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Science, and Art, No. 697, by Various

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Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, No. 697
       May 5, 1877

Author: Various

Editor: William Chambers
        Robert Chambers

Release Date: October 29, 2014 [EBook #47230]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

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[Illustration: CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL

OF

POPULAR

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.

Fourth Series

CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS.

NO. 697.      SATURDAY, MAY 5, 1877.      PRICE 1 1/2_d._]




SIR WALTER SCOTT AND HIS DOGS.


One of my pleasant recollections is that of seeing Sir Walter Scott
out on a stroll with his dogs; the scene being in the neighbourhood of
Abbotsford, in the summer of 1824, while as yet the gloom of misfortune
had not clouded the mind of the great man. There he was limping gaily
along with his pet companions amidst the rural scenes which he had
toiled to secure and loved so dearly.

Scott's fondness for animals has perhaps never been sufficiently
acknowledged. It was with him a kind of second nature, and appears to
have been implanted when as a child he was sent on a visit to the house
of his grandfather, Robert Scott, at Sandyknowe, in the neighbourhood
of Dryburgh. Here, amidst flocks of sheep and lambs, talked to and
fondled by shepherds and ewe-milkers, and revelling with collies, he
was impressed with a degree of affectionate feeling for animals which
lasted through life. At a subsequent visit to Sandyknowe, when his
grandfather had passed away, and the farm operations were administered
by 'Uncle Thomas,' he was provided with a Shetland pony to ride upon.
The pony was little larger than many a Newfoundland dog. It walked
freely into the house, and was regularly fed from the boy's hand. He
soon learned to ride the little pony well, and often alarmed 'Aunt
Jenny' by cantering over the rough places in the neighbourhood. Such
were the beginnings of Scott's intercourse with animals. Growing up,
there was something extraordinary in his attachment to his dogs,
his horses, his ponies, and his cats; all of which were treated by
him, each in its own sphere, as agreeable companions, and which were
attached to him in return. There may have been something feudal and
poetic in this kindly association with humble adherents, but there was
also much of simple good-heartedness. Scott added not a little to the
happiness of his existence by this genial intercourse with his domestic
pets. From Lockhart's Memoirs of Sir Walter, and other works, we have
occasionally bright glimpses of the great man's familiarity with his
four-footed favourites. We can see that Scott did not, as is too often
the case, treat them capriciously, as creatures to be made of at one
time, and spoken to harshly when not in the vein for amusement. On the
contrary, they were elevated to the position of friends. They possessed
rights to be respected, feelings which it would be scandalous to
outrage. At all times he had a soothing word, and a kind pat, for every
one of them. And that, surely, is the proper way to behave towards the
beings who are dependent on us.

Among Sir Walter's favourite dogs we first hear of Camp, a large
bull-terrier, that was taken with him when visiting the Ellises for
a week at Sunninghill in 1803. Mr and Mrs Ellis having cordially
sympathised in his fondness for this animal, Scott, at parting,
promised to send one of Camp's progeny in the course of the season to
Sunninghill. As an officer in a troop of yeomanry cavalry, Scott proved
a good horseman, and we are led to know that he was much attached to
the animal which he rode. In a letter to a friend written at this
period (1803), he says: 'I have, too, a hereditary attachment to the
animal--not, I flatter myself, of the common jockey cast, but because I
regard him as the kindest and most generous of the subordinate animals.
I hardly even except the dogs; at least, they are usually so much
better treated, that compassion for the steed should be thrown into the
scale when we weigh their comparative merits.'

For several years Camp was the constant parlour dog. He was handsome,
intelligent, and fierce, but gentle as a lamb among the children. At
the same time, there were two greyhounds, Douglas and Percy, which were
kept in the country for coursing. Scott kept one window of his study
open, whatever might be the state of the weather, that Douglas and
Percy might leap out and in as the fancy moved them. He always talked
to Camp as if he understood what was said--and the animal certainly
did understand not a little of it; in particular, it seemed as if he
perfectly comprehended on all occasions that his master considered
him a sensible and steady friend; the greyhounds, as volatile young
creatures whose freaks must be borne with.

William Laidlaw, the friend and amanuensis of Scott, mentions in the
_Abbotsford Notanda_ a remarkable instance of Camp's fidelity and
attention. It was on the occasion of a party visiting a wild cataract
in Dumfriesshire, known as the Gray Mare's Tail. There was a rocky
chasm to be ascended, up which Scott made his way with difficulty, on
account of his lameness. 'Camp attended anxiously on his master; and
when the latter came to a difficult part of the rock, Camp would jump
down, look up to his master's face, then spring up, lick his master's
hand and cheek, jump down again, and look upwards, as if to shew him
the way and encourage him. We were greatly interested with the scene.'

The most charming part of Scott's life was, as we think, that which
he spent with his family at Ashestiel, from about 1804 to 1808, part
of which time he was engaged in writing _Marmion_. Ashestiel was a
country mansion situated on the south bank of the Tweed, half way
between Innerleithen and Galashiels, and in what would be called a
solitary mountain district. There was the river for fishing, and the
hills for coursing, and no other amusement. To enliven the scene,
literary friends came on short visits. There was an odd character in
the immediate neighbourhood, called from his parsimony Old Nippie,
whose habits afforded some fun. When still at Ashestiel in 1808, there
is presented a pleasant picture by Lockhart of the way in which Scott
passed the Sunday. The account of it is a perfect Idyll. 'On Sunday
he never rode--at least not until his growing infirmity made his pony
almost necessary for him--for it was his principle that all domestic
animals have a full right to their Sabbath of rest; but after he had
read the Church service, he usually walked with his whole family, dogs
included, to some favourite spot at a considerable distance from the
house--most frequently the ruined tower of Elibank--and there dined
with them in the open air on a basket of cold provisions, mixing his
wine with the water of the brook beside which they were all grouped
around him on the turf; and here, or at home, if the weather kept
them from their ramble, his Sunday talk was just such a series of
biblical lessons as that preserved for the permanent use of the rising
generation in his _Tales of a Grandfather_. He had his Bible, the Old
Testament especially, by heart; and on these days inwove the simple
pathos or sublime enthusiasm of Scripture, in whatever story he was
telling, with the same picturesque richness as he did, in his week-day
tales, the quaint Scotch of Pitscottie, or some rude romantic old rhyme
from Barbour's _Bruce_ or Blind Harry's _Wallace_.'

Failing from old age, Camp was taken by the family to Edinburgh, and
there he died about January 1809. He was buried in a fine moonlight
night in the little garden behind the house, No. 39 Castle Street,
immediately opposite the window where Scott usually sat writing. His
daughter, Mrs Lockhart, remembered 'the whole family standing round
the grave as her father himself smoothed down the turf above Camp with
the saddest expression of face she had ever seen in him. He had been
engaged to dine abroad that day, but apologised on account of "the
death of a dear old friend."' A few months later, Scott says in one of
his letters: 'I have supplied the vacancy occasioned by the death of
dear old Camp with a terrier puppy of the old shaggy Celtic breed,' and
which he named Wallace. This new companion was taken on an excursion
to the Hebrides in 1810, and in time partly compensated for the loss
of Camp. There came, however, a fresh bereavement in 1812, in the
death of the greyhound Percy. Scott alludes to the fact in one of his
letters. 'We are going on in the old way, only poor Percy is dead. I
intend to have an old stone set up by his grave, with _Cy gist li preux
Percie_ [Here lies the brave Percy]; and I hope future antiquaries will
debate which hero of the House of Northumberland has left his bones
in Teviotdale.' The two favourite greyhounds are alluded to in the
Introduction to the second canto of _Marmion_--

    Remember'st thou my greyhounds true?
    O'er holt or hill there never flew,
    From slip or leash there never sprang,
    More fleet of foot or sure of fang.

In a letter dated Abbotsford, 1816, written to Terry, with whom he
communicated on literary and dramatic subjects, he says: 'I have got
from my friend Glengarry the noblest dog ever seen on the Border since
Johnnie Armstrong's time. He is between the wolf and deer hound, about
six feet long from the tip of the nose to the tail, and high and strong
in proportion: he is quite gentle and a great favourite. Tell Will.
Erskine he will eat off his plate without being at the trouble to put a
paw on the table or chair. I shewed him to Matthews, who dined one day
in Castle Street before I came here.'

The staghound so introduced was the famous Maida, which came upon the
scene when the Waverley novels were beginning to set the world on fire.
Maida was the crack dog of Scott's life, and figures at his feet in the
well-known sculpture by Steell. He did not quite supersede Wallace and
the other dogs, but assumed among them the most distinguished place,
and might be called the canine major-domo of the establishment. On
visiting Abbotsford in 1817, Washington Irving enjoyed the pleasure of
a ramble with Scott and his dogs. His description of the scene is so
amusing that we can scarcely abate a jot:

'As we sallied forth, every dog in the establishment turned out to
attend us. There was the old staghound, Maida, that I have already
mentioned, a noble animal; and Hamlet, the black greyhound, a wild
thoughtless youngster, not yet arrived at the years of discretion;
and Finette, a beautiful setter, with soft silken hair, long pendent
ears, and a mild eye, the parlour favourite. When in front of the
house, we were joined by a superannuated greyhound, who came from the
kitchen wagging his tail; and was cheered by Scott as an old friend
and comrade. In our walks, he would frequently pause in conversation,
to notice his dogs, and speak to them as if rational companions;
and, indeed, there appears to be a vast deal of rationality in these
faithful attendants on man, derived from their close intimacy with
him. Maida deported himself with a gravity becoming his age and size,
and seemed to consider himself called upon to preserve a great degree
of dignity and decorum in our society. As he jogged along a little
distance ahead of us, the young dogs would gambol about him, leap on
his neck, worry at his ears, and endeavour to tease him into a gambol.
The old dog would keep on for a long time with imperturbable solemnity,
now and then seeming to rebuke the wantonness of his young companions.
At length he would make a sudden turn, seize one of them, and tumble
him in the dust, then giving a glance at us, as much as to say: "You
see, gentlemen, I can't help giving way to this nonsense," would resume
his gravity, and jog on as before. Scott amused himself with these
peculiarities. "I make no doubt," said he, "when Maida is alone with
these young dogs, he throws gravity aside, and plays the boy as much as
any of them; but he is ashamed to do so in our company, and seems to
say: Ha' done with your nonsense, youngsters: what will the laird and
that other gentleman think of me if I give way to such foolery?"

