.

Helen, Helena (Gr.), light.—Dims. Nell, Nellie.—L. Helena, Fr. Hélène, It. Elena, Sp. Helena, Elena, Ger. Helene.

Henrietta, a French dim. form of Henry.—Dims. Etta, Hetty, Nettie.—Fr. Henriette, It. Enrighetta, Sp. Enriqueta, Ger. Henriette.

Henry (Teut.), home ruler.—Dims. Harry, Hal, Hen, Henny.—L. Henricus, Enricus, Fr. Henri, It. Enrico, Sp. Enrique, Ger. Heinrich, Dut. Hendrik.—Fem. Henrietta, Harriet.

Herbert (A.S.), glory of the army.—L. Herbertus, Fr. Herbert, It. Erberto, Sp. Heberto, Ger. Herbert.

Hezekiah (Heb.), the Lord is strength.—Fr. Ezéchias, It. Ezechia, Sp. Ezequias, Ger. Hiskia.

Hilary (L.), cheerful.—L. Hilarius, Fr. Hilaire, It. Ilario, Sp. Hilario, Ger. Hilarius.—Fem. Hilaria.

Homer (Gr.), a pledge.—L. Homerus, Fr. Homère, It. Omero, Ger. Homerus.

Horace, Horatio (L.).—L. Horatius, Fr. Horace, It. Orazio, Sp. Horacio, Ger. Horatius, Horazo.—Fem. Horatia.

Hortensia (L.), a gardener.—Fr. Hortense, It. Ortensia, Ger. Hortensia.

Hubert (Teut.), mind bright.—L. Hubertus, Fr. Hubert, It. Uberto, Sp. Huberto, Ger. Hubert, Hugibert.

Hugh, Hugo (Teut.), mind, soul.—Dims. Hughie, Hughoc, Huggin.—L. Hugo, Fr. Hugues, It. Ugo, Ugolino, Sp. Hugo, Ger. Hugo.

Humphry, Humphrey (A.S.), support of peace.—Dim. Humph.—L. Humphredus or Humfridus, Fr. Onfroi, It. Onofredo, Omfredo, Sp. Hunfredo, Ger. Humfried.

Ignatius (Gr.), fiery.—Fr. Ignace, It. Ignazio, Sp. Ignacio and Inigo, Ger. Ignaz.

Isaac, Izaak (Heb.), he laugheth.—Dims. Ik, Ike.—L. Isacus, Fr. Isaac, It. Isacco, Ger. Isaak.

Isabella, Isabel, Isobel, Isabeau, the same as Elisabeth.—Dims. Isa, Bel, Bella, Tib, Tibbie.—Fr. Isabeau, Isabelle, It. Isabella, Sp. Isabel, Ger. Isabelle.

Jacob (Heb.), he taketh hold of the heel, or followeth after, a supplanter.—Dim. Jake.—L. Jacobus, Fr. Jacob, It. Giacobbe, Sp. Jacobo, Ger. Jakob.

James, the same as Jacob.—Dims. Jeames, Jem, Jim, Jemmy, Jimmy.—L. Jacobus, Fr. Jacques, It. Jacopo, Jachimo, Giacomo, Sp. Jacobo, Diego, Jago, Jaime, Port. Javme, Diogo, Ger. Jakob.—Fem. Jamesina, Jaqueline.

Jane, the fem. of John (q.v.).—Dims. Janet, Jean, Jeanie, Jeannie.

Janet, a dim. of Jane (q.v.), hence 'grace of the Lord.'—Dims. Jen, Jennie, Jenny.

Jasper (Pers.), prob. treasure-master.—Fr. Gaspard, It. Gasparo, Gasparro, Sp. Gaspar.

Jeremiah, Jeremias, Jeremy (Heb.), the Lord layeth the foundation.—L. Jeremias, Fr. Jérémie, It. Geremia, Sp. Jeremias, Ger. Jeremias.

Jerome (Gr.), holy name.—L. Hieronymus, Fr. Jérôme, It. Geronimo, Girolamo, Sp. Jeronimo, Jeromo, Ger. Hieronymus.

Jessie, a Scotch form of Janet, hence 'grace of the Lord.'—Dim. Jess.

Joan, Joanna, Johanna, fem. forms of John.—L. Johanna, Fr. Jeanne, Jeannette, It. Giovanna, Sp. Juana, Ger. Johanna.

John (Heb.), the Lord graciously gave, the gracious gift of God.—Dims. Johnny, Jack, Jock.—L. Johannes, Joannes, Fr. Jean, It. Giovanni, Gian, Gianni, Sp. Juan, Port. João, Ger. Johann, Johannes, Hans, Dut. Jan, Russ. Ivan.—Fem. Joanna, Joan, Jane.

Joseph (Heb.), may he add (children)! he shall add—dims. Joe, Joey—L. Josephus, Fr. Joseph, It. Giuseppe, Sp. José, Josef, Port. José, Joze, Ger. Joseph.—Fem. Josephine—dims. Jo, Jozy, Pheny—Fr. Joséphine, It. Giuseppina, Sp. Josefina, Port. Josephina, Ger. Josephine.

Joshua (Heb.), the Lord is welfare.—Dim. Josh.—L. Josua, Fr. Josué, Ger. Josua.

Judith (Heb.), praised.—Dim. Judy.—Fr. Judith, It. Giuditta, Ger. Judith.

Julian (L.), sprung from Julius.—Dim. Jule.—Fem. Juliana.—L. Julianus, Fr. Julien, It. Giuliano, Sp. Julian, Port. Julião, Ger. Julianus, Julian.

Julius (Gr.), downy-bearded—dim. Jule—Fr. Jules It. Giulio, Sp. Julio, Ger. Julius.—Fem. Julia, Juliet—Fr. Julie, It. Giulia, Sp. Julia, Ger. Julie.

Justin (L.), just.—L. Justinus, Fr. Justin, It. Giustino, Sp. Justino, Ger. Justin.—Fem. Justina—Fr. Justine, It. Giustina, Sp. Justina, Ger. Justine.

Justus (L.), just.—Fr. Juste, It. Giusto, Sp. Justo, Ger. Justus, Just.

Lambert (Teut.), country's brightness.—Fr. Lambert, Lanbert, It. Lamberto, Ger. Lambert, Landbert.

Lancelot, Launcelot (Fr.), servant, or a little lance.—Fr. Lancelot, It. Lancilotto.

Laurence, Lawrence (L.), crowned with laurel.—Dim. Larry.—L. Laurentius, Fr. Laurent. It. Lorenzo, Sp. Lorenzo, Ger. Lorenz.

Lazarus (Heb.), God helpeth.—Fr. Lazare, It. Lazaro, Sp. Lazaro, Lazarillo, Ger. Lazarus.

Leonard (Teut.), strong as a lion.—L. Leondardus, Fr. Léonard, It. Lionardo, Sp. Leonardo, Ger. Leonhard.

Leopold (Teut.), people's prince.—Fr. Léopold, It. and Sp. Leopoldo, Ger. Luitpold, Leupold, Leopold.

Letitia, Lettice (L.), happiness.—Dim. Lettie.—L. Lætitia, It. Letizia.

Lewis (Teut.), famous warrior.—Dims. Lewie, Louie, Lew.—L. Ludovicus, Fr. Louis, It. Lodovico, Luigi, Sp. Clodoveo, Luis, Port. Luiz, Ger. Ludwig.—Fem. Louisa, Louise.

Louisa, Louise, fem. of Louis.—Dims. Lou, Louie.—Fr. Louise, Lisette, Héloïse, It. Luisa, Eloïsa, Sp. Luisa, Port. Luiza, Ger. Luise, Ludovica.

Lucian (L.), pertaining to Lucius.—L. Lucianus, Fr. Lucien, It. Luciano.

Lucius (L.), born at daybreak.—Fr. Luce, It. Lucio, Sp. Lucio.—Fems. Lucia, Lucy.

Lucretia, Lucrece (L.), gain, or light.—L. Lucretia, Fr. Lucrèce, It. Lucrezia.

Luther (Teut.), famous warrior.—L. Lutherus, Fr. Lothaire, It. Lotario, Sp. Clotario, Ger. Luther.

Mabel (L.), lovable, worthy of love, inspiring love—a contraction of Amabel (q.v.).

Madeline, the French form of Magdalene (Heb.), belonging to Magdala.—Dims. Maud, Maudlin.—Fr. Magdelaine, Madeleine, Madelon, It. Maddalena, Sp. Magdalena, Madelena, Ger. Magdalene.

Marcus, Marcius, Mark (L.), a hammer, or sprung from Mars—L. Marcus, Fr. Marc, It. Marco, Sp. Marcos, Ger. Markus.—Fem. Marcia—Fr. Marcie, It. Marcia, Marzia.

Margaret (Gr.), a pearl.—Dims. Margie, Margery, Marjory, Madge, Mag, Maggie, Meg, Meggy, Peg, Peggy, Meta, Gritty.—Fr. Marguérite, It. Margherita, Sp. Margarita, Port. Margarida, Ger. Margarethe, Gretchen.

Marianne, a compound of Mary and Anne—so Marian, Maryann.—Fr. Mariane, Marianne, It. Marianna, Sp. Mariana, Ger. Marianne.

Martha (Heb.), lady.—Dims. Mat, Matty, Pat, Patty.—Fr. Marthe, It. and Sp. Marta, Ger. Martha.

Martin (L.), of Mars, warlike.—L. Martinus, Fr. Martin, Mertin, It. and Sp. Martino, Port. Martinho, Ger. Martin.

Mary (Heb.), prob. related to Mara, Marah, bitter.—Dims. May, Moll, Molly, Mamie, Pol, Polly.—L. Maria, Fr. Marie, Marion, It. and Sp. Maria, Pol. Marya.

Matilda, Mathilda (Teut.), mighty battle maid.—Dims. Mat, Matty, Maud, Patty, Tilda.—Fr. Mathilde, It. Matilda, Ger. Matilde.

Matthew (Heb.), gift of the Lord.—Dim. Mat.—L. Matthæus, Fr. Mathieu, It. Matteo, Sp. Mateo, Ger. Matthæus.

Maurice (L.), Moorish, dark-coloured.—L. Mauritius, Fr. Maurice, It. Maurizio, Sp. Mauricio, Ger. Moritz.

Maximilian (L.), the greatest Æmilianus.—L. Maximilianus, Fr. Maximilien, Port. Maximiliãs, Ger. Maximilian.

