The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stammering, Its Cause and Cure, by 
Benjamin Nathaniel Bogue

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net


Title: Stammering, Its Cause and Cure

Author: Benjamin Nathaniel Bogue

Posting Date: July 23, 2009 [EBook #4256]
Release Date: July, 2003
First Posted: December 19, 2001

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STAMMERING, ITS CAUSE AND CURE ***




Produced by Robert Rowe, Charles Franks and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team. HTML version by Al Haines.










STAMMERING

ITS CAUSE AND CURE


BY

BENJAMIN NATHANIEL BOGUE


A Chronic Stammerer for Almost Twenty Years; Originator of the Bogue
Unit Method of Restoring Perfect Speech; Founder of the Bogue Institute
for Stammerers and Editor of the "Emancipator," a magazine devoted to
the Interests of Perfect Speech





TO MY MOTHER

That wonderful woman whose unflagging courage held me to a task that I
never could have completed alone and who when all others failed, stood
by me, encouraged me and pointed out the heights where lay
success--this volume is dedicated





CONTENTS

Preface

PART I--MY LIFE AS A STAMMERER

    I. Starting Life Under a Handicap
   II. My First Attempt to Be Cured
  III. My Search Continues
   IV. A Stammerer Hunts a Job
    V. Further Futile Attempts to Be Cured
   VI. I Refuse to Be Discouraged
  VII. The Benefit of Many Failures
 VIII. Beginning Where Others Had Left Off


PART II--STAMMERING AND STUTTERING

The Causes, Peculiarities, Tendencies and Effects

    I. Speech Disorders Defined
   II. The Causes of Stuttering and Stammering
  III. The Peculiarities of Stuttering and Stammering
   IV. The Intermittent Tendency
    V. The Progressive Tendency
   VI. Can Stammering and Stuttering Be Outgrown?
  VII. The Effect on the Mind
 VIII. The Effect on the Body
   IX. Defective Speech in Children, (1) The Pre-Speaking Period
    X. Defective Speech in Children, (2) The Formative Period
   XI. Defective Speech in Children, (3) The Speech-Setting Period
  XII. The Speech Disorders of Youth
 XIII. Where Does Stammering Lead?


PART III--THE CURE OF STAMMERING AND STUTTERING

    I. Can Stammering Really Be Cured?
   II. Cases That "Cure Themselves"
  III. Cases That Cannot Be Cured
   IV. Can Stammering Be Cured by Mail?
    V. The Importance of Expert Diagnosis
   VI. The Secret of Curing Stuttering and Stammering
  VII. The Bogue Unit Method Described
 VIII. Some Cases I Have Met


PART IV--SETTING THE TONGUE FREE

    I. The Joy of Perfect Speech
   II. How to Determine Whether You Can Be Cured
  III. The Bogue Guarantee and What It Means
   IV. The Cure Is Permanent
    V. A Priceless Gift--An Everlasting Investment
   VI. The Home of Perfect Speech
  VII. My Mother and The Home Life at the Institute
 VIII. A Heart-to-Heart Talk with Parents
   IX. The Dangers of Delay





PREFACE


Considerably more than a third of a century has elapsed since I
purchased my first book on stammering. I still have that quaint little
book made up in its typically English style with small pages, small
type and yellow paper back--the work of an English author whose obtuse
and half-baked theories certainly lent no clarity to the stammerer's
understanding of his trouble. Since that first purchase my library of
books on stammering has grown until it is perhaps the largest
individual collection in the world. I have read these books--many of
them several times, pondered over the obscurities in some, smiled at
the absurdities in others and benefited by the truths in a few. Yet,
with all their profound explanations of theories and their verbose
defense of hopelessly unscientific methods, the stammerer would be
disappointed indeed, should he attempt to find in the entire collection
a practical and understandable discussion of his trouble.

This insufficiency of existing books on stammering has encouraged me to
bring out the present volume. It is needed. I know this--because I
spent almost twenty years of my life in a well-nigh futile search for
the very knowledge herein revealed. I haunted the libraries, was a
familiar figure in book stores and a frequent visitor to the
second-hand dealer. Yet these efforts brought me comparatively
little--not one-tenth the information that this book contains.

Perhaps it is but a colossal conceit that prompts me to offer this
volume to those who stutter and stammer as I did. Yet, I cannot but
believe that almost twenty years' personal experience as a stammerer
plus more than twenty-eight years' experience in curing speech
disorders has supplied me with an intensely practical, valuable and
worth-while knowledge on which to base this book.

After having stammered for twenty years you have pretty well run the
whole gamut of mockery, humiliation and failure. You understand the
stammerer's feelings, his mental processes and his peculiarities.

And when you add to this more than a quarter of a century, every waking
hour of which has been spent in alleviating the stammerer's
difficulty--and successfully, too--you have a ground-work of first-hand
information that tends toward facts instead of fiction and toward
practice instead of theory.

These are my qualifications.

I have spent a life-time in studying stammering, stuttering and kindred
speech defects. I have written this book out of the fullness of that
experience--I might almost say out of my daily work. I have made no
attempt at literary style or rhetorical excellence and while the work
may be homely in expression the information it contains is definite and
positive--and what is more important--it is authoritative.

I hope the reader will find the book useful--yes, and helpful. I hope
he will find in it the way to Freedom of Speech--his birthright and the
birthright of every man.

BENJAMIN NATHANIEL BOGUE

Indianapolis September, 1929





STAMMERING

Its Cause and Cure





PART I

MY LIFE AS A STAMMERER




CHAPTER I

STARTING LIFE UNDER A HANDICAP


I was laughed at for nearly twenty years because I stammered. I found
school a burden, college a practical impossibility and life a misery
because of my affliction.

I was born in Wabash county, Indiana, and as far back as I can
remember, there was never a time when I did not stammer or stutter. So
far as I know, the halting utterance came with the first word I spoke
and for almost twenty years this difficulty continued to dog me
relentlessly.

When six years of age, I went to the little school house down the road,
little realizing what I was to go through with there before I left.

Previous to the time I entered school, those around me were my family,
my relatives and my friends--people who were very kind and considerate,
who never spoke of my difficulty in my presence, and certainly never
laughed at me.

At school, it was quite another matter. It was fun for the other boys
to hear me speak and it was common pastime with them to get me to talk
whenever possible. They would jibe and jeer--and then ask, "What did
you say? Why don't you learn to talk English?" Their best entertainment
was to tease and mock me until I became angry, taunt me when I did, and
ridicule me at every turn.

It was not only in the school yard and going to and from school that I
suffered--but also in class. When I got up to recite, what a spectacle
I made, hesitating over every other word, stumbling along, gasping for
breath, waiting while speech returned to me. And how they laughed at
me--for then I was helpless to defend myself. True, my teachers tried
to be kind to me, but that did not make me talk normally like other
children, nor did it always prevent the others from laughing at me.

The reader can imagine my state of mind during these school days. I
fairly hated even to start to school in the morning--not because I
disliked to go to school, but because I was sure to meet some of my
taunting comrades, sure to be humiliated and laughed at because I
stammered. And having reached the school room I had to face the
prospect of failing every time I stood up on my feet and tried to
recite.

There were four things I looked forward to with positive dread--the
trip to school, the recitations in class, recess in the school yard and
the trip home again. It makes me shudder even now to think of those
days--the dread with which I left that home of mine every school day
morning, the nervous strain, the torment and torture, and the constant
fear of failure which never left me. Imagine my thoughts as I left
parents and friends to face the ribald laughter of those who did not
understand. I asked myself: "Well, what new disgrace today? Whom will I
meet this morning? What will the teacher say when I stumble? How shall
I get through recess? What is the easiest way home?"

These and a hundred other questions, born of nervousness and fear, I
asked myself morning after morning. And day after day, as the hours
dragged by, I would wonder, "Will this day NEVER end? Will I NEVER get
out of this?"

Such was my life in school. And such is the daily life of thousands of
boys and hundreds of girls--a life of dread, of constant fear, of
endless worry and unceasing nervousness.

But, as I look back at the boys and girls who helped to make life
miserable for me in school, I feel for them only kindness. I bear no
malice. They did no more than their fathers and mothers, many of them,
would have done. They little realized what they were doing. They had no
intention to do me personal injury, though there is no question in my
mind but that they made my trouble worse. They did not know how
terribly they were punishing me. They saw in my affliction only fun,
while I saw in it--only misery.




CHAPTER II

MY FIRST ATTEMPT TO BE CURED


I can remember very clearly the positive fear which always accompanied
a visit to our friends or neighbors, or the advent of visitors at my
home. Many a time I did not have what I desired to eat because I was
afraid to ask for it. When I did ask, every eye was turned on me, and
the looks of the strangers, with now and then a half-suppressed smile,
worked me up to a nervous state that was almost hysterical, causing me
to stutter worse than at any other time.

At one time--I do not remember what the occasion was--a number of
people had come to visit us. A large table had been set and loaded with
good things. We sat down, the many dishes were passed around the table,
as was the custom at our home, and I said not a word. But before long
the first helping was gone--a hungry boy soon cleans his plate--and I
was about to ask for more when I bethought myself. "Please pass--" I
could never do it--"p" was one of the hard sounds for me. "Please
pass--" No, I couldn't do it. So busying myself with the things that
were near at hand and helping myself to those things which came my way,
I made out the meal--but I got up from the table hungry and with a
deeper consciousness of the awfulness of my affliction. Slowly it began
to dawn on me that as long as I stammered I was doomed to do without
much of the world's goods. I began to see that although I might for a
time sit at the World's Table of Good Things in Life I could hope to
have little save that which someone passed on to me gratuitously.

As long as I was at home with my parents, life went along fairly well.
They understood my difficulty, they sympathized with me, and they
looked at my trouble in the same light as myself--as an affliction much
to be regretted. At home I was not required to do anything which would
embarrass me or cause me to become highly excited because of my
straining to talk, but on the other hand I was permitted to do things
which I could do well, without talking to any one.

The time was coming, however, when it would be "Sink or Swim" for me,
since it would not be many years until a sense of duty, if nothing
else, would send me out to make my own way. This time comes to all
boys. It was soon to be MY task to face the world--to make a living for
myself. And this was a thing which, strangely enough for a boy of my
age, I began to think about. I had some experience in meeting people
and in trying to transact some of the minor business connected with our
farm and I found out that I had no chance along that line as long as I
stammered.

And yet it seemed as if I was to be compelled to continue to stammer
the rest of my life, for my condition was getting worse every day. This
was very clear to me--and very plain to my parents. They were anxious
to do something for me and do it quickly, so they called in a skilled
physician. They told him about my trouble. He gave me a cursory
examination and decided that my stuttering was caused by nervousness,
and gave me some very distasteful medicine, which I was compelled to
take three times a day. This medicine did me no good. I took it for
five years, but there was no progress made toward curing my stuttering.
The reason was simple. Stuttering cannot be cured by bitter medicine.
The physician was using the wrong method. He was treating the effect
and not the cause. He was of the opinion that it was the nervousness
that caused my stuttering, whereas the fact of the matter was, it was
my stuttering that caused the nervousness.

I do not blame this physician in the least because of his failure, for
he was not an expert on the subject of speech defects. While he was a
medical man of known ability, he had not made a study of speech
disorders and knew practically nothing about either the cause or cure
of stammering or stuttering. Even today, prominent medical men will
tell you that their profession has given little or no attention to
defects of speech and take little interest in such cases.

Some time later, after the physician had failed to benefit me, a
traveling medicine man came to our community, set up his tent, and
stayed for a week. Of course, like all traveling medicine men, his
remedies were cure-alls. One night in making his talk before the crowd,
he mentioned the fact that his wonderful concoction, taken with the
pamphlet that he would furnish, both for the sum of one dollar, would
cure stammering. I didn't have the dollar, so I did not buy. But the
next day I went back, and I took the dollar along. He got my dollar,
and I still have the book. Of course, I received no benefit whatever. I
later came to the conclusion that the medicine man had been in the
neighborhood long enough to have pointed out to him "BEN BOGUE'S BOY
WHO STUTTERS" (as I was known) and had decided that when I was in his
audience a hint or two on the virtues of his wonderful remedy in cases
of stammering, would be sufficient to extract a dollar from me for a
tryout.

These experiences, however, were valuable to me, even though they were
costly, for they taught me a badly-needed lesson, to wit: That drugs
and medicines are not a cure for stammering.

Many of the people who came in contact with me, and those who talked
the matter over with my parents, said that I would outgrow the trouble.
"All that is necessary," remarked one man, "is for him to forget that
he stammers, and the trouble will be gone."

This was a rather foolish suggestion and simply proved how little the
man knew about the subject. In the first place, a stammerer cannot
forget his difficulty--who can say that he would be cured if he did?
You might as well say to a man holding a hot poker, "If you will only
forget that the poker is hot, it will be cool." It takes something more
than forgetfulness to cure stammering.

The belief held by both my parents and myself that I would outgrow my
difficulty was one of the gravest mistakes we ever made. Had I followed
the advice of others who believed in the outgrowing theory it
eventually would have caused me to become a confirmed stammerer,
entirely beyond hope of cure.

Today, as a result of twenty-eight years' daily contact with
stammerers, I know that stammering cannot be outgrown. The man who
suggests that it is possible to cure stammering by outgrowing it is
doing a great injustice to the stammerer, because he is giving him a
false hope--in fact the most futile hope that any stammerer ever had. I
wish I could paint in the sky, in letters of fire, the truth that
"Stammering cannot be outgrown," because this, of all things, is the
most frequent pitfall of the stammerer, his greatest delusion and one
of the most prolific causes of continued suffering. I know whereof I
speak, because I tried it myself. I know how many different people held
up to me the hope that I would outgrow it.

My father offered me a valuable shotgun if I would stop stammering. My
mother offered me money, a watch and a horse and buggy. These
inducements made me strain every nerve to stop my imperfect utterance,
but all to no avail. At this time I knew nothing of the underlying
principles of speech and any effort which I made to stop my stammering
was merely a crude, misdirected attempt which naturally had no chances
for success.

I learned that prizes will never cure stammering. I found out too,
something I have never since forgotten: that the man, woman or child
who stammers needs no inducement to cause him to desire to be cured,
because the change from his condition as a stammerer to that of a
nonstammerer is of more inducement to the sufferer than all the money
you could offer him. I have never yet seen a man, woman or child who
wanted to stammer or stutter.

The offer of prizes doing no good, I took long trips to get my mind off
the affliction. I did everything in my power, worked almost day and
night, exerted every effort I could command--it was all in vain.

The idea that I would finally outgrow my difficulty was strengthened in
the minds of my parents and friends by the fact that there were times
when my impediment seemed almost to disappear, but to our surprise and
disappointment, it always came back again, each time in a more
aggravated form; each time with a stronger hold upon me than ever
before.

I found out, then, one of the fundamental characteristics of
stammering--its intermittent tendency. In other words, I discovered
that a partial relief from the difficulty was one of the true symptoms
of the malady. And I learned further that this relief is only temporary
and not what we first thought it to be, viz: a sign that the disorder
was leaving.




CHAPTER III

MY SEARCH CONTINUES


My parents' efforts to have me cured, however, did not cease with my
visit to the medicine man. We were still looking for something that
would bring relief. My teacher, Miss Cora Critchlow, handed me an
advertisement one day, telling me of a man who claimed to be able to
cure stammering by mail. In the hope that I would get some good from
the treatment, my parents sent this mail order man a large sum of
money. In return for this I was furnished with instructions to do a
number of useless things, such as holding toothpicks between my teeth,
talking through my nose, whistling before I spoke a word, and many
other foolish things. It was at this time that I learned once and for
all, the imprudence of throwing money away on these mail order "cures,"
so-called, and I made up my mind to bother no more with this man and
his kind.

So far as the mail order instructions were concerned, they were crude
and unscientific--merely a hodge-podge of pseudo-technical phraseology
and crass ignorance--a meaningless jargon scarcely intelligible to the
most highly educated, and practically impossible of interpretation by
the average stammerer who was supposed to follow the course. Even after
I had, by persistent effort, interpreted the instructions and followed
them closely for many months, there was not a sign of the slightest
relief from my trouble. It was evident to me even then that I could
never cure myself by following a mail cure.

Today, after twenty-eight years of experience in the cure of
stammering, I can say with full authority, that stammering cannot be
successfully treated by mail. The very nature of the difficulty, as
well as the method of treatment, make it impossible to put the
instructions into print or to have the stammerer follow out the method
from a printed sheet.

As I approached manhood, my impediment began to get worse. My
stuttering changed to stammering. Instead of rapidly repeating
syllables or words, I was unable to begin a word. I stood transfixed,
my limbs drawing themselves into all kinds of unnatural positions.
There were violent spasmodic movements of the head, and contractions of
my whole body. The muscles of my throat would swell, affecting the
respiratory organs, and causing a curious barking sound. When I finally
got started, I would utter the first part of the sentence slowly,
gradually increase the speed, and make a rush toward the end.

At other times, when attempting to speak, my lips would pucker up,
firmly set together, and I would be unable to separate them, until my
breath was exhausted. Then I would gasp for more breath, struggling
with the words I desired to speak, until the veins of my forehead would
swell, my face would become red, and I would sink back, wholly unable
to express myself, and usually being obliged to resort to writing.

These paroxysms left me extremely nervous and in a seriously weakened
condition. After one of these attacks, the cold perspiration would
break out on my forehead in great beads and I would sink into the
nearest chair, where I would be compelled to remain until I had
regained my strength.

My affliction was taking all my energy, sapping my strength, deadening
my mental faculties, and placing me at a hopeless disadvantage in every
way. I could do nothing that other people did. I appeared unnatural. I
was nervous, irritable, despondent. This despondency now brought about
a peculiar condition. I began to believe that everyone was more or less
an enemy of mine. And still worse, I came to believe that I was an
enemy of myself, which feeling threw me into despair, the depths of
which I do not wish to recall, even now.

I was not only miserably unhappy myself, I made everyone else around me
unhappy, although I did it, not intentionally, but because my
affliction had caused me to lose control of myself.

In this condition, my nerves were strained to the breaking point all
day long, and many a night I can remember crying myself to
sleep--crying purely to relieve that stored-up nervous tension, and f
ailing off to sleep as a result of exhaustion.

As I said before, there were periods of grace when the trouble seemed
almost to vanish and I would be delighted to believe that perhaps it
was gone forever--happy hope! But it was but a delusion, a mirage in
the distance, a new road to lead me astray. The affliction always
returned, as every stammerer knows--returned worse than before. All the
hopes that I would outgrow my trouble, were found to be false hopes.
For me, there was no such thing as outgrowing it and I have since
discovered that after the age of six only one-fifth of one per cent.
ever outgrow the trouble.

Another thing which I always thought peculiar when I was a stammerer
was the fact that I had practically no difficulty in talking to animals
when I was alone with them. I remember very well that we had a large
bulldog called Jim, which I was very fond of. I used to believe that
Jim understood my troubles better than any friend I had, unless it was
Old Sol, our family driving horse.

Jim used to go with me on all my jaunts--I could talk to him by the
hour and never stammer a word. And Old Sol--well, when everything
seemed to be going against me, I used to go out and talk things over
with Old Sol. Somehow he seemed to understand--he used to whinney
softly and rub his nose against my shoulder as if to say, "I
understand, Bennie, I understand!"

Somehow my father had discovered this peculiarity of my
affliction--that is, my ability to talk to animals or when alone.
Something suggested to him that my stammering could be cured, if I
could be kept by myself for several weeks. With this thought in mind,
he suggested that I go on a hunting and fishing trip in the wilds of
the northwest, taking no guide, no companion of any sort, so that there
would be no necessity of my speaking to any human being while I was
gone.

My father's idea was that if my vocal organs had a complete rest, I
would be restored to perfect speech. As I afterwards proved to my own
satisfaction by actual trial, this idea was entirely wrong. You can not
hope to restore the proper action of your vocal organs by ceasing to
use them. The proper functioning of any bodily organ is the result, not
of ceasing to use it at all, but rather of using it correctly.

This can be very easily proved to the satisfaction of any one. Take the
case of the small boy who boasts of his muscle. He is conscious of an
increasing strength in the muscles of his arm not because he has failed
to use these muscles but because he has used them continually, causing
a faster-than-ordinary development.

You can readily imagine that I looked forward to my "vacation" with
keen anticipation, for I had never been up in the northwest and I was
full of stories I had read and ideas I had formed of its wonders.

The trip, lasting two weeks, did me scarcely any good at all. The most
I can say for it is that it quieted my nerves and put me in somewhat
better physical condition, which a couple of weeks in the outdoor
country would do for any growing boy.

But this trip did not cure my stammering, nor did it tend to alleviate
the intensity of the trouble in the least, save through a lessened
nervous state for a few days. Today, after twenty-eight years'
experience, I know that it would be just as sensible to say that a
wagon stuck in the soft mud would get out by "resting" there as it is
to say that stammering can be eradicated by allowing the vocal organs
to rest through disuse.

Shortly after my return from the trip to the northwest, my father died,
with the result that our household was, for a time, very much broken
up. For a while, at least, my stammering, though not forgotten, did not
receive a great deal of attention, for there were many other things to
think about.

The summer following my father's death, however, I began again my
so-far fruitless search for a cure for my stammering, this time placing
myself under the care and instruction of a man claiming to be "The
World's Greatest Specialist in the Cure of Stammering." He may have
been the world's greatest specialist, but not in the cure of
stammering. He did succeed, however, by the use of his absurd methods,
in putting me through a course that resulted in the membrane and lining
of my throat and vocal organs becoming irritated and inflamed to such
an extent that I was compelled to undergo treatment for a throat
affection that threatened to be as serious as the stammering itself.

I tried everything that came to my attention--first one thing and then
another--but without results. Still I refused to be discouraged. I kept
on and on, my mother constantly encouraging and reassuring me. And you
will later see that I found a method that cured me.

There are always those who stand idly about and say, "It can't be
done!" Such people as these laughed at Fulton with his steamboat, they
laughed at Stephenson and his steam locomotive, they laughed at Wright
and the airplane.

They say, "It can't be done"--but it is done, nevertheless.

I turned a deaf ear to the people who tried to convince me that it
couldn't be done. I had a firm belief in that old adage, "Where there
is a will there is a way," and I made another of my own, which said, "I
will FIND a way or MAKE one!"

And I did!




CHAPTER IV

A STAMMERER HUNTS A JOB


After recovering from my sad experiment with the "Wonderful
Specialist," I did not want to go home and listen to the Anvil Chorus
of "It Can't Be Done!" and "I Told You So!" I had no desire to be the
object of laughter as well as pity. So I tried to get a job in that
same city. I went from office to office--but nobody had a job for a man
who stammered.

Finally I did land a job, however, such as it was. My duties were to
operate the elevator in a hotel. How I managed to get that job, I often
wonder now, for nobody on whom I called had any place for a boy or man
who stammered. I thought it would be easy to find a job where I
wouldn't need to talk, but when I started out to look for this job, I
found it wasn't so easy after all. Almost any job requires a man who
can talk. This I had learned in my own search for a place. But somehow
or other, I managed to get that job as elevator boy in a hotel.

For the work as elevator boy I was paid three dollars a week. Wasn't
that great pay for a man grown? But that's what I got.

That is, I got it for a little while, until I lost my job. For lose it
I did before very long. I found out that I couldn't do much with even
an elevator boy's job at three dollars a week unless I could talk. My
employer found it out, too, and then he found somebody who could take
my place--a boy who could answer when spoken to.

Well, here I was out of a job again. I am afraid I came pretty near
being discouraged about that time. Things looked pretty hopeless for
me--it was mighty hard work to get a job and the place didn't last long
after I had gotten it.

But, nevertheless, the only thing to do was to try again. I started the
search all over again. I tried first one place and then another. One
man wanted me to start out as a salesman. He showed me how I could make
more money than I had ever made in my life--convinced me that I could
make it. Then I started to tell my part of the story--but I didn't get
very far before he discovered that I was a stammerer. That was enough
for him--with a gesture of hopelessness, he turned to his desk. "You'll
never do, young man, you'll never do. You can't even talk!" And the
worst of it was that he was right.

I once thought I had landed a job as stock chaser in a factory, but
here, too, stammering barred the way, for they told me that even the
stock chaser had to be able to deliver verbal messages from one foreman
to another. I didn't dare to try that.

Eventually, I drifted around to the Union News Company. They wanted a
boy to sell newspapers on trams running out over the Grand Trunk
Railway. I took the job--the last job in the world I should have
expected to hold, because of all the places a newsboy's job is one
where you need to have a voice and the ability to talk.

I hope no stammerer ever has a position that causes him as much
humiliation and suffering as that job caused me. You can imagine what
it meant to me to go up and down the aisles of the train, calling
papers and every few moments finding out that I couldn't say what I
started out to say and then go gasping and grunting down the aisle
making all sorts of facial grimaces.

How the passengers laughed at me! And how they made fun of me and asked
me all sorts of questions just to hear me try to talk. It almost made
me wish I could never see a human being again, so keen was the
suffering and so tense were my nerves as a result of this work.

I don't believe I ever did anything that kept me in a more frenzied
mental state than this work of trying to sell newspapers--and it wasn't
very long (as I had expected) until the manager found out my situation
and gently let me out.

Then I gave up, all at once. Was I discouraged? Well, perhaps. But not
exactly discouraged. Rather I saw the plain hopelessness of trying to
get or hold a job in my condition. So I prepared to go home. I didn't
want to do it, because I knew the neighbors and friends round about
would be ready for me with, "I told you so" and "I knew it couldn't be
done" and a lot of gratuitous information like that.

But I gave up, nevertheless, deeply disappointed to think that once
again I had failed to be cured of stammering, yet all the while
resolving just as firmly as ever that I would try again and that I
would never give up hope as long as there remained anything for me to
do.

And this rule I followed out, month after month and year after year,
until in the end I was richly rewarded for my patience and persistence.




CHAPTER V

FURTHER FUTILE ATTEMPTS TO BE CURED


The next summer I decided to visit eastern institutions for the cure of
stammering and determine if these could do any more for me than had
already been done-which as the reader has seen, was practically
nothing. I bought a ticket for Philadelphia, where I remained for some
time, and where I gained more information of value than in all of my
previous efforts combined.

I found in the Quaker City an old man who had made speech defects
almost a life study. He knew more about the true principles of speech
and the underlying fundamentals in the production of voice than all of
the rest put together. He taught me these things, and gave me a solid
foundation on which to build. True, he did not cure my stammering. But
that was not because he failed to understand its cause, but merely
because he had not worked out the correct method of removing the cause.

It was this man who first brought home to me the fact that principles
of speech are constant, that they never change and that every person
who talks normally follows out the same principles of speech, while
every person who stutters or stammers violates these principles of
speech. That is the basis of sound procedure for the cure of stammering
and I must acknowledge my indebtedness to this sincere old gentleman
who did so much for me in the way of knowledge, even though he did but
little for me in the way of results.

After leaving Philadelphia, I visited Pittsburgh, Baltimore,
Washington, New York, Boston and other eastern cities, searching for a
cure, but did not find it. I was benefited very little. These
experiences, however, all possessed a certain value, although I did not
know it at the time. They taught me the things which would not work and
by a simple process of elimination I later found the things which would.

Finally, however, having become disgusted with my eastern trip, I
bought a ticket for home and boarded the train more nearly convinced
than ever that I had an incurable case of stammering.

Some time after trying my experiment with the eastern schools, I saw
the advertisement of a professor from Chicago saying that he would be
at Fort Wayne, Indiana, (which was 40 miles from my home), for a week.