'Scott amused himself with the peculiarities of another of his dogs,
a little shamefaced terrier, with large glassy eyes, one of the most
sensitive little bodies to insult and indignity in the world. "If ever
he whipped him," he said, "the little fellow would sneak off and hide
himself from the light of day in a lumber garret, from whence there
was no drawing him forth but by the sound of the chopping-knife, as if
chopping up his victuals, when he would steal forth with humiliated and
downcast look, but would skulk away again if any one regarded him."

'While we were discussing the humours and peculiarities of our canine
companions, some object provoked their spleen, and produced a sharp
and petulant barking from the smaller fry; but it was some time before
Maida was sufficiently roused to ramp forward two or three bounds, and
join the chorus with a deep-mouthed _bow wow_. It was but a transient
outbreak, and he returned instantly, wagging his tail, and looking up
dubiously in his master's face, uncertain whether he would receive
censure or applause. "Ay, ay, old boy!" cried Scott, "you have done
wonders; you have shaken the Eildon hills with your roaring; you may
now lay by your artillery for the rest of the day. Maida," continued
he, "is like the great gun at Constantinople; it takes so long to get
it ready, that the smaller guns can fire off a dozen times first."'

Maida accompanied his master to town, where he occupied the place of
the lamented Camp. In the sanctum at Castle Street, Maida lay on the
hearth-rug, ready when called on to lay his head across his master's
knees, and to be caressed and fondled. On the top step of a ladder
for reaching down the books from the higher shelves sat a sleek and
venerable Tom-cat, which Scott facetiously called by the German name
Hinse of Hinsfeldt. Lockhart mentions that Hinse, 'no longer very
locomotive, usually lay watching the proceedings of his master and
Maida with an air of dignified equanimity. When Maida chose to leave
the party, he signified his inclinations by beating the door with his
huge paw; Scott rose and opened it for him with courteous alacrity--and
then Hinse came down purring from his perch, and mounted guard by
the foot-stool, _vice_ Maida absent on furlough. Whatever discourse
might be passing was broken, every now and then, by some affectionate
apostrophe to these four-footed friends. Dogs and cats, like children,
have some infallible tact for discovering who is, and who is not,
really fond of their company; and I venture to say, Scott was never
five minutes in any room before the little pets of the family, whether
dumb or lisping, had found out his kindness for all their generation.'

In letters to his eldest son, Scott seldom fails to tell him how
things are going on with the domesticated animals. For example:
'Hamlet had an inflammatory attack, and I began to think he was going
mad, after the example of his great namesake; but Willie Laidlaw bled
him, and he recovered. Pussy is very well.' Next letter: 'Dogs all
well--cat sick--supposed with eating birds in their feathers.' Shortly
afterwards: 'All here send love. Dogs and cat are well. I daresay
you have heard from some other correspondent that poor Lady Wallace
[a favourite pony] died of an inflammation after two days' illness.
Trout [a favourite pointer] has returned here several times, poor
fellow, and seems to look for you; but Henry Scott is very kind to
him.' In a succeeding letter we have the account of an accident to
Maida: 'On Sunday, Maida walked with us, and in jumping the paling at
the Greentongue park, contrived to hang himself up by the hind-leg. He
howled at first, but seeing us making towards him, he stopped crying,
and waved his tail, by way of signal, it was supposed, for assistance.
He sustained no material injury, though his leg was strangely twisted
into the bars, and he was nearly hanging by it. He shewed great
gratitude, in his way, to his deliverers.'

At Abbotsford, in the autumn of 1820, when a large party, including
Sir Humphry Davy, Dr Wollaston, and Henry Mackenzie were sallying
out--Scott on his pony Sybyl Grey, with Maida gambolling about
him--there was some commotion and laughter when it was discovered that
a little black pig was frisking about and apparently resolved to be
one of the party for the day. Scott tried to look stern, and cracked
his whip at the creature, but was in a moment obliged to join in the
general cheers. Poor piggy was sent home. 'This pig,' says Lockhart,
'had taken, nobody could tell how, a most sentimental attachment to
Scott, and was constantly urging his pretensions to be admitted a
regular member of his _tail_ along with the greyhounds and terriers;
but indeed, I remember him suffering another summer under the same
sort of pertinacity on the part of an affectionate hen. I leave the
explanation for philosophers--but such were the facts.'

Mr Adolphus, a visitor to Abbotsford in 1830, when the health of the
great writer was breaking down under his honourable and terribly
imposed task-work, gives us not the least striking instance of Scott's
wonderful considerateness towards animals. 'In the morning's drive we
crossed several fords, and after the rain they were wide and deep.
A little, long, wise-looking, rough terrier, named Spice, which ran
after us, had a cough, and as often as we came to a water, Spice, by
the special order of his master, was let into the carriage till we
had crossed. His tenderness to his brute dependants was a striking
point in the benignity of his character. He seemed to consult not only
their bodily welfare, but their feelings, in the human sense. He was a
gentleman even to his dogs.' When too roughly frolicsome, he rebuked
them gently, so as not to mortify them, or spoil the natural buoyancy
of their character.

We could extend these memorabilia, but have perhaps said enough. Maida
died in October 1824, and is commemorated in a sculptured figure at the
doorway of Abbotsford. His attached master wrote an epitaph on him in
Latin, which he thus Englished:

    Beneath the sculptured form which late you wore,
    Sleep soundly, Maida, at your master's door.

It was a sad pang for Scott, when quitting home to seek for health
abroad, and which he did not find, to leave the pet dogs which survived
Maida. His last orders were that they should be taken care of. We may
be permitted to join in the noble eulogium pronounced on Scott by
Willie Laidlaw, who lived to mourn his loss, that Kindness of heart was
positively the reigning quality of Sir Walter's character!

    W. C.




THE LAST OF THE HADDONS.


CHAPTER XXI.--OUR EXPERIMENT.

I watched Lilian very anxiously for a few days after our visit to
Fairview. But although it had given her a shock to find Arthur Trafford
already upon such familiar terms there, whilst there had been no
call at the cottage, nor even a message sent to inquire after our
well-being, she was not permanently depressed in consequence. I must
do Arthur Trafford the justice to say that I think he was ashamed
of sending conventional messages under the circumstances, and felt
that bad as silence was, it was in better taste than meaningless
words. Nevertheless, his sister might have contrived a call, had she
possessed the something besides blue blood, which, in dear Mrs Tipper's
estimation, constitutes a gentlewoman, sufficiently to recollect past
kindness, and act up to her former role of being Lilian's friend.
Fortunately, Lilian did not depend upon her friendship.

'Do not fear for me, Mary,' she whispered, rightly interpreting my
anxious looks.

I did not fear for her--in the long-run. I knew that in time she
would come to be even ashamed of having given the name of love to her
infatuation for Arthur Trafford. But to attain that end, she must not
be allowed to dream over the past; and I was casting about in my mind
in the hope of finding some plan for employing our time which would be
sufficiently interesting to absorb the attention of her mind as well as
her hands. Pupils Mrs Tipper would not hear of; nor would she allow us
to render any assistance in the housekeeping, insisting that Becky and
she had no more to do than they could very easily get through. Indeed
Becky worked with a will; Mrs Tipper and she were the best of friends;
and nothing would have pleased them better than keeping Lilian and me
in the parlour in state, and waiting upon us.

Fortunately we neither of us inclined for that kind of state. Lilian
knew as well as I did that hers was not a nature to be nursed and
petted out of a trouble. As people thoroughly in earnest generally do,
we soon found a way of filling up our time--a way which had a spice of
novelty and adventure in it, specially adapted to our present frame of
mind.

About a mile distant, on the high-road leading from the left of the
village towards the town of Grayleigh, were a few cottages, which had
been erected for the accommodation of the labourers upon some fruit and
hop growing grounds in the vicinity. Lilian and I had come upon them
in one of our walks; and their forlorn uncared-for aspect appealed to
our sympathies, and set us thinking about the possibility of a remedy.
At length an idea suggested itself to us. During the daytime, at this
season of the year, they were all unoccupied but one, where dwelt an
old woman past work, and who was, as she proudly informed us, kept
out of the workhouse by her children. Through the medium of this old
woman, we applied for permission to do what we could for the absent
wives and mothers, in the way of making the desolate-looking hovels
more like homes. There seemed some difficulty in obtaining leave. We
afterwards found that there had been grave deliberations as to the
expediency of allowing us the freedom of the place, there being all
sorts of doubts and speculations as to our motives. But after two or
three visits to old Sally Dent, during which she sharply questioned and
cross-questioned us, she gave us to understand that it was agreed that
we might try what we could do; though I believe permission was given
more out of curiosity to see what our intention was, than from anything
else; and she was cautious enough to inform us that they reserved to
themselves the right of putting a summary stop to our visits whenever
it should please them so to do. For the present, Sally Dent gave us the
key of the end cottage, which was to be duly returned when what she
ungraciously termed our 'rummaging' was over.

'Not as you will find much to rummage at Meg Lane's,' chuckled the old
woman. 'She ain't taken any pride in her home since she had to sell her
bits of things when they were down with the fever.'

It did appear rather unwarrantable to unlock the door and enter the
place in the absence of the inmates, before we had even made their
acquaintance; but we satisfied ourselves with the hope that the
end would be found to justify the means; and the very first day we
contrived to leave a pleasant indication of our intentions.

The cottage contained two rooms up-stairs, and one on the ground floor
opening to the road, with a little back scullery. We did not intrude
into the upper regions, contenting ourselves with putting things into
some sort of order in the little sitting-room. Perhaps I had better
not describe how very real our work was, and how hopeless at first
seemed the task we had undertaken. But we worked with a will, enjoying
many a little jest at the idea of what Mrs Tipper's astonishment would
be if she could see us with our sleeves tucked up sweeping out dirty
corners, when we were supposed to be taking our daily constitutional
as decorous gentlewomen should. Lilian devoted herself to one dirty
cupboard with a pertinacity which, I gravely informed her, did equal
honour to her head and heart, considering the time it would take to
make any visible improvement. Four shelves filled with a heterogeneous
collection of unwashed cups and saucers, bread new and stale, scraps
of meat (some not too fresh), a jug coated with a thick fur of sour
milk, dirty plates, mugs smelling of stale beer, bits of old pipes, and
so forth--'all canopied o'er' with spiders' webs, certainly were an
undertaking.

But it must not be supposed that we intended solely to employ ourselves
in sweeping and cleaning: no indeed; the little we did in that way
was only intended to serve as a suggestion for others to carry out.
Our ambition was to induce the people to begin to feel that they had
homes, and so in time to take some little pride in keeping them neat
themselves.