Melicent, Milicent (L.), sweet singer, or (Teut.) strength.—Sp. Melisenda.

Michael (Heb.), who is like God?—Dims. Mike, Micky.—Fr. Michel, It. Michele, Sp. and Port. Miguel, Ger. Michael.

Minnie (Teut.), remembrance—sometimes for Mina, a contraction of Wilhelmina; sometimes put for Mary.

Moses (Heb.), he that draws out, but more probably an Egyptian name.—Dims. Mose, Mosey.—So L., Fr. Moïse, It. Moise, Sp. Moises, Ger. Moses.—Fem. Mosina.

Nancy, a familiar form of Anne, not properly of Agnes.—Dims. Nan, Nance, Nina.

Nicholas, Nicolas (Gr.), victory of the people.—Dim. Nick.—L. Nicolaus, Fr. Nicolas, Nicole, It. Nicolo, Nicola, Sp. Nicolas, Port. Nicolao, Ger. Nikolaus.

Noel (Fr.—L.), Christmas, born on that day.—Fr. Noël, It. Natale, Sp. and Port. Natal.

Octavius, Octavus (L.), the eighth born—dims. Tavy, Tave—L. Octavius, Octavianus, Fr. Octavien, It. Ottaviano, Ottavio.—Fem. Octavia—Fr. Octavie, Octave, It. Ottavia, Sp. Octavia, Ger. Octavia.

Oliver (L.), an olive-tree.—Dims. Nol, Nolly.—L. Oliverus, Fr. Olivier, It. Oliviero, Uliviero, Sp. Oliverio, Port. Oliveiro, Ger. Oliver.—Fem. Olive, Olivia.

Patrick, Patricius (L.), noble.—Dims. Pat, Paddy.—L. Patricius, Fr. Patrice, It. Patrizio, Sp. Patricio, Ger. Patrizius.—Fem. Patricia.

Paul, Paulus, Paulinus (L.), little—L. Paulus, Fr. Paul, It. Paola, Sp. Pablo, Port. Paulo, Ger. Paul.—Fem. Paula, Paulina, Pauline—Fr. Paule, Paulìne, It. Paola, Paolìna, Sp. Paula, Ger. Pauline.

Peregrine (L.), a stranger.—L. Peregrinus, Fr. Pérégrin, It. Pellegrino, Sp. Peregrino, Ger. Piligrim.

Persis (Gr.), a Persian woman.—Fr. Perside, It. Persida, Sp. Perside, Ger. Persis.

Peter (Gr.), a rock.—Dims. Pete, Peterkin.—L. Petrus, Fr. Pierre, It. Pietro, Sp. and Port. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Petrus.

Philip (Gr.), a lover of horses.—Dims. Phil, Pip.—L. Philippus, Fr. Philippe, It. Filippo, Sp. Felipe, Ger. Philipp.—Fem. Philippa.

Philippa, fem. of Philip above.—Fr. Philippine, It. Filippa, Filippina, Sp. Felipa, Ger. Philippine.

Phineas, Phinehas (Heb.), oracle—more probably an Egyptian word meaning negro.

Rachel (Heb.), a ewe.—Fr. Rachel, It. Rachele, Sp. Raquel, Ger. Rahel.

Raphael (Heb. rephael), God hath healed.—Fr. Raphael, It. Raffaello, Raffaele, Ger. Raphael.

Raymond, Raymund (Teut.), wise protection.—Fr. Raymond, It. Raimondo, Sp. Raimundo, Ger. Raimund.

Rebecca, Rebekah (Heb.), a noose.—Dims. Beck, Bex, Becky.—L. Rebecca, Fr. Rebecca, Ger. Rebekka.

Reginald (Teut.), powerful judgment.—L. Reginaldus, Fr. Regnauld, Renaud, Regnault, It. Rinaldo, Sp. Reynaldos, Ger. Reinwald, Reinald.

Richard (Teut.), stern king.—Dims. Dick, Dicky, Dicken, Dickon.—L. Ricardus, Fr. Richard, It. Riccardo, Sp. Ricardo, Ger. Richard.

Robert (Teut.), bright in fame.—Dims. Bob, Bobby, Dob, Dobbin, Rob, Robbie, Robin.—L. Robertus, Fr. Robert, It. Roberto, Ruberto, Ruperto, Ger. Robert, Rupert, Rudbert, Ruprecht.

Roderick, Roderic (Teut.), famous king, or rich in fame.—Fr. Rodrigue, It. Rodrigo, Sp. Rodrigo, Ruy, Ger. Roderich, Russ. Rurik.

Rodolph, Rodolphus (Teut.), wolf of fame.—L. Rodolphus, Fr. Rodolphe, Raoul, It. Rodolfo, Ridolfo, Sp. Rodolfo, Ger. Rudolf.

Roger (Teut.), spear of fame.—Dims. Hodge, Hodgkin.—L. Rogerus, Fr. Roger, It. Ruggiero, Rogero, Sp. Rogerio, Ger. Rüdiger.

Roland, Rowland (Teut.), fame of the land.—L. Rotlandus, Rolandus, Fr. Roland, It. Orlando, Sp. Roldan, Port. Rolando, Roldão, Ger. Roland.

Rosa (L.), a rose;—Rosabel, Rosabella, a fair rose;—Rosalia, Rosalie, a little rose;—Rosalind, beautiful as a rose.—Dim. Rosie.

Rosamond (Teut.), horse-protection, or famous protection.—Fr. Rosemonde, It. Rosmonda, Sp. Rosamunda.

Samson, Sampson (Heb.), of the sun, solar.—Fr. Samson, Sp. Sanson, Port. Sansão.

Samuel (Heb.), heard of God, name of God.—Dims. Sam, Sammy.—Fr. Samuel, It. Samuele, Ger. Samuel.

Sarah, Sara (Heb.), princess, queen.—Dim. Sal, Sally.—Fr. Sara, It. and Sp. Sara, Ger. Sara.

Sebastian (Gr.), venerable.—L. Sebastianus, Fr. Sébastien, It. Sebastiano.—Sp. Sebastian, Port. Sebastião, Ger. Sebastian.

Sigismund (Teut.), conquering protection.—Fr. Sigismond, It. Sigismondo, Sismondo, Sp. Sigismundo, Ger. Sigismund, Sigmund.

Silas, Silvanus (L.), living in a wood.—Fr. Silvain, It. Silvano, Silvio, Ger. Silvanus, Silvan.—Fem. Sylvia.

Silvester, Sylvester (L.), rustic.—Dims. Vester, Vest.—Fr. Silvestre, Ger. Silvester.

Simeon, Simon (Heb.), famous, that hears.—Dim. Sim.—Fr. Siméon, It. Simone, Sp. Simon, Port. Simão, Simeão, Ger. Simeon, Simon.

Sophia (Gr.), wisdom.—Dim. Sophy.—Fr. Sophie, It. Sofia, Ger. Sophia.

Solomon (Heb.), peaceable.—Dim. Sol.—Fr. Salomon, It. Salomone, Ger. Salomo.

Stephen (Gr.), a crown.—Dims. Steenie, Steve, Stevie.—L. Stephanus, Fr. Étienne, It. Stefano, Sp. Estevan, Esteban, Port. Estevão, Ger. Stephan.

Susan, Susanna, Susannah (Heb.), a lily.—Dims. Sue, Suke, Suky, Susie, Susy.—Fr. Susanne, It. Susanna, Sp. Susana, Ger. Susanne.

Thaddeus (Aramaic), strong.—L. Thaddæus, It. Taddeo, Sp. Tadeo, Ger. Thaddäus.

Theobald (Teut.), people's prince.—Fr. Thibaut, It. Teobaldo, Sp. Theudebaldo, Ger. Dietbold.

Theodora, fem. of Theodore.—Dim. Dora.—It. Teodora, Ger. Theodora.

Theodore (Gr.), gift of God.—L. Theodorus, Fr. Théodore, It. Teodoro, Ger. Theodor, Russ. Feodor.

Theodosius (Gr.), divinely given.—It. Teodosia, Ger. Theodosia.—Fem. Theodosia.

Theophilus (Gr.), a lover of God.—Fr. Théophile, It. Teofilo, Ger. Theophilus, Gottlieb.

Theresa (Gr.), carrying ears of corn.—Dims. Terry, Tracie.—Fr. Thérèse, It. and Sp. Teresa, Ger. Therese, Theresia.

Thomas (Heb.), a twin.—Dims. Tom, Tommy, Tam, Tammie.—Fr. Thomas, It. Tomaso, Sp. Tomas, Ger. Thomas.—Fem. Thomasa, Thomasina, Thomasine, Tomina.

Timothy (Gr.), honoured of God.—Dim. Tim.—L. Timotheus, Fr. Timothée, It. Timoteo, Sp. Timoteo, Ger. Timotheus.

Tobiah, Tobias (Heb.), the Lord is good.—Dim. Toby.—L. Tobias, Fr. Tobie, It. Tobia, Sp. Tobias, Ger. Tobias.

Urban (L.), of the town, courteous.—L. Urbanus, Fr. Urbain, It. Urbano, Ger. Urbanus, Urban.

Valentine (L.), strong.—L. Valentinus, Fr. Valentin, It. Valentino, Sp. Valentin, Ger. Valentin.

Valeria, fem. of Valerius (L.), healthy.—Fr. Valérie, It. Valeria, Ger. Valerie.

Victoria, fem. of Victor.—Fr. Victoire, It. Vittoria, Ger. Victoria.

Vincent (L.), conquering.—L. Vincens, Fr. Vincent, It. Vincenzio, Sp. Vincente, Port. Vicente, Ger. Vincenz.

Viola (L.), a violet.—Fr. Violette, It. Viola, Sp. Violante, Ger. Viola, Viole.

Walter (Teut.), powerful warrior.—Dims. Wat, Watty.—L. Gualterus, Fr. Gauthier, Gautier, It. Gualtiero, Sp. Gualterio, Ger. Walther.

Wilhelmina, fem. of Wilhelm, the German form of William (q.v.).—Dims. Wilmett, Wilmot, Mina, Minnie, Minella.—Fr. Guillelmine, Guillemette, It. Guglielma, Sp. Guillelmina, Ger. Wilhelmine.

William (Teut.), helmet of resolution.—Dims. Will, Willy, Bill, Billy.—L. Guilielmus, Gulielmus, Fr. Guillaume, It. Guglielmo, Sp. Guillermo, Port. Guilherme, Ger. Wilhelm.—Fem. Wilhelmina.