He was there. So was I. But to my sorrow. I paid him twenty dollars for
which he taught me a few simple breathing and vocal exercises, most of
which I already knew by heart, having been drilled in them time and
again. This fellow was like so many others who claimed to cure
stammering--he was in the business just because there were stammerers
to cure, and not because he knew anything about it. He treated the
effects of the trouble and did not attempt to remove the cause. The
fact of the matter is, I doubt whether he knew anything about the cause.

Then one Sunday while reading a Cincinnati Sunday newspaper, I ran
across an advertisement of a School of Elocution, in which was the
statement, "Stammering Positively Cured!" Whenever I saw a sign "Vocal
Culture" I became interested, so I clipped the advertisement,
corresponded with the school and not many Sundays later, being able to
secure excursion rates to Cincinnati, I made the trip and prepared to
begin my work.

The cost of the course was only fifty dollars and I thought I would be
getting cured mighty cheap if I succeeded. So I gave this school a
"whirl" with the idea of going hack home in a short time cured--to the
surprise of my family and friends. But I was doomed to disappointment.
I took the twenty lessons, but went home stammering as badly as ever.
You can imagine how I felt as the Big Four train whistled at the Wabash
river just before pulling into the Wabash station, where I was to get
off.

Here was another failure that could be checked up against the
instructor who knew nothing whatever about the cause of stammering. The
whole idea of the course was to cultivate voice and make me an orator.
That was very fine and would, no doubt, have done me a great deal of
good, but it was of no use to try to cultivate a fine voice until I
could use that voice in the normal way. The finest voice in the world
is of no use if you stammer, and cannot use it. The school of elocution
went the same way as all the rest--it was a total failure so far as
curing my stammering was concerned.

By this time, my effort to be cured of stammering had become a habit,
just as eating and sleeping are habits. I was determined to be cured. I
made up my mind I would never give up. True, I often said to myself, "I
may never be cured," but in the same breath I resolved that if I was
not, it could never be said that it was because I was a "quitter."

My next experiment was with a man who claimed he could cure my
stammering in one hour. Think of it. Here I had been, spending weeks
and months trying out just ONE way of cure and here was a man who could
do the whole job IN ONE HOUR. Wonderful power he must possess, I
thought. Of course, I did not believe he could do it. I COULD not
believe it. It was not believable. But nevertheless, in my effort to be
cured, I had resolved to leave no stone unturned. I made up my mind
that the only way to be sure that I was not missing the successful
method was to try them all.

So I put myself under this man's hand. He was a hypnotist. He felt able
to restore speech with a hypnotic sleep and the proper hypnotic
suggestion while I was in the trance. But like all the fake fol-de-rol
with which I had come in contact, he did not even make an impression.

I will say in behalf of this hypnotic stammer doctor, however, that he
was following distinguished precedent in attempting to cure stammering
by hypnotism. German professors in particular have been especially
zealous in following out this line of endeavor and many of them have
written volumes on the subject only to end up with the conclusion (in
their own minds, at least) that it is a failure. Hypnotism may be said
to be a condition where the will of the subject is entirely dormant and
his every act and thought controlled by the mind of the hypnotist. I do
not know, not having been conscious at the time, but it is not
improbable that while in the hypnotic state, I was able to talk without
stammering, since my words were directed by the mind of the professor,
and not my own mind. But inasmuch as I couldn't have the professor
carried around with me through the rest of my lifetime in order to use
his mind, the treatment could not benefit me.

I next got in touch with an honest-looking old man with a beard like
one of the prophets, who assured me with a great deal of professional
dignity, that stammering was a mere trifle for a magnetic healer like
himself and that he could cure it entirely in ten treatments. So I
planked down the specified amount for ten treatments, and went to him
regularly three times a week for almost a month, when he explained to
me, again with a plenitude of professionalism, that my case was a very
peculiar one and that it would require ten more treatments. But I could
not figure out how, if ten treatments had done me no good, ten more
would do any better. So I declined to try his methods any further. Once
again I said to myself, "Well, this has failed, too--I wonder what
next?"

The next happened to be electrical treatments. When I visited the
electrical treatment specialist, he explained to me in a very effective
manner just how (according to his views) stammering was caused by
certain contractions of the muscles of the vocal organs, etc., and told
me that his treatment surely was the thing to eliminate this
contraction and leave my speech entirely free from stammering. I knew
something about my stammering then, but not a great deal--consequently
his explanation sounded plausible to me and appealed to me as being
very sensible and so I decided to give it a trial. I was glad after it
was over that I had received no bad effects--that was ALL the cause I
had to be glad, for he had not changed my stammering one iota, nor had
he changed my speech in any way to make it easier for me to talk. Thus,
had I found another one of the things that will not work and chalked up
another failure against my attempts to be cured of stammering.

By this time, the reader may well wonder why I was not discouraged in
my efforts to be cured. Well, who will say that I was not? I believe I
was--as far as it was possible for me to be discouraged at that time.
But despite all my failures, I had made up my mind never to give up
until I was cured of stammering. I set myself doggedly to the task of
ridding myself of an impediment that I knew would always hold me down
and prevent any measure of success. I stayed with this task. I never
gave up. I kept this one thing always hi mind. It was a life job with
me if necessary--and I was not a "quitter." So failures and
discouragements simply steeled me to more intense endeavors to be
cured. And while these endeavors cost my parents many hundreds of
dollars and cost me many years of time, still, I feel today that they
were worth while--not worth while enough to go through again, or worth
while enough to recommend to any one else--but at least not a total
loss to me.




CHAPTER VI

I REFUSE TO BE DISCOURAGED


After I had tried the electric treatment and found it wanting, I heard
of a clairvoyant who could, by looking at a person, tell his name, age,
occupation, place of residence, etc., and could cure all diseases and
afflictions including stammering. So I thought I would give him a
trial. He claimed to work through a "greater power"--whatever that
was--and so I paid him his fee to see the "greater power" work--and to
be cured of stammering, as per promise. But there was nothing doing in
the line of a cure--all I got in trying to be cured, was another
chapter added to my book of experience.

Following this experience, I tried an osteopath, whose methods, however
good they might have been, affected merely the physical organs and
could not hope to reach the real cause of my trouble. I do not doubt
that this man was entirely sincere in explaining his own science to me
in a way that led me to build up hopes of relief from that method. He
simply did not understand stammering and its causes and was therefore
not prepared to treat it.

I was told of another doctor who claimed to be able to cure stammering.
When I called to see him, he had me wait in his reception room for
nearly two hours, for the purpose, I presume, of giving me the
impression that he was a very busy man. Then he called me into his
private consultation room, where he apparently had all of the modern
and up-to-date surgical instruments. He put me through a thorough
examination, after which he said that the only thing to cure me was a
surgical operation to have my tonsils removed. I was not willing to
consent to the use of the knife, so therefore the operation was never
performed.

Since that time, however, the practice of operating on children
especially for the removal of adenoids and tonsils has become very
popular and quite frequently this is the remedy prescribed for various
and sundry ailments of childhood. In no case must a parent expect to
eradicate stuttering or stammering by the removal of the tonsils. The
operation, beneficial as it may be in other ways, does not prevent the
child from stammering--for the operation does not remove the cause of
the stammering--that cause is mental, not physical.




CHAPTER VII

THE BENEFIT OF MANY FAILURES


I had now tried upwards of fifteen different methods for the cure of my
stammering. I had tried the physician; the surgeon; the elocution
teacher; the hypnotic specialist; the osteopath; a clairvoyant; a
mail-order scheme; the world's greatest speech specialist--so-called,
and several other things. My parents had spent hundreds of dollars of
money trying to have me cured. They had spared no effort, stopped at no
cost. And yet I now stammered worse than I had ever stammered before.
Everything I had tried had been a worthless failure. Nothing had been
of the least permanent good to me. My money was gone, months of time
had been wasted and I now began to wonder if I had not been very
foolish indeed, in going to first one man and then another, trying to
be cured. "Wouldn't it have been better," I asked, "if I had resigned
myself to a life as a stammerer and let it go at that?"

My father before me stammered. So did my grandfather and no less than
fourteen of my blood relations. My affliction was inherited and
therefore supposedly incurable. At least so I was told by honest
physicians and other scientific observers who believed what they said
and who had no desire to make any personal gain by trafficking in my
infirmity. These men told me frankly that their skill and knowledge
held out no hope for me and advised me from the very beginning to save
my money and avoid the pitfalls of the many who would profess to be
able to cure me.

But I had disregarded this honest advice, sincerely given, had spent my
money and my time--and what had I gotten? Would I not have been better
off if I had listened to the advice and stayed at home? Everything
seemed to answer "Yes," but down in my heart I felt that things were
better as they were. Certainly some good must come of all this
effort--surely it could not all be wasted.

"But yet," I argued with myself, "what good can come of it?" Stammering
was fast ruining my life. It had already taken the joy out of my
childhood and had made school a task almost too heavy to be undertaken.
It had marked my youth with a somber melancholy, and now that youth was
slipping away from me with no hope that the future held anything better
for me than the past. Something had to be done. I was overpowered by
that thought--something had to be done. It had to be done at once. I
had come to the turning point in my life. Like Hamlet, I found myself
repeating over and over again,

    "To be or not to be,
    That is the question."

Was I discouraged? No, I will not admit that I was discouraged, but I
was pretty nearly resigned to a life without fluent speech, nearly
convinced that future efforts to find a cure for stammering would be
fruitless and bring no better results.

It was about this time that I stepped into the office of my cousin,
then a successful lawyer and district attorney of his city, later the
first vice-president of one of the great American railroads with
headquarters in New York, and now retired. He was one of those men in
whose vocabulary there is no such word as "fail." After I had talked
with him for quite a while, he looked at me, and with his kindly,
almost fatherly smile asked, "Why don't you cure yourself?"

"Cure myself?" I queried. "How do you expect me, a young man with no
scientific training, to cure myself, when the learned doctors, surgeons
and scientists of the country hare given me up as incurable?"

"That doesn't make any difference," he replied, "'while there is life,
there is hope' and it's a sure thing that nobody ever accomplished
anything worth while by accepting the failures of others as proof that
the thing couldn't be done. Whitney would never have invented the
cotton gin if he had accepted the failures of others as final. Columbus
picked out a road to America and assured the skeptics that there was no
danger of his sailing 'over the edge.' Of course, it had never been
done before, but then Columbus went ahead and did it himself. He didn't
take somebody else's failure as an indication of what he could do. If
he had, a couple of hundred years later, somebody else would have
discovered it and put Columbus in the class with the rest of the
weak-kneed who said it couldn't BE done, just because IT NEVER HAD BEEN
DONE.

"The progress of this country, Ben," continued my cousin, "is founded
on the determination of men who refuse to accept the failures of others
as proof that things can't be done at all. Now you've got a mighty good
start. You've found out all about these other methods--you know that
they have failed--and in a lot of cases, you know WHY they have failed.
Now, why don't you begin where they have left off and find out how to
succeed?"

The thought struck me like a bolt from a clear sky: "BEGIN WHERE THE
OTHERS LEAVE OFF AND FIND OUT HOW TO SUCCEED!" I kept saying it over
and over to myself, "Begin where the others leave off--begin where the
others leave off!"

This thought put high hope in my heart. It seemed to ring like a call
from afar. "Begin where the others leave off and find out how to
succeed." I kept thinking about that all the way home. I thought of it
at the table that evening. I said nothing. I went to bed--but I didn't
go to sleep, for singing through my brain was that sentence, "Begin
where the others leave off and find out how to succeed!"

Right then and there I made the resolve that resulted in my curing
myself. "I WILL do it," I said, "I will begin where the others leave
off--and I WILL SUCCEED!!" Then and there I determined to master the
principles of speech, to chart the methods that had been used by
others, to find their defects, to locate the cause of stammering, to
find out how to remove that cause and remove it from myself, so that I,
like the others whom I so envied, could talk freely and fluently.

That resolution--that determination which first fired me that evening
never left me. It marked the turning point in my whole life. I was no
longer dependent upon others, no longer looking to physicians or
elocution teachers or hypnotists to cure me of stammering. I was
looking to myself. If I was to be cured, then I must be the one to do
it. This responsibility sobered me. It intensified my determination. It
emphasized in my own mind the need for persistent effort, for a
constant striving toward this one thing. And absorbed with this idea,
living and working toward this one end, I began my work.




CHAPTER VIII

BEGINNING WHERE OTHERS HAD LEFT OFF


From the moment that my resolution took shape, my plans were all laid
with one thing in mind--to cure myself of stammering. I determined,
first of all, to master the principles of speech. I remembered very
well, indeed, the admonition of Prof. J. J. Mills, President of Earlham
College, on the day I left the institution. "You have been a
hard-working student," he said, "but your success will never be
complete until you learn to talk as others talk. Cure your stammering
at any cost." That was the thing I had determined to do. And having
determined upon that course, I resolved to let nothing swerve me from
it.

I began the study of anatomy. I studied the lungs, the throat, the
brain--nothing escaped me. I pursued my studies with the avidity of the
medical student wrapped up in his work. I read all the books that had
been published on the subject of stammering. I sought eagerly for
translations of foreign books on the subject. I lived in the libraries.
I studied late at night and arose early in the morning, that I might be
at my work again. It absorbed me. I thought of the subject by day and
dreamed of it by night. It was never out of my mind. I was living it,
breathing it, eating it. I had not thought myself capable of such
concentration as I was putting in on the pursuit of the truth as
regards stammering and its cure.

With the knowledge that I had gained from celebrated physicians,
specialists and institutions throughout this country and Europe, I
extended my experiments and investigation. I had an excellent subject
on which to experiment--myself. Progress was slow at first--so slow, in
fact, that I did not realize until later that it was progress at all.
Nothing but my past misery, backed up by my present determination to be
free from the impediment that hampered me at every turn, could have
kept me from giving up. But at last, after years of effort, after long
nights of study and days of research, I was rewarded by success--I
found and perfected a method of control of the articulatory organs as
well as of the brain centers controlling the organs of speech. I had
learned the cause of stammering and stuttering.

All of the mystery with which the subject had been surrounded by
so-called specialists, fell away. In all its clearness, I saw the
truth. I saw how the others, who had failed in my case, had failed
because of ignorance. I saw that they had been treating effects, not
causes. I saw exactly WHY their methods had not succeeded and could
never succeed.

In truth I had BEGUN WHERE THE OTHERS LEFT OFF AND WON SUCCESS. The
reader can imagine what this meant to me. It meant that at last I could
speak--clearly, distinctly, freely, and fluently, without those facial
contortions that had made me an object of ridicule wherever I went. It
meant that I could take my place in life, a man among men; that I could
look the whole world in the face; that I could live and enjoy life as
other normal persons lived and enjoyed it.

At first my friends could not believe that my cure was permanent. Even
my mother doubted the evidence of her own ears. But I knew the trouble
would not come back, for the old fear was gone, the nervousness soon
passed away, and a new feeling of confidence and self-reliance took
hold of me, with the result that in a few weeks I was a changed man.
People who had formerly avoided me because of my infirmity began to
greet me with new interest. Gradually the old affliction was forgotten
by those with whom I came into daily contact and by many I was thought
of as a man who had never stammered. Even today, those who knew me when
I stammered so badly I could hardly talk, are hardly able to believe
that I am the same person who used to be known as "BEN BOGUE'S BOY WHO
STUTTERS."

For today I can talk as freely and fluently as anybody. I do not
hesitate in the least. For years, I have not even known what it is to
grope mentally for a word. I speak in public as well as in private
conversation. I have no difficulty in talking over the telephone and in
fact do not know the difference. In my work, I lecture to students and
am invited to address scientific bodies, societies and educational
gatherings, all of which I can accomplish without the slightest
difficulty.

Today, I can say with Terence, "I am a man and nothing that is human is
alien to me." And I can go a step further and say to those who are
afflicted as I was afflicted: "I have been a stammerer. I know your
troubles, your sorrows, your discouragements. I understand with an
understanding born of a costly experience."

Man or woman, boy or girl, wherever you are, my heart goes out to you.
Whatever your station in life, rich or poor, educated or unlettered,
discouraged and hopeless, or determined and resolute, I send you a
message of hope, a message which, in the words of Dr. Russell R.
Conwell, "has been affirmed and reaffirmed in the thousands of lives I
have been privileged to watch. And the message is this: Neither
heredity nor environment nor any obstacles superimposed by man can keep
you from marching straight through to a cure, provided you are guided
by a firm driving determination and have normal health and
intelligence." To that end I commend to you the succeeding pages of
this volume, where you will find in plain and simple language the
things which I have spent more than thirty years in learning. May these
pages open for you the door to freedom of speech--as they have opened
it for hundreds before you.




PART II

STAMMERING AND STUTTERING

The Causes, Peculiarities, Tendencies and Effects




CHAPTER I

SPEECH DISORDERS DEFINED


In the diagnosis of speech disorders, there are almost as many
different forms of defective utterance as there are cases, all of which
forms, however, divide themselves into a few basic types. These various
disorders might be broadly classified into three classes:

    (1)--Those resulting from carelessness in learning to speak;
    (2)--Those which are of distinct mental form; and
    (3)--Those caused by a physical deformity in the organs of
         speech themselves.

Regardless of under which of these three heads a speech disorder may
come, it is commonly spoken of by the laymen as a "speech impediment"
or "a stoppage in speech" notwithstanding the fact that the
characteristics of the various disorders are quite dissimilar. In
certain of the disorders,

    (a)--There is an inability to release a word; in others,
    (b)--A tendency to repeat a syllable several times before
         the following syllable can be uttered; in others,
    (c)--The tendency to substitute an incorrect sound for the
         correct one; while in others,
    (d)--The utterance is defective merely in the imperfect
         enunciation of sounds and syllables due to some organic
         defect, or to carelessness in learning to speak.

While this volume has but little to do with speech disorders other than
stammering and stuttering, the characteristics of the more common forms
of speech impediment--lisping, cluttering and hesitation, as well as
stuttering and stammering--will be discussed in this first chapter, in
order that the reader may be able, in a general way at least, to
differentiate between the various disorders.

LISPING

This is a very common form of speech disorder and one which manifests
itself early in the life of the child. Lisping may be divided into
three forms:

    (1)--Negligent Lisping
    (2)--Neurotic Lisping
    (3)--Organic Lisping

NEGLIGENT LISPING: This is a form of defective enunciation caused in
most cases by parental neglect or the carelessness of the child himself
in the pronunciation of words during the first few months of talking.
This defective pronunciation in Negligent Lisping is caused either by a
FAILURE or an INABILITY to observe others who speak correctly. We learn
to speak by imitation, and failing to observe the correct method of
speaking in others, we naturally fail to speak correctly ourselves. In
Negligent Lisping, this inability properly to imitate correct speech
processes, results in the substitution of an incorrect sound for the
correct one with consequent faulty formation of words.

ORGANIC LISPING: This results from an organic or physical defect in the
vocal organs, such as hare-lip, feeble lip, malformation of the tongue,
defective teeth, overshot or undershot jaw, high palatal arch, cleft
palate, defective palate, relaxed palate following an operation for
adenoids, obstructed nasal passages or defective hearing.

NEUROTIC LISPING: This is a form of speech marked by short, rapid
muscular contractions instead of the smooth and easy action used in
producing normal sounds. Neurotic Lisping is often found to be combined
with stammering or stuttering, which is quite logical, since it is
similar, both as to CAUSE and as to the presence of a MENTAL
DISTURBANCE. In Neurotic Lisping, the muscular movements are less
spasmodic than in cases of stuttering, partaking more of the cramped
sticking movement, common in stammering.

STUTTERING

Stuttering may be generally defined as the repetition--rapid in some
cases, slow in others--of a word or a syllable, before the following
word or syllable can be uttered. Stuttering may take several forms, any
one of which will fall into one of four phases:

    (1)--Simple Phase
    (2)--Advanced Phase
    (3)--Mental Phase
    (4)--Compound Phase

Simple stuttering can be said to be a purely physical form of the
difficulty. The Advanced Phase marks the stage of further progress
where the trouble passes from the purely physical state into a
condition that may be known as Mental-Physical. The distinctly Mental
Phase is marked by symptoms indicating a mental cause for the trouble,
the disorder usually having passed into this form from the simple or
advanced stages of the malady. Stuttering may be combined with
stammering in which case the condition represents the Compound Phase of
the trouble.

CHOREATIC STUTTERING: This originates in an attack of Acute Chorea or
St. Vitus Dance, which leaves the sufferer in a condition where
involuntary and spasmodic muscular contractions, especially of the
face, have become an established habit. This breaks up the speech in a
manner somewhat similar to ordinary stuttering. Also known as "Tic
Speech."

SPASTIC SPEECH: This is often the result of infantile cerebral palsy,
the characteristic symptom of the trouble being intense over-exertion,
continued throughout a sentence, the syllables being equal in length
and very laboriously enunciated. In spastic speech, there is present a
noticeable hyper-tonicity of the nerve fibers actuating the muscles
used in speaking as well as marked contractions of the facial muscles.

UNCONSCIOUS STUTTERING: This is a misnomer because there can be no such
thing as unconscious stuttering. It appears that the person afflicted
is not conscious of his difficulty for he insists that he does not
s-s-s-s-tut-tut-tut-ter. Unconscious Stuttering is but a name for the
disorder of a stutterer who is too stubborn to admit his own difficulty.

THOUGHT STUTTERING: This is an advanced form of stuttering which is
also known as Aphasia and which is caused by the inability of the
sufferer to recall the mental images necessary to the formation of a
word. Stuttering in its simpler forms is usually connected with the
period of childhood, while aphasia is often connected with old age or
injury. The aphasic person is excessively nervous as is the stutterer;
he undergoes the same anxiety to get his words out and the same fear of
being ridiculous. In aphasia there is, however, no excessive muscular
tension or cramp of the speech muscles. In these cases, the stutterer
will sometimes repeat the first syllable ten or fifteen times with
pauses between, being for a time unable to recall what the second
syllable is. It is, in other words, a habitual, but nevertheless
temporary, inability to recall to mind the mental images necessary to
produce the word or syllable desired to be spoken. This condition is
more commonly known as Thought Lapse or the inability to think of what
you desire to say.

One investigator shows that the diagnosis of "insanity" with later
commitment to an asylum occurred in the case of a bad stutterer. When
excited he would go through the most extreme contortions and the
wildest gesticulations in a vain attempt to finally get all of the word
out, finally pacing up and down the room like one truly insane. This
tendency to believe that the stutterer is insane because of the
convulsive or spasmodic effort accompanying his efforts to speak, is a
mistaken one, although there can be little doubt of the tendency of
this condition finally to lead to insanity if not checked.

HESITATION

Hesitation is marked by a silent, choking effort, often accompanied by
a fruitless opening and closing of the mouth. Hesitation is a stage
through which the sufferer usually passes before he reaches the
condition known as Elementary Stammering.

STAMMERING

Stammering is a condition in which the person afflicted is unable to
begin a word or a sentence no matter how much effort may be directed
toward the attempt to speak, or how well they may know what they wish
to say. In stammering, there is the "sticking" as the stammerer terms
it, or the inability to express a sound. The difference between
stammering and stuttering lies in the fact that in stuttering, the
disorder manifests itself in loose and hurried (or in some cases, slow)
repetitions of sounds, syllables or words, while in the case of
stammering, the manifestation takes the form of an inability to express
a sound, or to begin a word or a sentence.

ELEMENTARY STAMMERING: This is the simplest form of this disorder.
Here, the convulsive effort is not especially noticeable and the marked
results of long-continued stammering are not apparent. Most cases pass
quickly from the elementary stage unless checked in their incipiency.

SPASMODIC STAMMERING: This marks the stage of the disorder where the
effort to speak brings about marked muscular contractions and
pronounced spasmodic efforts, resulting in all sorts of facial
contortions, grimaces and uncontrolled jerkings of the head, body and
limbs.

THOUGHT STAMMERING: This, like Thought-Stuttering, is a form of Aphasia
and manifests itself in the inability of the stammerer to think of what
he wishes to say. In other words, the thought-stammerer, like the
thought-stutterer, is unable to recall the mental images necessary to
the production of a certain word or sound--and is, therefore, unable to
produce sounds correctly. The manifestations described under Thought
Stuttering are present in Thought Stammering also.

COMBINED STAMMERING AND STUTTERING: This is a compound form of
difficulty in which the sufferer finds himself at times not only unable
to utter a sound or begin a word or a sentence but also is found to
repeat a sound or syllable several times before the following syllable
can be uttered. Any case of stuttering or stammering in the Simple or
Elementary Stages may pass into Combined Stammering and Stuttering
without warning or without the knowledge, even, of the stammerer or
stutterer.




CHAPTER II

THE CAUSES OF STUTTERING AND STAMMERING


One of the first questions asked by the stutterer or stammerer is,
"What is the cause of my trouble?" In asking this question, the
stammerer is getting at the very essence of the successful method of
treatment of his malady, for there is no method of curing stuttering,
stammering and kindred defects of speech that can bring real and
permanent relief from the affliction unless it attacks the cause of the
trouble and removes that cause.

Inasmuch as this book has to do almost entirely with the two defective
forms of utterance known as stuttering and stammering, we will at this
time drop all reference to the other forms of speech impediments and
from this time forth refer only to stuttering and stammering.

These forms of defective speech are manifested by the inability to
express words in the normal, natural manner--freely and fluently. In
other words, there is a marked departure from the normal in the methods
used by the stammerer in the production of speech. It is necessary,
therefore, before taking up the discussion of the causes of stuttering
and stammering, to determine the method by which voice is produced in
the normal individual, so that we can compare this normal production of
speech with the faulty method adopted by the stutterer or stammerer and
learn where the fault is and what is the cause of it.

Let us now proceed to do this: In other words, let us ask the question:
"How is speech produced in the normal person not afflicted with
defective utterance?"

Voice is produced by the vocal organs much in the same manner as sounds
are produced on a saxophone or clarinet, by forcing a current of air
through an aperture over which is a reed which vibrates with the
sounds. The low tones produced by the saxophone or clarinet result from
the enlargement of the aperture, while the higher tones are produced by
contracting the opening. Variations of pitch in the human voice are
also effected by elongation and contraction of the vocal cords with
comparative slackness or tension, as in the violin.

It would be of no value, and, in fact, would only serve to confuse the
layman, to know the duties or functions of the various organs or parts
entering into the production of speech. Suffice it to say that in the
"manufacture" of words, there are concerned the glottis, the larynx,
thorax, diaphragm, lungs, soft palate, tongue, teeth and lips. In the
production of the sounds and the combination of sounds that we call
words, each of these organs of speech has its own particular duty to
perform and the failure of any one of these organs properly to perform
that duty may result in defective utterance of some form.

BRAIN CONTROL: It must be borne in mind that for any one or all of the
organs of speech to become operative or to manifest any action, they
must be innervated or activated by impulses originating in the brain.

For instance, if it is necessary that the glottis be contracted to a
point which we will call "half-open" for the production of a certain
sound, the brain must first send a message to that organ before the
necessary movement can take place. In saying the word "you," for
instance, it would be necessary for the tongue to press tip against the
base of the lower row of front teeth. But before the tongue can assume
that position, it is necessary that the brain send to the tongue a
message directing what is to be done.

When the number of different organs involved in the production of the
simplest word of one syllable is considered (such as the word "you"
just mentioned), and when it is further considered that separate brain
messages must be sent to each of the organs, muscles or parts concerned
in the production of that word, then it will be understood that the
process of speaking is a most complicated one, involving not only
numerous physical organs but also intricate mental processes.

When all of the organs concerned in the production of speech are
working properly and when the brain sends prompt and correct brain
impulses to them, the result is perfect speech, the free, fluent and
easy conversation of the good talker. But when any or all of these
organs fail to function properly, due to inco-ordination, the result is
discord--and defective utterance.