The small amount of money which we allowed ourselves to spend was spent
in a way which might not a little surprise some people. We tried to
make the little room attractive, with an ornament or two, which though
inexpensive, were in good taste and pretty in shape and colouring--a
primitive hanging shelf with two or three neatly bound books, a clean
blind, a nicely framed print for the wall, and so forth, all new and
fresh and bright; a contrast with the blackened ceiling, which we
hoped would in time suggest whitewash. Then we boldly challenged our
hosts, as we laughingly termed them, with a clean hearth; and after
persisting two or three days, we were delighted to find that the hint
was taken--that our clean hearth-stone had brought about a decently
brushed grate.

By this time we were presented with the key of the next cottage,
together with a pressing invitation to extend the field of our
operations. As days went on we began to feel a little proud of our
success, such as it was, though it could not be said to have been
achieved without difficulty. In the outset, all sorts of obstacles
were placed in our way. It took us, for instance, some days to bring a
certain dirty table to reason. After cleaning away sundry marks, such
as beer-stains, which offended our sense of propriety, we invariably
found it as dirty as ever. A more unmanageable piece of business than
this obstinate old table is not often found. It really was depressing,
as Lilian said, to find our efforts so entirely ignored, not to say set
at naught; though of course we did not intend to yield. We tried the
effect of placing a little round waiter on the table, in the hope that
its use would suggest itself; but without any good result. At length
I began to perceive that this was a case in which we were contending
against one of the lords of creation, and that for some reason he
considered it necessary to assert his independence.

'It's old Jemmy Rodgers as lives with his darter,' explained Sally
Dent, to whom I had put a question upon the point. 'He says you ain't
a-doing all this for nothing--'t ain't likely; and he ain't a-going to
give in to the new ways till he knows for certain what's to come of it.'

'I should think he might be sure no harm could come of it.'

'He ain't so sure, Miss. _He_ says' (carefully fixing the
responsibility upon Jemmy Rodgers) 'that perhaps you only wants to make
us all obligated to you, so as we can't shake you off when you comes
by-and-by a-worriting about'----

'About what?' I asked, seeing that she hesitated to go on.

'Well, there; he says, most like you have got hold of some newfangled
way for saving souls, and you wants to try it on we. William Marther,
he says there's all sorts of new ways a-being tried up in London.
But we are old-fashioned folks, and we've got enough to do to read
our Bibles and 'tend to what the clergyman says. He's a good kind
gentleman; and if he worrits a bit about the drink and all that, we
don't mind it from he, because he shews us the texts for what he says,
and there's no saying nay to _them_.'

I very gravely assured her that I had no intention whatever of
worriting; and that we did not, at anyrate for the present, even desire
to make the acquaintance of the cottagers.

'But you must have _some_ reason for doing it, Miss; at least Jemmy
Rodgers ses so,' said Sally Dent, eyeing us sharply.

'Tell Jemmy Rodgers that if he attended more to what Mr Wyatt teaches,
he would not be so ready to doubt others,' I replied.

And leaving that to sink into Jemmy Rodgers' heart, we cleaned away
at the table again. All to no purpose; that table represented Jemmy
Rodgers' independence of us and our help, and we regularly found
it in the same state every morning. But we made up our minds that
even Jemmy Rodgers must have a weakness somewhere; and after a few
diplomatic questions to Sally Dent, we discovered it. Once his weakness
discovered, Jemmy Rodgers was vanquished, though it cost us five
shillings to do it, and he really did not deserve to have that much
spent upon him. But by-and-by perhaps, he would understand that it was
the victory only which had been paid for. A neat little bracket was
placed beside the fireplace, and on it, Jemmy Rodgers one evening found
a pretty stone tobacco-jar filled with good tobacco, and a nice new
pipe. Not a little curiously did we open the door the next morning.
There was only one mark on the table, and that a very faint one, as a
sort of feeble protest that Jemmy Rodgers was not to be bought; but
after that we were left to our own devices; regarded, I think, as
eccentric, but eccentric in a way that no one had any right to object
to--something like children who had a fancy for playing at being
servants.

Be that as it may, we were beginning to be rewarded in the way we most
cared for. There were unmistakable signs of a disposition to keep
the little homes in a more orderly state; and the delight our modest
offerings in the way of ornament gave, was very marked as well as
suggestive.

The love which the poor display for some little possession in the way
of ornament, is not always, I think, sufficiently considered. I can
only say that I have known one little thing of beauty, or even a faint
and blurred image of beauty, to have a more refining influence in a
cottage home than many would suspect. Wherever a cherished bit of china
or what not is found, there will be also found some tendency towards
making the surroundings more worthy of it.

I found that our proceedings not a little puzzled Mr Wyatt; an
earnest, anxious, good man, well known as a friend to the poor in all
directions. He too for a time was under the impression that we might
possibly be paving the way to introduce doctrinal matters, and felt
it, I think, to be his duty to ascertain what these were. It was, I
knew, not by chance he one morning made his appearance at the door of
a cottage we happened to be at work in. I was busily engaged hammering
in a nail for a picture, and did not turn my head when the sunlight
streamed in through the open doorway, imagining that Lilian had
re-entered, she having gone to borrow a broom from the next house.

'A more wrong-headed nail than this never existed! We must not forget
nails the next time we go to Grayleigh, Lilian.'

'I beg your pardon.'

I turned hastily round and met the eyes of Mr Wyatt. Descending
from the chair, as gracefully as might be, with due regard to its
ricketiness, I offered my hand.

'How do you do, Mr Wyatt? We are not quite strangers, I think?'

'No, indeed,' he replied, looking not a little relieved. Though in
the interests of his poor, he had made up his mind to find out who
and what we were, he was too much a gentleman to enjoy doing it. I
knew afterwards that he had feared having to do battle with some
lady with objectionable views and an objectionable way of advocating
them; and it was therefore natural enough he should be a great deal
relieved to see one of the members of his small congregation. As I have
said elsewhere, Lilian and I had, in the prosperous days, preferred
attending the primitive little church on the road to Grayleigh, to
going to the newly built and more highly decorated church on the hill.
And as the congregation consisted mostly of labouring people and the
small shopkeepers in the village, it was natural that the appearance
of two strangers should attract some attention, which had led to his
introducing himself, and a pleasant acquaintance springing up between
us.

It was this little church which the inmates of the 'Home,' as it was
gracefully designated, attended; sitting in the organ-loft, where
they were out of range of curious eyes; a consideration for which I
afterwards found they were indebted to Mr Wyatt. We had frequently
passed them on their road to church; and I had been painfully struck by
the hopeless, not to say sullen and discontented aspect of most of the
women, as they filed slowly along, the matron's rich silks and velvets
in too marked a contrast to the ugliness of her charge's attire, which
I thought savoured unnecessarily of prison uniform for those who were
supposed to be struggling to free themselves from past associations.

Then I was disappointed that my occasional smile and word, as we stood
aside for them to pass into the porch, should be considered an offence
by the matron, as it so evidently was. And I could not see why I should
not offer a few violets I was carrying, which the eyes of one of the
women seemed to ask for as we passed them one morning in the road.

'I am to give 'em back, Miss,' she exclaimed, running after me and
putting them into my hand. 'It's against rules, please--that is, the
mistress says I mustn't have them.'

'Well, I cannot present you with the beautiful sky, and that lark's
song, and the glorious sunshine, for they are yours already; but please
take my good-wishes and give me yours.'

She stood gazing at me a moment, then turned away without a word, and
ran back.

'This,' continued Mr Wyatt, '_is_ a surprise, Miss Haddon. I did not
at all expect to find you to be one of the mysterious ladies I have of
late heard so much about from the cottagers here. Is Miss'----

'Yes; Miss Maitland is the other delinquent,' I smilingly replied, as
he hesitated over the name, and so shewed me that he knew something
of what had occurred. At this moment Lilian came in, her skirts and
sleeves tucked up, a handkerchief tied corner-wise over her hair, and a
broom in her hand.

'We really must contrive to squeeze a better broom than this out of
next week's allowance, Mary; it won't go into the corners a bit.' (We
had agreed to restrict ourselves to spending only so much a week upon
our protegees, leaving the rest to our own ingenuity.) 'We cannot make
brooms, you know; and oh'----

'Mr Wyatt, Lilian.'

He gave her a low bow in return for hers, and I fancied that I
understood why he was a trifle more embarrassed with her than with me.
Lilian had never looked more lovely than she did thus, her refined
order of beauty idealising her working dress. The clear, deep-blue
eyes, hair of _unpurchasable_ gold, the soft rosy cheeks, and white
delicately rounded arms bared, to the elbow, what a charming picture
it was! I do not think I would even have dispensed with the little
stray black, which had perched itself at the edge of a dimple,
much more effectively than anything in the way of a patch could do
it. One might have imagined her the beautiful Princess who went as
serving-maid in the Ogre's castle, protected only by her goodness and
innocence--all-sufficient protectors in fairy tales, and more than they
are always allowed to be in real life--to obtain the release of her
captive father. She was so natural too, and devoid of all attempts to
attract; and only sensitive as a pure good girl, with a delicate sense
of truth and honour, is sensitive.

'You have heard what we are attempting here, Mr Wyatt?' I asked.

'Yes;' slowly and awkwardly. 'But I am not altogether sure that I
understand your plan.'

I gave him a little explanation of what our intentions were; and he
listened gravely and politely, though I could see that I did not
entirely succeed in proselytising him. He was ready enough to give
us credit for good intentions; but when we were bold enough to ask
his opinion as to our succeeding, he acknowledged that he had not
much hope of our being able to do permanent good. And when Lilian a
little triumphantly told him about our success with Jemmy Rodgers, he
smilingly pointed out that that was a success which had been purchased.
In truth he confessed that he belonged to the old school, and did not
take kindly to innovations.

'I do not, for example, like seeing a lady doing such work as Miss
Maitland is doing for people who have quite enough time to keep their
own homes clean and neat, if they would only do so, instead of going
down to spend their spare hours at the village ale-house.'

'But we are hoping to get them to do that, Mr Wyatt,' said Lilian. 'We
are trying to make the homes more attractive than the ale-houses.'

'I can only hope you will succeed, Miss Mervyn.'

'Well, I call it a tiny bit of success to get Meg Lane, as they call
her, to brighten her fire-grate and clean her window.'

'Purchased,' he replied, smilingly.

But I could see that he advanced his objections hesitatingly and
doubtfully; and I felt that he would be ready enough to acknowledge
that we were right, whenever we could prove that we were; and we
did not despair of that in time. Moreover, he had now no fear of our
attempting to disturb the faith of his flock.