Zachariah, Zechariah (Heb.), the Lord hath remembered.—Dims. Zach, Zechy.

WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT
USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN
FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

See especially the Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases, edited by Dr C. A. M. Fennell (Cambridge, 1892).

abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit (L.), he is gone, he is off, he has escaped, he has broken away (Cicero, In Catilinam, II. i. 1).

ab officio et beneficio (Late L.), from office and benefice—of a clergyman suspended.

ab ovo usque ad mala (L.), from the egg to the apples—of a Roman banquet: from the beginning to the end.

absens heres non erit (L.), the absent one will not be the heir—out of sight, out of mind.

absit (L.), lit. 'let him be absent'—leave to pass one night away from college.

ab uno disce omnes (L.), from one learn all: from one example you may know the rest.

abusus non tollit usum (L.), abuse does not do away with use—i.e. an abuse does not forfeit the legitimate use of a thing.

ac etiam (L.), 'and also'—the name of a clause added to a complaint of trespass in the Court of King's Bench.

à chaque saint sa chandelle (Fr.), to every saint his candle: to every patron his meed of service.

acroama, acroasis (Gr.), oral teaching, anything rhetorical or otherwise pleasant to listen to.

Actæon (Gr.), the hunter who surprised Artemis bathing, and so, being changed into a stag, was torn in pieces by his own hounds: a cuckold.

actum ne agas (L.), do not do over again what is done—i.e. do a thing and have done with it.

ad Calendas Græcas (L.), at the Greek Calends—i.e. never, as the Greeks had no Calends.

ad eundem [gradum] (L.), to the same [degree]—of the admission of a graduate of one university to the same degree at another without examination.

adieu paniers, vendanges sont faites (Fr.), farewell hampers, the vintage is over—good-bye to our hopes! all is over.

ad majorem Dei gloriam (L.), for the greater glory of God—the Jesuit motto.

ad misericordiam (L.), to pity—of an argument, &c.—Also used adjectively.

Adonai (Heb.), the Lord—the name substituted for Jahveh or Jehovah in reading the Old Testament; lit. 'my lords.'

à droite (Fr.), to the right;—à droite et à gauche (Fr.), right and left.

ad vitam aut culpam (L.), for life or till fault—i.e. till some misconduct be proved.

advocatus diaboli (L.), devil's advocate, a person appointed to contest before the papal court the claims of a candidate for canonisation; hence any adverse critic.

ægrescitque medendo (L.), and he becomes worse from the very remedies used.

A.E.I.O.U. (Austriæ est imperare orbi universo), it is Austria's part to command the whole globe.

æquam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem (L.), remember to keep a calm mind in difficulties.

ærarium (L.), the public treasury of ancient Rome under the charge of the Ærarii.

Æsculapius, Esculapius (L.), the god of the healing art, representative of physicians.

affiche (Fr.), a notice, placard, advertisement,—affiché, posted up, published.

agaçant, fem. agaçante (Fr.), provoking, alluring;—agaçerie, allurement.

Agamemnon (Gr.), the leader of the Greeks in the Trojan war, king of Mycenæ: a generic name for a king.

Aganippe (Gr.), a fountain on Mount Helicon sacred to the Muses, supplying poetic inspiration: poetic genius generally.

agar-agar (Malay), an edible seaweed, used in the East for jelly and glue and for dressing silks.

Ahriman, the principle of evil and darkness in the Old Persian mythology—the opposite of Ormuzd (q.v. in Dict.).

aigre-doux, fem. -douce (Fr.), sourish, rather bitter;—aigreur, sourness;—aigri, soured, embittered.

aîné, fem. aînée (Fr.), elder, senior—opposed to puîné or cadet=younger.

Ajax (L.,—Gr.), the Greek hero next to Achilles in the Trojan war: a privy, by a pun on a jakes.

à la bonne heure (Fr.), in good or favourable time—well and good, very good, that is right.

à la Française (Fr.), after the French mode;—à la Parisienne (Fr.), in the Parisian style.

à la lanterne (Fr.), to the lamp(-chain)—of the murders by the mob in the French Revolution, when the victims were seized and hanged on the chains from which hung the street lamps.

à la maître d'hôtel (Fr.), in the style of a house-steward, of a hotel-keeper: in major-domo fashion.

à la Russe (Fr.), in Russian fashion—of dinners the courses of which are served from side-tables.

a latere, ab latere (L.), lit. 'from the side,' in intimate association with, confidential—of legates sent by the Pope.

Albion (L.), an old name of Great Britain—usually said to be from the white (L. albus) cliffs of Kent.

album Græcum (Late L.), the dried dung of dogs, once used for inflammation of the throat.

Alcides (L.,—Gr.), a patronymic of Hercules, from Alcæus, the name of the father of his mother's husband.

alea jacta est, or rather jacta est alea (L.), the die is cast (said by Cæsar on crossing the Rubicon).

alepine, alapeen, a mixed stuff of wool and silk or of cotton and mohair—named from Aleppo.

à l'extrémité (Fr.), to the end of one's resources, to extremes, at the point of death.

aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus (L.), sometimes the good Homer nods—the brightest genius is sometimes dull.

Allah il Allah, a corr. of Ar. lā ilāha illā 'llāh=there is no God but the God—the Moslem war-cry.

alma mater (L.), benign mother—applied by old students to their university.

Alnaschar, a figure in Galland's Arabian Nights who, having no basis but a basket of glass-ware for sale, dreams of making a fortune and marrying a princess, but in his pride kicks the princess of his dream, and so destroys the real foundation of his fortune—hence any one whose illusions of good fortune are disastrously dispelled.

al segno (It.), to the sign—a direction to the performer to go back to and repeat from the place marked thus—

amadavat, avadavat (Anglo-Ind.), an Indian songbird, of family Fringillidæ.

amantium iræ amoris integratio est (L.), lovers' quarrels are a renewal of love.

amare simul et sapere ipsi Jovi non datur (L.), to be in love and to be wise at the same time is not granted even to Jupiter.

âme damnée (Fr.), lit. 'damned soul,' any one's tool or agent blindly devoted to one's will.

amicus curiæ (L.), a friend of the court: a disinterested adviser, not a party to the case (wrongly, a friend in high quarters).

amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, sed magis amica veritas (L.), Plato is dear to me, Socrates is dear, but truth is dearer still.

amicus usque ad aras (L.), a friend even to the altar—i.e. to the last extremity.

amomum (L.,—Gr.), an aromatic plant, once loosely used, now applied to a genus of Zingiberaceæ.

amtman, amptman, also amman (Eng.,—Ger.), a district magistrate, a civil officer in charge of an amt, a steward or bailiff.

ana, written āā, ā (Low L.,—Gr.), used in recipes to mean throughout, in equal quantity or proportion (of each ingredient); hence sometimes as noun, 'an equal quantity' or 'number.'

'anch' io son pittore' (It.), 'I, too, am a painter' [said by Correggio with pride on looking at Raphael's picture of St Cecilia].

ancien régime (Fr.), the old order of things [esp. before the French Revolution];—ancienne noblesse, the nobility of the foregoing.

ancile, pl. ancilia (L.), the shield which fell from heaven in the reign of Numa Pompilius, on the safety of which the prosperity of Rome depended.

animal bipes (L.), the two-footed animal, man;—animal implume, featherless;—animal rationale, rational;—animal risibile, able to laugh.

animula vagula (L.), little soul flitting away—beginning of a poem ascribed to the dying Hadrian, translated or paraphrased by Prior, Pope, Byron, and Dean Merivale.

anonyma (Gr.), a showy woman of light fame whom one is not supposed to know.

Antar, the hero of an Arabian romance based on the exploits of Antara ben Shaddād;—‛anterī (pl. ‛anātira), a reciter of romances in Egypt.

antibarbarus (Late L.), a name applied to a collection of words and locutions to be avoided in the classical usage of a language.

antichthon (Gr.), a counter-earth, placed by Pythagoreans on the opposite side of the sun—its inhabitants the antichthones, hence antipodeans generally.

Anticyra (Gr.), a town of Phocis in ancient Greece, abounding in hellebore, reported a cure for insanity—hence naviget Anticyram=let him sail to Anticyra (i.e. he is mad).

à outrance (Fr.), to excess, furiously, with a vengeance, to the bitter end: rapturously, to the echo [of applause]: furious, desperate.

a parte ante (L.), on the side before—opp. to a parte post, on the side after.

Äpfel-strudel (Ger.), a wafery paste made of flour, butter, and warm water, covered with buttered bread-crumbs, raisins, sugar, allspice, and apples, and rolled up.

apollinaris, an alkaline mineral water containing carbonate of soda, derived from the Apollinaris Spring in the valley of the Ahr, in the Rhine province.

apophyge, apophygis (Gr.), the curving out of the top or bottom of a column from the capital or base.

apoproēgmena (Gr.), things rejected—opp. to proegmena, things preferred.

après moi le déluge (Fr.), after me the deluge: then the deluge may come when it likes.

aqua (L.), water;—aqua cælestis, a sovereign cordial;—aqua fontana, spring water.

à quatre épingles (Fr.), lit. 'with four pins,' with the most careful neatness.

Archæus (Late L. from Gr.), a personification by Paracelsus of animal and vegetable life.

argumentum baculinum (L.), the argument of the stick, club-law—the ultimate appeal.

Aristides (Gr.), an embodiment of justice, from the figure in ancient Greek history.

Aristippus (Gr.), an embodiment of self-indulgence, from the founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.

Asherah, the sacred tree erected beside Canaanite altars, wrongly translated in the A.V. as 'grove.' See Grove in Dict.

Ashtaroth (pl.), Ashtoreth (pl.), Astarte, the chief Canaanite goddess, female counterpart to Baal, corresponding to the Assyrian Ishtar.

askesis, ascesis (Late L.—Gr.); training: the monastic life, asceticism.

Asmodeus, Asmoday, an evil spirit of Semitic mythology, whose functions are seen in Le Sage's story, Le Diable Boiteux.

Aspasia, a gifted Athenian courtesan, mistress of Pericles—any charming and accomplished woman of easy morals.

Astræa, the goddess of justice in Greek mythology who lived on earth during the Golden Age, but fled from man's impiety.

Atalanta, a fleet-footed Arcadian maiden who raced her suitors—defeated by Hippomedon by means of the stratagem of letting fall three golden apples.