CAUSE OF DEFECTIVE UTTERANCE: Now, let us consider the cause of
defective utterance. What is it that causes the organ, muscle or parts
to fail properly to function? The first and most obvious conclusion
would be that there was some inherent defect in the organ, muscle or
part which failed to function. But experience has proved that this is
usually not the case. An examination of two thousand cases of defective
utterance, including many others besides stuttering and stammering,
revealed three-tenths of one per cent. with an organic defect--that is,
a defect in the organs themselves. In other words, only three persons
out of every thousand afflicted with defective utterance were found to
have any physical shortcoming that was responsible for the affliction.

Take any of these two thousand cases--say those that stammered, for
instance. What was the cause of their difficulty, if it did not lie in
the organs used in the production of speech? This is the question that
long puzzled investigators in the field of speech defects. Like Darwin,
they said: "It must be this, for if it is not this, then what is it?"
If stuttering and stammering are not caused by actual physical defects
in the organs themselves, what then can be the cause?

DUE TO A LACK OF CO-ORDINATION: Cases of stammering and stuttering
where no organic defect is present are due to a lack of co-ordination
between the brain and the muscles of speech. In other words, the
harmony between the brain and the speech organs which normally result
in smooth working and perfect speech has been interrupted. The brain
impulses are no longer properly transmitted to and executed by the
muscles of speech.

This failure to transmit properly brain messages or this lack of
co-ordination may take one of two forms: it may result in an
UNDER-innervation of the organs of speech, which results in loose,
uncontrolled repetitions of a word, sound or syllable, or it may take
the form of an overinnervation of the vocal organ with the result that
it is so intensely contracted as to be entirely closed, causing the
"sticking" or inability to pronounce even a sound, so common to the
stammerer.

Suppose that you try to say the word "tray." Do not articulate the
sounds. Merely make the initial effort to say it. What happens? Simply
this: The tip of the tongue comes in contact with the upper front teeth
at their base and as you progress in your attempt to say "t," the
tongue flattens itself against the roof of the mouth, moving from the
tip of the tongue toward its base. If you are a stammerer, you will
probably find in endeavoring to say this word, that your vocal organs
fail to respond quickly and correctly to the set of brain messages
which should result in the proper enunciation of the word "tray." Your
tongue clings to the roof of your mouth, your mouth remains open, you
suffer a rush of blood to the face, due to your powerful and
unsuccessful effort to articulate, and the word refuses to be spoken.

Now, in order to dissociate "lack of co-ordination," from stammering
and to get an idea of its real nature, let us imagine an experiment
which can be conducted by any one, whether they stammer or not.

You see on the table before you a pencil. You want to write and
consequently you want to pick up the pencil. Therefore, your brain
sends a message to your thumb and forefinger, saying, "Pick up the
pencil." Your brain does not, of course, express that command in words,
but sends a brain impulse based upon the kinaesthetic or motor image of
the muscular action necessary to accomplish that act. But for our
purpose in this experiment, we can assume that the brain sends the
message in terms which, if interpreted in words, would be "pick up the
pencil." Suppose that when that brain message reaches your thumb and
forefinger, instead of reaching for the pencil, they immediately close
and clap or stick, refusing to act. Your hand is unable to pick up the
pencil. That, then, is similar to stammering. The hand is doing
practically what the vocal organs do when the stammerer attempts to
speak and fails. But, on the other hand, if, when the message was
received by your thumb and finger, it made short, successive attempts
to pick up the pencil, but failed to accomplish it, then you could
compare that failure to the uncontrolled repetitions of stuttering.
This inability to control the action of the thumb and forefinger would
be the result of a lack of co-ordination between the brain and the
muscles of the hand, while stuttering or stammering is the result of a
lack of co-ordination between the brain and the muscles of speech.

WHAT CAUSES LACK OF CO-ORDINATION: But even after it is known that
stuttering and stammering are caused by a lack of co-ordination between
the brain and the organs of speech, still, the mind of scientific and
inquiring trend must ask, "What causes the lack of co-ordination?" And
that question is quite in order. It is plain that the lack of
co-ordination does not exist without a cause. What, then, is this cause?

An inquiry into the cause of the inco-ordination between brain and
speech-organs leads us to an examination of the original or basic
causes of stammering. These original or basic causes in their various
ramifications are almost as numerous as the cases of speech disorders
themselves, but they fall into a comparatively few well-defined classes.

These original causes in many cases do not appear to have been the
direct and immediate cause of the trouble, but rather a predisposing
cause or a cause which brought about a condition that later developed
into stuttering or stammering.

Let us set down a list of the more common of these causes, not with the
expectation of having the list complete but rather of giving facts
about the representative or more common Basic Predisposing Causes of
Stuttering and Stammering.

A little more than 96 per cent. of the causes of stammering which the
author has examined can be traced back to one of the five causes shown
below:

    1--Mimicry or Imitation
    2--Fright or severe nerve shock
    3--Fall or injury of some sort
    4--Heredity
    5--Disease

Let us take up these familiar causes of stuttering or stammering in the
order in which we have set them down and learn something more of them.

The first and one of the most common causes is Mimicry, or, as it is
probably more often called, Imitation. Mimicry or Imitation is almost
wholly confined to children. After reaching the age of discretion, the
adult is usually of sufficient intelligence to refrain from mimicking
or imitating a person who stutters or stammers.

The average small boy, however, (or girl, for that matter) seems to
find delight in mocking and imitating a playmate who stutters or
stammers, and so keen is this delight that he persists in this practice
day after day until (as its own punishment) the practice of mockery or
mimicry brings upon the boy himself the affliction in which he found
his fun.

It may be noted, however, that Imitation is not always conscious, but
often unconscious. The small child begins to imitate the stuttering
companion without knowing that he engages in imitation. This practice,
notwithstanding the fact that it is unconscious, soon develops into
stuttering, without any cause being assignable by the parent until
investigation develops that unconscious and even unnoticed imitation is
the basic cause of the defective utterance.

It has been definitely determined that stuttering may be communicable
through contagious impressions, especially among children of tender age
whose minds are subject to the slightest impressions.

For this reason, it is not advisable for parents to allow children to
play with others who stutter or stammer, nor is it charitable to allow
a child who stutters or stammers to play with other children who are
not so afflicted.

So far-reaching are the effects of Imitation or Mimicry that in certain
cases, children have been known to contract stuttering from associating
with a deaf-mute whose expressions were made chiefly in the form of
grunts and inarticulate sounds.

FRIGHT OR SEVERE NERVE SHOCK: Another common cause of stammering is
fright or nervous shock, which may have been brought about in countless
ways. One boy who came to me some time ago stated that he had swallowed
a nail when about six years of age and that this was the cause of his
stammering. The logical conclusion in a case like this would be that
the nail had injured the vocal organs, but an examination proved that
there was no organic defect and that the stammering was caused, not by
injury directly to the vocal organs but by the nervous shock occasioned
by swallowing the nail.

Another case was that of a stammerer who reported that he had been
given carbolic acid, by mistake, when a child and that he had stammered
ever since. This, like the case of the boy who swallowed the nail,
might be expected to prove a case of absolute physical injury or
impairment of the vocal chords, but once again, it was clear that such
was not the case and that the stammering was brought about solely from
the nervous shock which came as a result of taking carbolic acid.

There is still another case of a boy who felt that he was continually
being followed. This was of course merely a hallucination, but the
fright that this boy's state of mind brought on soon caused him to
stutter and stammer in a very pronounced manner.

Fright is a prolific cause of stuttering in small children and may be
traced in a great many cases to parents or nurses who persist in
telling children stories of a frightful nature, or who, as a means of
discipline, scare them by locking them up in the cellar, the closet or
the garret. To these scare-tales told to children should be added the
misguided practice of telling children that "the bogey-man will get
you" or "the policeman is after you" or some such tale to enforce
parental commands. An instance is recalled of a woman who created out
of a morbid imagination a phantom of terrible mien, who abode in the
garret and was constantly lying in wait for the small children of the
household with the professed intention of "eating them alive."

Such disciplinary methods of parents savor much of the Inquisition and
the Dark Ages and should, for the good of the children and the future
generation they represent, be totally abolished. While these methods do
not, in every case, result in stuttering or stammering, they make the
child of a nervous disposition and lay him liable in later years to the
afflictions which accompany nervous disorders. In some cases "tickling"
a child has caused stammering or stuttering. Care should be exercised
here as well, for prolonged tickling brings about intense muscular
contraction especially of the diaphragmatic muscles, which contraction
is accompanied by an agitated mental condition as well as extreme
nervousness, all of which approaches very closely to the combination of
abnormal conditions which are found to be present in stammering or
stuttering.

FALL OR INJURY AS A CAUSE: Step into any gathering of average American
parents for a half-hour and if the subject of the children should come
up, you are sure to hear one or more dramatic recitals of the falls and
injuries suffered by the junior members of the household, from the
first time that Johnny fell out of bed and frightened his mother nearly
to death, to the day that he was in an automobile crash at the age of
23. And these tales are always closed with the profound bit of confided
information that these falls are of no consequence--"nothing ever comes
of them."

While in a great measure this is true, there are many falls and
injuries suffered in childhood which are responsible for the ills of
later life, although it is seldom indeed that they are blamed for the
results which they bring about.

Injuries and falls are a frequent cause of stuttering and stammering.
Usually, however, an injury results in stuttering or stammering, not
because of any change in the physical structure brought about by the
injury but rather by the nervous shock attending it. In other words,
cases of stammering and stuttering caused apparently by injury might,
if desired, be traced still further back, showing as the initial cause
an injury but as a direct cause the fright or nervous shock resulting
from that injury.

A good example of this is found in a case of a young man who came to me
some years ago. He said: "When I was about five years old, my brother
and I were playing in the cellar and I wanted to jump off the top step.
When I jumped, I hit my head on the cross-piece and it knocked me back
on the steps and I slid down on my back, and ever since, for ten years,
I have stammered."

Here is a case where the blow on the head, or the succession of blows
on the spinal column as the boy slid down the stairs, might have been
the cause of the trouble. More probably, it was the combined injury,
undoubtedly resulting in a severe nervous shock from which the boy
probably did not recover for many days.

Another man said, in describing his case during an examination: "At the
age of 16, I was hit on the head with a ball. I lost my memory for one
week and when I regained it, I was a stammerer." This is a plain case
of injury resulting in immediate stammering.

Still another case is that of a boy who, at the age of three, was shot
in the neck by a rifle, the bullet coming out of his chin, which
resulted in his becoming an immediate stammerer. Here, as in the case
of the boy who swallowed the nail, it might be expected that the cause
was a defect in the organs of speech, but I found stammering was
brought on by the nervous shock.

From these few cases of actual occurrences, it will be seen that
practically all cases of stammering caused by injury can be traced to
the NERVOUS SHOCK brought about by the injury.

HEREDITY AS A CAUSE: There is little that need be said on the subject
of heredity as a cause of stuttering and stammering, save that heredity
is a common cause and that children of stuttering or stammering parents
usually stammer. In this, as in the case of any malady hereditarily
transmitted, it is difficult to say whether the trouble is caused by
inheritance or by constant and intimate association of the child with
his parents during the period of early speech development.

THE RESULT OF DISEASE: Many cases of both stammering and stuttering may
be traced back to disease as the basic or predisposing cause. Acute
Chorea (St. Vitus Dance) is frequently the cause of stuttering of a
type known as Choreatic Stuttering or "Tic Speech." Infantile Cerebral
Palsy sometimes brings about a condition known as "Spastic Speech,"
while whooping cough, scarlet fever, measles, meningitis, infantile
paralysis, scrofula and rickets are sometimes responsible for the
disorder.

Disease may cause stuttering or stammering as an immediate after effect
or the speech trouble may not show up for considerable time, depending
altogether upon the individual. But regardless of the length of time
elapsing between the disease which predisposes the individual to the
speech disorder and the time of the first evidence of its presence,
diagnosis reveals but an insignificant percentage of organic defects in
these cases resulting from disease, indicating that even here the
predominant causative factor is a mental one.




CHAPTER III

THE PECULIARITIES OF STUTTERING AND STAMMERING


Each individual case of stuttering or stammering has its own
peculiarities, already more or less developed--arising from structural
differences (but not necessarily defects) in the organs of speech, as
well as differences in temperament, health and nervousness; or
peculiarities arising from habit--which is the result of previous
training or neglect, as the case may be.

SING WITHOUT DIFFICULTY: Almost without exception, the stutterer or
stammerer can sing without any difficulty, can talk to animals without
stuttering or stammering, can talk when alone and in some cases can
talk perfectly in a whisper. Some stammerers have less difficulty in
talking to strangers than in talking to friends or relatives while in
other cases, the condition is exactly reversed. A stutterer or
stammerer almost always experiences difficulty in speaking over the
telephone. One experimenter has shown, however, that a stammerer can
talk perfectly over the telephone so long as the receiver hook is
depressed and there is no connection with another person at the other
end of the line. This experimenter shows that immediately the receiver
hook is released and a connection is established, the halting,
stumbling utterance begins.

These peculiarities of stuttering and stammering for many years puzzled
investigators and were, in fact, finally responsible for arriving at
the true cause of stammering.

Almost every stammerer seeks for an explanation of these peculiar
manifestations. Why is it, for instance, that a stammerer can sing
without difficulty, although he cannot talk? This is one of the best
evidences that could be produced to show that stammering is the result
of a lack of mental control. The stammerer who can sing without
difficulty has no organic or inherent defect in the vocal organs, that
is sure. If the stammerer can sing, and if this proves that he has no
organic defect, then it follows logically that the cause of his trouble
is mental and not physical.

TALK WHEN ALONE: The fact that a stammerer can talk without hesitation
when alone and that he can talk to animals may be explained by a very
simple illustration--any stammerer can try this experiment on one of
his friends who does not stammer. He can prove that the reflex, or what
might be termed subconscious movements of the bodily organs are more
nearly normal than the same movements consciously controlled. Take, for
instance, the regular beating of the pulse. Let anyone who does not
stammer (it makes no difference in trying this experiment whether the
person stammers or not, save that we are trying to prove that the
condition may be brought about in one who is not a stammerer) feel his
own pulse for sixty seconds. Let him be thoroughly conscious of this
effort to learn the rapidity of its beating. If a disinterested
observer could record the pulse as normally beating and the pulse under
the conscious influence of the mind, it would be found that the pulse
under the conscious effort is beating either more rapidly or more
slowly or that it is not beating as regularly as in the case of
unconscious or reflex action.

This same condition may be noticed in another unconscious or reflex
action--breathing. The moment you become conscious of an attempt to
breathe regularly, breathing becomes difficult, restricted, irregular,
whereas this same action, when unconscious, is thoroughly regular and
even.

In the average or normal person who has learned to talk correctly,
speaking should be practically an unconscious process. It should not be
necessary to make a conscious effort to form words, nor should a normal
individual be conscious of the energy necessary to create a word or the
muscular movements necessary to its formation and expression.

This will explain why the stutterer or stammerer can talk without
difficulty to animals or when alone--there is no self-consciousness--no
conscious effort--no thinking of what is being done.

Another of the peculiarities of stammering is that the stammerer in
many cases seems to be able to talk perfectly in concert. This has long
baffled the investigator in this field, no reason being assignable for
this ability to talk in connection with others. The baffling element
has been this--that the investigator has assumed that the stammerer
talked well in concert, whereas a very careful scientist would have
discovered the stammerer to be a fraction of a second or a part of a
syllable behind the others.

You have doubtless been in church at some time when you were not
entirely familiar with the hymn being sung, yet by lagging a note or
two behind the rest, you could sing the song, to all appearances being
right along with the others.

When you talk over the long-distance telephone, the voice seems
instantly to reach the party at the other end of the line, yet we know
that a period of time has had to elapse to allow the voice waves to
move along the telephone wire and reach the other end. The elapse of
time has been too slight to be noted by the average human mind and the
transmission seems instantaneous. This is what happens in the case of
the stammerer who seems able to talk in concert--he is merely a
syllable or part of a syllable behind the rest, all the while giving
the impression nevertheless, that he is talking just as they are.

There are many other individual peculiarities which can be described by
almost every stammerer. These different peculiarities are more numerous
than the cases of stammering and it would be useless to attempt to
discuss them in detail. I will take up only two as being typical of
dozens which have come under my observation in twenty-eight years'
experience.

One stammerer explains his difficulty as follows: "I find I am unable
to talk and do something else at the same time. For instance, I have
difficulty in talking while dancing, while at the table or while
listening to music. If, for instance, I wish to talk to any one while
the Victrola is being played, I unconsciously cut it off." This is a
case where the stammerer finds that all of his faculties must be
concentrated upon a supreme effort to speak before this becomes
possible. In other words, he has not yet learned to control
sufficiently the different parts of his body so that they may act
independently. This might be termed a lack of independent co-ordination.

In the case of another young man, he found himself unable to control
the movements of his muscles. In describing his trouble, he said: "At
one time, when I was talking particularly bad, I was out with some
other fellows driving our car. I started to talk, found it almost
impossible and noticed a sharp twitching of the muscles of face, arms
and limbs. Try as I might, I found I could not control these movements
and in another minute I had steered the car into the ditch and wrecked
it. And now," adds the young man, "although father has a new car, I am
never allowed to drive it!"

Here was a case where the spasmodic action of the muscles had gotten so
far beyond control as to make the ordinary pursuits of life dangerous
to the young man who stammered. These spasmodic movements were always
present--he told of one occasion when he was in a barber's chair being
shaved. He attempted to say a word or two while the barber was at work
upon him, with the result that he lost control of the muscles of face
and neck, causing the barber to cut a long gash in his neck.

This was, of course, an abnormal case of spasmodic stammering,
evidencing extraordinary muscular contractions of the worst type. In
practically every case of stammering some such peculiarity is evident,
resulting from the inability of the stammerer's brain to control
physical actions.




CHAPTER IV

THE INTERMITTENT TENDENCY


Paradoxical as the statement may seem, it is nevertheless true that one
of the symptoms of least seeming importance marks one of the most
dangerous aspects of both stuttering and stammering.

This is the alternating good-and-bad condition known as the
Intermittent Tendency or the tendency of the stutterer or stammerer to
show marked improvement at times.

This seeming improvement brings about a feeling of relief, the
unreasoning fear of failure seems for the time to have left almost
entirely; the mental strain under which the sufferer ordinarily labors
seems to be no longer present; there is but little worry about either
present condition or future prospects; the nervous condition seems to
have very materially improved, self-confidence returns quickly and with
it the hope that the trouble is gone forever or is at least rapidly
disappearing. With these manifestations of improvement come also a
greater ease in concentration, a greater and more facile power-of-will
and an ambition that shows signs of rekindling, with worth-while
accomplishments in prospect.

Hope now burns high in the breast of the stutterer or stammerer. They
go about smiling inwardly if not outwardly, happy as the proud father
of a new boy, at peace with the world. The sun shines brighter than it
has for months or years. Every one seems much more pleasant and
agreeable. Things which the day before seemed totally impossible seem
now to come within their range of accomplishment. Such is the feeling
of the confirmed stutterer or stammerer during the time of this
pseudo-freedom from his speech disorder.

In his own mind, the sufferer is quite sure that his malady has
disappeared over-night, like a bad dream and that freedom of speech has
been bestowed upon him as a gift from the gods on high.

The higher the hopes of the sufferer and the greater the assurance with
which he pursues the activities of his day, the greater is his
disappointment and despair when the inevitable relapse overtakes him.

For disappointment and despair are sure to come--just as sure as the
sun is to rise in the heavens in the morning. The condition of relief
is but temporary, and will soon pass away to be followed by a return of
his old trouble in a form more aggravated than ever before.

Fate seems to play with the stammerer's affliction as a cat plays with
a mouse, allowing him to be free for a few hours, a few days or a few
weeks as the case may be, only to drag the dejected sufferer back to
his former condition--or, as is true in many cases, worse than before.

THE RECURRENCE: With the return of the trouble, the bodily and mental
reaction are almost too great for the human mechanism to withstand.
Hope seems to be a word which has been lost from the life of the
stammerer. The fear of failure returns with an overwhelming force
mocking the sufferer with the thought of "Oh, how I deceived you!!";
the mental strain is exceedingly great--so great, in fact, that it
seems as if the breaking point has almost been reached. The nervous
condition is alarming, the sufferer noting in himself an inability to
work, to play, to study or even to sit still. An observer would note
the stammerer or stutterer in this condition fingering his coat lapels,
putting his hands in his pockets and removing them again, biting his
finger nails, constantly shifting eyes, head, arms and feet about. If
at home, the sufferer in this condition would probably be seen walking
about the house, unable to read, to play or listen to music or to
follow any of the accustomed activities of his life. If in business or
in the shop, he would be noticed making frequent trips to the wash
room, to the drinking fountain, to the foreman, picking up and laying
down his tools, looking out the window, shifting from one foot to
another, all of which symptoms indicate an acute nervous condition,
brought about by the return of his trouble.

At this stage, the stammerer's confidence is hopelessly gone, so it
seems, and this feeling is accompanied by one of depression which finds
an outlet in the expression of the firm belief and conviction on the
part of the stutterer or stammerer that the disorder can NEVER be
cured, by any method, although just the day before the same sufferer
would have insisted that his stuttering or stammering had CURED ITSELF
and left of its own accord.

These conditions, both at the time of the so-called improvement and at
the time of the recurrence of the trouble, will appear in greater or
less degree in the case of every stutterer or stammerer whose trouble
is of the intermittent type.

THE DANGERS OF THIS TENDENCY: This period of recurrence is accompanied
by almost total loss of the power-of-will, a marked weakening in the
ability to concentrate, and if it does not result in insomnia
(inability to sleep) puts the mind in such a state as to make sleep of
little value in building up the body, replacing worn-out tissue cells
and restoring vital energy.

The chief danger, however, resulting from these periods of temporary
improvement, is the belief that it instills into the mind of the
sufferer and more frequently into the minds of the parents of
stuttering or stammering children, that the trouble will cure itself--a
fallacy greater than which there is none.

Stuttering and stammering are destructive maladies. They tear down both
body and mind but they have not the slightest power to build up. And
until a strong mental and physical structure has been built up in place
of the weakened structure (which results in stammering and stuttering)
a cure is out of the question.




CHAPTER V

THE PROGRESSIVE TENDENCY


The spell of intense recurrence of either stammering or stuttering
which follows a period of improvement, often marks the period of
transition from one stage of the disorder into the next and more
serious stage. This transition, however, may not be a conscious
process--that is, the sufferer may not in any way be informed of the
fact that he is passing into a more serious stage of his trouble save
that after the transition has taken place, he may find himself a
chronic or constant stammerer and in a nervous and mental condition
much more acute than ever before.

Dr. Alexander Melville Bell (father of Alexander Graham Bell, inventor
of the telephone), who, before his death, was a speech expert of
unquestioned repute, discovered this condition many years ago and in
his work PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH speaks of it as follows (page 234):

"Often the transition from simple to more complicated forms of
difficulty is so rapid, that it cannot be traced or anticipated.
Perhaps some slight ailment may imperceptibly introduce the higher
impediment or some evil example may draw the ill-mastered utterance at
once into the vortex of the difficulty."

This Progressive Tendency, which we shall hereafter call the
Progressive Character of the trouble in order to distinguish it from
the Intermittent Tendency, is present in more than 98 per cent, of the
cases of stammering and stuttering which I have examined and diagnosed.

True, there are many cases, the apparent or manifest tendencies of
which do not indicate that the disorder is becoming more serious, but
nevertheless this condition is no indication that the trouble is not
busily at work tearing out the foundation of mental and bodily
perfection.

SUCCESSIVE STAGES: Stuttering may be conveniently divided into four
stages, by which its progress may be measured. These may be designated
in their order as:

    1--Simple Phase
    2--Advanced Phase
    3--Mental Phase
    4--Compound Phase

The progress of the disorder is sure. Take the case of a child eight
years of age who has a case of simple stuttering. Permit the child to
go without attention for some time and the trouble will have progressed
into the Advanced Phase, usually without the knowledge of the child or
his parents or without any especially noticeable surface change in his
condition.

Stuttering in its first phase--Simple Stuttering--can justly be called
a physical and not a mental trouble. In this stage, the disorder should
be easily eradicated. The duration of cases of Simple Stuttering is
very slight, for the reason that Simple Stuttering soon passes into the
Advanced Phase, which is of a physical-mental nature, exhibiting the
symptoms of a mental disturbance as well as of a physical difficulty.

From the Advanced Phase stuttering then passes into the Mental Phase,
where the mental strain is found to be greatly intensified and the
disorder a distinct mental type instead of a physical or
physical-mental trouble.

When stuttering in this stage is permitted to continue its hold upon
the sufferer, the continued strain, worry and fear bring about a
condition of extraordinary malignancy, in which the trouble develops
into the Chronic Mental Stage. This is a condition bordering upon
mental breakdown and even though the complete breakdown never occurs,
the one afflicted finds himself a chronic stutterer, without surcease
from his trouble. He further finds that he has increasing difficulty in
thinking of the things which he wishes to say. He seems to know, but
his mind refuses to frame the thought. In other words, he is unable to
recall the mental image of the word in mind, and is therefore unable to
speak the word. This is a condition known as Aphasia or Thought Lapse
and represents a most serious stage of the difficulty, in many cases
totally beyond the possibility of relief--a condition in which no
stutterer should allow himself to get.

Stammering, being a kindred condition to stuttering, progresses from
bad to worse in a manner very similar. The progress of stammering may
be classified into successive stages as follows:

    1--Elementary Stage
    2--Spasmodic Stage
    3--Primary Mental Stage
    4--Chronic Mental Stage
    5--Compound Stage

Stammering in the Elementary Stage, like Stuttering, is a Physical
Trouble. The Stammerer has often been known to remain in the Elementary
Stage only a few days or a few weeks, passing almost immediately into
either the Spasmodic or the Primary Mental Stage. Not all stammerers
pass into the Spasmodic Stage of the disorder, however, some passing
directly into Primary Mental Stage.

The Spasmodic Stage, however, is a form of difficulty somewhat akin to
the Advanced Phase of Stuttering, for in this stage the trouble can be
said to be of Physical-Mental nature instead of the purely physical
disorder found in Elementary Stammering.

Stammering, in the Primary Mental Stage, takes on a distinct Mental
form as differentiated from the Mental-Physical form and becomes
therefore more difficult to eradicate. If allowed to continue, this
form of Stammering (like Stuttering) passes into the Chronic Mental
Stage, in which case the Stammerer usually exhibits pronounced signs of
Thought Lapse and finds himself a Chronic or Constant Stammerer, often
unable to utter a sound-and further at times unable to THINK of what he
wishes to say.

The progress of both Stuttering and Stammering from one stage to
another is very certain. These speech disorders do not differ
materially from other human afflictions in this respect--they do not
remain constant. There is an axiom in Nature, that "Nothing is static,"
which, being interpreted, means, that nothing stands still. And this
applies with full force to the stutterer or stammerer. If no steps are
taken to remedy the malady, he may be very sure that the disorder is
getting worse--not standing still or remaining the same.




CHAPTER VI

CAN STAMMERING AND STUTTERING BE OUTGROWN?


Probably the most harmful and oft-repeated bit of advice ever given to
a stammerer or stutterer is that which says, "Oh, don't bother about
it--you will soon outgrow the trouble!" It is the most harmful because
it is palpably untrue. It is so oft-repeated because the person giving
the advice knows nothing whatever about the cause of stammering and
just as little about its progress or treatment.