We came off a great deal better with Mr Wyatt than with the district
visitors at the cottages; though even they recognised the wisdom of
non-interference, and kept aloof, paying their weekly visits in the
afternoons when we had retired. Nevertheless, we quite understood why
we were always finding certain tracts of a very decided tendency placed
in our way, had old Sally Dent not informed us that we were regarded
as not being quite 'safe.' We just worked on, and did not intrude
ourselves upon the residents at the cottages; not even knowing them by
sight, and making a _detour_ on our way to church on Sundays, for the
purpose of avoiding them.


CHAPTER XXII.--MORE WEAK THAN WICKED.

Robert Wentworth took good care that our time should not hang heavily
upon our hands when we were at home, urging us to work, and keeping
us well supplied with books, such as he had gradually got me into the
habit of reading--books which required some little mental exercise for
their proper appreciation. Moreover, he demanded notes, a paraphrase,
or criticism, upon all we read; being very exacting about our getting
thoroughly to the root of the subject treated upon, and having no mercy
upon what he termed a slovenly habit of thinking.

We were much amused at the tests he gave us, and the impossibility of
throwing dust in his eyes. If Lilian wrote my thoughts upon a subject,
and I hers, he detected which belonged to which with an unerring
readiness which proved that our minds were as open books to him. The
very difference in his treatment of us when he found us flagging,
bantering--not to say taunting--me, and encouraging Lilian, I now think
was a proof that he knew the kind of spur we each needed. And although
I believed that he was doing all this for Lilian's sake, I was none the
less grateful for the benefit it was to me. At his suggestion, Lilian
was doing a little French with me, for which she gave me German; whilst
our sketch-books were not allowed to lie entirely unused. All this,
with what dear Mrs Tipper called our long walks--she did not as yet
know how our mornings were employed--sent us healthily tired each night
to bed.

Robert Wentworth came down twice and sometimes three times during the
week; and after we had given him a _resume_ of the work we had done in
the interval, we finished the evenings with music and singing. Lilian's
voice was not her least charm. Then would come some triumph of dear
Mrs Tipper's skill in the way of little appetising dainties for our
substantial tea, and afterwards Lilian and I went along the lanes with
him as far as the stile, which separated them from the fields, in the
summer moonlight, bidding him goodnight there.

It was a pleasant life, though at the time I naturally could not think
it _the_ pleasantest; it was merely the pleasant peaceful prelude--the,
so to speak, preparation for the fuller life to come. But best of all,
Lilian was beginning to enter into it with real enjoyment, less as a
life lived from duty than from love.

'It is what I never hoped for--to see my darling get over it so well as
this!' confided dear Mrs Tipper to me.

'They cannot at anyrate call her broken-hearted at present,' was my
cheerful rejoinder.

'No, indeed, dear. I shall begin now to hope that by-and-by some one
more worthy of her may have a chance; and I shall yet live to see my
Lilian's children about me.--And you too will be thinking of getting
married presently, dear?' with what I fancied was an inquiring glance.

I murmured something to the effect that perhaps my time would come;
even then shrinking a little nervously from entering into details.

'Of course it will, dear; and Lilian's too. Already there is Mr Wyatt
making all sorts of excuses for finding his way to the cottage. A nice
gentleman; isn't he, dear--shews what brings him so plain too; doesn't
he?'

Yes, he did shew it plainly; no doubt of that. If he did not already
love Lilian, he was on the very verge of it. But that was not at all in
accordance with my hopes.

'You forget Mr Wentworth,' I put in smilingly. She looked up into my
face for a moment; then bent over her knitting again, as I went on: 'I
think you must have guessed what brings _him_ so often down here now?'

'Yes, Mary; yes, I have, dear.'

'And so have I; but I suppose it's early days for talking of it yet.'

'Very well, dear; you know best about that, of course. I will only say
that Robert Wentworth is a great favourite of mine.'

'That is because he is so good, auntie,' said Lilian, who had caught
the last words as she entered the room. 'He is the very best and
kindest friend we have known.'

'The _very_ best, dearie?' I asked.

She flushed to her temples; then, after a moment, repeated in a low
clear tone: 'The very best and kindest, Mary.'

I was quite satisfied. No love-lorn damsel could talk in that way.
Arthur Trafford no longer disturbed her peace. Everything was going
on favourably for Robert Wentworth; and the sooner poor Mr Wyatt was
allowed to perceive the real state of the case, the better for his
future peace.

Two months had glided thus pleasantly away. There was now only one
shadow upon Lilian's mind, though that was an abiding one. The wrong
done to the innocent mother was not likely to be forgotten by her
child. It was that, and _not_ the loss of her lover, which caused the
soft yearning regretful expression that still lingered in the beautiful
blue eyes.

Fortunately, we had accustomed ourselves to think of Arthur Trafford
as Miss Farrar's lover, before the news reached us that it was so;
and I was very proud of Lilian's calm reception of it. After that, it
was easy to get over the additional information that the marriage was
arranged to take place very shortly.

Marian adopted the tone--I think I knew by whom it was suggested--of
Arthur Trafford having been badly treated by Lilian, who had cruelly
cast him off; and that made matters easier for us all. As Marian said,
Lilian could not blame her for accepting one whom she herself had
rejected. Nor had she had any misgivings about his love. Fortunately
for her own peace, she did not suspect that Arthur Trafford's love for
her was less than hers for him. And the readiness with which he had
transferred his affections was interpreted in the same convenient way.
'The truth is, he had not seen _me_ when he engaged himself to Lilian,'
she confided to me in a little aside. '_You_ knew he admired me from
the very first; _now_, didn't you, Miss Haddon? I don't blame you
now for being cross about his paying me such compliments when he was
engaged to Lilian; he really couldn't help it, poor fellow! And I do
believe that if Lilian had played her cards well, he would have acted
honourably to her; he says he should. But you can't blame me for being
glad things have turned out as they have, neither. Caroline says only
_envious_ people would blame me.'

I really did not much blame her. I suppose she acted up to her
perception in the matter; and I know she meant now to be good-natured.
I will do her the justice to say she was honestly glad to find that
Lilian shewed no sign of distress at the engagement.

'If you had been miserable or disagreeable about it, I don't know what
I should have done, dear,' she said with engaging confidence. 'It would
be like that story in the what's-its-name, you know, two sisters in
love with the same man. Though I don't think--I'm _sure_ I shouldn't
have poisoned you. I expect I should have joined your hands, and then
died of a broken heart;' sentimentally.

At which Lilian broke into a smile, and Marian was satisfied. In truth,
no one could now have imagined Lilian a love-sick damsel, so improved
was she in health and spirits by our present life.

Marian was very pressing with us to be present at the wedding, which
was to be a very grand one, she told us.

'But I tell Caroline, I shan't care for it a bit if Lilian won't be
first bridesmaid. And it shouldn't cost you a penny, dear,' she urged.
'Everything of the very best, and made at Madame Michaud, if you will
only say you will come?'

But Lilian was firm; and then Marian tried the effect of her persuasive
powers upon Mrs Tipper.

'You really must, aunt. It would look worse for you to stop away than
even for Lilian--my own aunt!'

But Mrs Tipper also shewed that it was not to be thought of; and Marian
at length came to the conclusion that their refusal arose from their
sense of the wrong done to Lilian's mother; though she was quite as
much at a loss to account for that as for everything else we did.

'I don't see why you should be so put out about a thing which can't be
helped. When it was thought that it was _my_ Ma who had been taken in,
I behaved sensibly about it; and why can't Lilian and you do the same?'

Great preparation were being made for the event; and a great deal of
company--'Caroline's' friends--was constantly at Fairview. Rumours
reached us that the bridegroom expectant was not in very good health;
indeed it was said that the marriage was being hastened on that
account, a change of climate having been recommended for a while.

I saw him once only before his marriage, and that happened by chance.
Had Lilian really suffered from his desertion of her--had I felt any
desire to see her avenged--I must have been satisfied. As it was I
felt almost inclined to pity him, as more weak than wicked. I do
not believe that any utterly bad man would be as heartily ashamed
of himself as Arthur Trafford appeared to be when he saw Lilian for
the first time after his approaching marriage with 'Miss Farrar' was
announced.

The Fairview party were attending morning service at the little church
to which Lilian and I went. I do not think that they had the slightest
expectation of seeing us there; since they could not know that we
should choose the long walk to that out-of-the-way little church, in
preference to attending the one in the village. Most probably they went
there for the drive, or perhaps to create a little sensation, which
Miss Farrar was candid enough to acknowledge she had a _penchant_ for
doing.

They were shewn into the best pew, as befitted people who had arrived
in state, the old clerk himself seeing that their wants in the way
of hassocks and hymn-books were duly supplied, before signing to
his subordinate to cease pulling _the_ bell, and stepping back into
the vestry for Mr Wyatt, whom he always carefully buttoned into his
reading-desk before shutting himself up in his own square box beneath.
How thankful I felt that although Arthur Trafford could see Lilian,
she was so placed that she could not see him. I was glad too that he
should see her thus--shewing no traces of suffering from his desertion,
her face blooming with the delicate rose-tint of health, and its whole
expression calm, and sweet, and pure; whilst she joined in the service
in a way which betokened no wandering thoughts, unconscious of the
eyes bent upon her half in shame, half in regret. He was surprised, I
fancied even disagreeably so, to find his loss borne so calmly as this.
And though he no doubt persuaded himself that he was glad to see that
his desertion had not permanently injured her, his vanity was wounded.

It was just as well that the bride-elect had no misgivings about
herself, and was too much occupied in admiring some bracelets, which I
suppose she was wearing for the first time, to notice the direction of
her lover's eyes. She did not perceive us where we sat, and I contrived
to whisper a few words so as to draw Lilian's attention from them,
as they passed down the aisle on their way out. They had driven away
before she knew that they had been there, and I was rejoiced to find
that her walk home was none the less enjoyed for my telling her of it.

The following evening Lilian was seated at the piano trying a new song
which Robert Wentworth had brought down with him. He was standing by
her side, listening attentively and critically, stopping her every
now and then, to make her go over the ground again, frankly pointing
out defects of style or what not, as his habit was with all we did. A
glorious July evening.

    The world's comforter, with weary gait,
    His day's hot task has ended in the west.

I was sitting at the open window, my eyes turned towards the hill-side,
bathed in the glory of departing day, my mind attuned to Lilian's
music, and reflecting the _couleur de rose_ of the scene outside. I
was indulging myself with a peep into dream-land, though a little
doubtfully, and somewhat as an interloper, liable at any time to be
warned off the enchanted ground, which, in my self-consciousness, I
told myself youth alone has a right to enter, when my attention was
attracted towards Becky, standing at the door and beckoning me out of
the room.

'A letter for you, Miss; just come by the evening post,' she whispered,
slipping it into my hand when I joined her outside. I noticed that
Becky always called me aside to give me the foreign letters now; as
though she intuitively felt that I should prefer to receive them when
alone.