Athanasius contra mundum (L.), Athanasius against the world: one resolute man facing universal opposition.

Atreus, son of Pelops, who served up the flesh of Thyestes' children to their father.

Atropos, one of the Fates of Greek mythology, who cut the destined thread of life.

au bout de son Latin (Fr.), at the end of his Latin, at the end of his knowledge, at his wits' end.

au gratin (Fr.), after the style of gratin, i.e. brown—fish cooked in this way being covered with bread-crumbs and browned in an oven, &c.

au plaisir de vous revoir (Fr.), till I have the pleasure of seeing you again.

aureus [nummus] (L.), golden [coin]—the standard gold coin of ancient Rome, equal to 100 sesterces, worth about £1, 1s.: a weight of 1½ drachms.

au royaume des aveugles les borgnes sont rois (Fr.), in the kingdom of the blind the one-eyed are kings.

aurum omnes, victâ jam pietate, colunt (L.), all worship gold, piety being overthrown.

auspex, pl. auspices (L.), an augur in ancient Rome;—auspicium, pl. auspicia, an observation made by an augur.

aut amat aut odit mulier, nihil est tertium (L.), a woman either loves or she hates, there is no third course for her.

autant d'hommes (or de têtes), autant d'avis (Fr.), so many men, so many minds.

aut insanit homo aut versus facit (L.), either the man is mad or he is making verses.

aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetæ (L.), poets seek either to profit or to please.

aut ragem aut fatuum nasci oportet (L.), it behoves one to be born either king or fool.

aux grands maux les grands remèdes (Fr.), to desperate evils desperate remedies.

ave, imperator, morituri te salutant! (L.), hail, emperor, men doomed to die salute thee! [said by gladiators].

Avernus (L.), the infernal regions, any abyss—from Lake Avernus in Campania.

avoir la langue déliée (Fr.), to have the tongue unbound, to be glib of speech.

avvocato, avvocado (It.), an advocate, barrister;—avvocato del diabolo (see advocatus diaboli).

bacchius (L.—Gr.), a metrical foot consisting of two long syllables preceded or followed by a short syllable.

bahar, bhar (Ar.), a measure for heavy weight in India, &c., varying from two cwt. upwards.

balachong, blachong (Malay), a condiment of prawns, shrimps, &c., fermented, salted, and spiced.

ballet d'action (Fr.), a ballet combining action with dancing;—ballet divertissement, a ballet entertainment.

ballon d'essai (Fr.), an experimental balloon sent up: a 'feeler' of any kind.

banderilla (Sp.), a dart with which the banderillero annoys the bull in a bull-fight.

Barataria, the island government committed to Sancho Panza in Don Quixote.

barbâ tenus sapientes (L.), sages as far as the beard—i.e. with an appearance of wisdom only.

barca (It.), a boat, barge;—barca-longa, a large Spanish fishing-boat.

basilicon (Gr.), lit. 'royal,' a title applied to various ointments of repute—also basilicum.

basoche (Fr.), a tribunal for disputes between the clerks of the French parliament.

bât (Fr.), a pack-saddle—only in composition, as in bathorse, batman, batmoney, &c.

Bayard, a gentleman of perfect courage and spotless honour, from the Chevalier Bayard (1476-1524), sans peur et sans reproche.

beatus ille qui procul negotiis ... paterna rura bobus exercet suis (L.), happy he who, far removed from city cares, ... tills with his own oxen the fields that were his father's.

beauté du diable (Fr.), that overpowering beauty for the sake of which men fling everything away.

beegah, begah, beegha (Hind.), a Hindoo square measure, varying from ⅓ to ⅔ acre.

bel esprit (Fr.), a fine genius: a person of wit or genius;—pl. beaux esprits, men of wit: gay spirits.

bella gerant alii, tu, felix Austria, nube (L.), let others wage wars; do thou, lucky Austria, make marriages.

bellum nec timendum nec provocandum (L.), war is neither to be feared nor provoked.

beltà e follia vanno spesso in compagnia (It.), beauty and folly often go together.

bene decessit (Late L.), he has left well—a leaving certificate given to a schoolboy, curate, &c.

beneficium accipere libertatem est vendere (L.), to accept a favour is to sell one's liberty.

bene merentibus (L.), to the well-deserving;—bene meriti (acc. -tos), having well deserved.

bene orâsse est bene studuisse (L.), to have prayed well is to have endeavoured well.

berceau (Fr.), a cradle: a covered walk;—berceaunette (pseudo-French), a bassinette.

bête (Fr.), brute, stupid person;—bête noire, a black beast: a bugbear;—bêtise, stupidity.

Bethesda (Heb.), a healing pool at Jerusalem—often applied to a Nonconformist church.

Beulah (Heb.), a land of rest—a name for Israel in its future condition, in Isa. lxii. 4.

bibliotheca (L.,—Gr.), a library: a bibliographer's catalogue: a series of books.

bien (Fr.), well;—bien-aimé, well beloved;—bien chausse (fem. chaussée), well shod, with neat boots;—bien entendu, of course, to be sure;—bien ganté, with neat gloves.

bock (Fr.), a strong kind of German beer, drunk in May—from Eimbockbier—Einbeck in Prussia: now often a glass or mug of any beer.

bona (L.), goods;—bona mobilia, movable goods;—bona peritura, perishable goods;—bona vacantia, unclaimed goods.

bon accueil (Fr.), good reception, due honour;—bon ami, good friend;—bon camarade, good comrade;—bon diable, good-natured fellow;—bon enfant, good fellow, pleasant companion;—bon goût, good taste.

bonagh, bonough (Ir.), a regular soldier;—bonaght, a subsidy to Irish chiefs for a supply of soldiers.

bon marché (Fr.), 'good bargain:' cheapness: cheap: a large ready-money drapery shop.

bon vivant (Fr.), a jovial companion: one who lives too well [bonne vivante is not according to French usage]; bon viveur, a free or fast liver.

booza (Ar.), a drink made in Turkey and Egypt by fermenting millet or barley.

bourgeois, fem. bourgeoise (Fr.), a townsman, trader—(adj.) of the middle class, commercial;—bourgeois gentilhomme, the tradesman-gentleman.

brachium civile (L.), the civil arm;—brachium seculare, the secular arm.

brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio (L.), in labouring to be brief I become obscure.

Brodstudien (Ger.), bread studies, those by means of which one earns his living.

brûler la chandelle par les deux bouts (Fr.), to burn the candle at both ends.

Bursch, pl. Burschen (Ger.), a comrade, a student;—Burschenschaft, an association of German students.

cælum non animum mutant qui trans mare currant (L.), they change their sky, not their mind, who scour across the sea.

café au lait (Fr.), coffee with [hot] milk;—café noir, black coffee [without milk].

ça ira (Fr.), 'that shall go'-the opening words of a famous song of the French Revolution.

Campus Martius (L.), field of Mars, used by the ancient Romans for games, military drill, &c.

candy, candil (Tamil), a South Indian weight, generally containing 20 maunds, about 500 pounds English.

canopus (L.—Gr.), a bright star in the southern constellation Argo navis: an Egyptian vase for holding the entrails of the body embalmed.

cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator (L.), the empty traveller will sing before a robber.

Cantate (L.), Psalm xcviii. as a canticle in the Anglican evening service;—Cantate Domino, sing to the Lord.

carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero (L.), enjoy the present day, trusting the least possible to the future;—often carpe diem alone, meaning 'seize the opportunity.'

catalogue raisonné (Fr.), a descriptive catalogue of books, &c., arranged according to their subjects.

cave canem (L.), beware of the dog, a frequent inscription on Roman thresholds.

cave quid dicis, quando, et cui (L.), beware what you say, when, and to whom.

cedant arma togæ (L.), let arms yield to the gown: let military authority yield to civil.

cela va sans dire (Fr.), that goes without saying: it is a matter of course: agreed!

c'en est que le premier pas qui coûte (Fr.), it is only the first step that is difficult.

certum est quia impossibile est (L.), it is certain because it is impossible.

c'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre (Fr.), that is magnificent, but it is not war [said at Balaklava by a French general watching the charge of the Light Brigade].

c'est pire [plus] qu'un crime, c'est une faute (Fr.), it is worse than a crime, it is a blunder.

ceterum censeo (L.), but I think [said of persistent obstruction, like that of Cato].

chacun son goût, à chacun son goût (Fr.), every one to his taste [chacun à son goût is not French].

chamade (Fr.), during war, the sounding of a trumpet or drum to ask a parley.

chapeau bras, chapeau de bras, a crush-hat [coined English-French, not real French].

chapelle ardente (Fr.), a chapel or chamber in which a corpse lies in state before burial, surrounded by lighted candles.

chapelle expiatoire (Fr.), a chapel built in expiation, generally on the site of one's sin.

cher ami (Fr.), a dear male friend;—chère amie, a dear female friend.—Chéri, fem. chérie, beloved.

cherchez la femme! (Fr.), seek for the woman! there's a woman at the bottom of it! [the phrase is due to Dumas père].

chevalier d'industrie (Fr.), lit. a knight of industry: one who lives by persevering fraud.

chiesa libera in libero stato (It.), a free church in a free state [Cavour's recipe for Italy].

circulus in probando (L.), arguing in a circle, using the conclusion as one of the arguments.

cogito, ergo sum (L.) I think, therefore I am [Descartes' fundamental basis of philosophy].

Coma Berenices (L.), an asterism between Boötes and Leo, representing the amber hair of Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Euergetes.

Comédie Française, La (Fr.), the official name of the subsidised Théâtre Français.

comédie humaine (Fr.), the name applied to the collection of Balzac's novels, planned to form a complete picture of contemporary society.

comme il faut (Fr.), as it should be: correct: approved by the fashionable world, genteel.

cordon sanitaire (Fr.), a sanitary cordon, a line of sentries posted so as to keep contagious disease within a certain area.

corpus juris canonici (L.), body of the canon law; corpus juris civilis (L.), body of the civil law.

corruptio optimi pessima (L.), the corruption of the best is the worst of all.

cuilibet in arte suâ credendum est (L.), every person is to be trusted in his own art.

curiosa felicitas (L.), nice felicity of expression that is the fruit of pains.

date obolum Belisario (L.), give a penny to Belisarius [the appeal ascribed to the great general when reduced to mendicancy].