The fact that we hear of no cases of stuttering or stammering which
have been outgrown does not seem to alter the popular and totally
unfounded belief that stammering and stuttering can be readily outgrown.

If the reader has not read the chapter on the causes of stuttering and
stammering and the two preceding chapters on the Intermittent Tendency
and the Progressive Character of these speech disorders, then these
chapters should be read carefully before going further with this one,
because it is essential to know the cause of the trouble before it is
possible to answer intelligently the question, "Can Stammering be
Outgrown?"

To any one who understands the nature of the difficulty and the
progress it is liable to make, the question is almost as absurd as
asking whether or not the desire to sleep can be outgrown by staying
awake. But aside from its scientific aspect--aside from the absurdity
of the question--let us examine the facts as revealed by actual records
of cases. Let us dispense with all theory on the subject and take
experience gained in a wide range of cases as the correct guide in
finding the answer.

FACTS FROM STATISTICS: An examination of the records of several
thousand cases of stuttering and stammering of all types and in all
stages of development reveals the fact that after passing the age of
six, only one-fifth of one per cent, ever outgrow stammering. This
means that out of every five hundred people who stammer, only one ever
outgrows it. Between the ages of three and six, the indications are
more favorable, the records in these cases showing that slightly less
than one per cent, outgrow the difficulty. That means that one out of
every hundred children affected has a chance, at least, of outgrowing
the difficulty between the ages of three and six, and after that time,
only one chance in five hundred.

Suppose you were handed a rifle, given five hundred cartridges and told
to hit a bull's eye at a hundred yards, 499 times out of 500. Suppose
you were told that if you missed once you would have to suffer the rest
of your life as a stammerer.

Would you take the offer? Certainly not!!!

And yet that is exactly the opportunity that a stammerer over six years
of age has to outgrow his trouble.

Dr. Leonard Keene Hirschberg, the medical writer, whose suggestions
appear daily in a large list of newspapers, has this to say about the
possibility of outgrowing stammering:

"Often when the attention of careless and reckless fatalistic relatives
is attracted to a child's stammering, they labor under the mistaken
illusion that the child 'will outgrow it.' A more harmful doctrine has
never been perpetuated than the one contained in that stock phrase. As
a matter of experience, speech troubles are not 'outgrown.' They become
'ingrown.' If not corrected at first they go from bad to worse. So
firmly rooted and ingrained into the child's habits does stuttering
become that with every hour's growth the chance for a cure becomes
farther and farther removed."

This statement from Dr. Hirschberg is a straight-forward, practical and
common-sense view of the subject.

The belief that the child will outgrow the malady often springs out of
the tendency of the stammerer to be better and worse by turns, a
condition which is fully described and explained in the chapter on the
Intermittent Tendency. There is always present in any case of
stammering the opportunity for a cessation of the trouble for a short
period of time. The visible condition is changeable and it is this
particular aspect of the disorder that renders it deceptive and
dangerous, for many, who find themselves talking fairly well for a
short period, believe that they are on the road to relief, whereas they
are simply in a position where their trouble is about to return upon
them in greater force than ever.

From the nature of the impediment--lack of co-ordination between the
brain and the organs of speech--stammering cannot be outgrown--no more
so than the desire to eat or to talk or to sleep.

Back of that statement, there is a very sound scientific reason that
explains why stammering cannot be outgrown. Stammering is destructive.
It tears down but cannot build up. Every time the stammerer attempts to
speak and fails, the failure tears out a certain amount of his
power-of-will. And since it is impossible for him to speak fluently
except on rare occasions, this loss of will-power and confidence takes
place every time he attempts to speak, so that with each successive
failure, his power to speak correctly becomes steadily lessened. The
case of a stammerer might be compared to a road in which a deep rut has
been worn. Each time a wagon passes through this rut, it becomes
deeper. The stammerer has no more chance of outgrowing his trouble than
the road has of outgrowing the rut.

Dr. Alexander Melville Bell recognizes the absolute certainty of the
progress of stammering and the impossibility of outgrowing the
difficulty, when he states in his work, PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH (page 234):

"If the stammerer or stutterer were brought under treatment before the
spasmodic habit became established, his cure would be much easier than
after the malady has become rooted in his muscular and nervous system."

To the stammerer or stutterer or the parents of a stammering child,
experience brings no truer lesson than this: Stammering cannot be
outgrown; danger lurks behind delay.




CHAPTER VII

THE EFFECT ON THE MIND


It is hardly necessary to describe to the stammerer who has passed
beyond the first stage of his trouble the effect of stammering on the
mind. Most any sufferer in the second or third stages of the malady has
experienced for very brief periods the sensation of thoughts slipping
away from him and of pursuing or attempting to pursue those thoughts
for some seconds without success, finally to find them returning like a
flash.

The stammerer who recalls such an incident will remember the feelings
of lassitude or momentary physical exhaustion, as well as the feeling
of weakness which followed the lapse-of-thought. This mental flurry is
but an indication of a mental condition known as Thought-Lapse, which
may result from long-continued stammering, especially a case which has
been allowed to progress into the Chronic or Advanced Stage.

A CASE OF APHASIA: One writer, in citing instances of thought-lapse, or
aphasia, tells of the case of a man unable to recall the name of any
object until it was repeated for him. A knife, for instance, placed on
the table before him, brought no mental image of the word representing
the object, yet if the word "knife" were spoken for him, he would
immediately say, "Oh, yes, it is a knife."

A chapter could be filled with instances of this sort, but I shall not
attempt to quote further any of the symptoms of aphasia in a stammerer,
for in cases that become so far advanced, there is considerable
question as to the possibility of bringing about a cure. I say this,
notwithstanding the fact that my experience with students having this
tendency has been very satisfactory indeed.

Cases of unreasoning despondency, which result in the stammerer's
desire to take his own life, are so numerous as hardly to require
comment. Very frequently you see in some of the large metropolitan
papers an account of a suicide resulting from a nervous and mental
condition brought on by stuttering and stammering. This condition seems
to be very marked in the cases of stammerers between the ages of twelve
and twenty, records showing that most of the suicides of stammerers are
persons between those ages.

The intense mental strain, the extreme nervous condition, the continual
worry and fear cannot fail, sooner or later, to have its effect upon
the mind. This is clear to any stammerer, who is familiar with the
mental condition brought about by the first few hours of one of his
periods of recurrence. Another case where the mental strain is
extremely great is that of the synonym stammerer--the mentally alert
individual who, in order to prevent the outward appearance of
stammering, is continually searching for synonyms or less difficult
words to take the place of those which he cannot speak. This continual
searching for synonyms results in a nervous tension that is sure to
tell on the mental faculties sooner or later, and I have found, in
examining many thousands of cases, that the synonym stammerer is
usually in a more highly nervous state than any other type.

MENTAL STRAIN EVENTUALLY TELLS: The effect of stuttering or stammering
on the sufferer's concentration is very marked. The sufferer notes an
inability to concentrate his mind on any subject for any length of
time, finds it impossible to pursue an education with any degree of
success or to follow any business which requires close attention and
careful work.

The power-of-will is also affected and the stammerer notes an inability
to put through the things which he starts and which require the
exercise of will power to bring to a successful conclusion.

A diagnosis of insanity is sometimes made in the case of a stammerer in
the advanced stages of his malady, while in other instances the mental
aberration takes the form of a hallucination of some sort, as in the
case of the boy who was of the belief that he was continually being
followed.

But regardless of what form is taken by the mental disorder resulting
from stammering, such cases are almost invariably found to have long
since passed into the incurable stage, although positive statements as
to the individual's condition should not be made, as a rule, without a
thorough diagnosis having first been made.




CHAPTER VIII

THE EFFECTS ON THE BODY


The effect of stammering or stuttering upon the physical structure is
problematical. In some cases examined, a noticeable lack of vitality
has been found, together with an almost total loss of active appetite,
a marked inclination toward insomnia and a generally debilitated
condition resulting from the nervous strain and continued fear brought
on by the speech disorder.

In other cases, it has been found that the health was but little
affected and that there was no marked departure from normal.

The physical condition of the stammerer is the result of many factors.
If plenty of fresh air and exercise is supplied, and the mind is
well-employed so that the worry over the trouble does not disturb the
stammerer, then the chances for being in a normal physical condition
are good.

On the other hand, the boy of studious disposition, who is somewhat of
a bookworm, keeps close to the house and does not play with other
children of his age, will probably find time for much introspection,
and on this account, as well as on account of the lack of fresh air and
exercise, will probably be in a physical condition that of itself
demands careful attention.

It has been found in examinations of stammerers and stutterers,
however, that they are usually of below normal chest expansion and that
the health, while not particularly bad, is subject to a great
improvement as a result of the proper treatment for stammering.

Charles Kingsley, the noted English divine and writer, and himself a
stammerer many years ago, has the following to say regarding the effect
of stammering on the body: "Continual depression of spirit wears out
body as well as mind. The lungs never act rightly, never oxygenate the
blood sufficiently. The vital energy continually directed to the organs
of speech and there used up in the miserable spasm of mis-articulation
cannot feed the rest of the body; and the man too often becomes thin,
pale, flaccid, with contracted chest, loose ribs and bad digestion. I
have seen a boy of twelve stunted, thin as a ghost and with every sign
of approaching consumption. I have seen that boy a few months after
being cured, upright, ruddy, stout, eating heartily and beginning to
grow faster than he had ever grown in his life. I never knew a single
case in which the health did not begin to improve then and there."




CHAPTER IX

DEFECTIVE SPEECH IN CHILDREN

(1) THE PRE-SPEAKING PERIOD


From the standpoint of speech development, the life of any person
between the time of birth and the age of twenty-one years, may be
divided into four periods as follows:

    From Birth to Age 2--PRE-SPEAKING PERIOD.
    Age 2 to Age 6--FORMATIVE-SETTING PERIOD
    Age 6 to Age 11--SPEECH-SETTING PERIOD
    Age 11 to Age 20--ADOLESCENT PERIOD

This chapter will deal only with the first period of the child's
speech-development, beginning with birth and taking the child up to his
second year. The speech disorders of the later periods will be taken up
in the three following chapters.

THE PRE-SPEAKING PERIOD: This is the period between the time of birth
and the age of 2, and takes the child up to the time of the first
spoken word. This does not mean, of course, that no child speaks before
the age of 2, for many children have made their first trials at
speaking at as early an age as 15 months, and many begin to talk by the
time they are a year and a half old. At the age of two, however, not
only the precocious child but the child of slower-than-average
development should be able to talk in at least brief, disjointed
monosyllables.

Before taking up the possibility of a child exhibiting symptoms of
defective speech with the first utterance, let us familiarize ourselves
with the fundamentals underlying the production of the first spoken
words.

The mother, who for months, perhaps, has been listening with eager
interest and fond anticipation for her child's first word to be spoken,
has little comprehension of the vast amount of education and training
which the infant has absorbed in order to perfect this first small
utterance. Months have been spent in listening to others, in taking in
sounds and recalling them, in impressing them upon the memory by
constant repetition, until finally after a year and a half, or more,
perhaps, the circuit is completed and the first word is put down as
history.

ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS: It must be remembered that perfect co-ordination
of speech is the result of many mental images, not of one. In saying
the word "salt," for instance, you have a graphic mental picture of
what salt looks like; a second picture of what the word sounds like; a
"motor-memory" picture of the successive muscle movements necessary to
the formation of the word; another picture that recalls the taste of
salt, and still another that recalls the movements of the hand
necessary to write the word.

These pictures all hinging upon the word "salt" were gradually acquired
from the time you began to observe. You tasted salt. You saw it at the
same time you tasted it. There you see was an association of two ideas.
Thereafter, when you saw salt, you not only recognized it by sight, but
your brain recalled the taste of salt, without the necessity of your
really tasting it. Or, on the other hand, if you had shut your eyes and
someone had put salt on your tongue, the taste in that case would have
recalled to your mind the graphic picture of the appearance of salt.

As you grew older and learned to speak, your vocal organs imitated the
sound of the word "salt" as you heard it expressed by others and thus
you learned to speak that word. At that stage, your brain was capable
of calling up three mental pictures--an auditory picture, or a picture
of the sound of the word; a graphic or visual picture, or a picture of
the appearance of salt and a third, which we have called a motor-memory
picture, which represents the muscular movements necessary to speak the
word. A little later on, after you had gone to school and learned to
write, you added to these pictures a fourth, the movements of the hand
necessary to write the word "salt."

At the sight of the mother, a child may, for instance, be heard to say
the word "Mom" while at the sight of the pet dog whose name is "Dot,"
be heard to say "Dot" in his childish way.

Here we have the first example in this child of the association of
ideas. The child has heard, repeatedly, the word "Mama" used in
conjunction with the appearance of the smiling face of his mother. Thus
has the child acquired the habit of associating the word "Mama" with
that face--and the sight of the countenance after a time recalls the
sound of the associated word. Thus a visual image of the mother
transmitted to the child through the medium of the eye, links up a
train of thought that finally results in the child's attempt to say
"Mama."

To take another example of the association of ideas or the
co-ordination of mental images necessary to the production of speech,
let us suppose, for instance, that the child has been in the habit of
petting the dog and hearing him called by name "Dot" at the same time.
Now, if the dog be placed out of the child's sight and yet in a
position where the hand of the child can reach and pet him in a
familiar way, this sense of touch, like the sense of sight, will set up
a train of thought that results in the child making his childish
attempt to speak the name of the dog "Dot."

In other words the excitation of any sensory organs sets up a series of
sensory impulses which are transmitted along the sensory nerve fibres
to the brain, where they are referred to the cerebellum or filing case,
locating a set of associated impulses which travel outward from the
motor area of the brain and result in the actions, or series of
actions, which are necessary to produce a word.

It will make the action of the brain clearer if the reader will
remember the sensory nerve fibres as those carrying messages only TO
the brain, while the motor nerve fibres carry messages only FROM the
brain.

To make still clearer this association of ideas so necessary to the
production of speech, suppose this same child hears the word "Dot"
spoken in his presence. He will, in all probability, begin to repeat
the word, and to search diligently for his pet dog. Thus it will be
seen that in this case the sound of the dog's name has stirred up a
train of mental images, one of these being a visual image of the dog
himself, causing the child to look about in search for him.

HOW WE LEARN TO TALK: We learn to talk, therefore, purely by
observation and imitation. Observation is here used in a broad sense
and means not only SEEING but SENSING, such as sensing by smelling,
touching or tasting. The child imitates the sounds he hears and if
these sounds emanate from those afflicted with defective utterance,
then it follows that the initial utterance of the child will be
likewise defective.

SOURCE OF THE FIRST WORD: The first spoken word of the child usually
finds its source in some name or word repeatedly spoken in the child's
presence. It is not usual that this first word is marked by a defective
utterance and if such should be the case, then it is safe to say that
this faulty utterance can be traced back to the imitation of some
member of the family, or some child who has been permitted to talk to
the child in his pre-speaking period. There is little to be gained by
tracing the first word back, for no very profound conclusion can safely
be registered with such a basis, for no matter what the word be and no
matter whether it be correctly or imperfectly enunciated, it is the
result of imitation.

There may be two exceptions to this, however, one being the case of a
child with a physical defect in the organs of speech and the other that
of a child who has inherited from the parents a predisposition to
stammer or stutter. These exceptions, however, are so rare as to hardly
require consideration. In the first (that of a physical defect) it is
hardly probable that an organic defect would manifest itself in the
form of stuttering or stammering, but rather in some other form of
defective utterance. In the case of the inherited predisposition to
stutter or stammer, there is always the question which has contributed
more largely to the defective utterance--the inherited predisposition
or the association with others who speak in a faulty manner.

ADVICE TO PARENTS: It is very essential that from the very beginning of
the period of the recording of suggestion, the child is shown the
correct and customary utterance with the best method of its
accomplishment. The child should not be subjected to constant
repetitions of phonetic defects, imperfect utterance or speech
disorders of any sort. The child who hears none but perfect speech is
not liable to speak imperfectly, or at least not so liable as the child
who hears wrong methods of talking in use at all times, for this last
cannot escape the effects of his environment.




CHAPTER X

DEFECTIVE SPEECH IN CHILDREN

(2) THE FORMATIVE PERIOD


The period in a child's speech development dating from the second year
and up to the sixth, is called the Formative Period, for the reason
that this is the time when the child is busy learning new words,
acquiring new habits of speech, co-ordinating and learning properly to
associate the flood of ideas which overwhelm the child-mind in this
period.

The child-vocabulary at this time is but an echo of the vocabulary of
the home. The words that have been used most frequently there are most
strongly impressed upon the child-mind. The names he has heard, the
objects he has seen, the applications of speech-ideas--these alone are
now in his mind. This condition is inevitable since the child must
learn to speak by imitation--and, since he has had no source of
word--pictures other than the home, he must have acquired facility in
the use of only those words he has had an opportunity to hear.

Former President Wilson, whose faultless diction, remarkable fluency of
expression and discriminating choice of words, made him a master
speaker and writer, attributed his facility to the training he received
in the home of his father, a minister, where the children were
constantly encouraged in the use of correct English and in the
broadening and enrichment of their store of words.

From the form of simple child-speech, made up often of monosyllables or
of a few brief and easy sentences, the child must now evolve a more
complicated form of thought-expression, with the use of connectives,
descriptions and a finer gradation of color than heretofore.

This process may be materially aided by the parent by the repetition of
the child's own utterances, proving to the child that these are
correct, that he is being understood and giving him confidence to
venture further out in his attempts at speech amplification. This
encouragement of the child-mind in its attempts to speak is so
important that it is worth while to give some simple examples of what
is meant, in order that the point may be clearly understood. Let us
take, first, the example of a mother who, from some cause, allows
herself to be of a nervous and irritable disposition. The small child
may say, "Mam--ma, I want a tooky." The mother, either through
indifference or through habit, says, "You want WHAT?" This, first of
all, is like a dash of cold water to the child in his uncertain state
of mind as to the correctness of his utterance. The child repeats, "I
want a tooky," and in all probability gets the further inquiry, "You
want a TOOKY--what's that?" which undermines the child's confidence in
himself and in his ability to talk.

On the other hand, the mother who understands the needs of the child
from a speech-forming standpoint will not insist on the child repeating
the word time after time as if it was not understood. She will strive
hard to understand the first time, even though the expression is
imperfect and difficult of interpretation, and her nimble mind having
figured out what it is that the child desires, will say, "Baby wants a
cooky?" Here the child, in his comparatively new occupation of talking,
finds a deal of delight in knowing that his words have been properly
comprehended and feels a new confidence in his ability to express
thoughts--which confidence, by the way, is essential to normal speech
development in the child. It has the further effect of correcting the
tendency of faulty utterance, and in time will result in the complete
eradication of the natural tendency to "baby-talk" which is too often
encouraged and aided by the habit of parents in REPEATING THE
BABY-TALK. In no case, should defective utterances be repeated, no
matter how "cute" the utterance may seem at the time. Many speak
indistinctly throughout their entire life simply because of the habit
of their parents in repeating baby-talk, thus confirming incorrect
images of numerous words.

SPEECH DISORDERS IN THE FORMATIVE PERIOD: The Formative Period may mark
the beginning of a speech disorder and in many instances chronic cases
of stuttering and stammering may be traced to a simple disorder which
first manifested itself in the ages between 2 and 6.

Speech disorders arising in this period may be traced to any one of a
number of causes. In a child of five, for instance, the diagnostician
would look for evidences of an inherited tendency to stammer or
stutter; he would look also for circumstances which would show that the
child had acquired defective utterance through mimicry of others
similarly afflicted or through the unconscious imitation of the
defective speech of those immediately about him.

Failing to find any hereditary tendency to a speech defect or any
evidence that the disorder had been acquired by imitation or mimicry,
the next step would be to determine whether or not the trouble had been
caused by disease or injury.

As explained in Chapter III, the diseases of childhood, such as
Whooping Cough, Scarlet Fever, Diphtheria, Acute Chorea, Infantile
Cerebral Palsy and Infantile Paralysis are frequently the cause of
stuttering or stammering, and a history showing a record of these
diseases would result in a very careful examination for the purpose of
determining if they had resulted in a form of defective utterance.

ADVICE TO PARENTS: But whatever the cause of the trouble, care should
be taken to see that it grows no worse and every attempt should be made
to eradicate it at this early stage. Like a fire, speech disorders in
their early stages are insignificant compared to their future progress
and can be much more readily eradicated then than later. Inasmuch as a
child of less than eight years is hardly old enough to undertake
institutional treatment successfully, it behooves the parent of the
stammering or stuttering child to render what home assistance is
possible, during this period. The old adage, tried and true, that "An
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" is never more correctly
applied than here. A few simple suggestions may aid in preventing the
trouble from progressing rapidly to a serious stage, even though these
suggestions do not eradicate the disorder altogether.

First of all, the child should be kept in the very best possible
physical condition. This means, too, plenty of fresh air and sunshine,
without which any child is less than physically fit.

It is important that the child be not allowed to associate with others
who stammer or stutter, or who have any form of speech disorder.
Imitation or mimicry, as heretofore stated, is the most prolific cause
of speech trouble and to place a child who stammers or stutters in the
company of an older person similarly afflicted, is to invite a serious
form of the disorder.

Nervousness, while not the cause of speech disorder, is an aggravant of
the trouble and should be avoided. The child should not be allowed to
engage in anything which has a tendency to make him nervous or highly
excited. Such a condition will aggravate the speech trouble, make it
worse and tend to fix it more firmly in the child.

Furthermore, parents should not scold or berate the child because he
stammers or stutters. No child stammers or stutters because he wants
to, but because he has not the power to control his speech organs. In
other words, the child cannot help himself--and scolding and harsh
words simply cause confusion and dejection which in turn react to make
a more serious condition.

THE CHANCES FOR OUTGROWING: The author's examination and diagnosis of
more than 20,000 cases of speech disorders has revealed the fact that
at this period in the life of the child afflicted with stammering or
stuttering, slightly less than 1 percent. outgrow the difficulty. With
proper parental care it might be possible to increase this percentage,
perhaps double it, but this should hardly be called "outgrowing." In
the mind of the average person, the expression "outgrowing his
stammering" means that the stammerer has been able to go ahead without
giving the slightest heed to his trouble and that it has, by some
magical process, ceased to exist. This is a fallacy. Stammering and
stuttering are both destructive and progressive and no amount of
indifference will result in relief--but on the other hand, will
terminate in a more malignant type of the disorder. It IS true,
however, that more care on the part of the parent in looking after the
formation of speech habits in the Pre-Speaking and Formative Periods of
the child's speech development, would result in fewer cases of chronic
stammering and stuttering in later life.




CHAPTER XI

DEFECTIVE SPEECH IN CHILDREN

(3) THE SPEECH-SETTING PERIOD


The period from the age of 6 to the age of 11 (inclusive) is in truth
the Speech-Setting Period, for it is at this time that the child's
speech habits become more or less fixed, and his vocabulary, while
constantly developing, manifests tendencies which may be traced through
into the later life of the adult.

This Speech-Setting Period marks two very important events in the
speech development of the child. First, it marks the period of second
dentition or the time when the milk-teeth are "shed" and the new and
permanent teeth take their place. This is a critical period and
statistics show that there is a marked increase in speech disorders at
this time. The second event of importance, both to child and to
parents, is the beginning of the work in school. It must be remembered
that heretofore the child has been under the watchful care of the
parents during most of his hours, while now, with the beginning of his
work in school, he is having his first small taste of facing the world
alone--even if only for a little while each day.

Regardless of the attitude which the child takes toward his work in
school, this work presents new problems and new possibilities of danger
from a standpoint of speech development. A slight defect in utterance
which at home is passed over from long familiarity, is the subject of
ridicule and laughter at school. For the first time in the child-life,
the stammering or stuttering youngster may experience the awful feeling
of being laughed at and made fun of, without exactly knowing why. He
will have to face the questions of his thoughtless companions who will
attempt to make him talk merely for the sake of entertaining
themselves. To the child who stutters or stammers, this is torture in
its worst form. The humiliation and disgrace which the stammering child
must undergo on the way to school, in the school-yard and on the way
home again, is a tremendous force in the life of the youngster--a force
which may seriously impede his mental development, his physical welfare
and his progress in school. He finds himself unlike others, deficient
in some respect and yet not realizing the exact nature of his
deficiency or understanding why it should be a deficiency. He stands up
to recite with a constantly increasing fear of failure in his heart and
unless he is fortunate enough to have a teacher who understands, is apt
to fare poorly at her hands, also. Even in the case of the teacher who
does understand the child's difficulty and consequently permits written
instead of oral recitations, there is a constant feeling of inability
on the part of the child, a knowledge of being less-whole than those
about him, which saps the self-confidence so necessary to proper mental
development and normal progress. He furthermore misses much of the
value of the studies that he pursues, for, as a noted educator has
said, "In order for a child to remember and fix clearly in his own mind
the things he studies, those things must be repeated in oral
recitation." And this the stammering or stuttering child cannot do.

SENDING STAMMERING CHILDREN TO SCHOOL: With these facts in mind, the
question arises as to whether it is ever policy to send a stammering or
stuttering child to school, knowing that he is afflicted with a
speech-disorder. In the first place the parents who send a stammering
child to school exhibit a careless disregard for the rights of others
and a further disregard for the many children who must, of a necessity,
associate with this stammering child, with all the consequent dangers
of infection by imitation or mimicry. Speech defects of a remediable
nature among school children could be materially reduced by refusing to
allow children so afflicted to play or in any way associate with the
others who talk normally.

Aside, however, from the question of the parents' obligation to society
and to the children of others (which should be, in the end, a means of
protection for their own children, as well) there is the bigger and
more selfish aspect of the question, viz.: the effect on the child
himself.

No better suggestion can be given than that contained in "The Habit of
Success" by Luther H. Gulick, who says: "If you take a child that is
really mentally subnormal and put him in school with normal children,
he cannot do well no matter how hard he tries. He tries again and again
and fails. Then he is scolded and punished, kept after school and held
up to the ridicule of the teacher and other students. When he goes out
on the playground, he cannot play with the vigor and skill and force of
other children. In the plays, he is not wanted on either side; he is
always 'it' in tag. So he soon acquires the presentment that he is
going to fail no matter what he does, that he cannot do as the others
do and that there is no use in trying. So he gives up trying. He quits.

"That is the largest element in the lives of the feeble-minded--that
conviction that they cannot do like others, and is the first thing they
must overcome if they are to be helped. There is no hope whatever of
growth, as long as they foresee they are going to fail."

The futility of trying to "cram" an education into a subnormal child
has never been better expressed than in the statement quoted above.
There is nothing to be gained by insisting that a child who is ill,
attend school--and it should be remembered that so far as school is
concerned, the child who stutters or stammers is just as ill as the one
with the measles, save that the illness of the stammering or stuttering
child is chronic and persistent, while that of the other is temporary.

CHANCES FOR OUTGROWING AT THIS AGE: The opportunities for the
stammering or stuttering child to outgrow his trouble are about five
times as great in the Formative Period, between the ages of 2 and 6, as
they are in the Speech-Setting Period, from 6 to 11. In the former, as
previously explained, statistics show that about 1 per cent.--or one in
a hundred--outgrow their trouble before the age of 6, while after this
age the percentage drops to one-fifth of one per cent, or about one
person in every five hundred, which is a very small chance indeed.

In speaking of the tendency of parents to wait in the hope that speech
disorders will be outgrown, Walter B. Swift, A.B., S.B., M.D., has this
to say:

"This suggestion may frequently be offered, even by the physician. Many
people say, 'Let the case alone and it will outgrow its defect.' No
treatment could be more foolish than this. No advice could be more
ill-advised; no suggestion could show more ignorance of the problems of
speech. Such advisers are ignorant of the harm they are doing and the
amount of mental drill of which they are depriving the pupil. Nor do
they know at all whether or not the case will ever 'outgrow' its
defect. In brief, this advice is without foundation, without scientific
backing, and should never be followed."