I thanked her with a look; and hastily catching up my garden-hat,
slipped by the window and out at the gate, unobserved; then hurried
down the lane to read my precious letter at the stile, in the red glory
of the sunset.

A letter from Philip--and what a letter!--'My wife--my dear wife. At
last I am setting my face homewards'----

Ah, well; I think I will tell the rest in my own words. I have been
chary of quoting Philip's letters hitherto, and they shall be sacred
still. Enough for me to say that his affairs were definitely settled at
last. He loved me--he _did_ love me--in a way which it made me humble
to think of; humble, and proud, and glad, with all a woman's strength
and depth. Ah! Philip, for once I was satisfied for your sake; it _was_
something stronger, and deeper, and more enduring than a girl's love
awaiting you!

How tenderly he wrote about the pain which the long waiting had cost
him! How tenderly he dwelt upon what he termed my unselfishness in
acceding to the delay! How rejoiced he seemed to be at last able to
claim me--'_me_,' I repeated, nodding pleasantly at a wild rose peeping
round the hedge. 'You wouldn't imagine it, I daresay, but it is true,
nevertheless.'

Philip had never written like this before; never until now had it
been so evident how much the long waiting had cost him. Whilst I had
sometimes tormented myself with fears lest the separation should at
length have become a matter of course to him, he had been silently
rebelling. I could only judge how much by the sudden revulsion--the
contrast in his tone now that the waiting was at an end.

He had made enough to satisfy us two, without any more
'money-grubbing,' as he termed it. He would have nearly two thousand
a year when he had retired from the partnership and all was settled.
We could now live the life we had dreamt of in the old times, with
the gratification of knowing that we had earned it. Any time after
the middle of next month he might be expected. 'And you must amuse
yourself in the meantime in deciding where we are to pitch our tent.
Look about for a house after your own heart for us to settle down in;'
and so forth, and so forth. Was ever woman so blessed! My whole being
steeped in happiness, I clasped my hands upon the top bar of the stile
and tried to offer up a thanksgiving. What had I done to deserve all
the happiness showered upon me? What was I that I should be so blessed?
But mental prayer was not enough. There was the irresistible desire to
_give_ as well as receive, which is experienced in all seasons of great
joy. Who can love one truly without being in more sympathy with all
humanity! I only know that I felt I could not bear my happiness aright
until I had, so to speak, consecrated it by some act of love.

I slipped my letter into the bosom of my dress, turned down the lane
which ran at right angles with that leading from the cottage, and
walked swiftly on. On I went, without thinking whither; yielding to the
impulse upon me, without pausing to ask myself how far I should have to
go, or what I should find to do in those silent lanes. Was some subtle
influence at work with me, of which at the time I was not conscious?
Was some guardian spirit leading me towards an end it was not necessary
for me to see? I only know that I shall never believe it was only
chance which led me to a certain spot that night!




SUBMARINE CABLES.

THEIR MANUFACTURE.


Twenty-seven years ago the first submarine cable was laid across the
Strait of Dover. This was a single copper wire covered in gutta-percha,
which parted next day; and the first practicable submarine cable was
laid in 1851, on the same route. Since then the progress of ocean
telegraphy has been extraordinary; no fewer than six cables spanning
the Atlantic bed--five to North America (although these are not all
working), and one to South America by way of Madeira and Pernambuco.
And so extensive is the already existing network of foreign cables,
that when Asia is united to America by cabling the Pacific, the
electric girdle round the world will be complete from east to west, as
it now is between north and south.

In this great development of telegraphy our countrymen have
unquestionably furnished both the lion's share of the work and the
capital. The cables have nearly all been manufactured in London, which
is the headquarters of telegraphy.

The principal parts of a submarine cable are: the _conductor_; the
_insulator_; and the _protector_ or sheathing. The conductor, as its
name implies, is the wire which conducts or conveys the electric
current from one place to another. It corresponds to the iron wire of
our ordinary open air or land lines of telegraph. Along this wire,
as is well known, the current from the battery at the station from
which the message is being sent travels to the station receiving the
message, where it passes to the earth, and appears to return through
the earth to the battery again; thus _completing its circuit_.
There are two distinct parts of the circuit which the current has
to traverse--namely, the outgoing part, represented by the wire or
_conductor_; and the return part, represented by the earth itself; and
inasmuch as these two parts must be kept distinct and apart throughout
their length, the wire which is laid along the earth's surface must
be kept apart from the earth, to secure which the conductor is
entirely surrounded with an _insulator_. In land lines, erected on
posts overhead, the wire is separated or insulated from the earth by
the air, which is, when dry, the most perfect insulator known; and
at the points of support, contact with the earth is prevented by the
use of porcelain, stoneware, or vulcanite 'insulators,' to which the
conducting wire is fastened.

An insulator is a non-conducting substance, impervious, so to speak,
to electricity. It is the theoretical antipodes of a conductor. While
the conductor is a substance through or over which electricity flows
freely, the insulator will neither permit electricity to pass through
its mass nor over its surface. It can therefore be used as a means of
confining electricity to a conductor, and preventing it from escaping
to other conductors in the neighbourhood. In short it can be made to
insulate or isolate the particular conductor from all other conductors.
Its use in a submarine cable is to confine the electric current to the
conductor or wire, so that it travels along it from one station to the
other without escaping to the water, and through that to the earth
(which, as we have already said, is the neighbouring conductor, and
the return part of the circuit) on its way. It is therefore of course
important that there shall be no flaw in the insulator, and in order to
protect it from strain and violence, it is covered with a strong guard
or sheathing. This outer sheathing or protector, which is composed of
twisted metal strands, is purely mechanical. Only the conductor and the
insulator are concerned in the _electrical_ requirements of the cable.

The conductor is invariably of copper wire, that metal being chosen
because, next to silver, which is of course too expensive, it is the
best metallic conductor of electricity. The metals, as distinguished
from most other minerals, are excellent conductors of electricity; that
is to say, they oppose relatively _less resistance_ to the passage of
the electric current through their mass. There is an economy of power
in using a good conductor for the telegraphic line. The current is less
weakened when the resistance to its passage along the line of wire is
less, and it is therefore capable of more powerful effects throughout
the route, and consequently at the other end. The conductivity or
conducting power of a wire increases with the thickness of the wire;
and therefore by taking a thicker wire of a more common metal than
copper (such as iron), the resistance to the passage of the current
may be made as small as when a thin copper wire is employed. But it is
important that the conductor of a submarine cable, especially of a long
one, should be of as fine dimensions as possible, in order to economise
insulating material and sheathing, and reduce the total weight of the
finished line. Therefore the advantages in point of price of iron wire
over copper in the first place, would be greatly overbalanced by the
increased cost of insulating and sheathing it. It is of the greatest
importance that the copper wire of the cable should be as pure as
possible, for the slightest trace of arsenic or other foreign element
is sufficient to hamper, in some mysterious way, the swift course of
the subtle current, and very materially to weaken the conducting power
of the wire.

In a few cables the copper conductor has been made in the form of a
single thick wire; but for the sake of greater flexibility and less
risk of breakage, it is generally made in the form of a strand of three
or more, and frequently of seven wires; six set round a central one.
The wires are wound together in a spiral strand, and their interstices
filled with an adhesive substance called Chatterton's Compound, a
mixture of resin, gutta-percha, and Stockholm tar. This compound not
only renders the strand solid, and impervious to water, but also acts
as an adhesive connection between the copper conductor itself and the
insulator with which it is to be coated. Bound together with this or
similar pitchy compounds, the conductor and the insulator form a solid
_core_ expanding and contracting together.

The insulator is always either of gutta-percha or india-rubber, but
most frequently the former; and it is of course essential that there
shall be no flaw or defect, such as an air-bubble or steam-vesicle, or
hair or thread inclosed so as to deteriorate its insulating properties.
To guard against such accidents, it is usual to apply a series of
coatings to make up the total thickness of the insulator. Accordingly,
when one coating has cooled, a layer of Chatterton's Compound is
applied to it, and another coating overlaid, and so on, until the
required amount of insulating material has been put on.

Whether the insulating substance is gutta-percha or india-rubber, there
is generally wound round it a serving of untarred hemp or jute yarn,
which has either been tanned or soaked in brine as a preservative. This
is to act as a padding or cushion for the iron sheathing or protector
next to be applied. This serving is applied in the following way. A
circular disc or frame, carrying on one face a series of bobbins which
hold the threads of the yarn, is kept revolving. The core is made to
pass through a hole in the centre of this disc, and the threads are
wound spirally round it as the disc revolves.

The iron wires of the sheathing, which completely inclose and cover
the served core, are wound on by the powerful 'cable machines,' whose
operation is so interesting a feature in a visit to a cable factory.
The great revolving disc, seven or eight feet in diameter, is set round
with iron bobbins filled with the iron sheathing wires. These bobbins
are _suspended_ on the face of the disc, so that as the disc revolves
they always preserve their fixed position with respect to the earth.
In this way the wires themselves are not twisted round their own axes
as they are laid on the core. These wires are generally of the best
homogeneous iron wire, that is, a wire intermediate in quality between
iron and steel, and uniting some of the toughness of the former to
the strength of the latter. They are sometimes themselves covered
with a serving of the best tarred Manilla hemp; sometimes laid on
in single wires abutting against each other, so as to form a smooth
and complete casing for the cable; and sometimes they are applied in
strands of three wires, each abutting against each other. The composite
sheathing of hemp and iron is usually applied to the deep-sea portion
of a cable where, in laying, a union of lightness and strength is
demanded, and where, when once laid, the cable is not likely to be
molested. The single-wire sheathing is applied to cables to be laid in
shallower depths, such as coast-waters; and the heavy-strand sheathing
is for protecting the cable in anchorages and on sea-beaches. The
light-sheathed cable is called 'main' or 'deep-sea cable;' the medium
is called 'intermediate;' and the heavy-sheathed cable is called
'shore-end.' There is seldom more of the last than ten or twelve miles,
to carry the cable well out of reach of the abrasion of storm-shifted
boulders and coast anchorage. The intermediate usually extends until
deep water has been reached, where the deep-sea portion takes its
place. These three types of cable are connected together by 'taper
pieces.' The core is of course uniform throughout the entire length of
the cable; but the taper pieces serve to connect the different types
of sheathing artistically and soundly with each other. The intermediate
cable generally has its sheathing wires covered with a serving of
mineral pitch, silica, and hemp of a coarse quality, in order to ward
off as long as possible the dissolving action of the sea-water.

The cable being thus finished at the manufactory, it is coiled into
large iron tanks, and there immersed in brine until it is shipped for
transport and laying.