Davus sum, non Œdipus (L.), I am only Davus, not Œdipus—a plain man, and no prophet.

déjeuner (Fr.), in France, a late breakfast, a midday meal with meat and wine; in England, luncheon—more specifically, déjeuner à la fourchette, a breakfast with meat.

de l'audace, encore de l'audace, et toujours de l'audace (Fr.), to dare, still to dare, and ever to dare [Danton's famous phrase].

delenda est Carthago (L.), Carthage must be destroyed [a saying constantly repeated by Cato].

de minimis non curat lex (L.), the law does not concern itself about very small matters.

de nihilo nihilum, in nihilum nil posse reverti (L.), from nothing nothing, into nothing nothing can return.

de omni re scibili et quibusdam aliis (L.), about all things knowable, and some others.

der grosse Heide (Ger.), the great heathen or Pagan [Heine's name for Goethe].

de rigueur (Fr.), strictly required: indispensable: obligatory: compulsory: latest.

de te fabula narratur (L.), the parable is told about you yourself; thou art the man.

detur digniori (L.), let it be given to the more worthy;—detur pulchriori (L.), let it be given to the fairer.

deus ex machina (L.), a god [let down] out of the machine [in theatrical apparatus]: a too obvious device in an author's plot.

dies fasti or profesti (L.), days on which judgment could be pronounced, on which courts could be held in ancient Rome, lawful days.

dies nefasti (L.), days on which judgment could not be pronounced or assemblies of the people be held, in ancient Rome.

di majorum gentium (L.), the divinities of superior rank—i.e. the twelve greater gods of classical mythology.

dos moi pou stō kai tēn gēn kinēsō (Gr.), give me where to stand, and I will move the earth [attributed to Archimedes].

dulce est desipere in loco (L.), it is pleasant to play the fool on occasion.

dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori (L.), it is sweet and glorious to die for one's country.

dulce, 'Domum!' (L.), sweet strain, 'Homeward!' from a Winchester school song sung before holidays.

école (Fr.), school;—école de droit, law school;—école de médecine, school of medicine;—école militaire, military school;—école polytechnique, polytechnic school.

écrasé (Fr.), crushed;—écraser, to crush;—écrasez l'infâme! crush the abominable [superstition] out of existence! [motto of Voltaire—against the Roman Catholic Church of his time].

editio princeps (L.), original edition [especially of a work till then only known in MS.].

Egeria, the nymph who instructed the ancient Roman king Numa Pompilius, hence any woman who gives a man his inspiration.

Eile mit Weile (Ger.), speed with heed, make haste leisurely. Cf. festina lente.

embarras de (du) choix (Fr.), embarrassment in choice, a perplexing number of objects from which to choose.

embarras de(s) richesses (Fr.), a perplexing amount of wealth or abundance of any kind.

émigré, fem. émigrée (Fr.), an emigrant, esp. one of those royalists who fled from France during the great Revolution.

empressé, fem. empressée (Fr.), eager to show goodwill or civility;—empressement, warmth of manner, cordiality.

en barbette (Fr.), on a breastwork or platform for ordnance which is fired over a parapet and not through embrasures—also of a ship's guns fired over the bulwarks and not through ports.

en cuerpo (Sp.), in close-fitting dress; sometimes erroneously for 'stark naked,' the Spanish for which is en cueros.

enfans perdus, enfants perdus (Fr.), lit. 'lost children:' forlorn hope.

enfant terrible (Fr.), lit. 'terrible child,' a precocious child whose indiscreet prattle puts his elders to the blush.

ens per accidens (Late L.), that which exists only as an accident of ens per se—i.e. a substance.

entente (Fr.), understanding;—entente cordiale, cordial understanding between nations.

éperdu, fem. éperdue (Fr.), distracted;—éperdument amoureux, desperately in love.

e pur si muove! (It.), but it does move, though! [attributed to Galileo, after recanting his doctrine that the earth goes round the sun].

équestrienne (an English-coined word in imitation French), a horsewoman, a female circus-rider.

e re natâ (Late L.), from the circumstance arisen, according to the exigencies of the case.

Eschscholtzia (Latinised from name of German botanist Eschscholtz), a Californian poppy with showy yellow flowers.

estancia (Sp.), a mansion: in Spanish America, a large grazing farm or landed estate;—estanciero, the owner or overseer of such.

étage (Fr.), floor, story [bel étage, best story, first floor, is not a French usage].

étagère (Fr.), an ornamental stand of shelves for flowers, articles of virtu, &c.

étape (Fr.), a storehouse: a halting-place: a day's march: rations: forage.

état (Fr.), state, rank;—état-major, the staff of an army, regiment, &c.

et ego in Arcadia (L.), I, too, was in Arcadia: I know as much about it as anybody.

et hoc genus omne, et id genus omne (L.), and everything of this, or of that, sort.

ethos (Gr.), permanent character: in literature and art, the chief characteristics of a work as affecting the intellectual and moral faculties, as opposed to pathos, which appeals to the emotions.

et tu, Brute! (L.), you too, Brutus! [Cæsar's exclamation when he saw his much-loved Brutus amongst his murderers.]

ex abundanti (L.), superfluously;—ex abundanti cautela, from excessive caution.

ex abusu non arguitur ad usum (L.), from the abuse no argument is drawn against the use.

ex cathedrâ (Late L.), from the chair of office, esp. the pope's throne in the Consistory, or a professor's chair, hence authoritatively, judicially.

exceptis excipiendis (Late L.), excepting what is to be excepted, with proper exceptions.

exeat (L.), let him go out—formal leave, as for a student to be out of college for more than one night.

exegi monumentum ære perennius (L.), I have reared a monument more lasting than brass.

exempli gratiâ (L.), by way of example, for instance—often abbreviated e.g.

ex libris (Late L.), from the books—followed by the owner's name in the genitive—written in the volumes or on the bookplates of a library.

ex naturâ rei (Late L.), from the nature of the case;—ex naturâ rerum, from the nature of things.

extinctus amabitur idem (L.), the same man [maligned living], when dead, will be loved.

ex voto (L.), according to one's prayer, by reason of a vow: votive: a votive offering.

faber est quisque fortunæ suæ (L.), every man is the fashioner of his own fortune.

facile est inventis addere (L.), it is easy to add to things invented already.

facilis descensus Averno (or Averni) (L.), descent to Avernus (hell) is easy: the road to evil is easy.

facinus majoris abollæ (L.), the crime of a larger cloak, i.e. of a deep philosopher.

faire de la prose sans le savoir (Fr.), to produce prose without knowing it—which Molière's M. Jourdain was surprised to find he had been doing all his days in conversation.

falsi crimen (Late L.), the crime of falsity, fraudulent concealment, forgery.

farrago libelli (L.), a medley of miscellaneous topics for a little book [of satire].

fax mentis incendium gloriæ (L.), the passion for glory is a torch to the mind.

fecundi calices, quem non fecere disertum? (L.), full cups, whom have they not made eloquent?

femme (Fr.), woman, wife;—femme couverte (old law French), a married woman, as under her husband's protection;—femme galante, a gay woman;—femme incomprise, a woman misunderstood or unappreciated;—femme savante, a learned woman, a blue-stocking;—femme sole (law French), a single woman, a woman legally independent.

fendre un cheveu en quatre (Fr.), to split a hair in quarters, to make over-subtle distinctions.

fermier général (Fr.), farmer-general, one who farmed certain taxes under the old French monarchy.

feu de joie (Fr.), a bonfire: in English (not in French), a firing of guns in token of joy.

feuilletoniste (Fr.), one who writes for feuilletons. See Feuilleton in Dict.

fiat experimentum in corpore vili (L.), let experiment be made on a worthless body.

fiat justitia, ruat cœlum (L.), let justice be done, though the heavens should fall.

fichu (Fr.), a triangular kerchief or wrap worn on a woman's neck and shoulders.

fieri facias (Late L.), cause to be done—the name of a writ commanding the sheriff to distrain the defendant's goods.

figurant, fem. figurante (Fr.), a supernumerary on the stage;—figurante, pl. figuranti (It.), a ballet-dancer.

finis Poloniæ! (L.), the end of Poland! the Scotch Chancellor Seafield's 'end o' an auld sang' in 1707.

flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta movebo (L.), if I can't move the gods, I'll stir up hell.

flocculus, pl. flocculi (Late L.), a small flock or tuft of wool or the like.

florilegium, pl. florilegia (Late L.), a collection of flowers—i.e. of choice passages, an anthology.

fœnum habet in cornu (L.), he has hay on his horn [the sign of a dangerous bull].

foie gras (Fr.), fat liver [of goose] made into pâté de foie gras (or foies gras).

fomes, pl. fomites (L.), touchwood, a substance which retains contagion.

forsan et hæc olim meminisse juvabit (L.), perchance hereafter it will be delightful to remember even these things.

Fors Clavigera—the title assumed by Ruskin for his series of periodical letters to British working-men. Fors=fortune; Claviger, the club-bearer, an epithet of Hercules.

forti et fideli nihil difficile (L.), to the brave and faithful nothing is difficult.

fortis cadere, cedere non potest (L.), the brave man may fall, he cannot yield.

frisette (Fr.), a frizette, fringe of frizzled hair worn above or on the forehead.

frondeur (Fr.), an adherent of the Fronde: any malcontent. See Fronde in Dict.

Frontignac, a sweet wine produced near Frontignan, in Hérault, France [in modern French, Frontignan.]

frow(e), fro(e), Anglicised from Dut. vruow, a married woman, wife: a slovenly woman.

galant, fem. galante (Fr.), given to illicit intrigue: one of the parties in an amour;—galant homme, a man of honour.

galimafrée (Fr.), hotch-potch, hash.—Anglicised as Gallimaufry (q.v. in Dict.).

gens d'affaires (Fr.), business men; gens d'armes, men-at-arms (cf. gendarmes); gens de bien, honest folk; gens de condition, people of rank; gens d'église, churchmen; gens de langues, linguists; gens de lettres, men of letters; gens de loi, lawyers; gens de même farine, birds of a feather; gens de mer, seamen; gens d'épée, gens de guerre, military men; gens de peu, people of humble condition; gens de robe, lawyers; gens du monde, people of fashion.

gradus ad Parnassum (L.), a step to Parnassus, aid in the composition of Latin or Greek verse.

graviora quædam sunt remedia periculis (L.), some remedies are more grievous than the perils.