ADVICE TO PARENTS: Parents of children between the ages of 6 and 11 who
stammer or stutter, should follow out the suggestions given in the
previous chapter, with the idea of removing the difficulty in its
incipiency if possible, or at least of preventing its progress. If by
the time the child is eight years of age, the defective utterance
remains, this fact is proof that the speech disorder is of a form that
will not yield to the simple methods possible under parental treatment
at home and the child should be immediately placed under the care of an
expert whose previous knowledge and experience insures his ability to
correct the defective utterance quickly and permanently.

In all cases after the age of 8, the matter should be taken firmly in
hand. There should be no dilly-dallying, no foolish belief in the
possibility of outgrowing the trouble, for whatever chances once
existed are now past. First of all, the child's case should be
diagnosed by an expert with the idea of ascertaining the exact nature
of the speech disorder, the probable progress of the trouble, the
present condition, the curability of the case and the possibilities for
early relief. A personal diagnosis should be secured where possible,
but when this cannot be brought about, a written description and
history of the case should enable the capable diagnostician of speech
defects to diagnose the case in a very thorough manner. The result of
this diagnosis should be set down in the form of a report in order that
the parent may have a permanent record of the child's condition and may
be able to take the proper steps for the eradication of the speech
disorder. With this information as to the child's case in hand, parents
should be guided by the advice of Alexander Melville Bell, one of the
greatest speech specialists of his age, who said:

"Stuttering and Hesitation are stages through which the stammerer
generally passes before he reaches the climax of his difficulty, and if
he were brought under treatment before the spasmodic habit became
established, his cure would be much more easy than after the malady has
become rooted in his muscular and nervous system."

Truly may it be said of the stammering child at this period, that
"There is a tide in the affairs of men, which taken at the flood, leads
on to fortune; omitted, all the voyage of their life is bound in
shallows and in miseries."




CHAPTER XII

THE SPEECH DISORDERS OF YOUTH


Youth, as we shall define it from the standpoint of the development of
speech disorders, is the period from the age of 12 to the age of 20.
From the twelfth to the twentieth year is a very critical period in the
life of both the boy and the girl who stammers--a period which should
have the watchfulness and care of the parent at every step. This is
known as the period of adolescence and may be said to mark the time of
a new birth, when both mind and body undergo vital changes. New
sensations, many of them intense, arise, and new associations in the
sense sphere are formed.

To the boy or girl passing through this stage of life, it is a period
of new and unknown forces, emotions and feelings. It is a time of
uncertainty. The sure-footed confidence of childhood gives way to the
unsure, hesitating, questioning attitude of a mind filled with new and
strange thoughts and a body animated by new and strange sensations.

These are the symptoms of a fundamental change, the outward
manifestations of the passing from childhood to manhood or womanhood.
This is childhood's equinoctial storm, marking the beginning of the
second season of life's year. In this storm, it is the paramount duty
of the parent to be a safe and ever-present pilot through the sea that
to the captain of this craft is as uncharted as the route to the Indies
in Columbus' day.

The revolution now taking place in both the mental and bodily processes
results hi a lack of stability--an "unsettledness" that manifests
itself in restlessness, nervousness, self-consciousness or morbidness,
taking perhaps the form of a persistent melancholia or desire to be
alone.

At this time in the life of the boy or girl, the possibilities for
stuttering or stammering to secure a firm hold on their muscular and
nervous system are very great. Next to the age of second dentition,
children at the age of puberty are most susceptible to stammering or
stuttering.

During adolescence, the annual rate of growth in height, weight and
strength is increased and often doubled or more. The power of the
diseases peculiar to childhood abates and the liability to the far more
numerous diseases of maturity begins, so that with the liability to
both it is not strange that this period is marked at the same time by
increased morbidity.

The significant fact about stuttering in children as far as it relates
to the period of adolescence, is that this stage marks the most
pronounced susceptibility to the malady as well as the time during
which it may most quickly pass into the chronic stage. Examinations
show that the largest percentage of stutterers among boys was at the
ages of eight, thirteen and sixteen, while the largest percentage among
girls was at the ages of seven, twelve and sixteen--the earlier age of
severity in girls being explained by the fact that the girl reaches a
given state of maturity more quickly than a boy.

Parents of stammering or stuttering children between the ages of twelve
and twenty, may well note with alarm the increasing nervousness, the
hyper-sensitive feelings, the overpowering self-consciousness and the
morbid tendencies which mark a state of mental depression, brooding and
worry over troubles both real and fancied.

PERIOD OF MOST FREQUENT SUICIDE: Statistics gathered over a period of
years indicate that the cases of suicide of stammering children occur
at this time with greater frequency than at any other. Rarely has a
case been found where a child has attempted to take his life before the
age of 12 and seldom after the age of 20.

At frequent intervals there can be found in any of the large papers, a
very brief note of the suicide of a child who had found life too much
of a burden for him to bear and who, as a consequence, fell to brooding
over his troubles and as the easiest way out of them, took his own
life. A Chicago boy attempted suicide by inhaling gas, although he was
discovered before it was too late. Another took his own life by
shooting himself with a revolver given him some years ago as a birthday
present; still another took poison as the easiest way out of his
humiliation, embarrassment and despair.

The average age of these boys was about 16 1/2 years, which marks a
period of intense self-consciousness and extreme sensitiveness of the
youth to ridicule and disgrace.

TENDENCY TO RAPID PROGRESS: The condition of the young person between
the ages of 12 and 20 can hardly be considered to be normal in any way.
The physical processes are un-normal and are undergoing a change, and
the mental faculties, too, are un-normal, overwhelmed as they are with
new emotions and sensations. The nervous condition is marked by a much
higher nervous irritability, which contributes to a condition most
favorable for the rapid progress of the speech disorder, always easily
aggravated by a subnormal physical, mental or nervous condition. Cases
where the Intermittent Tendency is a pronounced characteristic are
liable at this period to find the alternate periods of relief and
recurrence to be more frequent than ever before and to note a marked
tendency of their trouble to recur with constantly increasing
malignancy. Cases that at the age of 11 or 12, for instance, might have
been said to have been in an incipient state, have commonly been known
at this age to pass through the successive intermediate stages of the
trouble and become of a deep-seated and chronic nature in a
surprisingly short period of time.

In some cases where the transition from a simple to the complex form of
the difficulty takes place at this age, it is found that the disorder
has passed beyond the curable stage, in which case, of course, nothing
is left to the unfortunate stammerer but the prospects of a life of
untold misery and torture, deprived of companionship, ostracized from
society and debarred from participation in either business or the
professions.

CHANCES OF OUTGROWING: The chances for outgrowing a speech disorder at
this age are considerably less than at any other time in the previous
life of the individual. The unbalanced general condition tends to make
the stammerer more susceptible instead of less so. As previously
explained, this period marks the time when speech disorders progress
rapidly from bad to worse and, as a consequence, the chances for
outgrowing diminished from 1 per cent, before the age of 6 to
practically zero after the age of 12. SUGGESTIONS: There is little that
can be said for the good of the young person at these ages. The time
for home treatment is past. The simple suggestions offered for the
assistance of those in the Formative or Speech-Setting Periods would be
of little value here because the growth of the individual has made the
eradication of the trouble quite improbable without a complete
re-education along correct speech lines--best obtained from an
institution devoting its efforts to that work. Whatever steps are
taken, however, should be taken before the disorder has become rooted
in the muscular and nervous system and before it has passed into the
Chronic Stage.




CHAPTER XIII

WHERE DOES STAMMERING LEAD?


In answering the question: "Where Does Stammering Lead?" nothing truer
can be found than the words of a man who has stammered himself:

"What pen can depict the woefulness, the intensified suffering of the
inveterate stammerer, confirmed, stereotyped in a malady seemingly
worse than death? Are the afflictions, mental and physical, of the
pelted, brow-beaten, down-trodden stutterer imaginary? Nonsense! There
is not a word of truth in the idea. His sufferings all the time, day in
and day out, at home and abroad, are real--intense--purgatorial. And
none but those who have drunk the bitter cup to its dregs feel and know
its death, death, double death! These afflicted ones die daily and the
graves to them seem pleasant and delightful. The sufferings of the deaf
and dumb are myths--but a drop in the ocean compared to what I endured!
And who cared for me? Who? I wag the laughing stock, a subject of
scoffing and ridicule, often. I could fill an octavo with the miseries
I endured from early childhood till the elapsement of forty summers."

Thus does the Rev. David F. Newton, himself a stammerer for forty
years, speak of stammering and stuttering and its effects. And Charles
Kingsley, a noted English divine and author who stammered, paints the
stammerer's future in words of experience that no stammerer should ever
forget:

"The stammerer's life is a life of misery, growing with his growth and
deepening as his knowledge of life and his aspirations deepen. One
comfort he has, truly, that his life will not be a long one. Some may
smile at this assertion; let them think for themselves. How many old
people have they ever heard stammer! I have known but two. One is a
very slight ease, the other a very severe one. He, a man of fortune,
dragged on a very painful and pitiful existence--nervous, decrepit,
asthmatic--kept alive by continual nursing. Had he been a laboring man,
he would have died thirty years sooner than he did."

To the man who has never been through the suffering that results from
stammering or who has never been privileged to watch the careers of
stammerers and stutterers over a period of years, these final results
of stammering seem impossible. The inexperienced observer can only ask
in wonder: "How can stammering or stuttering bring a man or woman to
these depths of despair?"

To the stammerer who has but begun to taste the sorrows of a
stammerer's life these effects of stammering appear to be the ultimate
result of an UNUSUAL case--never the inevitable result of his own
trouble.

Doubtless if Charles Kingsley were with us today, he could look back
and tell us of the day when he, too, was sure that stammering was but a
trifle. He, too, could point out the tune when he felt that sometime,
somehow, his stammering would magically depart and leave him free to
talk as others talked. And yet, having gone down the road through a
long life of usefulness, Kingsley's is the voice of a mature experience
which says to every stammerer: "Beware--there are pitfalls ahead!" And
this man is right.

RESULTS OF STAMMERING: Experience proves that the results of continued
stammering or stuttering are definite and positive, and that they are
inevitable. Stammering is known to be at the root of many troubles. It
causes nervousness, self-consciousness and sometimes brings about a
mental condition bordering on complete mental breakdown. It causes
mental sluggishness, dissipates the power-of-concentration, weakens the
power of will, destroys ambition and stands between the sufferer and an
education.

There is no affliction more annoying or embarrassing to its victim than
stammering. No matter how bright the intellect may be, if the tongue is
unable easily and quickly to formulate the words expressing thought,
the individual is held back in business and is debarred from the
pleasures of social and home life.

Stammering is a drawback to children in school. To be unable to recite
means failure. It means humiliation. It means disgrace in the eyes of
the other pupils. And finally, it means valuable time wasted--not in
getting an education--but in suffering untold misery in TRYING to get
one--and failing.

A boy fourteen years of age, who has failed to advance in school, and
who finds stammering a handicap of serious proportions, tells me:

"I am fourteen years old and only in the fifth grade. I am afraid to
recite because of my stuttering, and because of my not reciting when my
teachers call on me, I am getting low marks in school and do not know
if I will ever get through."

One mother writes:

"My little girl will not go to Sunday School because she does not like
the other children to look at her so straight when she stammers."

A boy says:

"I am thirteen years old and in school. I am afraid to recite because
of my stuttering; and because of my not reciting I get low average in
studies."

Another boy told me:

"I am now in the third year of my high school course. On the first day
of the term I went to school, I made such a miserable thing of myself
that I quit. The school superintendent and principal saw me when I came
back the second day as I was carrying my books out. Of course they
stopped me and I made an explanation. I couldn't tell any of the new
teachers my name. It was impossible to make any kind of a recitation. I
was introduced to all of my teachers and have been STUMBLING ALONG ever
since with grades anywhere from 0 to 60."

A SOCIAL DRAWBACK: No stammerer but knows that his malady marks him for
the half-suppressed smiles of thoughtless people and the unkind remarks
of those who really know nothing of the suffering which these unkind
remarks occasion. It is true, but unfortunate, that the stammerer is
not wanted in any social gathering, he can provide no entertainment,
save at his own expense, and of all people he is most ill at ease when
out among others.

A young lady writes:

"Mr. Bogue, I would give one of my eyes to get rid of stammering. That
is all I am after. Please excuse this awful writing. I AM SO NERVOUS I
CAN HARDLY GET THE PEN INTO THE INK BOTTLE."

Here is a letter from one man:

"I am 36 years old, and have stammered for 28 years. I don't stammer so
bad, but just bad enough to spoil my life. I always have to take a back
seat in company. I belong to three lodges, but I do not take part in
any of them because I am afraid they will ask me to take part in the
order. It would make me feel cheap. I have often felt like committing
suicide, but I would pull my nerves together and make the best of it
again. I am now a janitor at a school."

HOPELESS IN BUSINESS: There is not a young man stammerer in this whole
country who would not work night and day to be cured of stammering if
he realized the hopelessness of trying to be a success in a business
way, handicapped by stammering, unable to talk fluently, clearly and
intelligently.

A man says:

"I am 33 years old and single. I have stammered ever since I was a
child. It has made me nervous. At my age it is very embarrassing to me
to stutter. I kept getting more nervous from year to year, and finally
I have had to give up my position. I was a long-hand biller for ten
years, but I am now troubled with writer's cramp and unable to do much.
I can't get a clerk's job because of my stuttering."

And here is another--a man grown, who too late realized the futility of
trying to get an education while yet handicapped by stammering. He
said, a while back:

"I must say my stammering has spoiled my life and robbed me of a
successful career. I would give much if my parents had sent me to be
cured of stammering when a boy, instead of trying as they did to
educate me."

STAMMERER APPEARS ILLITERATE: No matter how great the stammerer's
knowledge may be, he often appears to be illiterate simply because he
is unable to express himself in words. His knowledge is locked up by
his infirmity, the same as though he had a steel band drawn over his
mouth and fastened with a padlock which he is unable to unlock for want
of a proper key. The man with the locked-up knowledge is under as great
a handicap as the man without knowledge.

A man who had a chance to be a big success in business, had he not
stammered, says:

"Stammering is the cause of all my trouble. My earlier associates have
shunned me for several years, and I have sought the worst class of
dives and the lowest kind of companions, where I was reasonably certain
that I would not come in contact with those with whom I had associated
in earlier years. My eyes are wet with tears--tears of remorse and
regret--because I see no chance in life for me now."

The stammerer who thinks that success comes to the man who
stammers--who believes that the business world is willing to put up
with anything less than fluent speech, should read this heart-broken
letter from a young man:

"I am a bookkeeper, and dearly love my work, but am afraid that I am
going to have to give it up because my speech is getting worse, and I
have noticed that the boss has mentioned it to me a couple of times
now, and it almost breaks my heart to know that my position is going to
get away from me. No one realizes how much one suffers, and I'm afraid
I'm going to break down with nervous prostration soon. When one day is
over with me, I wonder how I am going to get through with the next one."

What are the results of stammering? Should anyone ask that question, I
could point to instances in my own experience that would prove that
almost every undesirable condition of human existence may be the result
of stammering. I have seen young men who are business failures,
dejected, hopeless, drifting along, men who in early years were
intellectual giants, and who before their death were mere children in
mental power, because they allowed stammering to destroy every valuable
faculty they possessed.

I could point to children whom stammering had held back almost from the
time they began to talk--give cases of young men depressed,
embarrassed, unsuccessful, because they stammer--cite instances of all
the worth-while things in life turned from the path of a young woman
because she stammered.

Yet in the past, not one of these knew what was coming. Not one
realized where the trail was leading. No stammerer can of himself see
into the future. But he can, at least, look into the future of others,
who, like himself, are stammerers, and avoid the pitfalls into which
they have fallen and save himself the mistakes they have made.





PART III

THE CURE OF STAMMERING AND STUTTERING




CHAPTER I

CAN STAMMERING REALLY BE CURED?


It has only been a few years since the impression was abroad that
stammering was incurable. Not a particle of hope was held out to the
afflicted individual that any semblance of a cure was possible by any
method. This erroneous idea that stammering could not be cured grew up
in the mind of the average person as a result of one or all of the
following conditions:

1st--The inability of the stammerer to cure himself and his further
inability to outgrow the trouble, (although he was repeatedly told that
he would outgrow it) was the first reason that led to the foolish and
totally unfounded belief that stammering could not be cured.

2nd--The principles of speech and the un-normal condition known as
stammering have been surrounded with a great deal of mystery in the
years gone by. The idea has been widely prevalent that the affliction
was one sent by Providence as a punishment for some act committed by
the sufferer or his forbears. This and many other ideas bordering upon
superstition, are responsible, too, to a great degree for the belief
that stammering is incurable.

3rd--Even if an attempt to cure stammering was made, this attempt was
based upon the "supposition" that stammering was a physical trouble,
due to some defect in the organs of speech. It followed that since no
one was ever able to discover any physical defect, no one knew the true
cause of the disorder, nor how to treat it successfully.

4th--Unfortunately there have been in the field a number of
irresponsible charlatans, preying upon the stammerer with claims to
cure, while in fact they knew little or nothing of the disorder, had
never stammered themselves, nor had the slightest knowledge of the
correct methods of procedure in the core of stammering. The failure of
such as these to do any good led to a widespread belief that there was
no successful method for the eradication of speech disorders.

From an experience covering more than twenty-eight years, during which
time the author has corresponded with 210,000 persons who stammer and
has personally met and diagnosed about 22,000 cases, it has been proved
that all of these beliefs are fallacies of the worst character. Given
any person who stutters or stammers and who has no organic defect and
is as intelligent as the average child of eight years, it has been
found that the Unit Method of Restoring Speech will eradicate the
trouble at its source and by removing the cause, entirely remove the
defective utterance.

THE STAMMERER'S CASE NOT HOPELESS: Stammerers should fix this fact
firmly in mind: Stammering can be cured! There is hope, positive,
definite hope for every case--this fact is based on every imaginable
form of stuttering or stammering. It is not, in other words, a mere
idle statement based on theory or guess-work, but a mathematical truth,
taken from experience.

I recall very well the case of a man of 32 who came to me for help
after five of the so-called schools for stammerers had failed to afford
him any relief. Quite naturally this man was a confirmed skeptic. He
did not believe that there was any cure for him. Anyone who had been
through the trials that he had experienced would have felt the same
way. But he placed himself under treatment, nevertheless, and in a few
weeks' time, the Unit Method had restored him to perfect speech. He
left entirely convinced that stammering could be cured, because it had
been done in his own case which had so long seemed beyond all hope.

Many years afterward, he wrote a letter which I take the liberty of
reproducing here for the encouragement and inspiration of everyone who
is similarly afflicted and who feels as this man felt--that he is
incurable:

"I tried to be cured of stammering at five different times by five
different men at a total cost of more than one thousand dollars. None
of them cured me. Then I decided to try the Unit Method. Nine years ago
I did so--a decision that I have never regretted. It was evident that
this method was based on a comprehensive knowledge of the art of
speech. I am now a piano salesman and talk by the hour all day long;
talk over the telephone perfectly; and many tell me that I speak more
distinctly than the majority of people who have never stammered. I
believe this is because I was taught through the Unit Method the very
fundamentals of speech."

This man's case is typical of the hundreds of failures-to-cure which
are responsible for the belief that stammering cannot be cured. The
fact that he had made five separate attempts to be cured would, in the
mind of the average man, establish the fact that stammering cannot be
cured and yet it is seen that even in this extreme case, under the
application of the proper scientific methods, the stammerer found
freedom of speech without unusual difficulty and in a comparatively
short time.




CHAPTER II

CASES THAT "CURE THEMSELVES"


Not infrequently from some source will be heard a story, many times
retold, to the effect that "So-and-so" who stammered for many years has
been cured--that the trouble has magically disappeared and that he
stammers no longer.

What is the cause of this? What brings about such a miraculous cure?

The answer depends upon the case. Usually, the story is much more a
story than a fact. Few indeed have been the stammerers who have ever
actually heard the man stammer before "his trouble cured itself" and
then heard him talk perfectly afterwards. Like the stories of haunted
houses, there is nothing to substantiate the truth of the statement,
there is no evidence by which the story may be checked up.

In the rare cases where the facts would seem to indicate the truth of
the statement, it will be found that the person in question never
really stammered--that his trouble was something else--lalling,
lisping, or some defect of speech that was mistaken for stammering or
stuttering.

Another case of apparent miraculous cure is the case of the stammerer
who, finding himself unable to say words beginning with certain
letters, begins the practice of substituting easy sounds for those that
are difficult and thus, provided he has only a slight case, leads many
to believe that he talks almost perfectly. This fellow is known as the
"Synonym Stammerer" and is usually a quick thinker and a ready
"substituter-of-words." If he has stammered noticeably for some time
until those in his vicinity have become acquainted with his affliction,
and then discovers the plan of substituting easy sounds for hard ones,
he may for a time conceal his impediment and lead certain of his
friends to believe that he no longer stammers.

This "Synonym Stammerer" is storing up endless trouble for himself,
however, for the mental strain of trying to remember and speak synonyms
of hard words entails such a great drain upon his mind as to make it
almost impossible to maintain the practice for any great length of
tune. In this connection, let every stammerer be warned to avoid this
practice of substitution of words. It is a seeming way out of
difficulty sometimes, but you will find that you are only making your
malady worse and laying up difficulties for yourself in the future.




CHAPTER III

CASES THAT CANNOT BE CURED


In an experience in meeting stammerers and in curing stammering it is
only natural to assume that I have come across certain cases which
could not be cured. It is only natural, too, to expect that in such a
wide experience it would be possible to determine what cases are
incurable and why.

Cases of incurable speech impediments may be divided into seven classes:

    (1)--Those with organic defects;
    (2)--Those with diseased condition of the brain;
    (3)--Those who have postponed treatment until their malady
         has progressed so far into the chronic stage as to make
         treatment valueless;
    (4)--Those who refuse to obey instructions;
    (5)--Those who persist in dissipation, regardless of effects;
    (6)--Those of below normal intelligence;
    (7)--Those who will not make the effort to be cured.

Stutterers and stammerers whose trouble arises from an organic defect
are so few as to be almost an exception, but where those cases exist,
they must be regarded as incurable. The re-educational process used in
the successful method of curing stuttering and stammering will not
replace a defective organ of the body with a new one. It will not cure
harelip or cleft palate, nor will it loosen the tongue of the child who
has been hopelessly tongue-tied from birth.

A boy was brought to me some years ago by his parents in the hope that
his speech trouble might be eradicated, but it was found upon
examination that he had always been tongue-tied and that the deformity
would not permit of the normal, natural movements of the tongue
necessary to proper speaking. I immediately told the parents the
unfortunate condition of their son and frankly stated that in his
condition there was no possibility of my being able to help him.

DISEASED BRAIN: Taking up the second class--those who have a diseased
condition of the brain--these cases, too, are very rare. I have met but
a comparatively few. Where a lesion of the brain has occurred, and a
distinct change has thus been brought about in the physical structure
of that organ, an attempt to bring about a cure would be a waste of
time--hopeless from the start.

THE PROCRASTINATORS: The third type of incurable cases is that of the
stammerer or stutterer who, against all advice and experience, has
persisted in the belief that his trouble would be outgrown and who has
by this means allowed the disorder to progress so far into the chronic
stage as to make treatment entirely without effect.

This type of incurable is very numerous. They usually start in
childhood with a case of simple stuttering which, if treated then,
could be eradicated quickly and easily. From this stage they usually
pass into the trouble of a compound nature, known as combined
stammering and stuttering. Here, also, their malady would yield readily
to proper methods of treatment, but instead of giving it the attention
so badly needed, they allow it to pass into a severe case of Spasmodic
Stammering, and from this into the most chronic stage of that trouble.
The malady becomes rooted in the muscular system. The nervous strain
and continued fear tear down all semblance of mental control and in
time the sufferer is in a condition that is hopeless indeed, a
condition where he is subject for the pity and the sympathy of every
one who stammers, and yet a condition brought on purely by his own
neglect and wilfulness.

I recall the case of a father who brought his boy of 16 to see me some
years ago. At that time, the boy represented one of the worst cases of
stammering I ever saw. He could scarcely speak at all. He made awful
contortions of the face and body when attempting to speak. When he
succeeded in uttering sounds, these resembled the deep bark of a dog.
These sounds were totally unintelligible, save upon rare occasions,
when he would be able to speak clearly enough to make himself
understood. I gave the boy the most searching personal diagnosis and
very carefully inspected his condition both mental and physical, after
which I was convinced that he could be cured, with time and persistent
work. The father was given the result of my findings and told of the
boy's condition. He decided to take the boy home, talk the matter over
and place him under my care the next week. Ten days later he wrote me
saying that the boy had secured a job in a garage at $6 a week and
could not think about being cured of stammering at that time.

Two and a half years later--the boy was nearing twenty--I saw him
again, and even after all my experience in meeting stammerers, could
hardly believe that stammering could bring about such a terrible
condition as this boy was in at that time. His mental faculties were
entirely shattered. His concentration was gone. This poor boy was
merely a blubbering, stumbling idiot, a sight to move the stoutest
heart, a living example of the result of carelessness and parental
neglect. Needless to say, I would not consider his treatment in such a
condition. There was no longer any foundation to build on--no longer
the slightest chance for benefiting the boy in the least.

THE WILFULLY DISOBEDIENT CASES: Taking up the fourth class of
incurables, those who refuse to obey instructions--I can only say that
such as these are not deserving of a cure. They are not sincere, they
are not willing to hold themselves to the simplest program no matter
how great might be the resultant good. They spend their own money or
the money of their parents foolishly, get no results and disgust the
instructor who spends his or her efforts in trying to bring about a
cure, against obstacles that no one can overcome, viz.: unwillingness
to do as told. The old saying that "You can lead a horse to water, but
you can't make him drink" applies most forcefully to the case of the
wilfully disobedient stammerer. You can instruct this individual in the
methods to bring about a cure, but you can't make him follow them.

I well remember one case in point. A young man of 20 years came to me
apparently with every desire in the world to be cured of stammering.
The first day he followed instructions with great care, seemed to take
a wonderful interest in his work and at the end of the day expressed to
me his pleasure in finding himself improved even with one day's work.
By the third day, the novelty had worn off and his "smart-aleck"
tendencies began to come to the surface. He was impertinent. He was
impudent. He was rude. He failed to come to his work promptly in the
morning, was late at meals, stayed out at night beyond the time limit
set by the dormitory rules and persisted in doing everything in an
irregular and wilfully disobedient manner.

I was not inclined to dismiss him because of his misconduct, because it
was evident that here was a boy of more than ordinary native
intelligence, a fine-looking chap with untold opportunities ahead of
him, if he were cured of stammering. So I put up with his misdeeds for
many days, until one morning I decided that either he must come to time
or return to his home--and he elected to take the latter course.

In looking up this boy's record later on, it was found that he was
incorrigible, that his parents had never been successful in controlling
him at any time and that he had been expelled from school twice.

There is no need for me to say that this boy was afflicted with
something even worse than stammering--something that science was not
able to help--i. e., a lack of sense. His case was incurable, just as
much so as if an inch of his tongue had been sheared off. With such
stammerers as this I have neither patience nor sympathy. They have no
respect or consideration for others and are consequently entitled to
none themselves.