All the materials of a submarine cable are carefully watched and
tested--the iron wire, for stretching, twisting, and breaking stress,
and the core for all its electric properties. The special properties
of every knot or mile of the core are chronicled, so that a complete
account of every part of the cable is preserved during its progress
of manufacture. And after it is made, it is tested electrically every
day, to see that no change takes place in its electric qualities. These
electric tests are three in number: For _resistance_--the resistance
of the copper wire to the passage of the current. For _inductive
capacity_--the amount of charge or quantity of electricity which the
cable will take up. For _insulation resistance_--the insulating power
of the gutta-percha coating.

These tests are made by direct comparison with units, just as bodies
are weighed by comparison with a pound or unit of weight. The unit of
electric resistance is the _ohm_; so called after the celebrated German
physicist and electrician Ohm. The ohm is the resistance of a certain
length of platinum-silver wire determined by a Committee of the British
Association. Multiples of the ohm are readily obtained, and these are
arranged and made up into what are called _resistance-boxes_--the
practical tool of the electrician. A resistance-box usually contains
coils of platinum-silver wire of from five thousand ohms downwards to
single ohms or fractions of an ohm. It is with this finely graduated
tool that the electrician compares the resistance, or in other words
ascertains the conducting power of the cable.

The unit of measurement of the _insulation resistance_ of the
cable is a very high multiple of the ohm, called the _meg-ohm_ or
million-ohms; for inasmuch as the insulator is, technically speaking,
a non-conductor, its office is to exercise the necessary resistance
to the escape of the current. The unit for capacity is called a
_micro-farad_ or millionth part of the _Farad_, which derives its name
from Faraday, and represents a certain _quantity_ of electricity.
The practical tool for the micro-farad is a contrivance called a
_condenser_, a description of which, without the aid of drawings, would
be too technical for our readers. A submarine cable is itself, however,
a particular form of such a condenser. The copper wire is one of the
opposed conductors, the sheathing, earth, and sea-water form the other,
and these are separated from each other by the insulating coating of
gutta-percha. It is a curious fact that when a charge of electricity
is communicated to the copper wire of a cable, it _induces_ a charge
of an opposite kind in the earth outside. This inductive property of
an insulated wire contiguous to the earth has an important bearing on
practical telegraphy; for inasmuch as the communicated charge and the
induced charge attract each other, the former travels less swiftly
along the wire; it is held back, as it were, by the retarding influence
of the earth's induced charge; or in other words has a tendency to
ooze out of the cable instead of travelling uninterruptedly to the
other end. It is of consequence, therefore, to ascertain the inductive
capacity of a cable; as the less it is, the greater will the _speed_ of
signalling be.

The resistances and capacity of a cable are usually tested, according
to the standards of resistance and capacity--that is, with the ohm,
meg-ohm, and micro-farad--by measuring the strength of an electric
current passing through the cable, by means of an instrument called
the galvanometer, or current measurer. Its principle depends upon the
fact, discovered by Oersted, the famous Copenhagen philosopher, that
when a current is sent along a wire in the neighbourhood of a freely
suspended magnetic needle, the needle will be deflected into a new
position, and this position will be to right or to left according
as the current of one kind or the other is sent through the wire.
Moreover, the amount of deflection will be directly proportional to
the _strength_ of the current. This great discovery, which gave an
incalculably great impetus to the progress of the telegraph, is the
theoretical basis of the galvanometer. One form of this instrument,
used to test submarine cables, is called the 'reflecting galvanometer,'
and is the invention of Sir William Thomson. The wire through which the
current to be measured is made to pass, consists of a great many turns
of silk-covered or insulated copper of a very fine gauge, forming a
hollow coil, in the heart of which a very diminutive magnetic needle
is suspended by a gossamer-like filament of floss silk. This magnet
(or magnets, for there are generally more than one) carries a tiny
circular mirror, the whole arrangement of magnets and mirror being no
longer than (=) [Transcriber's note: The parallel lines in the original
shown here by = were 2mm (1/16") apart and 3mm (1/8") long.]. A beam of
light is thrown from a lamp in front on to the mirror, and reflected
back again on to a graduated pasteboard scale. When the current to be
measured is sent throughout the coiled wire surrounding the magnets,
they are turned horizontally on their former position, and the mirror
is inclined round with them, so that the reflected beam of light is
moved along the scale, the distance to which it is moved being a
measure of the current strength.

Now when the current from a given battery or source of electricity is
made to pass through wires of different resistances, the strength of
the current which will pass through these wires can be made a measure
of their resistances; and therefore, when the current from a particular
battery is sent through the conductor of the cable or to test the
insulator, and in each case measured by the galvanometer, and compared
with the current from the same source which will flow through the units
of comparison, the copper resistance and insulation resistance can be
obtained.

In a somewhat similar way the capacity--the _amount_ of electricity
which a cable will take--is compared with the capacity of a standard
condenser or measure of capacity. The opposite plates or sheets of the
condenser are charged by a particular battery; and as these charges
are eager to flow into each other and unite, but are held apart by
the insulator, they may be allowed to do so through a wire or other
conductor. The discharge of the opposite electricities into one
another sets up a short powerful current in this wire, and its strength
is proportional to the quantity of electricity discharged; that is,
to the capacity of the condenser. If the coil of the galvanometer be
substituted for this discharging wire, the strength of this discharge
will be measured by the deflection of the gleam of light on the scale.
By charging alternately, therefore, the condenser and the cable from
the same battery, and observing their respective discharges by means
of the galvanometer, the capacities of the cable and condenser are
compared.

The speed of signalling through a submarine cable, that is to say the
number of words per minute that can be transmitted through it, varies
with the resistance of its conductor, its inductive capacity, and its
length; and it is by a consideration of these properties, together with
weight and cost of material, that its form and dimensions are designed;
and on this interesting subject we may have a few words to say in a
future paper.




LIFE IN ST KILDA.

FIRST PAPER.


For the following interesting account of the island of St Kilda, we are
indebted to Mr J. Sands, a gentleman who has more than once visited
the rock, and who upon one occasion was detained there for several
months by stress of weather. As will be seen by his narrative--the
first portion of which we now offer to our readers--he utilised his
opportunities for observing not only the manners and customs of the
natives, but many curious facts connected with the natural history and
even the archaeology of the islet. With these few words of preface, we
leave Mr Sands to tell his story.

Far out in the Atlantic--forty-nine miles west from Obe in the Sound of
Harris, and forty-three from Shillay in the Outer Hebrides--there is a
group of islands, evidently of volcanic origin, the largest of which,
called _Hirta_ by the inhabitants, and St Kilda by strangers, contains
a small community who speak Gaelic only, and have all Highland names.
This island, which is about three miles long by two broad, is bounded
on the north-east and south-west by enormous precipices that rise like
walls out of the sea. These cliffs are frequented by vast numbers of
sea-fowl; by puffins, cormorants, guillemots, auks, and other birds. A
species of gull called the fulmar also abounds, and is of great value
to the inhabitants, who salt the flesh for food in winter and sell the
oil and feathers. St Kilda is the only island in Great Britain where
that bird breeds. About three miles to the north-east of St Kilda is an
island called Boreray, which is the great resort of solan-geese, which
also frequent the _stacks_ or isolated rocks adjacent.

The population of St Kilda numbers at present seventy-five souls. It
was considerably larger some two centuries ago. Where the community
originally came from no one knows. Their early history is lost in
darkness; but it can be traced back to the fourteenth century. In 1697
Martin visited the island, and wrote a quaint but faithful account of
it. At present there is no regular communication between St Kilda and
any other place except by a boat called 'the smack,' which is sent
out by the proprietor (MacLeod of MacLeod) twice a year--namely in
summer and autumn, to collect the rents, to carry away the produce,
and to furnish supplies. Some bold yachtsman generally pays the island
a hurried visit about the end of summer; but as the anchorage is
dangerous, he seldom or never remains more than two or three hours.
Some of the natives have been as far as Lewis, Harris, and Uist, and
surprise the others with tales of the wonders they have seen in those
distant places; a man with a wooden leg having apparently created
the greatest interest. But the majority have never been farther than
Boreray. No people can be more isolated or less indebted to their
neighbours for example or instruction in the ways of civilised life.
Notwithstanding this, it will be difficult to find a better-behaved
community--one more pious, sober, industrious, polite, and hospitable.

I had always a great desire to see this _Ultima Thule_, and in 1875
the proprietor's factor agreed to give me a passage in his smack to
the island. On the 3d of June I landed, and at my own desire was left
behind when the smack sailed from the bay on the 6th. I remained on
St Kilda about seven weeks, and passed the time in rambling about
the island, trying to learn Gaelic, making excursions to the other
islands in the boats along with the natives, and in visiting them in
their homes. I lived in a house by myself and cooked my own food. I
had a set of bagpipes with me and a flute, and when threatened with
melancholy cheered myself with a tune on these instruments. I bought
some biscuits, oatmeal, &c., and a sheep or two, and the women kept
me supplied gratis with turf for my fire. At the end of seven weeks
the yacht _Crusader_ came into the bay, the owner of which kindly gave
me a passage to Greenock. Before I left St Kilda I had an opportunity
of seeing how the trade was conducted--the low prices which the poor
people received for their produce, and the high prices they were
obliged to pay for their supplies, and I felt no little sympathy for
them. Animated with a desire to better their condition and assimilate
themselves with their more fortunate brethren of the mainland, they
requested me several times to try to get them a boat large enough to
carry a crew and cargo to Harris, where they might carry on their trade
on more profitable terms than with the proprietor. On my return home I
got a boat built for them, and started a subscription to pay for her.
I further resolved to go out in her myself, so as to see her safely
delivered to the people, and to give them a little enlightenment as to
the prices of commodities in the outer world.

On the 30th May 1876 I arrived at Lochgilphead to get possession of the
boat, which seemed suitable for the purpose; and by the kind assistance
of Messrs Hutcheson, the well-known ship-owners, I reached Stornoway,
_en route_ for St Kilda, in safety.

I remained in Stornoway weather-bound until the 12th June, and whilst
waiting for a fair wind to continue our voyage westward, let me narrate
a mysterious occurrence, bearing on my narrative, that took place some
years ago.

In the month of April 1864 a boat left St Kilda for Stornoway with a
woman and seven men on board. Every man had a chest, and the woman a
small box; and they took provisions with them, and some salt-fish and
home-spun cloth to pay expenses. The islanders went up the hill called
Oswald or _Osimhal_ and watched the boat for several hours. All seemed
well. The woman in the boat intended to visit some relations at Loch
Inver.