Hanc veniam petimusque damusque vicissim (L.), we ask and grant this liberty turn about.

hapax legomenon (Gr.), a word or phrase that occurs once only; a solitary instance.

heu pietas! heu prisca fides! (L.), alas for piety! alas for the ancient faith!

hinc lucem et pocula sacra (L.), from this source [we draw] light and draughts of sacred learning.

hoc volo, sic jubeo, sit pro ratione voluntas (L.), this I will, thus I command, be my will sufficient reason.

homme d'affaires (Fr.), business man: agent: steward; homme de bien, man of worth, good man; homme de cour, courtier; homme de fortune, fortunate man: rich man; homme de lettres, man of letters; homme de paille, man of straw; homme d'épée, military man; homme de robe, a lawyer; homme d'esprit, a man of wit; homme d'état, a statesman; homme du monde, man of fashion.

homo antiquâ virtute ac fide (L.), a man of the antique virtue and loyalty.

homo nullius coloris (L.), a man of no colour, one who does not commit himself.

homo sum: humani nihil a me alienum puto (L.), I am a man; I count nothing human indifferent to me. [Said by a Paul Pry in Terence, Heaut. I. i. 25.]

honi soit qui mal y pense (O. Fr.), the shame be his who thinks ill of it—the motto of the Order of the Garter.

Hôtel des Invalides (Fr.), Hospital for Invalids—the name of a hospital for disabled soldiers in Paris, founded in 1670.

ignoratio elenchi (L.), ignoring the point in question, the fallacy of arguing to the wrong point.

il a les défauts de ses qualités (Fr.), he has the defects which go with the good qualities he has.

il faut laver son linge sale en famille (Fr.), one should wash one's foul linen within the family, in private, at home.

ille crucem sceleris pretium tulit, hic diadema (L.), that man got a cross, this man a crown, as the price of his crime.

ille terrarum mihi præter omnes angulus ridet (L.), that corner of the earth to me smiles sweetest of all.

il n'y a pas que le premier pas qui coûte (Fr.), it is only the first step that is difficult.

ils n'ont rien appris ni rien oublié (Fr.), they have learned nothing and forgotten nothing [said of the French Emigrés, often of the Bourbons].

incidis in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdim (L.), you fall into Scylla trying to avoid Charybdis.

in foro conscientiæ (L.), in the court of conscience: judged by one's own conscience.

ingénu, ingénue (Fr.), a young man or woman of exceptional simplicity.

in hoc signo vinces (L.), in this sign thou wilt conquer—i.e. in the Cross [the motto of Constantine the Great].

in magnis et voluisse sat est (L.), in great things even to have wished to try is enough.

in partibus infidelium (L.), in unbelieving countries—where there are no strictly territorial Catholic dioceses.

in usum Delphini (L.), for the use of the Dauphin: toned down to suit the young person.

Italia irredenta (It.), unredeemed Italy—the parts of Italy not yet freed from foreign domination—South Tyrol, Dalmatia, Trieste, &c.

jam proximus ardet Ucalegon (L.), already [the house of] our next-door neighbour, Ucalegon, is in flames.

je n'en vois pas la nécessité! (Fr.), I don't see the necessity for that! [said in reply to a man who pleaded, 'But one must live somehow'].

judex damnatur cum nocens absolvitur (L.), the judge is condemned when the guilty man is acquitted.

justum et tenacem propositi virum (L.), a man upright and tenacious of purpose.

j'y suis, j'y reste! (Fr.), here I am, and here I stay! [said by Macmahon at the Malakoff].

Kulturkampf (Ger.), the war of culture [said by Virchow in 1873 of the conflict between Bismarck and the Catholic Church].

labuntur et imputantur (L.), they [i.e. the moments] slip away and are laid to our account [on sundials].

l'appétit vient en mangeant (Fr.), appetite comes as you eat: the more you get, the more you would have.

la reyne le veult (Norm Fr.), the Queen will it, the form expressing the Queen's assent to a bill.

lasciate ogni speranza, voi ch' entrate (It.), abandon hope, all ye who enter here [in Dante, the inscription over the gate of hell].

leitmotif (Ger.), a representation theme used to indicate a certain person, attribute, or idea, in an opera, oratorio, &c.

l'empire c'est la paix (Fr.), the empire means peace [said by Louis Napoleon in 1852].

le style est l'homme même (Fr.), the style is the man himself [from Buffon].

lettre de cachet (Fr.), a sealed letter: a royal warrant for arrest and imprisonment.

Lingua Franca (It.), the corrupt Italian once current in the Levant: the mixed language spoken by Europeans in the East.

lucus a non lucendo (L.), the grove [lucus] [is so named] from its not shining—of a contradictory or incredible explanation.

magna est veritas et prævalebit (L.), truth is great and will prevail [better, et prevalet, and prevails].

mandamus (L.), we command: a writ or command issued by a higher court to a lower.

materia medica (L.), medicines collectively: all substances used as remedies: the science of their properties and use.

matre pulchrâ filia pulchrior (L.), a daughter fairer than her fair mother.

mauvais sujet (Fr.), a bad subject: a worthless fellow;—mauvais ton (Fr.), bad style, bad form.

maxima debetur puero reverentia (L.), the greatest reverence is due to the boy—i.e. to the innocence of his age.

modus operandi (L.), plan of working: mode of operation;—modus vivendi, a way or mode of living: an arrangement or compromise by means of which persons or parties differing greatly are enabled to get on together for a time.

mont-de-piété (Fr.), a pawnbroking shop established by public authority.—It. monte di pietà.

naturam expellas furcâ, tamen usque recurret (L.), though you drive out nature with a pitchfork [i.e. with violence], yet will she always return.

née (Fr.), born So-and-so: her maiden name being So-and-so, as Madame de Staël, née Necker.

nemine contradicente (L.; often nem. con.), without opposition: no one speaking in opposition.

nemo me impune lacessit (L.), no one hurts me with impunity—the motto of Scotland.

ne plus ultra (L.), nothing further: the uttermost point or extreme perfection of anything.

nescis, mi fili, quantilla prudentia mundus regatur (L.), you know not, my son, with what a small stock of wisdom the world is governed.

nihil tetigit quod non ornavit, or nullum quod tetigit non ornavit (L.), he touched nothing without adorning it.

nil admirari (L.), to wonder at nothing, to admire nothing, to be superior and self-complacent.

nisi Dominus frustra (L.), unless the Lord [build the house, they labour] in vain [that build it]—the motto of Edinburgh.

nisi prius (L.), unless previously—a name [from the first words of the writ] given to the jury sittings in civil cases.

nom de guerre (Fr.), an assumed name: travelling title: pseudonym [nom de plume is not French].

non olet pecunia (L.), money does not stink—you can't tell how the money has been acquired.

nous avons changé tout cela (Fr.), we have changed all that—from Molière.

nouveaux riches (Fr.), persons who have but lately acquired wealth, upstarts.

nulla dies sine lineâ (L.), no day without a line, without writing a little.

nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri (L.), bound to swear to the words of no master, to follow no one blindly or slavishly.

obiter (L.), by the way, cursorily;—obiter dictum, pl. obiter dicta, something said by the way, a cursory remark.

obscurum per obscurius (L.), [explaining] the obscure by means of the more obscure.

odium theologicum (L.), the hatred of theologians—of theological controversy.

olim meminisse juvabit (L.), it will sometime be a pleasure to remember [these trials].

omne ignotum pro magnifico (L.), everything unknown [is taken to be] magnificent.

omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci (L.), he scored every point who combined the useful with the sweet.

omnia mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis (L.), all things change, and we change with them.

omnia vincit amor, nos et cedamus amori (L.), love overcomes all things, and even we succumb to love.

O tempora! O mores! (L.), O the times! O the manners!—i.e. what sad times! what dreadful doings!

panem et circenses! (L.), [give us] bread and circus-games! [the cry of the Roman populace]: beer and skittles.

parcere subjectis et debellare superbos (L.), to spare the vanquished and put down the proud.

parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus (L.), the mountains are in travail, an absurd mouse will be the outcome.

per aspera ad astra (L.), to the stars by rough roads. through bolts and bars.

pereunt et imputantur (L.), [the moments, hours] pass away and are reckoned to our account.

personnel (Fr.), the persons employed in any service as distinguished from the matériel.

posse comitatus (L.), the power of the county [called by the sheriff to quell a riot].

poste restante (Fr.), a department in a post-office, in which letters so addressed are kept to be called for.

post hoc, ergo propter hoc (L.), after this, therefore because of this [a fallacious reasoning].

que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère? (Fr.), what the devil was he doing in that galley? [from Molière's Les Fourberies de Scapin].

quem deus perdere vult, prius dementat (L.), whom a god wishes to destroy, he first makes mad.

quicquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi (L.), whatever madness possesses the chiefs, it is [the common soldiers or people of] the Achæans who suffer.

quid desiderio sit pudor aut modus? (L.), why should there be shame or stint in regret for the loss of one so dear?

quieta non movere (L.), things that are at rest not to move—to let sleeping dogs lie.

quod bonum, felix, faustumque sit (L.), may this be right, happy, and of good omen.

quod erat demonstrandum (L.), or Q.E.D., which was to be proved or demonstrated.

quot homines, tot sententiæ (L.), as many men, so many minds (Terence's Phormio).

quousque tandem, O Catilina? (L.), to what length, then, O Catiline, [are you resolved to go]? [from Cicero's oration against Catiline].

rari nantes in gurgite vasto (L.), here and there [some] swimming in a vast whirlpool.