THE CHRONIC DISSIPATOR: The fifth type of incurable might be called the
"chronic dissipator" and his stammering is hopelessly incurable just as
far as his habits are incurable. The person who persists in undermining
his mental and physical being with dissipation and who, when he knows
the results of his doings, will not cease, cannot hope to be cured of
stammering. Cases such as these I do not attempt to treat. They are
neither wanted nor accepted.

I recall the case of a man of 32, a big, stalwart fellow, who came to
me about two years ago with a very severe case of combined stammering
and stuttering. He made his plans to place himself under my care but
before getting back, fell a victim to his inordinate appetite for drink
and was laid up for a week. His wife wrote me the circumstances, told
me it had been going on for nine years and that all efforts to
eradicate the appetite had failed. I immediately advised her that I
considered his case incurable and could not accept him for treatment.
In such cases, a cure is built upon too shallow and uncertain a
foundation to offer any hope of being permanent.

BELOW NORMAL INTELLIGENCE: There is another incurable case which must
be included if we are to complete this list of the incurable forms of
speech impediments. That is the case of the stammerer who is of below
normal intelligence. These cases are very rare and I do not recall but
four instances where a case has been diagnosed as incurable on account
of the lack of intelligence. This is a direct refutation of the
statement that stammerers are naturally below normal in mental ability.
Out of more than twenty-six years' experience in meeting stammerers by
the thousands, I can say most emphatically that stammerers as a class
ARE NOT NATURALLY BELOW NORMAL INTELLIGENCE OR MENTAL POWER, SAVE AS
THEIR TROUBLE MAY HAVE AFFECTED THEIR CONCENTRATION OR WILL-POWER.

THE LACKADAISICAL: The last and largest class of incurable cases of
stammering are those who will not make the effort to be cured. These
are the spineless, the unsure, the cowards, who are afraid to try
anything for fear it will not be successful.

They are usually afflicted with a malady worse than stammering or
stuttering--"indecision"--a malady for which science has found no
remedy. Knowing the dire results of continued stammering, still they
stammer. Reason fails to move them to the necessary effort. Common
sense makes no appeal. Well, indeed, in such cases, may we paraphrase
the words of Dr. Russell H. Conwell and say:

"There is nothing in the world that can prevent you from being cured of
stammering but YOURSELF. Neither heredity, environment or any of the
obstacles superimposed by man can keep you from marching straight
through to a cure if you are guided by a firm, driving determination
and have health and normal intelligence."

These seven classes of incurable cases complete the list. And the
number of such cases, all taken together, is so small as to be almost
out of consideration. For, out of a thousand cases of stuttering and
stammering examined, I find but 2 per cent. with organic defects or of
an incurable nature. In other words, 98 per cent. can be completely and
permanently cured.




CHAPTER IV

CAN STAMMERING BE CURED BY MAIL?


In the years past there have been attempts from time to time to induce
the stammerer to seek a cure for his impediment in mail order
treatments. As has already been told, I was the victim of one of these
so-called "correspondence-cures" and know something about them from
personal experience.

In the first place, the sufferer usually takes up with the mail order
specialist because this man retails his "profound" knowledge at a low
rate, a rate so low that even a single thought on the subject would
convince anyone that his money was buying a few sheets of paper but no
professional knowledge or experience.

The very best correspondence course I have ever known anything about
was not as good as a number of books on elocution that are available in
any good library. Usually these courses are written by some charlatan
who is in business as a mail-order-man selling trinkets and stammering
cures or running a general correspondence school, teaching not only how
to cure stammering by correspondence but giving courses in
"Hair-Waving" and "How to Become a Detective." It is needless for me to
say that such as these are in the business, not for the good of the
stammerer nor even for the purpose of helping him, but simply for the
money that can be extracted from the stammerer or stutterer.

THE DIFFERENCE: There are two main differences, however, between the
books which the stammerer may read without cost and the correspondence
course for which he pays out his good money--many dollars of it. The
correspondence course has been written by a man who knew little or
nothing of the subject, and who put out a course for stammerers only
because he knew something of the number of stammerers in his territory
and said to himself, "My, but I ought to be able to sell them a
mail-order cure." Forthwith he sits down and writes a course--it isn't
necessary to have anything in it at all. Often these men do not even
take the trouble to consult reliable books on the subject. They do not
profess to know anything about stammering or stuttering, their cause or
their cure. They simply sit down and write--and when they have it
written, they send it to the printer, have it printed and then split
these printed sheets up into ten, or twenty, or fifty, or a hundred
lessons--whatever their fancy may dictate, and begin to sell them. They
have no thought of the results--results to them mean nothing save the
number of courses that can be sold--and whether or not a single iota of
good accrues to the stammerer from this expenditure of money is one of
the things in which the correspondence school stammering specialist is
not at all interested.

The most that can be expected from the very best mail course for the
cure of stammering is that the subscriber will receive information
worth as much as that which might be in a library book. He receives
this in installments and for privilege of reading it piece-meal, pays
from $50 to $100.

It is hopeless to try to cure stammering or stuttering by any method
unless the instructor knows his business. And this knowledge comes not
by chance but by long, hard study.

MAIL CURES A FAILURE: No stammerer should attempt to be cured by any
correspondence method. When the decision has been made to have a speech
defect removed, the sufferer should place himself under the care of a
reputable institution, the past record of which entitles it to
consideration. Correspondence cures are a waste of money, a waste of
time and finally leave the stammerer with the firm-founded belief that
his trouble is absolutely incurable, when, as a matter of fact, he may
have a comparatively simple form of stuttering or stammering which
could be quickly eradicated by the proper institutional treatment.

At no time should the stammerer resort to the use of any mechanical
contrivance to aid him in speaking correctly. The cause of the trouble
as previously explained, is inco-ordination. Mechanical contrivances to
hold the tongue in a certain position, elevate the palate or for any
other purpose may be positively harmful and should be strictly
avoided--ALWAYS.




CHAPTER V

THE IMPORTANCE OF EXPERT DIAGNOSIS


A diagnosis is an examination or analysis to determine the identity of
a disease and to reveal its cause and characteristics. A reputable
medical man will not undertake the treatment of any malady without
having first made a searching examination and a thorough diagnosis of
the trouble.

In the case of the stammerer or stutterer, expert diagnosis is very
important and should be undertaken only by a diagnostician who has had
previous training and experience of sufficient duration to enable him
to be classed as an expert on the subject. No stammerer or stutterer,
however, should overlook the value of such diagnosis, for the reason
that there are so many forms of speech disorders that it is totally
impossible as well as unsafe for the sufferer himself to try to
determine the exact nature of his trouble.

I recall the case of a certain young man who had depended upon his own
knowledge to determine the identity of his speech defect and the nature
of his trouble. When a boy, he had swallowed a small program pencil
with a metal tip, injuring his vocal cords, so he said, and causing him
to become a stammerer. An examination of his condition and a careful
diagnosis of his case revealed the fact that his vocal organs were as
normal as those of any person who had never stammered. The diagnosis
also revealed the fact that his stammering was not originally caused by
any organic defect or any injury to the vocal organs, but that, on the
other hand, he had, in the first place, inherited a predisposition to
stammer, his father and his grandfather both having been stammerers
whose trouble had never been remedied. The diagnosis showed that the
onset of the trouble immediately after swallowing the pencil was due
chiefly to the nervous shock and fright caused by the accident, which,
in conjunction, with the inherited predisposition toward stammering,
was too much for the boy's mental control and he immediately developed
into a stammerer. The young man had believed for many years that his
defective utterance was totally incurable, that it was due to an
organic defect which could not be remedied. The diagnosis quickly
revealed, however, that a very different condition was responsible for
his trouble and as a consequence, he found himself able to be cured
where, without expert diagnosis, he had resigned himself to a life as a
stammerer.

Another case which also shows the stammerer's inability to diagnose his
own trouble accurately was that of a woman who persistently refused to
allow her son to have his case diagnosed, because of her belief that he
was incurable and that the diagnosis would be a waste of time and money.

After months of coaxing, however, he succeeded in getting her to
consent and I gave him a thorough diagnosis and report on his
condition. This mother had been unduly alarmed--the boy was still in a
curable stage and in fact completed the necessary work in much less
than the usual time. This is but another case that shows the loss which
comes from not knowing the truth.

Written Report of Diagnosis Valuable: It is well to get a personal
diagnosis of the case where possible, but if this cannot be done, a
written history of the case, together with a statement of the symptoms
and present condition, should enable the expert diagnostician of speech
defects to make a thorough and reliable diagnosis of the trouble.

This diagnosis, to be of the most value to the stammerer or stutterer,
should be made up in the form of a written report, so that the
information may be in permanent form and so that the sufferer can study
his own case in all its angles.

WHAT DIAGNOSIS SHOULD SHOW: First of all, of course, the diagnosis
should identify and label your trouble. It should tell what form of
speech defect is revealed by the symptoms; it should tell the cause of
the trouble; the stage it is now in; should indicate whether or not
there is any organic defect; should give information as to the
possibilities of outgrowing the trouble; and, most important of all,
should state whether or not the disorder is in a curable stage.

When it is remembered that nearly a dozen more or less common speech
disorders can be named, almost in one breath, and that some of these
disorders may pass through four or five successive stages, it will be
seen that an expert diagnosis and report is almost a necessity to the
stammerer or stutterer who would have reliable and authoritative
information about his speech disorder.

The stammerer or stutterer who voluntarily remains in the dark, who is
satisfied with gross ignorance of his trouble, is surely not on the
road to freedom of speech.

The most able man cannot decide correctly without the facts. To decide
in the absence of information is guesswork--and guesswork is a poor
method of deciding what to do--in the case of the stammerer as in every
other case.

Therefore, it behooves the stammerer to become enlightened to as great
an extent as possible, to banish ignorance of his trouble and replace
it with facts and sound knowledge.




CHAPTER VI

THE SECRET OF CURING STUTTERING AND STAMMERING


If the reader has followed this work carefully up to this point, he is
now informed on the causes of stuttering and stammering, on their
characteristic tendencies and their peculiarities. We are now ready to
ask, "What are the correct methods for the cure of stuttering and
stammering?" and to answer that question authoritatively.

As to the successful mode of procedure in determining the proper
methods for the cure of stuttering and stammering, I know of no
suggestion better than that offered by Alexander Melville Bell, who
says:

"The rational, as it is experimentally the successful method of
procedure, is first to study the standard of correct articulation (NOT
the varieties of imperfect utterance) and then not to go from one
extreme to another, but at every step to compare the defective with the
perfect mode of speech and so infallibly to ascertain the amount, the
kind and the source of the error."

We have already done that: We have located the cause of the trouble. We
not only know that stammering is caused by a lack of co-ordination
between the brain and the muscles of speech, but we know the things
which may bring about the lack of co-ordination. Now, how to cure?
Simply remove the cause. Re-establish normal co-ordination between the
brain and the muscles of speech. Restore normal brain control over the
speech organs. Make these organs respond freely, naturally and promptly
to the brain messages.

That sounds simple. But if it is as simple as it sounds, why is it that
so many in the past have failed to cure stammering and stuttering? Why
have so many so-called methods of cure passed into the discard? The
answer is, they were based on the wrong foundation. They struck at the
effects and not at the cause of the trouble. And as a result, the
methods failed.

These so-called methods have aimed at many different effects. One
method, for instance, had as its theory that if you could cure the
nervousness, the stammering would magically disappear. The unfortunate
sufferer was doped with vile-tasting bitters and nerve medicines,
so-called, in the hope that his nervous system would respond to
treatment. But the nerves could not be quieted and the nervous system
built up until the cause of the nervousness--which was stammering--was
removed.

There was a time, too, and it has not been so long ago, when the craze
was on for using surgery as a cure-all for stammering. Terrible
butchery was performed in the name of surgery--the patient's tongue
sometimes being slitted or notched, and other foolish and cruel
subterfuges improvised in an effort to cure the stammering. Needless to
say, there was no cure found in such methods. There is no chance of
curing a mental defect by slitting the tongue and the absurdities of
that "butchering period" which have now passed away, are numbered among
the mistakes of those who committed them.

A lack of thoroughness marked the later attempts to cure stammering.
One method was based, for instance, solely upon correct breathing.
There is no doubt that correct breathing is very vital both to the
stammerer and the non-stammerer, if they are to speak fluently and
well. But breath-control does not even begin to solve the problem of
curing stammering. It is but an element, and a small element, in the
proper articulation of words. And however well this plan of
breath-control might have succeeded, it could never have succeeded in
really curing stuttering and stammering.

Most of these ill-advised efforts and half-baked methods sprang up, not
as a result of sound knowledge but rather as a result of the lack of
it. In fact, looking back at the manner in which the stammerer was
treated for stammering under these methods, we can see now that nothing
but the most profound ignorance of the fundamental principles
underlying the art of speaking could have made it possible for these
misguided instructors to pass out as science the jargon and hodge-podge
which they did try to pass off as scientific knowledge. The absurdities
propounded in the name of stammering cures were too numerous even to
enumerate in this volume.

SPEECH PRINCIPLES FUNDAMENTAL: Back of every spoken word, whether that
word be French, English, Italian, or any other language, are the
unchangeable principles of speech. These principles of speech are
fundamental. They do not change basically nor do they vary in the
individual. When you speak correctly, you do so as a result of
following the correct principles of speech. I speak correctly by the
same method as you. And when you speak incorrectly, or when you stutter
or stammer, you do so because you have violated one or more of these
fundamental principles. Any other person who stammers or stutters as
you do, violates the same principles and requires the same method of
correction as yourself. The severity of your case depends upon how many
of the principles of speech you violate. A diagnosis will determine
this--and therefore what is necessary to be done to bring about perfect
speech. The number of speech violations to be corrected will also
determine to a certain extent the time required for correction.

SPEECH DEFINED: Speech, in all the diversities of tongues and dialects,
consists of but a small number of articulated elementary sounds. These
are produced by the agency of the lungs, the larynx, and the mouth. The
lungs supply air to the larynx, which modifies the stream into whisper
or voice; and this air is then moulded by the plastic oral organs into
syllables which singly or in accentual combinations constitute words.

As explained in the Chapter on Causes, all of the physical organs which
have to do with the production of speech and all of the brain centers
whose duty it is to control the actions of these various organs, must
operate in harmony, or, in other words, must coordinate, if we are to
have perfect speech. Co-ordination implies perfect mental control of
physical actions. And this in turn means perfect obedience of the
physical organs of speech to the brain messages that are received.

The cure of stammering and stuttering requires a great deal of care
based, of course, upon the correct scientific knowledge in the first
place.

In attempting to cure stammering, there has been too much teaching by
rigid rules and not enough teaching by principles. There are very few
hard-and-fast rules that can be followed with success by every
stutterer or stammerer. No set of rules can be laid down as a standard
for every one to follow, for no two persons stammer exactly alike any
more than two persons look exactly alike.

The only safe rule of all the rules is that which says, "Cleave closely
to the principles, let the rules fall where they may." The only
successful method is that which, being first based upon the right
principle, is followed out with intelligence by the stammerer and
administered with wisdom by the instructor to fit the needs and
requirements of the individual case.

METHODS NECESSARILY THREE-FOLD: The cure of stammering and stuttering
can be wrought only by a method that is three-fold-that attacks all of
the un-normal conditions of the stammerer simultaneously and eradicates
them in unison.

It would be of little avail, for instance, to build up perfect breath
control, and leave the stammerer in a mental state where he was
continually harassed by a fear of failure, by a continual
self-consciousness and irritated by a deep-seated nervousness.

And it would be of just as little use to try to remove that
self-consciousness, fear of failure and nervousness without removing
the cause of the stammering.

In other words, when the successful method of curing stammering is
spoken of as being threefold in purpose, it is meant that this method
must build up the physical being, must achieve perfect mental
equilibrium and must link up the physical with the mental in perfect
harmony.

A permanent cure can rest on no other foundation than perfect
restoration to a truly normal mental and physical condition. When this
has been accomplished and when the synchronization of brain and speech
organs has been brought about, the muscles of speech do not hesitate in
responding to a brain message for the utterance of a word. There is no
longer any sticking, any loose or hurried repetition. In other words,
perfect speech now comes as a logical consequence.

SPEECH SPECIALIST SHOULD HAVE STAMMERED: It is very important that the
speech expert who would promulgate a method for the eradication of
stammering should have, at one time or another, stammered himself.

It is a well-known fact that the imagination cannot conjure up an image
of something that has never been experienced. If you had been born
blind, you would have no mental picture of any color, no matter how
much you might have heard about it. Still your imagination might be a
most prolific one. The utmost feat of the human imagination is to
combine mental pictures to form still other images which are impossible
or absurd or which in their entirety have not been experienced. In
other words, new combinations of images are possible, but an entirely
new or basic picture is beyond the power of the imagination to create.

So, with the specialist who would cure stuttering and stammering. It is
impossible for the man who has never stammered or stuttered to know the
fear that grips the sufferer when he thinks of speaking. It is
impossible for one who has never stammered to imagine what this fear is
like or to know the feeling that accompanies it.

For that reason, it is important that the man who attempts to eradicate
speech defects should have been afflicted himself in order that his
experience may have been acquired first-hand--that the suffering may
have been felt and all of the conditions and situations of the
stammerer may be as familiar to him as to his student.

Value of Moral Influence in the Cure of Stammering: In speaking of the
necessity for good health, both physical and mental, before the
eradication of stammering can take place, we must not overlook a few
words about one particular type of derelict--the will-less or sometimes
wilful individual who persists in indulging in dissipation of every
kind, the individual who, with cocksure attitude and haughty sneer,
laughs in the face of experience and insists that "it will not bother
him." To such as these, no hope can be held out. Such tactics leave
both body and mind in a condition that does not permit of up-building.
There is little foundation for any effort and with the passing of each
day, there is a tearing-out of bodily and mental vigor that makes all
effort useless.

But in the average individual, physical rebuilding is a process of but
a few weeks. The mental rehabilitation can usually be accomplished in
an equally short period of time and when these things have been brought
about, perfect speech soon follows if the correct methods are applied.




CHAPTER VII

THE BOGUE UNIT METHOD DESCRIBED


At the time a stammerer or stutterer first places himself under my care
and before any attempt is made to apply the treatment, he is given a
very thorough and searching examination for the purpose of learning the
exact nature of his difficulty. It must be remembered that no two cases
of stammering or stuttering are exactly alike and that no two cases
require exactly the same method of treatment, although the same basic
principles apply to all.

Even if the stammerer's case has been previously diagnosed by me, it is
necessary to compare and verify the symptoms as previously exhibited
with those existing at the time of his beginning treatment, in order to
learn, first of all, whether his malady has more recently progressed
into a further and more serious stage.

The Bogue Test: If the usual entrance examination does not bring out
all of the essential facts regarding the case, the stammerer is then
put through the Bogue Test--an original system of diagnosis which I
perfected some years ago--by means of which the peculiarities of the
trouble are brought out, the NORMAL, the SUBNORMAL and the ABNORMAL
condition of the disorder is gauged and the most minute details of the
trouble are disclosed. This Bogue Test covers the case from every
possible angle. It lays bare the exact physical, mental and nervous
condition of the stammerer or stutterer, enables me to determine the
original cause of the trouble and to follow its progress from the first
up to the present time, almost as easily as if the student had been
under my observation ever since he first noticed his defect of speech.

I recall the case of a boy who came to me at one time for a personal
diagnosis of his case. I examined him carefully, put him through a
number of tests and diagnosed his case, which proved to be in the
second stage and of no more than ordinary severity. He was unable to
place himself under my care at that tune but returned to me about eight
months later, apparently in no worse condition than before. Not being
satisfied with the results of the examination, the complete test was
applied, with the result that a condition of grave seriousness was
discovered, marking the most pronounced form of his trouble--a form so
far advanced as to make the case almost incurable. The situation was
explained to the young man and he was told that it would take much
longer than usual to bring about a cure in his case, although such a
cure was yet possible. He expressed his willingness to spend as much
time as was necessary in the cure and as a result, he was able within
some weeks' time to talk without stuttering or stammering. The mental
sluggishness which marked his conversation soon disappeared. He became
alert and eager and when he left for home, he was a much different boy
than when he came for treatment.

This is but one of hundreds of examples showing the need for expert
diagnosis and for careful analysis of the condition of the stammerer
even if a previous diagnosis has been made within a few months.

In practically all cases of stammering, particularly those of a
progressive character, the condition is naturally changeable and common
prudence calls for caution in accepting antedated facts as an
indication of the present condition.

In every case, the examination enables me to gauge the severity of the
case so accurately that the student's course can be outlined,
designating the exact Plan-of-Attack to be used in:

    1--Tearing out the improper methods of speech production
    2--Replacing those incorrect methods with the correct natural
       methods
    3--Re-establishing normal co-ordination between the brain and
       the muscles of speech.


The Method at Work: When the preliminary Examination and Tests have
been completed and the student's course outlined, the actual working of
the Bogue Unit Method then begins. This does not involve the practice
of any "ism" or "ology," nor does it require the use of medicines,
drugs, surgery, hypnotism or the "laying-on-of-hands," but by
scientific and natural methods, begins the first step of the work,
viz.: Tearing out the improper methods of speech production.

At every step in the application of the method, the principles which
underlie and govern perfect articulation, serve as the foundation of
the instruction. As has been so often stated in this book, these
principles of speech never change. They apply to all persons alike, and
all who talk normally apply these principles in the same manner. Those
who stammer violate them, so that in correcting defective speech it is
only logical that we should first remove the defective procedure and
then institute the correct procedure in its place.

The Bogue Unit Method is three-fold in action. From this it takes the
name "Unit Method." The first Unit of Treatment has for its purpose the
building up of physical efficiency. "The first requisite is to be a
good animal," says Herbert Spencer. This is certainly true of the
stammerer, for in his case, normal health is a valuable aid during the
time of treatment. Consequently, the first step is to build up the
physical organs and be sure that these are functioning properly.

The second Unit of Treatment restores the mental equilibrium,
stabilizes the mental activities and places them under perfect control.
The inability of the mind to control the organs of speech has led to a
condition which might be described as a "flabbiness of the mental
muscles" which necessitates that the mental condition be altered and
improved so that the mind can once more possess the capacity for
properly controlling the organs of speech.

The third Unit of Treatment synchronizes and harmonizes mental and
physical actions and re-establishes normal co-ordination between the
brain and the muscles of speech, which completes the work necessary to
bring about a cure. After both physical and mental conditions have been
made normal, it merely remains to link up these two properly-working
forces, co-ordinate their activities and firmly inhabitate the correct
principles of control, after which it can be said that a complete cure
is permanently effected.

Daily Record of Progress: Beginning with the first day, a complete
report in writing is made of the progress. Each point on which the
student makes progress is noted. If proper advancement is not made on
any particular point, special effort is put forth to bring that point
up to the standard which has been set. This makes it possible for the
instructor to give individual attention to each student, something
which is absolutely essential in many cases. In other words, it will
not do to start the student off and let him work out his own salvation.
The instructor must be constantly at hand, giving advice, correcting
faulty articulation and constantly aiding the stammerer in a hundred
ways to route the malady.

After having been under treatment for seven days, the student is
subjected to his first treatment test. After passing this examination
satisfactorily, the student is assigned additional work from another
angle. Some students require as much as ten days to complete the work
necessary to pass this first test--in fact, it might also be said that
this test will determine the speed with which the student is to
progress. From this time until the completion of the course, additional
tests are given at various intervals, according to the needs of the
case, until the Final Cure Test proves that the malady has been
eradicated.

Conscious of the Improvement: The stammerer is profoundly conscious of
a distinct change for the better by the end of the very first day under
treatment. In other words, there is an immediate and noticeable
improvement, not only in his nervous condition, but also in his
physical and mental state as well.

Before the student passes from under the treatment, he is thoroughly
aware of the benefits which the work has brought about. For, after he
has met every progress test and has been examined on every phase and
every principle of speech, he passes to a rigid Final Test. In this
test, more than ever before, he finds the results of his efforts. He
discovers that he can use his speech in any way that he desires--in any
way that it will be necessary for him to use it in his future life. He
finds himself able to produce any sound--labial, dental, lingual, nasal
or palatal or any combination of these sounds in any language. He finds
every word now is an easy word, articulation is under perfect control
and the formation of voice a process involving no apparent mental
effort or physical contortions.

A young woman of 20 years was placed under my care by her mother. She
stammered very badly and at the time when her condition was at its
worst, found it almost impossible to make herself understood by any
means. After five weeks of careful instruction, this young woman had no
difficulty whatever in speaking, there was no "piling up of thoughts,"
as she expressed her former condition, and her articulation was
excellent. A few days after she returned home, she wrote as follows: "I
have been talking ever since I came home and have had no trouble
whatever. I just love to talk and I believe I have said more in the
last five days than in the whole last five years."

Additional Results: The Bogue Unit Method of Cure when earnestly
followed out by the student, does much more than eradicate the
impediment of speech. It increases the weight of the below-the-average
student, stops all spasmodic or convulsive efforts of face, arms and
limbs and increases by several inches what was formerly a flat and
poorly developed chest.

A very bad case who came to me for treatment several years ago was a
young man of 26. He not only stuttered but stammered very badly. He
placed himself under my guidance for a period of a little more than six
weeks. At the end of that time he found no difficulty in talking nor
were there any spasmodic movements of the facial muscles, as before. In
reporting some time later, he said:

"When I left I tipped the scales at 20 pounds heavier than when I went
to you. My folks are certainly pleased to hear me talk without the
straining and strangling exertion I had before in trying to force my
words out. Now they flow out nice and easy."

Many children, both boys and girls, are under developed. This may have
resulted from several causes, but it is frequently traceable to the
stammering or stuttering as an indirect cause. The Bogue Unit Method
takes these children in a poor physical condition and while eradicating
the defect of speech, brings about a healthy physical development. An
Ohio woman reported excellent results in a letter which said:

"I am glad to inform you that my son Allan since taking the treatment
in June last, has not to my knowledge, stammered once, for which we are
all very grateful to the Bogue Method. I also wish to say that his
physical condition is much improved and he has increased in weight
about ten pounds."

Regardless of the age of the student, there is an increased vitality
flowing through the entire body, the powers of endurance are greatly
increased and the health built up from every stand-point. One man sent
in an enthusiastic report in these words:

"I am fine and healthy; the people down here say I don't look like the
same person. I gained 17 pounds while I was out there. I am talking
fine. My mother says I talk them nearly to death. I talk them all to
bed at night, so they put out the light on me so I will go to bed and
hush. I went down town Saturday night and the boys were sure glad to
hear me talk without stammering."

Even THIS physical improvement is not unusual.

Another man reports the change brought about in his condition as
follows:

"Just about two years ago I was one of the worst stammerers I know that
ever was; it was simply awful. I could not speak a word without the
most terrible stammering you ever heard. My parents were heartbroken
over my condition, which grew worse all the time. I did not grow and
develop like my brothers. My shoulders were stooped, my chest
sunken--in fact, I was in a terrible condition. After staying with you
for six weeks I came home and every one who knew me when I left was
simply astonished at the improvement, not in my speech alone, but in my
physical condition also. Am stronger and well now and I say it is a
comfort to be able to talk like other boys."

This case is not an unusual one, however, for it is frequently found
that the stammering child grows into a physically deficient man as a
result of his speech impediment.

Concomitant with these physical betterments comes a changed mental
attitude, whereby the former pessimistic outlook has been changed to an
optimistic view of life. The former abnormal timidity of the student
has been replaced by a perfect confidence; the old unreasoning
fear-of-failure is transformed into a feeling of supreme self-reliance;
and the depressed, care-worn expression which may once have marked the
stammerer's countenance has given place to that of cheerfulness.