On a Sunday about a month afterwards, three London smacks entered the
bay and brought the news that the boat was lost near Lewis with all on
board. Never doubting the truth of the intelligence, the inhabitants
gave vent to their grief without restraint. The three skippers came on
shore and beguiled the time by playing quoits with flat stones, and
when they witnessed the agitation of the bereaved St Kildans, they
jeered in mockery. There was no minister on the island at the time, but
a probationer called Kennedy filled the office. Although he understood
English as well as Gaelic, he never thought of taking a note of the
names of the smacks. The St Kildans say the crews belonged to London,
but that _one man could speak Gaelic_. Some time afterwards some of
the clothes of the missing men, torn as if in a scuffle, were brought
to St Kilda by the then factor, and were said to have been found in
a cave at Lewis. The people got gradually resigned to their fate,
although I heard them on my first visit declare that they believed the
lost crew had been murdered. But I thought at the time that this was
a preposterous suspicion, which could only be entertained by people
living in solitude and ignorant of the world outside. But strange to
relate I was told by Mr MacIver, banker in Stornoway, that a letter had
been received from a firm in the Transvaal Republic, by the minister
of Harris, stating that Donald MacKinnon, one of the lost crew, had
just died at Pilgrim's Rest, Lydenburg Gold-fields, of a fever, and had
left property to the amount of thirty-seven pounds. On my expressing a
suspicion that the strange story might be untrue, Mr MacIver informed
me that the money had actually been lodged with him.

Why Donald MacKinnon had never written to St Kilda to inform his father
and other relatives of his fate, is a mystery that none can fathom. But
if he was preserved, it is possible that some others of the missing
crew may have been saved too. I may mention that Sir John MacLeod, then
proprietor of St Kilda, caused an inquiry to be made at Lewis at the
time the boat was lost; but without eliciting any information.

At Stornoway, I was introduced to Captain Macdonald of the fishery
cruiser _Vigilant_, and hospitably entertained in that smart vessel.
He seemed desirous to give me a convoy to St Kilda; but the Board, to
whom I applied, declined to allow him to leave his station. On the 12th
June, however, he took me on board and my boat in tow, and conveyed us
to the island of Scalpa, where I abode for several days in the house
of Mr Campbell, the chief man of the island, who treated me with true
Highland hospitality. Mr Campbell's house stands on the site of one
recently demolished, in which Prince Charlie found shelter when hiding
from his enemies. A stone above the door bearing an inscription in
Gaelic, records the fact. In one of the cottages in Scalpa I saw about
a dozen girls thickening blankets; this they did by tossing them about
upon a broad board. One of the girls sung a Gaelic song, whilst the
others joined in the chorus. On my entering the room the songstress
cleverly composed a verse about me. I was much interested with this
ancient Highland custom.

The land in Scalpa is poor and boggy; but some of the people are fine
specimens of humanity--good-looking and polite. Some of them expressed
an opinion that the island was over-populated, which I am afraid is the
case, although I should be sorry to see such men leave the country. On
the 17th, the _Vigilant_, which had returned to Stornoway, again called
at Scalpa, and took me and my boat on to Obe in the Sound of Harris.
The navigation of these straits is considered very difficult; but
Captain Macdonald, as if to display his seamanship, ran down the Sound
and then tacked up again without fear, and in a manner that excited my
admiration. I had never seen a smarter vessel or seaman.

At Obe I found the factor's smack lying weather-bound. Here also I saw
two St Kildan women who had come to Harris nine months previously, and
were yearning to be home again, never having heard from their husbands
since they left. On the 18th the _Vigilant_ returned to Stornoway.

At Obe I engaged two men to work the boat to St Kilda, agreeing to pay
them eight pounds for the trip, but stipulating that when the boat
reached the bay they were to have no further claim upon me. This seems
a large sum; but for all I knew they might have had to live for weeks
in the island without a chance of returning. However, they arranged
with the smack's skipper (an old friend) for a return passage; and on
the 21st, at seven in the morning, we set sail--two men and myself in
the new boat, a rope connecting us with the smack. When about half-way
St Kilda was descried on the western horizon--'suspected more than
seen,' for though the day was bright and sunny a thick haze obscured
the distance. We reached the island about five in the evening, and
separating from the smack, cast our anchor near the shore. Soon a
crowd began to gather on the rocks, but they did not seem in a hurry
to launch their boat. I observed one of the women who had come with
the smack standing on deck and holding up her infant (born during her
absence from St Kilda) in a triumphant manner, although she was too
distant to be seen from the shore. At length a boat is pushed off and
pulls towards us; the crew stare doubtfully at me, and then, as they
come alongside, repeat my name and grasp my hand. I and the two men who
had come with me jump into the shore-boat, and are landed on the rocky
bank amidst a crowd of men and women. But whilst I am busy shaking
hands with this old friend and that, one of the Harris men suddenly
discloses the story about the lost boat and Donald MacKinnon, and in
a moment all is confusion, grief, and amazement. Women squat upon the
ground and chant their lamentations; and men stand with open mouths and
eyes and mutter observations in Gaelic on the wonderful news.

The boat goes off to the smack and brings the two women on shore, where
they are received with conjugal kisses. Ten months had elapsed from the
receipt in Harris of the letter from Africa until its arrival in St
Kilda--although the one place is visible from the other in a clear day.

I must now try to describe the village. It is built on a comparatively
level piece of ground about twenty feet above the sea, at the foot
of steep hills, has a southerly exposure, and consists of nineteen
cottages, arranged like a crescent. They are plainly built and
roofed with zinc. They were erected about fourteen years ago. But
the old huts in which the people formerly dwelt still stand, and are
picturesque structures. The walls of these are double, with turf
packed in between. They are built without lime, and are thatched with
straw, held down by ropes of the same material attached to stones.
They are said to have been very warm and comfortable. In some of them
are beds in the wall, accessible by a hole like the mouth of a baker's
oven. These huts are now used as cow-houses, barns, and cellars, and
are similar to the houses in Lewis, Harris, and other islands of
the Hebrides. I include the manse or parsonage in the above number,
although it is rather better built. At the back of it stands the
church, a modern and ugly building. The plan of the village was until
lately like the framework of a boy's kite; but the staff is now gone,
and the bow alone remains. In front of the village and between it and
the sea, is a patch of arable ground of about fifteen or twenty acres
in extent, divided into lots. There are also patches of arable ground
behind the village. The whole is inclosed by a massive dry stone wall,
to keep off cattle. But what chiefly excites the attention and wonder
of the stranger is the immense number of small houses everywhere to be
seen around the village and clustered all over the island, up even to
the summit of the hills. These are called _claetan_, and are used as
storehouses for turf and grass. They are called pyramids by Martin.
In general they are built so narrow that single stones can be laid
from one wall to the other to form the roof. Some of these primitive
structures are said to be ancient; but I have seen others erected
on exactly the same system, for architecture has not changed in St
Kilda, as in other places. Behind the village the steep hills rise
to a considerable height, Connagher being one thousand three hundred
feet above the sea. The bay or loch is open on the south-east. It is
sheltered on the south-west by a long craggy island called the Dun.

On the 24th, the factor's smack left for Dunvegan. Before going on
board he presented a document to the men, who were all assembled on
the shore, and requested them to sign it. He made no objection to
their trying to go to Harris in the new boat; but he wanted to know
if they wished the proprietor to send supplies as usual. The men
seemed resolved to make use of the new boat; but were persuaded by the
minister to sign the paper. I was not pleased at this transaction,
for although the boat was found very useful in making trips to the
other islands for birds, she was procured for the express purpose of
enabling the people to trade with Harris. When they had signed the
paper, which bound them still to continue their transactions with the
factor, my object was in a measure frustrated, and the islanders had no
alternative but that of still relying upon the smack for their autumn
supply of oatmeal and other articles from the mainland.

For a few days I took lodgings in one of the cottages; but afterwards I
got a house to myself, and cooked my own food.

On the 29th of June I went with a party of eighteen men and boys in the
new boat to the island of Boreray. All the men but two, who were left
to take charge of the boat, ascended the cliffs, and I was tempted to
go along with them. With the end of a rope round my waist, held by
a man who preceded me, I clambered up such paths as one may see in a
nightmare. I thought it best not to look too far ahead, but to keep my
attention fixed on the ground at my feet. Sometimes I was indebted to
my guide for a pull up some difficult bit; and I succeeded in reaching
the top. The height was probably eight hundred feet--the highest rocks
on this island being over a thousand. Some of the cliffs were white
with solan-geese. All the men dispersed and descended the cliffs to
catch fulmars, and I was left in charge of a youth called _Callum
Beag_, or Little Malcolm, who will retain the same name although he
grows to six feet.

It is the custom of the St Kildans to send a party of young women to
this island every year to catch puffins for the sake of the feathers.
During my first visit I had gone with such a party to Boreray, and saw
them at work. Rearing their young in holes in the turf, these curious
birds (called _Tammie Nories_ in some places) require dodging to get
at, and great care in handling, as their bite is very severe. Being
acquainted with their habits, the women take dogs with them, which are
taught to alarm the puffins and to catch them as they flutter out of
their holes. The girls also place hair-ropes on the ground, held down
at the ends by stones. Nooses of horse-hair are affixed to the rope,
into which the birds (which frequent this island in incredible numbers)
push their feet. In this way some of the girls catch as many as four
or five hundred puffins in a day. The young women remain about three
weeks on the island, all alone by themselves. They work until they drop
asleep. Every one takes her Gaelic Bible with her, for all can read
with ease. They sleep in the clothes they wear during the day. On my
second visit to this island, I took a glance at the houses in which
these bird-catchers reside. They are three in number, and are covered
outside with earth and turf, and look like grassy hillocks. One of them
is fifteen feet long by six feet wide. It is six and a half feet high
at the hearth, which is close to the door. A semicircular stone seat
runs round the hearth. The rest of the floor is raised a foot higher,
and is used as a bed. The door is about two and a half feet high, and
has to be entered on hands and knees. These houses are built on the
same plan as the _claetan_, but are covered outside with earth and turf
for the sake of warmth.

A house of the bee-hive type, described by Martin and Macaulay,
formerly stood on this island; but to my great regret it has been
demolished within the memory of man. It was inhabited by a hermit
called Stallir. The people have several traditionary tales about this
house. When I had seen all that was to be seen, I grew tired sitting
on the top of the cliff, and ventured to descend without assistance.
Callum Beag tried to remonstrate, but I persisted, and fortunately
succeeded in reaching the boat below. I had begun to be familiar with
great heights, for it is all a matter of custom. In a short time
all the men were seen descending the cliffs laden with fulmars; and
hoisting our lug-sail and jib we returned to St Kilda.