Realschulen (Ger.), secondary schools in Germany, giving a general practical training.

rem acu tetigisti (L.), you have touched the thing with a needle: you have hit it exactly.

réponse, s'il vous plaît, or R.S.V.P. (Fr.), reply, if you please, an answer will oblige.

revenons à nos moutons (Fr.), let us return to our sheep: let us return to our subject.

sans phrase (Fr.), without phrases [of courtesy], without formalities, without any more talk.

se non è vero, è ben trovato (It.), if it is not true, it is cleverly invented.

servus servorum Dei (L.), a servant of the servants of God [a title adopted by the popes].

similia similibus curantur (L.), like things are cured by like—a hair of the dog that bit one.

si monumentum requiris, circumspice (L.), if you seek [his] monument, look round you [inscription for the architect Christopher Wren's tomb in St Paul's].

solventur risu tabulæ (L.), the bills will be dismissed with laughter—you will be laughed out of court.

solvitur ambulando (L.), [the problem] is solved by walking—by practical experiment.

splendide mendax (L.), splendidly false [for a good purpose]—lying in state.

sutor ne supra crepidam judicaret (L.), let not the cobbler venture above his last.

tantæ molis erat Romanam condere gentem (L.), a task of such difficulty was it to found the Roman race.

tantæne animis cœlestibus iræ? (L.), are there such violent passions in celestial minds?

tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (L.), the times are changed, and we with them.

thalatta, thalatta! (Gr.), the sea, the sea! [the exulting cry of Xenophon's soldiers on catching sight of the sea].

timeo Danaos et dona ferentes (L.), I fear the Greeks, even when bringing gifts.

tirage à part (Fr.), an off-print, or article reprinted separately from the magazine, &c., in which it first appeared—the German Abdruck.

toujours perdrix (Fr.), partridge every day—there may be too much even of a good thing.

tout est perdu hors l'honneur (Fr.), all is lost but honour [said by Francis I. at Pavia].

traduttore traditore (It.), a translator is a traitor or betrayer:—pl. traduttori traditori.

ubi bene, ibi patria (L.), where it goes well with me, there is my fatherland.

verbum sapienti sat est (L.), a word is enough for a wise man—often abbrev. verb. sap. and verb. sat.

vestigia nulla retrorsum (L.), no footprints backwards [at the lion's den]: no going back.

video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor (L.), I see the better course and approve it, I follow the worse.

volto sciolto e pensieri stretti (It.), countenance open and thoughts closed.

vous l'avez voulu, George Dandin! (Fr.), you would have it so! [from Molière's George Dandin].

Weltschmerz (Ger.), world-sorrow: sympathy with universal misery: thorough-going pessimism.

xystum, pl. xysta (L.—Gr.), a covered colonnade in a gymnasium, a shaded walk in the garden of a Roman village.

zif (Heb.), a Hebrew month, same as Iyar, which begins with the new moon of April.

THE METRIC or FRENCH SYSTEM.

MONEY.

ADDENDA.

Acetone, a′sē-tōn, n. one of a class of carbon compounds in many respects similar to the aldehydes; also called Ketone. [From Acetic.]

Acierate, as′i-ėr-āt, v.t. to turn into steel.—n. Ac′ierage, the process of electroplating a metal with iron or steel. [Fr. acier, steel, L. acies, edge.]

Adiabatic, ad-i-a-bat′ik, adj. (physics) neither losing nor gaining heat: impassable to heat. [Gr. a, not, dia, through, batos, passable.]

Aëroplane, ā′e-rō-plān, n. a form of flying-machine: a small plane for aerostatic experiments. [Gr. aēr, air, L. planus, plain.]

Agar-agar, äg′ar-äg′ar, n. a nutrient jelly prepared from certain seaweeds, and used in the artificial cultivation of bacteria.

Albuminuria, al-bū-min-ū′ri-a, n. the presence of albumin in the urine: the disease producing this.

Altiscope, al′ti-skōp, n. an instrument containing several lenses and mirrors, so arranged that an observer can see beyond intervening objects.

Barranca, bar-ran′ka, n. a deep gorge, with steep sides.—Also Barran′co. [Sp. Am.]

Carbohydrate, kär′bō-hī-drāt, n. a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the last two being in the proportion to form water. [Carbon and Hydrate.]

Cirrhosis, si-rō′sis, n. a wasting of the proper tissue of an organ, accompanied by abnormal growth of connective tissue. [Gr. kirrhos, tawny.]

Electron, ē-lek′tron, n. a particle or corpuscle vastly more minute than anything heretofore contemplated by science—in mass about a thousandth part of that of a hydrogen atom; and identified with the charge of negative electricity with which it is indissolubly associated. [From the root of Electric (q.v.).]

Formalin, form′al-in, n. a powerful antiseptic and germicide.—Also Formal′dehyde (see Aldehyde).

Mafficking, maf′fik-ing, n. noisy rejoicings of the mob. [From the scene in the streets of London when the news of the relief of Mafeking was received (1900).]

Marconigram, mar-cō′ni-gram, n. a message transmitted by 'wireless' telegraphy. [From Marconi, the inventor of the system, and Gr. gramma, that which is written.]

Mercerise, mėr′cėr-īz, v.t. to treat cotton so as to make it appear like silk. [From Mercer (1791-1866), the inventor of the process.]

Motor-garage, mō′tor-gär-äzh′, n. a depot where motor-cars are stored or repaired and provided with accessories. [Motor and Fr. garage—gare, dock, railway station; from the High German root found in Aware (q.v.).]

Paraldehyde, pär-al′de-hīd, n. a colourless liquid, of disagreeable taste and smell, used to produce sleep (see Aldehyde).

Pogrom, pog-rom′, n. destruction: devastation: a lawless outburst involving injury to persons and property. [Russian.]

Producer-gas, pro-dū′sėr-gas, n. a mixture of hydrogen and carbon-monoxide diluted with nitrogen.

Radio-activity, rā′di-o-ak-tiv′i-ti, n. the power of producing photographic or electrical effects by a process identical with or analogous to radiation.

Radioscope, rā′di-o-skōp, n. an instrument for detecting radiation (see Radiant).

Röntgenise, runt′gen-īz (g hard), v.t. to treat by the Röntgen rays (see at X-rays under X).—ns. Röntgenog′raphy, photography by these rays; Röntgenol′ogy, the study of the rays; Röntgenos′copy, observation by means of them; Röntgenother′apy, healing by means of them.

Serendipity, sėr-en-dip′i-ti, n. a love for rare old books and other articles of virtu.—adj. appertaining to this. [Coined from Serendib, a character in the Arabian Nights who went about picking up odds and ends and piecing them together.]

Spinthariscope, spin-thär′i-skōp, n. an instrument devised by Sir W. Crookes for observing the scintillations produced in zinc sulphide by a small fragment of a radium compound placed near it. [Gr. spintharis, a spark, and skopein, to see.]

Sulphonal, sul′fō-nal, n. a chemical compound used as a hypnotic and anæsthetic, and derived in part from potassium sulpho-hydrate.

Taximeter, tak-sim′e-tėr, n. an instrument attached to cabs for indicating the fare due for the distance travelled. Sometimes (but wrongly) called Taxameter. [Fr. taxe, price, and Gr. metron, measure.]

Telegony, tel-eg′on-i, n. the transmitted influence of a male by whom a female has previously conceived upon her subsequent offspring by another male. [Gr. tēlē, at a distance, gonia, a begetting.]

Telescriptor, tel′e-skrip-tor, n. a machine for the purpose of sending messages over telegraph wires so that they appear in the handwriting of the sender when received. [Gr. tēlē, at a distance, L. scriptum, scribere, to write.]

Trional, trī′ō-nal, n. a drug used as a hypnotic, akin to sulphonal, but safer.

aor.	aorist.	geol.	geology.	perh.	perhaps.
abbrev.	abbreviation.	geom.	geometry.	pers.	person.
abl.	ablative.	ger.	gerundive.	pfx.	prefix.
acc.	according.	gram.	grammar.	phil., philos.	philosophy.
accus.	accusative.	gun.	gunnery.	philol.	philology.
adj.	adjective.	her.	heraldry.	phon.	phonetics.
adv.	adverb.	hist.	history.	phot.	photography.
agri.	agriculture.	hort.	horticulture.	phrenol.	phrenology.
alg.	algebra.	hum.	humorous.	phys.	physics.
anat.	anatomy.	i.e.	that is.	physiol.	physiology.
app.	apparently.	imit.	imitative.	pl.	plural.
arch.	archaic.	imper.	imperative.	poet.	poetical.
archit.	architecture.	impers.	impersonal.	pol. econ.	political economy.
arith.	arithmetic.	indic.	indicative.	poss.	possessive.
astrol.	astrology.	infin.	infinitive.	Pr.Bk.	Book of Common
astron.	astronomy.	inten.	intensive.	Pr.Bk.	Prayer.
attrib.	attributive.	interj.	interjection.	pr.p.	present participle.
augm.	augmentative.	interrog.	interrogative.	prep.	preposition.
B.	Bible.	jew.	jewellery.	pres.	present.
biol.	biology.	lit.	literally.	print.	printing.
book-k.	book-keeping.	mach.	machinery.	priv.	privative.
bot.	botany.	masc.	masculine.	prob.	probably.
c. (circa)	about.	math.	mathematics.	Prof.	Professor.
c., cent.	century.	mech.	mechanics.	pron.	pronoun;
carp.	carpentry.	med.	medicine.		pronounced;
cf.	compare.	metaph.	metaphysics.		pronunciation.
chem.	chemistry.	mil.	military.	prop.	properly.
cog.	cognate.	Milt.	Milton.	pros.	prosody.
coll., colloq.	colloquially.	min.	mineralogy.	prov.	provincial.
comp.	comparative.	mod.	modern.	q.v.	which see.
conch.	conchology.	Mt.	Mount.	R.C.	Roman Catholic.
conj.	conjunction.	mus.	music.	recip.	reciprocal.
conn.	connected.	myth.	mythology.	redup.	reduplication.
contr.	contracted.	n., ns.	noun, nouns.	refl.	reflexive.
cook.	cookery.	nat. hist.	natural history.	rel.	related; relative.
corr.	corruption.	naut.	nautical.	rhet.	rhetoric.
crystal.	crystallography.	neg.	negative.	sculp.	sculpture.
dat.	dative.	neut.	neuter.	Shak.	Shakespeare.
demons.	demonstrative.	n.pl.	noun plural.	sig.	signifying.
der.	derivation.	n.sing.	noun singular.	sing.	singular.
dial.	dialect, dialectal.	N.T.	New Testament.	spec.	specifically.
Dict.	Dictionary.	obs.	obsolete.	Spens.	Spenser.
dim.	diminutive.	opp.	opposed.	subj.	subjunctive.
dub.	doubtful.	opt.	optics.	suff.	suffix.
eccles.	ecclesiastical history.	orig.	originally.	superl.	superlative.
e.g.	for example.	ornith.	ornithology.	surg.	surgery.
elect.	electricity.	O.S.	old style.	term.	termination.
entom.	entomology.	O.T.	Old Testament.	teleg.	telegraphy.
esp.	especially.	p., part.	participle.	Tenn.	Tennyson.
ety.	etymology.	p.adj.	participial adjective.	Test.	Testament.
fem.	feminine.	paint.	painting.	theat.	theatre; theatricals.
fig.	figuratively.	paleog.	paleography.	theol.	theology.
fol.	followed; following.	paleon.	paleontology.	trig.	trigonometry.
fort.	fortification.	palm.	palmistry.	ult.	ultimately.
freq.	frequentative.	pa.p.	past participle.	v.i.	verb intransitive.
fut.	future.	pass.	passive.	voc.	vocative.
gen.	genitive.	pa.t.	past tense.	v.t.	verb transitive.
gener.	generally.	path.	pathology.	vul.	vulgar.
geog.	geography.	perf.	perfect.	zool.	zoology.