The weak and vacillating will now manifests itself as a dominant,
masterful power-of-will and the stagnant mentality of the stammerer has
now given place to a vigorous, forceful, creative mental power. The
mind-wandering or lack of ability to concentrate is gone and in its
place is an intense and well controlled power-of-concentration. In
addition to this, the nervousness which marked the every movement of
the stammerer has disappeared and the self-consciousness which made
life a misery is replaced by a calm self-control, resulting in an
entire self-forgetfulness, perfect poise and a feeling of
self-possession.

These benefits accrue gradually as the course progresses, but when,
upon the completion of the course, perfect speech is finally restored,
the results are fully evident and entirely permanent. Their permanency
is the crowning result of the proper methods--methods which eradicate
the trouble at its source--treat and remove the cause instead of
treating the effect.




CHAPTER VIII

SOME CASES I HAVE MET


During the last twenty-eight years, I have personally met more than
22,000 stammerers, diagnosed 97,000 cases by mail and corresponded with
more than 210,000 people who stammer or stutter. In this time, it is
only natural that I should have come in contact with almost every
conceivable type of stammering in practically every form.

I am going to describe a few of these cases in this chapter, give their
history and description very briefly, follow out the course of the
trouble when unchecked and indicate the circumstances of cure when the
stammerer has placed himself for treatment.

I shall make no attempt to discuss all types of speech disorders nor
even all of the forms of any one type, but rather to take up those
cases which can be regarded as most common and which are typical of the
disorders of the largest number of stammerers and stutterers. Since a
whole volume could easily be filled with descriptions of cases, it is
evident that those discussed here must be but briefly described.

(The case numbers in the following pages refer to specific cases, but
not to the order of their treatment, since the classification is a
decimal system used to indicate type, duration, stage, etc.)

Case No. 65.435--This was a boy of 8, brought to me by his mother after
he had experienced untold trouble in school. The boy complained of a
pain in his head when making an effort to talk or after having spoken
under the strain for some minutes. I found the spasmodic contractions
accompanying his trouble to be very pronounced for a boy so young in
years and upon making the examination, was not surprised to find his to
be a case of Combined Stammering and Stuttering. There was no
indication of Thought-Lapse, but there was a condition that could
easily have been mistaken for it--viz.: a woeful lack of confidence in
his own ability to speak, which in this boy's case was due to the fact
that he had stuttered almost since his first word and had rarely spoken
words correctly. As has been previously explained, every child learns
to speak by imitation and his confidence in his speaking-ability must
be gained by constant reassurance from some source that he is speaking
correctly. Early in life this boy had found that he was NOT speaking
correctly and at that moment began to feel the lack of confidence which
had been growing upon him daily. Although in the midst of his school
work, arrangements were easily made to remove him from class and place
him for treatment. Notwithstanding the fact that his trouble was
unusually severe for a boy of that age, seven weeks at the Institute
saw him made into a new boy, his confidence regained, his speech under
perfect control and his physical condition greatly improved. He
returned to school, where his unusual proficiency enlisted the aid and
co-operation of his teachers to such an extent that he was able to
finish the semester with his class.

Case No. 7.232--This was another boy of early school age, whose case is
described here because of the contrast of the one just mentioned. The
present case was that of a boy soon to be 10 years old. He had
stammered, not since his first word, but only since he had been allowed
to play with two children, twins, who lived in the neighborhood, and
both of whom had stuttered since their first attempts to speak. While I
never examined the twins, it seems from what I learned of them, that
the predisposition to stammer was an inherited one, both the father and
grandfather having been inveterate stammerers. Be that as it may, their
defective enunciation, practiced in the presence of the boy whose case
I am describing, caused the boy himself to acquire a habit of imperfect
enunciation which took the form of simple stuttering and which all the
home efforts of his mother and father had failed to eradicate. At the
time he was brought to me, I gave him the usual examination, traced his
trouble back to its original cause--Unconscious Imitation diagnosed his
case as one of Simple Stuttering and recommended the procedure to be
followed. This boy left my care after three weeks and experienced no
further difficulty to this day, although he is now 24 years old and
engaged in work that necessitates his making impromptu speeches almost
every day. Here was a case of Simple Stuttering, taken at the right
time, which yielded almost magically to the treatment, but had it been
allowed to run on, would have progressed into the Advanced Stage of
Stuttering and later, in all probability, into an extremely severe case
of Combined Stammering and Stuttering.

Case No. 986.523--This was the case of a Polish boy who found it almost
impossible to begin a word or a sentence. In describing his case to me,
he finally managed to say, "Before I utter a word it takes me a long
time and after I utter the word, I become red in the face and so
excited that I don't know where I am, or what I am doing!" I found this
boy to be extremely high-strung and of a nervous temperament, easily
excited. He was of an emotional type, was more-than-ordinarily
sensitive about his trouble and brooded over it constantly, having long
fits of deep melancholia that were a constant source of worry to his
parents. He was furthermore at a critical age, from the standpoint of
his speech development, just approaching 16. Although naturally of an
agreeable disposition, his trouble had made him irritable and often
sullen. He wore an air of dejection almost constantly. It was evident
to me immediately upon examination that his trouble had had a grave
effect upon his mind and that it would in time (and not so long a time,
either) have a deep and permanent effect that no amount of effort could
eradicate.

It would be naturally expected that his symptoms would indicate
Thought-Stammering, but this is not true. Instead I found his to be a
bad case of Spasmodic Stammering, in which the convulsive action took
place immediately upon an effort to speak and which resulted,
therefore, in the inability to express a sound--the "sticking" tendency
so common to stammering and particularly to this type.

While the worry over his stammering had left him in a mental state that
made him impotent so far as normal mental accomplishments were
concerned, still the removal of his stammering by the eradication of
the cause would, I felt, entirely relieve the condition of mental
flurry and stop the nervousness.

The case was so urgent that the boy's parents decided to place him for
treatment immediately. The results were so gratifying as to be almost
unbelievable. By the end of the first day's work, the boy's whole
mental attitude was changed. His outlook on life was different. He felt
the thrill of conquering his difficulty and before many days, he was
working like a Trojan to make his cure complete and permanent. At my
suggestion, he remained with me for seven weeks, at the end of which
time he went back East, entirely changed in every particular. He was
smiling now, where before he seemed to have forgotten how to smile. He
was full of life, enthusiasm and ambition--no one who had seen him the
day he first came here, could realize that this was the same boy that
entered a few weeks before with the desire-to-live almost extinct.
There are hundreds of cases riot far different from this--I have cited
the case of this Polish boy to show what a complete transformation is
made in the mental state by a few weeks' work along the right lines.

Case No. 87.522--Here was a case of a type that is very, very common.
It was that of a girl, 17 years of age, from a good family,
well-educated and having all the marks of careful training in a home of
refinement. The most marked characteristic of her case was the tendency
to recur. In other words, she was an Intermittent Stammerer, who had
believed (as had her parents) that the tendency to get better was an
indication that she would soon outgrow the trouble. "If Marie still
stammers by the time she is 18--" this had come to be almost a
household word, for if she stammered at that time, it was the intention
of her parents (so they said) to have the girl placed under treatment.
As was to be expected, she continued to stammer and continued to get
steadily worse, although the tendency to be better and worse by turns
was maintained throughout the years. The periods of improvement were
eagerly seized by her parents, year after year, as indications of
out-growing, while the periods of relapse were seldom spoken of and
usually ignored. It was another case of the old saying that: "We like
to think that the thing will happen which we want to happen," and since
they wanted the daughter to outgrow her trouble, they insisted in
believing, despite their own unexpressed fears, that the daughter would
"eventually get over it!"

She did not get over it, however, and the critical age of 16 brought on
a condition so severe that her parents became alarmed about her and
sought advice as to what should be done.

An examination of her case brought out the fact that she had probably
inherited a predisposition to stammer, but that the immediate cause of
the trouble had been fright, caused by a nurse who had tried to
discipline the girl when small, by telling her that the "bogey-man"
would get her if she didn't do certain things as told. This
disciplining by means of fear is never a safe procedure and in this
case had been carried to extremes on many occasions, finally resulting
in the child becoming a stammerer.

She had a case of Genuine Stammering in its second stage and, according
to her own statement at the time the examination was made, had become
much worse in the last two years. At age 15 it seems that everyone felt
secure in the belief that her trouble would pass away, but at age 17,
the condition became critical, the disorder having previously passed
into the second stage.

Two and a half weeks worked a wonderful improvement in the girl's
condition, at the end of which time she was compelled to return to her
home on account of a death in the family. She remained at home for
almost a month, after which she returned to me to complete the cure.
Even under such an unusual and unfavorable circumstance as this, she
remained with me the last time only four weeks, and has, according to
her report, never stammered since, nor has she been oppressed by the
overpowering sense of fear that formerly seized her when she thought of
trying to talk.

Case No. 84.563--This case first came to my attention over ten years
ago, when I was called upon to make a diagnosis. This showed the
trouble to be a case of Combined Stammering and Stuttering, originally
caused, it seemed, from having associated with an old man who was
janitor in a wood-working plant belonging to the father of the boy
whose case I am describing. The janitor had stammered ever since anyone
about the place had known him and probably all of his life. In his
early days, with his youth to carry him on, he had tried to hold down
several jobs of consequence, but with varying success, dropping down
the ladder rung by rung until he reached the place of janitor. The boy
in question, having associated with the old man, early acquired the
habit of mocking his defective speech, with the result that he himself
soon began to stutter, which later turned into a combined form of
disorder known as Combined Stammering and Stuttering.

He came to me at the time he was 28, having found it necessary to go to
work on his own account, upon the failure of his father's business. I
explained to him that his was a case of Combined Stammering and
Stuttering, outlined to him the probable course of his trouble and what
he might reasonably expect if he allowed it to continue. Having been
married only a short time and being rather reluctant to leave home for
the length of time necessary to take the course, he decided to postpone
treatment until some later date. I heard nothing more from him for
almost three years, when he walked in one day, looking like a shadow of
his former self. There were dark rings around his eyes, his gaze was
shifty and I could hardly believe that this was the young fellow who
had seen me three years ago. Nevertheless it was the same man, with a
story that pointed out the danger of postponement. His trouble had
become steadily worse, he said, until it had ruined his control over
himself. He had become nervous, irritable and cross, without meaning to
be so, had lost one good position after another and finally, as a
climax to a long string of misfortunes, his wife had left him,
declaring that she would not put up with him in such a condition.

A second examination revealed the fact that his stammering had
progressed so rapidly since he had last talked with me, that it was now
perilously near the stage known as Thought Lapse. His control was not
entirely shattered, however, and he was accepted for treatment. It was
something over two months before he was back in shape again, but those
two months did a wonderful thing for him, for it put him in first-class
physical condition, removed all traces of his impediment and restored
the mental equilibrium which had been so long endangered. Later, as a
result of his restoration to perfect speech, his family differences
were adjusted, and at the last reports, he was making splendid headway
in a business of his own. Such is the power of stammering to
destroy--even home and happiness itself--and such the power of perfect
speech to build up again.

Case No. 465.722--This was the case of a man born in Ireland, who came
to this country as a boy, and the original cause of whose trouble was a
blow over the head in a street fight soon after landing in America.

When he came to me, he was 52 years of age and not only had one of the
most severe cases of Spasmodic Stammering I have ever seen, but was in
the first stages of Thought Lapse. He was practically speechless all of
the time and his trouble instead of manifesting an Intermittent
Tendency as it had formerly done, was now constant, indicating that he
was in the chronic stage of his difficulty. Aside from his Spasmodic
Stammering, he seemed unable to think of the things which he wished to
say. In other words, his trouble had been affecting him so long that he
had lost the power to recall and control the mental images necessary to
the formation of words.

I not only gave him the usual examination but applied the special Bogue
test, both of which convinced me that his case was far into the
incurable stage. There was little or nothing I could do for him at that
late date and so I told him. He acted as if dazed for a few moments,
and when the full force of the truth dawned upon him, it was as if a
cord had snapped and broken. Hope was gone. He was an incurable--and
knew it now, only too well. And as he turned and left me, I knew from
the droop of the shoulders and the hang of the head, that life meant
but little to him now. He was merely waiting--waiting for the last page
to be written and his book of despair to be closed.

Case No. 34.444--This young woman was very talented, had a beautiful
singing voice and could not understand why she was unable to speak
fluently when she could sing so well. The cause of her trouble was
distinctly mental and did not lie in any defective formation of the
vocal organs but rather in a lack of co-ordination between the brain
and the muscles of speech. In her case, the speech disorder had not
materially affected her health, although she admitted it had impaired
her power of will and her ability to concentrate. Six weeks put her in
good condition and gave her the opportunity to use her beautiful voice
to excellent advantage in speaking as well as in singing--much to her
satisfaction.

Case No. 667.788--This man came to me for assistance and relief from a
severe case of Combined Stammering and Stuttering. He shook like a leaf
when he talked, was very nervous, and could hardly sit still. His
speech was marked by loose and hurried repetitions of syllables and
words, alternating with a slow and seemingly dazed repetition of words,
as though he did not know what he was saying.

In a few moments, I learned that he was a habitual alcoholic, that he
was acquainted with the Delirium Tremens and that he frequently went
upon sprees lasting a week, which left him a physical wreck. He had no
backbone, there was no foundation to build on and his case was declined
as incurable, not altogether from the condition of his speech, but
because it is useless and hopeless to attempt treatment of the
stammerer who is also a chronic dissipator.

Case No. 34.343--This was the case of a young man who came to me at the
age of 17. He was one of the type that "seldom stammer." He explained
this to me and told me that many of his friends were not aware of the
fact that he stammered.

I gave him an examination and found his trouble to be a case of
Combined Stammering and Stuttering in the second stage. He was of the
Intermittent Type and at intervals his trouble became very bad, at
which times he made it a point not to go out among his friends--one of
the reasons which made it possible for him to say that his friends did
not know of his speech trouble.

This young man came to me hoping that I would tell him that his trouble
was not severe and that he would outgrow it in a few years. I was able
to tell him that at the time his case was not an extremely bad one, but
I knew that instead of being outgrown it would become ingrown, and I so
told him.

But he decided to postpone action until some later date, feeling sure,
despite what I had told him, that he would outgrow his stammering.

Four and a half years later, he came back. This time he did not say
that his friends knew nothing of his trouble. He was in bad condition,
his "seldom stammering," as he had called it, was chronic now and the
painful expression on his face when he tried to talk was ample proof of
the condition in which he had allowed himself to get. His trouble had
passed into Genuine Stammering and was of a very severe nature. There
was no thought of postponement in his mind at this time and he placed
himself for treatment immediately. Eight weeks' time saw his work
completed, with excellent results. His fear was gone, his confidence
renewed and his health greatly improved, in addition to being able to
talk fluently.

Case No. 66.788--Here was the case of a man of 30, a preacher, who
found no difficulty in preaching to his congregation, from the pulpit,
but whose trouble immediately got the best of him the moment he went
down into the church and attempted to carry on a conversation
individually. This became so embarrassing to him that he finally gave
up the idea of passing through his congregation, but satisfied himself
with standing at the door and greeting them as they passed out. This,
too, he was later compelled to give up on account of his speech,
although during none of this time did he have the slightest trouble in
delivering his sermons.

His was a case of Genuine Stammering. The mental control when he was in
the pulpit was almost normal. Talking to individuals, this control was
quickly shattered. He placed himself for treatment after having secured
a brother-pastor to fill his place for two months. He was a good
student, obedient to instruction, concentrating on his work with a
creditable energy. As a result, in five weeks' time, he found himself
able to talk to anybody under any condition without the slightest
sticking or fear. He could talk over the telephone and was master of
himself under the cross-fire of conversation which in his previous
state had bothered him so seriously.

Case No. 48.336--This is a case that represents a very common type of
Combined Stammering and Stuttering, and a type that is not so quickly
cured as might be imagined. This was a young man of 18, who not only
stammered but stuttered. His speech disorder, however, was further
complicated by a bad habit of prefixing a totally foreign word or sound
to the word or sound which he found it difficult to pronounce. "B" was
one of his hard sounds and in speaking the sentence: "We expect to
leave Baltimore," he would say: "We expect to leave
ah--ah--ah--Baltimore."

The fear of failure which caused him to acquire this habit of speaking,
led his friends often to think that his mind wandered, although as a
matter of fact, he was a very bright young fellow, without a single
indication of Thought Lapse.

I diagnosed his case as Combined Stammering and Stuttering, and
explained to him that he represented a type of stammering that might be
called the "Prefix Stammerer" because of their habit of prefixing every
hard sound with an easy word or an easy sound, even to the extent of
losing the sense of the sentence--so great is the "Prefix Stammerer's"
fear of failure.

He placed himself for treatment, and although his trouble was
complicated by this prefixing habit, seven weeks put him in good shape.
He forgot his fear of failure, found every word an easy word and every
sound an easy sound. He learned to talk fluently again and returned to
his home, both physically and mentally improved.

Case No. 98.656--This was the case of a rather arrogant young man from
a good family, who was too proud to admit that he was a stammerer.
Rather it should be said, he was too foolish to admit it. He was
well-educated and with the store of words at his command, succeeded for
some years in concealing the fact that he stammered. This he
accomplished by the substitution of words. That is, words beginning
with those letters that he could not utter were not used. If his
sentence included such a word, he quickly substituted another word of
somewhat similar meaning, but beginning with a letter that he could
pronounce correctly. This substitution of words was so well done that
for some time it was scarcely noticeable to the average listener. Often
he found himself incorrectly understood, because of his inability to
use the right word in the right place, but nevertheless he was
successful in concealing his speech defect from many of his friends.

This case is of a type known as the "Synonym Stammerer" because
synonyms are used to avoid stammering. The mental strain of trying
always to substitute easy words for hard ones, was very great, however,
and after a few years' practice, the strain began to tell on the young
man. It affected his health and made him nervous and irritable.

It was at this time that he came to me. Genuine Stammering was his
trouble, and so it was diagnosed. He refused to admit that he had a
severe case, although the truth of the matter was, he did stammer badly
and the mental power which had sustained him in his attempts to speak,
was being steadily weakened by what we might term misuse.

He placed himself for treatment, although in a frame of mind that did
not augur well for his success, but by the end of the third day his
mental attitude had entirely changed, he came to realize the immense
difference between being able to speak fluently and naturally and being
compelled to substitute synonyms. From that day forth he was one of my
best students. His education stood him in good stead, his enthusiasm
was so spontaneous as to be contagious and at the end of four and a
half weeks, he departed, as thoroughly changed for the better as anyone
could wish. The arrogance was gone. In its place was something
better--a sure-footed confidence in his ability to talk--and this was a
confidence based on real ability--not on bluff. He was no longer
nervous and irritable--and in fact, before leaving, he had won his way
into the hearts of his associates to the extent that all were sorry
when he left and felt that they had made the acquaintance of a young
man of remarkable power.

Five years later, I met him in New York, quite by accident. He was in
charge of his father's business, had made a wonderful success of his
work and was universally respected and admired by those who knew him.
Even to this young man, who to many would have seemed to have all that
he could desire, freedom of speech opened new and greater opportunities.

If I had the space to do so within the covers of one volume, I would
gladly give many more cases, with description and diagnosis as well as
results of treatment. Specific cases are always interesting,
illuminating and conclusive. They show theory in practice and opinions
backed by actual results.

But lack of space makes it impossible to give additional cases here.
Those which have been given are typical cases--not the unusual ones.
The out-of-the-ordinary cases have been avoided and the common types
dwelt upon with the idea of "giving the greatest good to the greatest
number."

Every reader of this volume who lives today under the constant handicap
of a speech disorder, may well take new hope from the thought that
"What man hath done, man can do"--again!





PART IV

SETTING THE TONGUE FREE




CHAPTER I

THE JOY OF PERFECT SPEECH


If you stammer--if you are afraid to try to talk for fear you will
fail--if you are nervous, self-conscious and retiring because of your
stammering--then you don't realize the Magic Power of Perfect Speech.
You don't realize what perfect speech will mean to you. Listen to
this--from a young woman who stammered--who was cured--and who knows:

"The most wonderful thing has happened to me. What do you think it is!
I have been cured of stammering. You have no idea how different it is
to be able to talk. I just feel like I could fly I'm so happy. Just
think, I can talk I'm so glad, so glad, so glad, it's over. I just feel
like jumping up and down and shouting and telling everybody about it. I
never was so happy in my life--I never was so glad about anything as I
am about this."

That is the way she feels after being entirely freed from her
stammering--after learning to talk freely and fluently without
difficulty, hesitation or fear-of-failure.

And here are the words of a young man who has just found his speech:
"The Bogue Cure is marvelous. It is just like making a blind man see.
It is remarkable. The sensation of being able to talk after stammering
for twenty-five years is wonderful."

And another young woman--this time from Missouri:

"That six weeks was the beginning of life for me. All my life I have
had a dread of trying to speak which made life most unpleasant. I do
not have it now--I love to meet people."

The joy of perfect speech:

The wonderful exhilaration of being able to say anything you want to
say whenever you want to say, to whomsoever you desire to speak.

"I can talk"--that sums it all up. With that assurance comes the
feeling of the innocent man freed from a long term in prison--the sense
of completeness and wholeness and ability, the feeling that you are
equal to others in every way, that you can compete with them and talk
with them and associate with them on a plane of equality.

Such is the Joy of Perfect Speech!!

To know that the haunting fear is gone--that the shackles have fallen
away, the chains are broken.

To know that you are free--delivered from bondage.

What a feeling--what a sensation--

Living itself is worth-while. Life means more. The sun shines brighter,
the grass is greener, the flowers are more beautiful while friends and
relatives seem closer, kinder and dearer than ever before.

The Joy of Perfect Speech!

No words can paint the picture, no tongue describe the lofty feeling of
elation which crowns the man or woman or boy or girl who has stammered
and has been set free.




CHAPTER II

HOW TO DETERMINE WHETHER YOU CAN BE CURED


You can either be cured of your trouble--or you cannot. If you can, why
should you go about hesitating, stumbling, sticking, stammering and
stuttering?

Why should you deny yourself the privileges of society, the advantages
of opportunity, the fruits of success--if you can be completely and
permanently cured of the trouble which handicaps you and holds you back?

Why should you live a HALF LIFE as a stammerer, if you can be cured and
live the complete, joyous, happy, overflowing life?

Why should you be content with failure or half-success if the
triumphant power to accomplish, the masterful will to succeed is right
within your grasp?

Why should you continue to stammer if you can be cured?

The answer is, YOU SHOULD NOT.

The first step, therefore, is to determine definitely and accurately
whether you are in a curable stage of your trouble and whether you can
be completely and permanently cured.

These things you cannot determine for yourself. You have no facilities
for determining the facts. You lack the scientific knowledge upon which
such conclusions must be based. You cannot diagnose your case of
stammering any more than you could accurately diagnose a highly complex
nervous disease. In order, therefore, that the most important of all
questions, viz.: "Can I be Cured?" may be correctly and authoritatively
answered, I am willing to diagnose your case and give you a typewritten
report of your condition, telling you whether or not you are still in a
curable stage.

It goes without saying that this diagnosis must be based upon a
description of the case in question. This description must be accurate
and reliable as well as thorough. In order to insure this, I furnish
with each book a Diagnosis Blank, which when properly filled out, gives
me the information necessary to determine the durability of the case,
as well as to furnish much other valuable information about the
individual's condition.

In no case, will I undertake to pass on the curability of the stammerer
without a diagnosis first being made. You want the opinion which I give
you to be authoritative and dependable--a report in which you can place
your entire confidence. I cannot give such a report by merely hazarding
a guess as to your condition. I must base my report on the actual facts
as they exist. I must make a careful study of your symptoms, determine
what your peculiar combination of symptoms indicates, find out the
nature of your trouble, determine its severity.

When you have returned the blank--and when I have furnished you with
the diagnosis of your case, you can depend upon it to be accurate,
authoritative, definite and positive. It will give you the plain facts
about your trouble--be those facts good or bad.




CHAPTER III

THE BOGUE GUARANTEE AND WHAT IT MEANS


No matter what caused your stammering, no matter how old you are, how
long you have stammered, how many times you have tried to be cured--no
matter what you think about your case or whether you believe it to be
curable--if I have diagnosed your trouble and pronounced it curable,
then I can cure YOU.

By the application of the Bogue Unit Method, I can eradicate the cause
of your trouble at its very source, and re-establish normal
co-ordination between your brain and the muscles of speech, removing
every trace of that "mental expectancy" which you call
"fear-of-failure."

I can show you how to place your articulation under perfect control,
how to make the formation of words an easy process involving no
apparent mental effort or noticeable physical exertion.

I can teach you how to produce any sound or combination of sounds, how
to make every word an easy word and every sound an easy sound.

I can show you how to talk without stammering--how to talk just as
freely and fluently as any normal person who has never stammered.

I not only claim to be able to do this for you, I back it up with a
past record of success in treating hundreds of cases similar to your
own. Like cures like. What has cured others like you, will cure YOU.
But I don't ask you to risk a single penny upon even that evidence and
proof. The moment you enroll in the Bogue Institute, I will issue to
you and place in your hands, a written Guarantee Certificate, over my
own signature, binding me to cure you of stammering or refund every
cent of the money which you have paid me for tuition fee, and asking
you only to follow the easy instructions given under the Bogue Unit
Method.

You are to be the sole judge as to whether or not you follow
instructions.

I will leave it entirely to you to decide. All I ask of you is full
opportunity to do my best for you and absolute honesty, such as you
expect and will receive from me.

I want to be absolutely fair with you--I want to cure you as I have
cured myself and hundreds of other stammerers. I do not want a dollar
of your money unless I have given you a dollar's worth of benefit in
return. I would not keep a penny of the money that you might have paid
me for cure of your stammering unless I had actually cured you,
provided, of course, that you had followed the instructions which
anybody of ordinary intelligence over eight years of age can easily
follow.

I have no fear of your dealing dishonestly with me. I know enough about
human nature to know that all you want is to be cured--and you
understand that to be cured you must co-operate with me to that end. I
can cure your stammering only with your co-operation--just as a music
teacher can make a pianist of you only with your co-operative and
sincere effort. Therefore, I ask only that you follow my instructions
carefully and faithfully--and I guarantee to bestow upon you the same
gift of Perfect Speech that I have bestowed upon hundreds of now-happy
men and women--and I put that guarantee in writing over my personal
signature.




CHAPTER IV

THE CURE IS PERMANENT


No one who stammers should put any faith in a cure for his trouble
unless the results are known to be permanent. A temporary cure is no
cure at all and should be avoided, for it is merely a means of wasting
money.

The Bogue Unit Method brings about not only a complete but a permanent
cure. The secret of its success as far as permanency is concerned, lies
in the fact that the basic cause of the trouble is removed at its very
source, the wrong methods rooted out and the correct methods installed
in their place.

Once this process is completed and the cure effected, the cure is
permanently insured, because its very cause is gone. You cannot stammer
without a cause--everyone understands that.

The proof of the permanency of the cure is attested by the many letters
from those who were here ten, fifteen, twenty years ago. A woman cured
at the Institute ten years ago writes:

"At 14 I was a very bad stammerer. I then attended the Bogue Institute,
where I was completely cured in a few weeks. I then secured a position
as saleslady in one of our leading stores where I have been called upon
to handle as many as one hundred sales in a single day. I have never
stammered once. My cure has been absolutely perfect for the past ten
years. It was certainly a lucky day that I walked into Mr. Bogue's
office the first time."