One day shortly after my arrival an old man happening to be up the
hill at the back of the village descried what he imagined to be two
marks cut on the turf on the top of Boreray. A party of men, it is
necessary to explain, had gone to that island about a fortnight before
to _pluck_ the sheep which are kept there, for shears are as yet
unknown in St Kilda. He came down in great distress, and communicated
the intelligence to the rest of the people, who, to my surprise, were
thrown into a state of consternation. The women seated themselves on
the ground and chanted lamentations. On inquiring the reason, I was
informed that a system of telegraphy had been long established in St
Kilda, and that two marks cut in the turf in Boreray signified that
one or more of the party were sick or dead, and that a boat was wanted
immediately. I went up the hill, and with a glass discovered that one
of the marks was a number of men building a _claet_. I explained this to
some of the people who had followed me, but failed to convince them for
a time. In the evening, however, when the boat returned from Boreray
with the plucking-party all well, the sceptics acknowledged with joyful
smiles that my glass was better than their eyes.




THE LUDICROUS.


It would appear that the human memory is more retentive of the
grotesque and ludicrous, whether moral or physical, than of the
sublime and beautiful in nature, the graver incidents of life or the
loftier mental experiences. We recall with realistic distinctness
every object whose saliency has consisted in pleasing distortion,
and every event that has in any way appealed to our sense of humour;
while we may reproduce but faintly the impressions received from the
contemplation of the highest works of art, the most perfect landscape,
or the ordinary vicissitudes of the world. In every-day language, this
is largely accounted for by the force with which the exception to any
given rule, the aberration from ordinary courses of action, and the
departure from universally accepted principles, arrest our attention
in virtue of their rarity. This of course applies to many other
classes of phenomena besides the odd, the distorted, the whimsical,
or the ridiculous; but the human mind, strange though it seems, has
undoubtedly a greater facility for the reception and reproduction of
these than of any other.

If we deliberately cast back in our minds for the images of our early
playmates and school-fellows, we observe that the first to present
themselves, as a rule, are those possessing some marked peculiarities,
and that those peculiarities are the centre-points of the pictures.
Ordinary faces and physiques, even of those near and dear to us, shew
but dimly on memory's canvas; but a squint, a lisp, a burr, freckles,
ungainliness, or oddity of manner, has stamped there the images of
comparative strangers with indelible clearness; and the blemishes which
produce these results are themselves not only plainly delineated,
but frequently exaggerated. Again, if we permit the mind to revert
unrestrainedly to the _events_ of childhood, the earliest to suggest
themselves are, almost invariably, those which have exercised our
risible faculties or sense of the absurd--the laughable scrapes, odd
predicaments, amusing exploits of ourselves or others, are the things
remembered of our youth. The recollections of any two men of middle age
with regard to their common school-days teem with whimsical anecdotes,
to the almost total extinguishing of other things. This experience may
be termed universal, and suggests the curious question: To what extent
should we be at all able, if devoid of the sense of humour, to recall
the companions and incidents of our childhood and youth?

Let us look at our subject from another point of view. What do we
find on attempting to recall our knowledge of 'the men of all times,'
whose biographies we have read? We cast our net, as it were, into the
pool of our recollections--say, for example, regarding a Napoleon, a
Newton, or a Columbus. The result is significant. Beyond an imperfect
conception of the scope and lesson of their lives, nine out of ten
fairly intelligent people will succeed in landing only a few trifles
in the shape of anecdotes, physical peculiarities, or amusing
idiosyncrasies. The first was the ambitious disturber of Europe; the
second, a philosopher; the last, discovered America. In addition--what?
Why, Napoleon was fond of snuff, which he carried loose in his
waistcoat pocket, and was called 'the Little Corporal.' The expounder
of the law of gravitation on one occasion used his sweetheart's finger
as a tobacco-stopper. And the private life of Columbus is epitomised
in the apocryphal story of making an egg stand on end. Popularly, the
portraits of heroes and notabilities are distinct in proportion to
the number and saliency of their blemishes. (Who can forget the wen
on Cromwell's nose?) On the other hand, their hopes, their loves,
their sorrows, their great life-purposes, their very identities, are
held together in the minds of the masses by the force of association
with trivial and adventitious circumstances. It is an odd but not
necessarily a humiliating reflection; for the mind that can find 'good
in all things' will see in it a most wise and important provision in
our mental economy.

The simplest and best known rule in the so-called art of Mnemonics is,
naturally enough, based upon a recognition of the facility with which
anything connected with the grotesque, absurd, or whimsical may be
recalled. Dates, statistics, names, &c. are taken into the memory along
with some catch-word or ludicrous expression, and are by that means
reproducible almost at will. We are not prepared to say in how far
such a rule is in the long-run beneficial or injurious to the natural
memory, nor to decide to what extent thus deliberately burdening the
mind with a host of distorted conceptions goes to counterbalance the
immediate advantages sought. It is sufficient for our present purpose
that its application is illustrative of what we have said.

The deliberate action of the mind, dictated by this rule, in seeking
the aid of whimsicalities as the milestones and finger-posts of memory,
is not only sanctioned (as we have said) by the recognition of one of
its inherent properties, but by the most unmistakable precedents in its
own natural operation. Surnames which do not owe their origin to the
professions of those who first assumed them, or to modifications of
Christian names, partake largely of the humorous in their conception,
as we have shewn in former articles on Names in this _Journal_. They
are, in fact, epigrammatic. Doubtless, among races in which the
susceptibility to humour is very subordinate to other sensibilities,
these epigram-names will embody less of that element; but even amongst
the gravest tribes of North American Indians, and the melancholy races
of Eastern Asia, secondary titles are in common use for ordinary and
familiar occasions, answering exactly to our own idea of nicknames.
Amongst ourselves the coinage of surnames has long ago been completed
and in full circulation, their original meanings having now no force
or application to the persons bearing them. Even nicknames have almost
disappeared from polite literature and society with the increasing
sensitiveness of the age. The art of 'smashing' in the matter of names,
however, still lingers in the nursery and the playground, as well
as in the inner circles of family life generally; and if we cast an
observing glance down the social scale, we shall find the practice more
and more widely obtaining, until, amongst the rural population and the
operatives of Lancashire and the Black Country, we find it absolutely
universal. In the latter locality, indeed, the inapplicability of
authorised surnames has led to their total disuse. We read some years
ago a Report from an official source, in which it was circumstantially
stated that many of the puddlers, nailers, and others had utterly
forgotten their original or baptismal name, being invariably addressed
and known by a _sobriquet_, which hit off some whimsical peculiarity
of person or character. We ourselves have a lively recollection of a
woman in the neighbourhood of Bilston to whom her own husband's real
name was so unfamiliar that she entirely failed to recognise it when we
questioned her regarding him.

Scottish literature, and that of England which in point of national
progress corresponds to it, owe much of their vigour and enjoyableness
to the quaintness of the counterfeit nomenclature with which they
abound; and at the same time indicate the prevalence of epigrammatic
humorous names in the age which produced them. One of our finest
ballads indeed--The Blithesome Bridal--is little other than a catalogue
of trenchant nicknames: 'Will wi' the meikle mou,' 'Bow-legged Robbie,'
'Thumbless Katie,' 'Plouckie-faced Wat i' the mill;' and so on.

If then the human mind has not only an exceptional facility for the
reproduction of whimsicalities, but a significant tendency to seek for
and employ these as aids to the memory of more serious but less salient
things, how shall we estimate _the mnemonic value of the sense of the
ludicrous_? We have no desire, even if space would permit, to treat the
inquiry exhaustively; but may point out one or two of the leading facts
on which so curious an investigation might be based, and one or two
reflections which the subject immediately suggests.

First, then, it is a well-established truth that the barbarous races
which have proved totally unsusceptible of civilisation are those
which are utterly or almost utterly devoid of the sense of humour:
exemplified in the aborigines of Australia and the Indians of the
West; while on the other hand the Negro, endowed with the most
whimsical of fancies, has, though steeped in barbarism, the latent
germ of intellectual and moral progress. Secondly, among the so-called
civilised branches of the human family, the Caucasian, with its rich
vein of humour, its hearty power of laughter, and its deftness in
extracting from every condition of things the elixir of fun, stands
in unapproachable superiority. Lastly, to those whose observation of
national character has been sufficiently minute and varied, it will be
equally clear that those European peoples which have the finest and
deepest appreciation of the quaint and ludicrous (entirely distinct
from wit), have also the greatest staying power intellectually and
morally, and the largest possibility of development.

It would seem a fair inference from these facts alone, had we not
already indicated it, that it is man's moral nature which benefits
most largely by the presence in the mental economy of a sense of the
ludicrous. The saying, 'Beware of him who cannot laugh,' is a pithy
but conclusive commentary. All that is fairest in human life; all
that is best and brightest in our earthly lot; the tender memories of
childhood; the generous ties of friendship; the various sympathies
which constitute the history of our inner selves, are rendered vivid
and operative for our highest culture by the action of the simple yet
unique mnemonic law which we have thus imperfectly examined.




SISTERS.


    The day had gone as fades a dream;
    The night had come and rain fell fast;
    While o'er the black and sluggish stream
    Cold blew the wailing blast.

    In pensive mood I idly raised
    The curtain from the rain-splashed glass,
    And as into the street I gazed,
    I saw two women pass.

    One shivering with the bitter cold,
    Her garments heavy with the rain,
    Limped by with features wan and old,
    Deep farrowed by sharp pain.

    A child in form, a child in years;
    But from her piteous pallid face,
    The weariness of life with tears
    Had washed all childlike grace.

    And as she passed me faint and weak,
    I heard her slowly say, as though
    With throbbing heart about to break:
    '"Move on!" Where shall I go?'

    The other, who on furs reclined,
    In brougham was driven to the play;
    No thought within her vacant mind
    Of those in rags that day:

    With unmoved heart and idle stare,
    Passed by the beggar in the street,
    Who lifted up her hands in prayer
    Some charity to meet.

    Both vanished in the murky night:
    The outcast on a step to die;
    The lady to a scene of light,
    Where Joy alone did sigh.

    But angels saw amid her hair
    What was by human eyes unseen;
    The grass that grows on graves was there,
    With leaves of ghastly green.

    And though her diamonds flashed the light
    Upon the flatterers gathered near,
    The outcast's brow had gem more bright--
    An angel's pitying tear.

       *       *       *       *       *

Printed and Published by W. & R. CHAMBERS, 47 Paternoster Row, LONDON,
and 339 High Street, EDINBURGH.

       *       *       *       *       *

_All Rights Reserved._





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