	PAGE
THE DICTIONARY	1-1150
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES	1151
ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, ETC.	1158
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND MUSIC	1161
CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS	1174
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES	1176
THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING	1178
WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES	1184
THE METRIC OR FRENCH SYSTEM	1206
ADDENDA	1208

		Superscription.
(Basis)	Pot. Acet. v	Inscription.
(Adjuvant)	Tinct. Digitalis j
(Corrective)	Syr. Aurantii j
(Vehicle)	Dec. Scopar. ad viij
Misce, fiat mist.		Subscription.
Cpt. Cochl. mag. ii. 4ta. q.q. hora ex paul. aquæ		Signature.

aa.	Ana	of each.
Ad.	Adde	add.
Ad lib.	Ad libitum	to the desired amount.
Ad us.	Ad usum	according to custom.
Æq.	Æquales	equal.
Aq.	Aqua	water.
Aq. bull.	Aqua bulliens	boiling water.
Aq. dest.	Aqua destillata	distilled water.
Bib.	Bibe	drink.
Bis ind.	Bis indies	twice a day.
Bis in 7 d.	Bis in septem diebus	twice a week.
C.	Cum	with.
Cap.	Capiat	let him take.
C. m.	Cras mane	to-morrow morning.
C. m. s.	Cras mane sumendus	to be taken to-morrow morning.
C. n.	Cras nocte	to-morrow night.
Cochl.	Cochleare	spoonful.
Cochl. ampl.	Cochleare amplum	a table-spoonful.
Cochl. infant.	Cochleare infantis	a tea-spoonful.
Cochl. mag.	Cochleare magnum	a table-spoonful.
Cochl. mod.	Cochleare modicum	a dessert-spoonful.
Cochl. parv.	Cochleare parvum	a tea-spoonful.
Contin.	Continuetur	let it be continued.
Cpt.	Capiat	let him take.
Cuj.	Cujus	of which.
C. v.	Cras vespere	to-morrow evening.
Cyath.	Cyathus	a glassful.
Cyath. vinos.	Cyathus vinosus	a wine-glassful.
D.	Dosis	a dose.
d.	Da	give.
D. d. in d.	De die in diem	from day to day.
Det.	Detur	let it be given.
Dieb. alt.	Diebus alternis	on alternate days.
Dim.	Dimidius	one-half.
Div.	Divide	divide.
D. in p. æ.	Divide in partes æquales	divide into equal parts.
Exhib.	Exhibiatur	let it be given.
F. or ft.	Fiat	let it be made.
F. h.	Fiat haustus	make a draught.
F. m.	Fiat mistura	make a mixture.
F. pil.	Fiat pilula	make a pill.
Gutt.	Gutta or guttæ	drop or drops.
Habt.	Habeat	let him have.
Hor. intermed.	Horis intermediis	at intermediate hours.
H. s.	Horâ somni	at bedtime.
Ind.	Indies	daily.
Lat. dol.	Lateri dolenti	to the painful side.
Mit.	Mitte	send.
Mod. præscript.	Modo præscripto	in the manner directed.
O. m.	Omni mane	every morning.
Omn. bih.	Omni bihorâ	every two hours.
Omn. hor.	Omni horâ	every hour.
O. n.	Omni nocte	every night.
P. or pt.	Perstetur	continue.
Part. æq.	Partes æquales	equal parts.
P. r. n.	Pro re natâ	when required.
Q. l.	Quantum libet	as much as is requisite.
Q. s.	Quantum sufficit	a sufficient quantity.
Q. v.	Quantum volueris	at will.
	Recipe	take.
Rep.	Repetatur	let it be repeated.
Sing.	Singulorum	of each.
Sum.	Sumat or sumendum	let him take or let it be taken.
T. d.	Ter in die	three times a day.

FRENCH LINEAL MEASURES, &c. = BRITISH.
French	British.
LINEAL.
Millimètre	0.0394 inch.
Centimètre	0.3937 "or less than half an inch.
Décimètre	3.937 inchesnearly 4 inches.
Mètre	39.3708 "about 3 feet 3 inches.
Hectomètre	0.0621 mile"1⁄16th of a mile.
Kilomètre	0.6214 "8 kilomètres = 5 miles.
SQUARE.
Centiare	1.196 square yardor 11⁄5th square yard.
Are	3.954 poles40½ ares = 1 acre.
Hectare	2.471 acresnearly 2½ acres.
BRITISH LINEAL MEASURES, &c. = FRENCH.
British.	French.
LINEAL.
Inch	25.399 millimètres.
Foot	30.479 centimètres.
Yard	0.914 mètre.
Chain [22 yards]	20.116 mètres.
Furlong [10 chains]	201.164 "
Mile	1.609 kilomètre.5 miles = 8 kilomètres, nearly.
SQUARE.
Square Foot	9.29 square décimètres.
Acre	0.405 hectareor about 40 ares.
Square mile	2.599 square kilomètres.100 square miles = 260 sq. kilomètres.
—————
FRENCH WEIGHTS = BRITISH.
French	British.
Décigramme	1.543 grainor about 1½ grains.
Gramme	15.432 grains.28⅓ grammes = 1 ounce avoirdupois.
Décagramme	0.353 ounce avoirdupoisabout ⅓ of an ounce avoirdupois.
Hectogramme	3.527 ouncesnearly ¼ pound.
Kilogramme or kilo	2.2046 pounds.In trade, a kilo is reckoned at 10 per cent. more than 2 pounds.
BRITISH WEIGHTS = FRENCH.
British.	French.
Grain	.0648 gramme.
Ounce (avoirdupois)	28⅓ grammes.
Pound"	454"
Pound (troy)	373 grammes.
Cwt (avoirdupois)	50.8 kilos.
Ton	1015"
—————
FRENCH LIQUID AND CORN MEASURES = BRITISH.
French	British.
Litre	1.76 pint (imperial)or about 1¾ pints.
Hectolitre	22.01 gallons"22 gallons.
BRITISH LIQUID AND CORN MEASURES = FRENCH.
British.	French.
Pint	0.568 litreor more than ½ litre.
Quart	1.136 "about 1⅛ litres.
Gallon	4.543 litres"4½ litres11 gallons.
Peck	9.087 ""9 litres.= 50 litres.
Bushel [8 gallons]	36.348 ""36⅓ litres.
Quarter [8 bushels]	2.908 hectolitres"3 hectolitres.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

CONTENTS.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

SUFFIXES.

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS,
TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN
MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.

PRESCRIPTION.

Without Abbreviations or Contractions.

English Translation.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY
USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

MUSICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS.

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES,
WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

See especially Miss Yonge's History of Christian Names (2 vols. 1863).

WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT
USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN
FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

See especially the Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases, edited by Dr C. A. M. Fennell (Cambridge, 1892).

THE METRIC or FRENCH SYSTEM.

MONEY.

ADDENDA.

Edinburgh: Printed by W. & R. Chambers, Limited.

Amer.	American.	Fris.	Frisian.	Norw.	Norwegian.
Ar.	Arabic.	Gael.	Gaelic.	O. Fr.	Old French.
A.S.	Anglo-Saxon.	Ger.	German.	Pers.	Persian.
Austr.	Australian.	Goth.	Gothic.	Peruv.	Peruvian.
Bav.	Bavarian.	Gr.	Greek.	Pol.	Polish.
Beng.	Bengali.	Heb.	Hebrew.	Port.	Portuguese.
Bohem.	Bohemian.	Hind.	Hindustani.	Prov.	Provençal.
Braz.	Brazilian.	Hung.	Hungarian.	Rom.	Romance.
Bret.	Breton.	Ice.	Icelandic.	Russ.	Russian
Carib.	Caribbean.	Ind.	Indian.	Sans.	Sanskrit.
Celt.	Celtic.	Ion.	Ionic.	Scand.	Scandinavian.
Chal.	Chaldean.	Ir.	Irish.	Scot.	Scottish.
Chin.	Chinese.	It.	Italian.	Singh.	Singhalese.
Corn.	Cornish.	Jap.	Japanese.	Slav.	Slavonic.
Dan.	Danish.	Jav.	Javanese.	Sp.	Spanish.
Dut.	Dutch.	L.	Latin.	Sw.	Swedish.
Egypt.	Egyptian.	Lith.	Lithuanian.	Teut.	Teutonic.
Eng.	English.	L. L.	Low or Late Latin.	Turk.	Turkish.
Finn.	Finnish.	M. E.	Middle English.	U.S.	United States.
Flem.	Flemish.	Mex.	Mexican.	W.	Welsh.
Fr.	French.	Norm.	Norman.

Great Primer	51¼	Brevier	111
English	64	Minion	122
Pica	72	Nonpareil	144
Small Pica	83	Pearl	179
Long Primer	89	Diamond	204
Bourgeois	102

1 £.	25 francs 22 centimes,	or about 25 francs.
1 s.	1 franc 26 centimes,	"1¼ franc.
1 d.	10 centimes.
½ d.	5 centimes, or a 'sou.'
A franc is about 9½ d.100 francs = £4, nearly. A milliard of francs (1,000,000,000) = £40,000,000, nearly.

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

CONTENTS.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

SUFFIXES.

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

SYMBOLS USED IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY.

PRESCRIPTION.

Without Abbreviations or Contractions.

English Translation.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

MUSICAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

CORRECT CEREMONIOUS FORMS OF ADDRESS.

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

See especially Miss Yonge's History of Christian Names (2 vols. 1863).

WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

See especially the Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases, edited by Dr C. A. M. Fennell (Cambridge, 1892).

THE METRIC or FRENCH SYSTEM.

MONEY.

ADDENDA.

Edinburgh: Printed by W. & R. Chambers, Limited.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS,
TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN
MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY
USED IN THE WRITING OF PRESCRIPTIONS.

THE MORE COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES,
WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND MEANING.

WORDS AND PHRASES IN MORE OR LESS CURRENT
USE FROM LATIN, GREEK, AND MODERN
FOREIGN LANGUAGES.