Another excellent proof of the permanency of the cure, is the
subjection of the cured student to tremendous mental and nervous
strain. Many of our former students were in the Great War, numbers of
them right up in the front line where the fighting was stiffest and
where the nervous and mental strain was terrific. Even under this test
(which was enough to make a normal person become a stammerer--and many
of them did) the results of the Bogue Unit Method held them to normal
speech. One young man writes:

"I completely regained my speech at the Bogue Institute in 1915. I
enlisted in the army and was sent overseas in the spring of '18, and
went through some of the hardest fighting the 42nd Division was in,
that being the Division I was transferred to, and am happy to say the
speech trouble has never come back on me. I was wounded by a fragment
of high explosive shell. One hit me under the right arm, fracturing two
ribs. Another struck my shoulder and a piece ranged downward into my
right lung, which now remains there. I developed tuberculosis in
November, in all probability from exposure as much as the wound. I was
evacuated to the U.S. early last winter and sent to this place, where I
am rapidly regaining my health and expect to be discharged about
September 1st.

"With all the hard experience I went through, stammering did not come
back to me. I have never regretted the time I spent with your
Institute, and I have only the highest words of praise for the work
being done in the Bogue Institute."

Another severe test of a cure of stammering is an illness such as may
have brought the trouble on in the first place. If the stammerer, for
instance, can undergo an attack of influenza or pneumonia and come out
of it without difficulty, it proves beyond all question of a doubt that
the cure is permanent.

For that reason, I wish to quote the letter of an Illinois boy who says:

"I am getting along fine with my speech. I am sure I will never stammer
again. I was sick the week after Christmas with pneumonia but it did
not bother me a bit."

Another young man says:

"It is now nearly six months since I left the Institute and in that
time I have not stammered a word. What do you think about that? It
surely is fine. But you know that. I was in Chicago last week and
visited friends and saw a doctor friend of mine who did not know that I
had been away, so he just stood there and looked at me, and said, 'You
are talking fine. How did you learn that?'

"I told him and then talked to him for four hours and he said it was
the best thing that had ever happened to me." Another letter, this time
from Honolulu and from a man who attended the Institute a number of
years ago, says:

"Just to let you know that I am still alive and enjoying life as I
never have before. I have forgotten that I ever stammered. Sincere
thanks to you."

This young man is now an engineer in the employ of the United Shipping
Board.

These letters give the answer better than I can--better than any
scientist can because they tell the real truth taken from the
experience of those who have tried and know--

First--That stammering can be cured by the Bogue Unit Method!

Second--That the cure is a permanent cure!




CHAPTER V

A PRICELESS GIFT--AN EVERLASTING INVESTMENT


There is no gift that can take the place of perfect speech. It is
beyond price--and the person who talks after stammering would give all
his possessions to keep from going back again to stammering.

But Freedom-of-Speech is more than a priceless gift--it is a wonderful
investment. Should you ask: "Does it pay to be cured of stammering?"
the answer could be nothing but "Yes"--and there is evidence aplenty to
prove it.

One young man writes:

"I have never enjoyed life as I have since I left the Institute, both
in a business and social way. I am to get a 25% increase in my salary
the first of the month, which is at least partially due to my wonderful
perfection of speech."

Does it pay--? Does a 25 per cent. increase in salary pay? Here is the
case of a young woman who was about to lose her position because of her
imperfection in speech--yet when she returned home after being cured at
the Institute, she wrote:

"I was very much surprised when I went down to the office yesterday to
find that I was going to get my place back again. This evening,
Mr.--told me that I was to get a 33 1/3% raise at the end of next week,
so my stay with you has already begun to pay dividends."

Freedom-from-Stammering PAYS--in dollars and cents. On a cold business
basis, it is one of the best investments to be made. One man who
attended here a few years ago was a fireman in a large factory, stoking
boilers all day long. Today he is salesman--and the head salesman at
that--for the same firm--he makes as much as the President of the firm.
He works on commission--and he knows how to talk so as to sell.

Another man was section foreman when he took his course at the Bogue
Institute. Today he is manager of one of a great chain of big retail
stores and makes more in one day than he used to make in two weeks.

Another case is that of a young man from New York State, who gave up
his position to come to the Bogue Institute and be free from
stammering. Six weeks later he went home. Like the other young man
mentioned above, he met with a success--surprise--he was re-employed by
his old employers--and he, too, was given a 25 per cent. increase in
salary.

So, you see, freedom from stammering pays--pays splendidly and
continuously for all the rest of your life. It pays in satisfaction, in
contentment, in happiness and ability to associate with others on a
plane of speech-equality.

It pays in better salaries and bigger earning power--in opportunities
opened and chances made possible to you that are closed to the one who
stammers.

The world's successful men and women do not stammer. The happy,
contented people do not stammer. The money-makers do not stumble and
stick and stutter when they talk.

To be successful you must know how to talk. If you stammer today, make
your plans to get out from under the handicap--remember that it will
pay you and pay you well.




CHAPTER VI

THE HOME OF PERFECT SPEECH


The Bogue Institute of Indianapolis is truly the home of perfect
speech. For in no other place can be found the things that are found
here. Nowhere else is there that silent sympathy with the moods of the
one who stammers. Nowhere else is there that home-like atmosphere, that
all-pervading spirit of helpfulness and cheerfulness and good-will.

No matter how discouraged the stammerer may be, no matter how tired or
nervous or self-conscious--no matter how shy or shrinking from the gaze
of others--no matter how timid or filled-with-fear the mind, the
attitude begins to change within an hour after his arrival.

For this is the home of perfect speech. Success is in the air. Every
step I take counteracts the tendency to fear and worry and strain. I
know what the stammerer needs. I know the things that need to be done
to quiet the hyper-nervous case. I know what to do to banish that
intense self-consciousness and make the student self-forgetful. These
things have been learned by experience. And these gained-by-experience
methods start the student in the right way from the very first hour.

Pupils Are Met at the Train: We are glad to meet pupils at the Union
Station, where all trains over steam roads arrive, if the student
informs us beforehand (either by letter or telegram) the road over
which he is coming and the time he will arrive in this city. There is
no charge for this, it being merely a part of the courtesy extended to
students who are unfamiliar with the location of the Institute. A small
bow of blue ribbon should be worn as a means of identification.

When You Arrive: If you have not written or telegraphed us to meet you
at the railway station, as soon as you arrive go to the telephone booth
and call the Bogue Institute and a representative of the institute will
be sent for you promptly.

Your Baggage: The transfer of baggage from the station to the Institute
will be attended to by our office. The Baggage Transfer makes regular
trips to the Institute for the purpose of looking after the baggage of
new students as well as those who have completed the course and are
leaving for home.

Entrance Requirements: It is necessary that every student entering the
Institute be of normal intelligence and at least eight years of age.
Every student must also be of good moral character and must be able to
speak the English language sufficiently well to take the instruction.
When a stammerer has been cured in one language, however, he is cured
in all languages. Rich and poor are here treated with equal kindness,
courtesy and respect. We believe in those who are here to be cured,
regardless of their station in life, and we believe in helping them
accomplish that purpose in as short a time as is consistent with the
results which they desire.

Grounds and Buildings: The Institute Building and Dormitory stand in a
large lot, ideally located, in a desirable residential neighborhood
away from the dirt, dust, noise and clamor of the city and yet not so
far out as to be in the least removed from the city's activities.

Board and Room for Students: The Institute maintains its own Dormitory
and Boarding Department under the direct and immediate supervision of
the Institute authorities. To the right of the Main Dormitory Building
as you enter will be found the Dormitory for girls and women, while on
the left are located the General Offices and the Dormitory for boys and
men. Every facility has been provided for the comfort and happiness of
our pupils while at the Institute. Room, board, heat, light, hot and
cold baths and all other comforts and conveniences are provided.

Sleeping Rooms: The pupils' sleeping rooms and apartments are large,
well-lighted, and well-ventilated. They are comfortable both summer and
winter, ample facilities being provided to heat the entire building
comfortably at all times.

All of the sleeping rooms as well as the entire Dormitory and
class-room are lighted with electricity. Each room contains furnishings
necessary to make the room comfortable and home-like. Bath and face
towels are furnished without extra cost, as is all necessary bedding
and linen. Commodious and spacious bathrooms, with running water, and
modern equipment are furnished for the exclusive use of pupils.

Dining Room: Two large, airy and well-ventilated dining rooms are
located in the Main Dormitory Building. Here are served all meals, made
up in the most appetizing manner--wholesome menus planned for the
special needs of the type of students who come here. There is no
dieting, but meals are carefully balanced and highly seasoned dishes or
injurious food combinations are eliminated.

Every meal is prepared under the direct supervision of an experienced
chef. Under this direction our pupils are served with some of the most
delicious and healthful viands which can be put together--all of which
is evidenced by the students' enthusiastic approbation of the Institute
table fare.

Scrupulous Cleanliness: Every part of the Institute Buildings is kept
scrupulously clean--every day in the year. In this respect the Bogue
Institute surpasses many of the best hotels.

Library: The leading papers and magazines are constantly available and
we encourage students to keep in touch with the world of events by
regular reading.

How the Time is Spent: The order of the day is as follows:

    6:30 AM......................................Arise
    7 to 8 AM................................Breakfast
    8 to 9 AM............................Special Study
    9 to 11 AM................Morning Treatment Period
    11 to 12 AM....Progress Tests, Special Examination
                   and Personal Instruction
    12 to 2 PM.........................Luncheon Period
    2 to 4 PM........................Class Instruction
    4 to 6 PM...............................Recreation
    6 PM........................................Dinner
    8 PM.........Children's Junior Class Retiring Hour
    9 PM.........Children's Senior Class Retiring Hour
    10 PM...................Adults' Last Retiring Hour

There are no classes on Saturday afternoon nor on Sundays or holidays.
There are no evening or night classes at any time and no student may
enroll who is not in a position to devote all the needed time to the
pursuit of the work. There is no part-time course, permitting the
student to work or go to public or high school while attending the
Bogue Institute. The work here is too important to become a
"side-issue." We insist that it be the student's regular and only
absorbing activity.

LECTURES: From time to time during the year, open lectures are given by
myself and assistant instructors dealing with the fundamentals of
speech or kindred subjects aimed to make for the students' rapid
progress. These lectures are important and must be attended by every
student.

A CAREFULLY-PLANNED COURSE: Every step of the student's course from the
time of arising in the morning to the time of retiring at night, is
planned for the best results. Experience has taught us what is best and
the day's program is built upon the lines of greatest progress in a
given time. There are no haphazard steps in this program--each activity
accomplishes a desirable and necessary result. These are the things
that make for sure and rapid success--and which insure that every day
shall show progress over the day before.

In the work of the Bogue Institute every student's course is under my
direct and personal supervision and direction. I am, of course,
necessarily aided by assistant instructors, each of whom was selected
with especial reference to his fitness for the work which is entrusted
to him.

Every Teacher is a Specialist: Each one is a specialist--a master,
backed not only by a thorough experience in the Bogue Institute, but
also having served an extended apprenticeship under my personal
instruction.

Every specialist responsible for any department of our instruction must
meet certain rigid qualifications. First, they must be well-educated,
refined and of the best character. They must understand the stammerer's
difficulty from a moral and mental standpoint as well as from a
technical standpoint. They must maintain a naturally sympathetic,
cheerful and helpful frame of mind at all times and must be able to
prove that the training under my hand has thoroughly qualified them to
serve the pupils of the Bogue Institute.

The long period of training and apprenticeship, which has always been
an outstanding feature of our methods, could be done away with, should
I desire to cheapen the instruction. Inexperienced instructors could be
employed for less than half the compensation of the experts I now
employ--but these things could be sacrificed only at the expense of
results. For many years the superiority of the Bogue Institute faculty
has been nationally recognized and this reputation we are today
maintaining--and improving, where this is possible.




CHAPTER VII

MY MOTHER AND THE HOME LIFE AT THE INSTITUTE


The home life at the Bogue Institute cannot be mentioned without also
mentioning my mother and the work she has done and is doing to make
this truly a home life. This is her work and she has succeeded. She
represents the pivotal point around which that home life turns and she
is the guiding spirit that makes the Institute a real home for those
who come here. It is her beneficent smile that makes you feel at home
when you arrive, her kindly influence which makes you feel at home
during your whole stay and her smiling God-speed when you go, that
makes you wish it were not time to leave.

Under Mother Bogue's direction, the Institute is a busy, happy,
cheerful and well-ordered home for the big and happy family that it
houses.

Music is here for those who wish to play. Games and books and magazines
for those who would thus entertain themselves and others. We are
acquainted with the truth that "all work makes Jack a dull boy--and
Jill a dull girl"--and wholesome and worth-while amusements and
diversions are provided for all ages and all occasions. These
amusements are for those who wish them--those who do not can always
find rest and quiet in their own rooms.

Rowdyism is absent. The hoodlum is not here. We find no difficulty in
establishing standards of conduct that become the lady and the
gentleman--and the regulations that are in effect are based upon the
belief that those who come here can and will measure up to these
standards.

Unity of Purpose: One of the distinct advantages of the plan whereby
all students live in the Institute Dormitory is that all who are here
have come for a purpose and bear that thought in mind. The student who
sits beside you at the table is here for the same purpose as yourself.
You are both working for the same thing--working earnestly,
enthusiastically, seriously--and withal, successfully--to be cured of
stammering.

What does this mean?

It means that the very atmosphere of the Institute is saturated with
energy, enthusiasm and the spirit of successful endeavor.
Determination, application, success--these things are in the very air
you breathe. The spirit that carries an army to victory is here--to
carry you to victory and success.

Absolute Privacy in Treatment: There is absolutely no publicity
connected with the attendance of any student at the Institute. Many
students have attended without even their families or friends being
aware of the fact. Others have come leaving behind the impression that
they were visiting friends--which in truth, they were, as they
afterwards found those connected with the Institute to be sincere and
worth-while friends, indeed.

Even in carrying on correspondence regarding the course, no one need
know anything about your intentions, for upon no occasion does the name
of the Institute appear on the outside of any letter or package
addressed to you. Only the name "BENJAMIN N. BOGUE" appears to identify
the letter.

At no time will your name, address or any information about you in
connection with your name be published or discussed in any public
manner whatsoever without your permission.

Care of the Health: Every safeguard is thrown around the physical
welfare of those attending the Institute. The location and
extraordinary sanitary precautions almost preclude the possibility of
protracted illness--this was evidenced by the startling fact that
during the severe and nation-wide influenza epidemic of the fall and
winter of 1918-1919, not a single student of the Institute was taken
ill. This speaks wonders for the remarkable good physical condition of
the many students who were here at that time.

In the event, however, that a student does become ill, the Institute
House Physician is at once summoned and in the case of a child, this
physician's opinion will be sent immediately to the parents.

In illness as in health, the kindly, courteous and yet unobtrusive
services of Mother Bogue are at the disposal of the student. Every care
is bestowed, special meals provided and every want looked after with
the same pains as if the student were in his or her own home.

Christian Influences: Indianapolis is a city of numerous beautiful
churches of all denominations, many of which are in the immediate
vicinity of the Institute. During the entire stay, students are
surrounded by the very best moral and religious influences and each
Sunday sees groups of students leaving the Institute to attend services
at the different churches.

Children Properly Cared For: Children placed in our care are given
special attention. As with the other students they are surrounded with
the most wholesome moral influences. Regulations provide that they must
remain inside the Institute grounds except during the proper hours of
the day, following their regular work. It is a very frequent occurrence
to have parents bring their children with the idea of remaining with
them during the course, only to return home within a few days, leaving
the children with us, having satisfied themselves in that short time
that the children are being just as well cared for here as if they were
in their own homes.

Parents sometimes remark that children will get homesick and want to go
home, but our experience with hundreds of cases proves that it is
usually the parent who gets homesick to see the child instead of the
child getting homesick to see the parents. The home-like surroundings
of the Institute and the care and attention which they are given, allow
small opportunity for children to become homesick, especially when it
is remembered that they are busy for the larger portion of the day, at
work which is to them of absorbing interest. In fact, we often find
that children make so many good friends that they are reluctant indeed
when the time comes for them to return home. Many of our students can
testify that some of the finest friendships of their lives had their
beginning here at the Bogue Institute.

Care for Ladies: My lady-assistants, as well as Mother Bogue, will see
to the comfort and enjoyment of lady-pupils. Ladies have their own
dormitories in a separate portion of the building and find their stay a
most enjoyable one.

A Reflection of Ideals: The congenial home-life at the Institute, the
minute attention to the wants of the students, the care given to women
and children, the solicitude for those who are ill or who for any
reason need special attention--this is but the reflection of an
ideal--that ideal is to make the Bogue Institute, not only in
instruction and results, but in every way, just what I would have liked
to have been able to find when I was searching for a cure for
stammering, more than twenty-five years ago. The comforts, the
conveniences, the atmosphere of helpfulness--these things all
contribute toward your quick and certain success--and that, I may say,
is why we have them.

THINGS YOU WANT TO KNOW

Deposit Surplus Money: As a matter of convenience to those who bring
with them extra money, we grant them the privilege of depositing it in
our safe. Other valuables may be left for safe-keeping when desired. If
the students prefer, they may deposit money with one of the city banks.
Pupils should not carry much money with them; they may lose it.

Pupils' Mail: Relatives, friends and others addressing letters to
persons in attendance at this Institute should address all mail to
students: "c/o BENJ. N. BOGUE" to avoid delay in delivery.

Foreign Students: It will be necessary for those who speak foreign
languages to learn the English language before they will be admitted to
this Institute. The instruction is only given in English, but persons
of all nationalities can be cured if they have the proper knowledge of
the English language. When once cured in one language, persons are
cured in all languages, however.

Companions for Pupils: Parents, guardians or companions may accompany
small children or others, when they wish to do so. It is entirely
satisfactory for those accompanying the pupil to be associated with the
children during treatment. They may room together, if desired, or they
may secure adjoining rooms.

When You Leave for Home: When necessary, we secure railroad tickets for
our young pupils, check their baggage and place them safely aboard the
proper train, when they leave Indianapolis for home, and otherwise take
especial and careful interest in having them properly started homeward
after their stay with us.

Rich and Poor Stand Equal: Claim is made that this is one of the most
commendable features of the Institute. It is not so in all institutes.
Fine clothes and freedom with money are not the test by which the
student secures his standing, but by his earnest, faithful work and
gentlemanly or lady-like conduct. It is inward worth, not outward
adornment and display of wealth, that wins friends and gives the
student a place on our roll of honor. The student is judged by what he
is, and not by what he has.

Neglected Education: No one need hesitate to place himself under our
instruction on account of neglected education or advanced age. All
embarrassments are carefully avoided. Scores of backward pupils, who do
not even know how to read or write, enter every year, and are entirely
and permanently cured by the Unit Method.




CHAPTER VIII

A HEART-TO-HEART TALK WITH PARENTS


If you are the mother or father of a child who stammers, you should
first of all read Chapters IX to XIV, inclusive, in Part Two of this
book. These chapters deal with the speech disorders of children from
before the first spoken word up until the age of 21, when structurally
as well as legally the mind and body of the infant merge into that of
the adult.

No mother or father can understand their child's disorder without
having read these Chapters. To fail to understand is to multiply the
chance for error in deciding what to do. Therefore, I repeat, if you
are the mother or father of a boy or girl who stammers, read chapters
on Child Stammering before you go further.

There are three mistaken beliefs in the minds of many parents of
stammering children which must be rooted out before the child will have
an opportunity to be cured of his trouble.

These beliefs are:

    1--That the child will outgrow his trouble and therefore need
       only be permitted to "grow older," at which tune the trouble
       will disappear.
    2--That the child could stop stammering if he would try--that
       the trouble is but a malicious habit of the child's, which
       he could put away from him if he would.
    3--That the child's trouble is incurable and that nothing can
       be done for him.

All of these beliefs are entirely fallacious and based purely upon
ignorance of the cause and progress of the child's trouble. There is
not the slightest scientific foundation for them, they are not beliefs
based on facts or upon experience--yet in many homes, they constitute
the chief obstacle between the stammering child and his complete and
permanent cure.

As long as you believe that your child will out-grow his or her
trouble, you take no steps to have the disorder eradicated.

What happens?

The trouble becomes worse from month to month and from year to year,
until in many cases where the "outgrowing belief" persists, the trouble
passes into a chronic and incurable stage and the stammering child
becomes the stammering man or woman, condemned to go through life under
a handicap almost too great to bear.

Write it on your heart that your child will not outgrow his trouble.
Ponder over the information given in the Chapters on Child Stammering.
This is not hearsay or guess-work but facts gleaned from a lifetime of
experience.

If you, as the father or mother of a stammering child, cling to the
second belief, that your child could stop stammering if he would try,
then I can see from this distance that your child has stored up for him
in the future, more than his due of misery. For as long as you believe
that he can stop of his own free will, you will be impatient with him
when he stammers. You will scold him and tell him to "stop that kind of
talking!" Thus you will irritate him, and bring to his heart that
sickening sensation that he is totally helpless in the grip of his
speech disorder and yet--"Oh, why will they not understand?"

Like the first belief, this belief that the child could stop if he
wanted to, is based upon ignorance. No mother or father who has ever
experienced the sensation of fear that grips the heart of the
stammering child when he tries to speak, will say that he could stop if
he would.

I say to you--and I want to emphasize this--that the first and foremost
ambition of your child who stammers, is to be free from it. The
greatest day of his life will be the day when he can talk without that
fear, without sticking and stumbling and hesitating over his utterances.

I say to you again--if that boy or girl of yours could stop their
stammering, he or she would stop it this very instant. They would never
stammer again--if they were endowed with the power to stop. But they
are not. That is the very seed of their trouble--their inability to
control the actions of the vocal organs so as to produce normal speech.
They have lost the control of those organs and they cannot of their own
volition re-establish that control.

The third belief, that stammering cannot be cured, is so easily
demolished that I shall devote but little time to it. It, like all
false beliefs, has its foundation in ignorance. The mother or father
who knows the facts, knows also that stammering can be cured. You may
not know whether your boy or girl can be cured, but you are offered a
way to find out--definitely and positively, by describing your child's
case on my Diagnosis Blank and returning it to me for a thorough
Diagnosis.

Put your beliefs to one side--whatever they may be. You can get the
facts if you want them. You can learn the truth if you will. Truth is
better than false beliefs and facts are better than superstition or
hearsay, which in every case leads to misery, dejection and despair--a
ruined life where a successful, happy and contented life might have
been--except for stammering.

You have a well-defined responsibility to your son or daughter. You
have a duty to perform--that is, to equip that boy or girl of yours to
go out into the world as well equipped as any other boy or girl--and
that means equipped with perfect speech--without which they will be too
greatly handicapped to fully succeed.




CHAPTER IX

THE DANGERS OF DELAY


In many of the cases which have come to my attention in the past many
years, the stammerer or stutterer has been afflicted with a malady more
difficult to cure than stammering, viz.: The Habit of Procrastination.

"Oh, I will wait a little while," says the stammerer. "A little while
can't make any difference!" And then the little while grows into a big
while and the big while grows into a year and the year grows into a
lifetime and he is still stammering.

Several months ago, an old man, stooped in stature, care-worn of
countenance and halting of step, presented himself to me for diagnosis.
His face was drawn into long, hard lines. His eyes shifted from side to
side, glancing furtively here and there.

In his trembling hands was a worn old derby which he turned about
nervously as he stood there talking. The nervousness, the trembling of
the hands, the drawn face, the shifting eyes--all this was explained by
the story that this man told as he sat there beside the desk.

"I fell from a ladder when I was ten years old," he said. "After that,
I always stammered. My parents thought it was a habit--I can remember
yet how my mother scolded me day after day and told me to 'quit talking
that way.' But it was useless to tell me to quit. I COULDN'T quit! If I
could have done it, certainly I WOULD, for having stammered yourself,
you know what it means.

"School now began to be a burden. I think I must have supplied fun for
every boy on the school grounds during recess-time, for if there was a
boy who didn't make fun of me and mock me and laugh at me, then I don't
know who he was.

"Then one day I started back to school at noontime, saw a crowd of boys
on the corner a couple of blocks away, thought of what a task it would
be to go into that crowd or try to pass it. A mortal and unreasoning
fear came over me. Try as I would, I couldn't screw my courage up to
the point of going past that crowd. But I had small choice. It was
either go that way or stay out of school. And stay out of school I did.

"And then came the crucial day. I could not ask my parents to vouch for
any absence--I dared not tell them I was not there. So I went back
without an excuse. The teacher was angry. She tried to get me to talk,
but I could not say a word. So she sent me to the principal. She, too,
asked me to explain. Try as I would, I couldn't get the first word out.
Not a sound.

"She, too, failed to understand. Result: I was expelled from
school--sorry day--nobody seemed to understand my trouble--nobody
seemed to sympathize with me--a stammerer.

"Although I pretended to be at school, before the week was out, my
parents found out. Then a storm ensued. I tried to tell them the truth.
They wouldn't listen. Father stormed and mother scolded. There seemed
to be no living for me there. So I ran away from home--ran away because
my parents wouldn't listen--because they wouldn't try to understand.

"Then my troubles began in real earnest. I won't worry you with the
details. I got a job--lost it. Got another--lost that. How many times
that story was repeated I do not know. And remember--I was but a boy!"

Here the old man stopped, his head dropped, his unkempt beard brushed
the front of a tattered shirt, that had seen its day. He seemed lost in
thought--he was living again those days and those nights when he had
wandered an outcast from the world. He was living over a lifetime in a
moment.

He sat there several moments--thoughts far away. Then he raised his
head and there was a tear in the corner of his eye as he said, "But why
should I go on? Look at me. See WHERE I am. See WHAT I am. You would
think I am over 70--I am not yet 50. But it is too late to do any good.
Here I am homeless, friendless, almost penniless. Nobody cares what
happens. Nobody would notice if anything should happen. Nobody has a
job for me--a stammerer. If I could talk, I could work. If I could
talk--Oh, but why tell it again? It is too late now--too late to do any
good!!"

He was right. It was too late. Too late, indeed.

This man was one of the Too-Laters--one of the Put-It-Offs, one of the
Procrastinators. His might be called the story of the Man Who Waited.

First, his parents refused to listen. His teachers, even, failed to
understand his trouble. And when he got out in the world he put it off,
this matter of being cured of stammering. He Waited! He kept saying to
himself that he would do it tomorrow--next week--next month. And
tomorrow never came. Next week and next month ran into next year--and
next year ran into a case that was hopeless and incurable.

He Waited!! How tragic those two words. He Waited! And his waiting
sounded the death-knell of a thousand boyhood hopes. HE WAITED!! And
health slowly took wings and flew away. HE WAITED!! And the insidious
little Devil-of-Fear piece by piece tore down his will-power, sapped
his power-of-concentration. HE WAITED!! And that first simple nervous
condition turned into something near akin to palsy.

On the tombstone of that man when they lay him under his
six-feet-of-earth, they might truly inscribe the words: "A
Failure"--and should they wish to set down the reason, they might add:
"He Waited!"

To the stammerer's question: "When should I begin treatment for my
stammering?" and "At what stage will I stand the best chance of being
most quickly cured?" there is but one answer. The time for the
stammerer or stutterer to begin treatment for his malady is the day he
discovers his stammering or stuttering. The best chance for being
quickly cured exists today.

The stammerer, then, to paraphrase Emerson, should "Write it on his
heart that TODAY is the very best day in the year." He should remember
that indecision, delay, uncertainty, vacillation, lead to oblivion and
that his only redemption lies in that golden opportunity known
as--TODAY!










End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Stammering, Its Cause and Cure, by 
Benjamin Nathaniel Bogue

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STAMMERING, ITS CAUSE AND CURE ***

***** This file should be named 4256.txt or 4256.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/5/4256/

Produced by Robert Rowe, Charles Franks and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team. HTML version by Al Haines.


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.net/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.net

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.