The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Spanish Armada, 1588, by John Pine This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Spanish Armada, 1588 The Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords representing the several engagements between the English and Spanish Fleets. Author: John Pine Illustrator: John Pine Release Date: April 6, 2018 [EBook #56927] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPANISH ARMADA, 1588 *** Produced by deaurider, Barry Abrahamsen, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) THE SPANISH ARMADA, 1588. -------------- THE TAPESTRY HANGINGS OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS. REPRESENTING THE SEVERAL ENGAGEMENTS BETWEEN THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH FLEETS. BY JOHN PINE, ENGRAVER. REPRODUCED IN HELIOTYPE FROM AN ORIGINAL COPY IN THE COLLECTION OF CHARLES HERVEY TOWNSHEND. WITH An Appendix containing Biographical Sketches of the Principal English Commanders Knighted by the Admiral at Sea, July 26, 1588. [Illustration] BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY HOUGHTON, OSGOOD AND COMPANY. The Riverside Press, Cambridge. 1878. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Copyright, 1878, BY CHARLES HERVEY TOWNSHEND [Illustration] RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY ------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE TAPESTRY HANGINGS OF THE HOUSE of LORDS: Representing the several ENGAGEMENTS BETWEEN THE ENGLISH and SPANISH FLEETS, In the ever memorable Year MDLXXXVIII, With the PORTRAITS of the Lord High-Admiral, and the other Noble Commanders, taken from the Life. To which are added, From a Book entitled, Expeditionis Hispanorum in Angliam vera Descriptio, A.D. 1588, done, as is supposed, for the said Tapestry to be work’d after, Ten CHARTS of the SEA-COASTS of ENGLAND, And a GENERAL ONE of England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Holland, &c. Shewing the Places of Action between the two FLEETS; ORNAMENTED with MEDALS struck upon that OCCASION, And other suitable DEVICES. Also An HISTORICAL ACCOUNT of each Day’s Action, Collected from the most Authentic Manuscripts and Writers. By JOHN PINE, ENGRAVER. LONDON, MDCCXXXIX. Sold by J. Pine in Old Bond Street near Picadilly. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ TO THE K I N G. _SIR_, I Humbly beg Leave to present to Your Majesty, these Representations of the Hangings in the House of Lords, which contain the several Victories obtained against the King of _Spain_ in 1588. That the same glorious Success may attend your Majesty, whenever your Fleets shall be engaged with any of your Majesty’s Enemies, is the hearty Prayer of _Your MAJESTY’s_ _Most dutiful and most obedient_ _Subject and Servant_, _JOHN PINE_. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ S U B S C R I B E R S. _His Royal Highness the PRINCE of_ WALES. _His Royal Highness the DUKE._ _His most Serene Highness the PRINCE of_ ORANGE. _HIS Grace the Duke of_ St. Alban’s. _His Grace the Duke of_ Ancaster. _His Grace the Duke of_ Argyll _and_ Greenwich. _His Grace the Duke of_ Athol. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Albemarle. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Aylesford. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Abergavenny. _The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of_ St. Asaph. _Sir_ Joseph Ayliffe, _Bart_. 2 _Setts_. _The Honourable_ Richard Arundell, _Esq_; Richard Arnold, _Esq_; Jacob Astley, _Esq_; _Mr._ Christopher Anderson. _His Grace the Duke of_ Beaufort. _His Grace the Duke of_ Bedford. _His Grace the Duke of_ Bolton. _His Grace the Duke of_ Buccleugh. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Burlington, 2 _Setts_. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Bruce. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Bathurst. _The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of_ Bangor, 2 _Setts_. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Vere Beauclerk. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Baltimore. _Sir_ George Beaumont, _Bart_. _Sir_ John Bland, _Bart_. _Sir_ Roger Burgogne, _Bart_. _Sir_ Thomas Brand, _Knt_. Thomas Bacon, _Esq_; Henry Barham, _Esq_; William Barners, _Esq_; Nicholas Bayley, _Esq_; Nathanael Blackerby, _Esq_; _The Honourable_ Martin Bladen, _Esq_; Thomas Bladen, _Esq_; Walter Blackett, _Esq_; Robert Bristow, _Esq_; Thomas Brian, _Esq_; Alexander Brodie, _Esq_; Josiah Burchett, _Esq_; _The Rev. Dr._ John Burton, _Master of_ Winchester School. Robert Burd, _Esq_; Samuel Burroughs, _Esq_; Robert Byng, _Esq_; _His Grace the Duke of_ Chandos. _The Right Honourable the Marquis of_ Caernarvon. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Cardigan. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Coventry. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Chesterfield. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Cholmondeley. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Clarendon _and_ Rochester. _The Right Honourable the Earl_ Cowper. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Craven. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Carteret. _Sir_ James Campbell, _Bart._ _Sir_ William Carew, _Bart._ _Sir_ John Hinde Cotton, _Bart._ _Sir_ William Courtenay, _Bart._ _Sir_ Francis Child, _Knt._ _Alderman of_ London. _Sir_ Clement Cottrell, _Knt._ Trinity College Library _in the University of_ Cambridge. Richard Chandler, _Esq_; James Chetham, _Esq_; _The Rev. Dr._ Alured Clarke. Matthew Clarke, _M. D._ John Codrington, _Esq_; John Conduit, _Esq_; Thomas Copleston, _Esq_; Thomas Corbett, _Esq_; _The Honourable_ Spencer Cowper, _Esq_; William Cowper, _Esq_; James Cockburn, _Esq_; John Crawley, _Esq_; _Mrs._ Crewe. John Crewe, _Jun. Esq_; Joseph Crewe, _Esq_; Thomas Crosse, _Esq_; Andrew Crosse, _Esq_; John Crosse, _Esq_; Philip Carter, _A. M._ _Mr._ Charles Cary. _His Grace the Duke of_ Devonshire. _His Grace the Duke of_ Dorset. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Darnley. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ De La Warr. _Sir_ James Dashwood, _Bart._ 2 _Setts_. _Sir_ Francis Henry Drake, _Bart._ _Sir_ Charles Dalton, _Knt._ _The Honourable General_ James Dormer. Robert Douglas, _Esq_; _Mr._ James Deacon, _Jun._ Andrew Ducarel, _Esq_; James Douglas, _Esq_; Thomas Duncombe, _Esq_; _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Exeter. _The Right Honourable the Countess of_ Exeter. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Effingham. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Egmont. _Sir_ Richard Ellys, _Bart._ _The Honourable_ Richard Edgcumbe, _Esq_; _The Honourable_ George Evens, _Esq_; _Mr._ Charles Egleton. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Fitz-Walter. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Findlater. _The Right Honourable the Lord Viscount_ Falconbergh. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Foley. _The Honourable Mr. Justice_ Fortescue. _Sir_ Robert Fagg, _Bart._ _Sir_ John Frederick, _Bart._ _Sir_ Andrew Fountaine, _Knt._ _The Honourable_ John Finch, _Esq_; _of_ Cavendish Square. _The Honourable_ Duncan Forbes, _Esq_; Nicholas Fenwick, _Esq_; Thomas Foley, _Jun. Esq_; Matthew Frampton, _M. D._ _of_ Oxford. Thomas Frederick, _Esq_; Richard Frewin, _M. D._ _of_ Oxford. _His Grace the Duke of_ Grafton. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ North _and_ Guilford. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Gower. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Gallway. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Grey. _The Right Honourable the Lady_ Eliz. Germain. 2 _Setts_. _Sir_ Robert Grosvenor, _Bart._ _The Honourable_ William Leveson Gower, _Esq_; Henry Gardie, _Esq_; Francis Gaussend, _Esq_; Edward Gibbon, _Esq_; Westby Gill, _Esq_; William Gore, _Esq_; Edward Le Grande, _Esq_; Charles Gray, _Esq_; _of_ Colchester. _Mr._ John Godfrey. _His Grace the Duke of_ Hamilton _and_ Brandon. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Hallifax. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Hardwick. Nicholas Hardinge, _Esq_; Edward Harley, _Esq_; Michael Harvey, _Esq_; Carleton Hayward, _Esq_; _Col._ Thomas Herbert. Francis Haywood, _Esq_; Thomas Hill, _Esq_; _The Reverend Dr._ Hodges, _Provost of_ Oriel _College_ Oxford. Henry Hoare, _Esq_; Richard Hoare, _Esq_; Thomas Strangways Horner, _Esq_; John Hylton, _Esq_; William Handley, _Esq_; _Mr._ Samuel Haynes. _Mr._ Gerrard Howard. _The Right Honourable the Lord Viscount_ Irwin. _Sir_ William Irby, _Bart._ _Sir_ Justinian Isham, _Bart._ _The Honourable and Reverend Mr._ Ingram. _Captain_ Thomas James. _Colonel_ Charles Ingram. _His Grace the Duke of_ Kent. _Sir_ John Lister Kaye, _Bart._ Edward Kinaston, _Esq_; Thomas King, _Esq_; _His Grace the Duke of_ Leeds. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Litchfield. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Lovell. _The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of_ Landaff. _The Right Honourable the Lord Chief Justice_ Lee. _Sir_ Darcy Lever, _Knt._ _LL. D._ Lancelot Charles Lake, _Esq_; John Lethieullier, _Esq_; George Liddell, _Esq_; Thomas Lister, _Esq_; _Mr._ Charles Lowth. _His Grace the Duke of_ Marlborough. _His Grace the Duke of_ Montague. _His Grace the Duke of_ Manchester. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Macclesfield. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Malton. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Monson. _Sir_ John Morgan, _Bart._ _Sir_ William Morris, _Bart._ 2 _Setts_. J. R. Madan, _Esq_; Pierce Manaton, _M. D._ _of_ Oxford. Benjamin Martyn, _Esq_; Thomas Master, _Esq_; Thomas May, _Esq_; Richard Mead, _M. D._ Philip Mercier, _Esq_; 2 _Setts_. Richard Mitchell, _Esq_; John Michell, _Esq_; —— Maule, _Esq_; Thomas Morgan, _Esq_; Thomas Mostyn, _Esq_; _Mr._ Solomon Merrett. _His Grace the Duke of_ Norfolk, 2 _Setts_. _His Grace the Duke of_ Newcastle. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Northampton. _Sir_ Michael Newton, _Bart._ _The Honourable_ James Noel, _Esq_; George Noyes, _Esq_; _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Orrery. _The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of_ Ossory. _The Right Honourable_ Arthur Onslow, _Esq_; _Speaker of the H. of Commons_. _General_ James Oglethorpe. Nathanael Oldham, _Esq_; Leak Okeover, _Esq_; Samuel Ongley, _Esq_; William Osbaldeston, _Esq_; Jonathan Oldham, _Painter_. _Mr._ Edward Oakley. _In the University of_ Oxford _the following Libraries_, Christ-Church _College_. Trinity _College_. All-Souls _College_. Jesus _College_. Wadham _College_. _His Grace the Duke of_ Portland. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Pembroke. _The Right Honourable_ Micajah Perry, _Esq_; _Lord Mayor of_ London. _The Honourable Mr. Justice_ Probyn. _Sir_ Erasmus Philipps, _Bart._ _The Honourable_ Henry Pelham, _Esq_; _The Honourable_ Stephen Poyntz, _Esq_; Charles Palmer, _Esq_; Humphry Parsons, _Esq_; _Alderman of_ London. Thomas Pitt, _Esq_; John Plumptree, _Esq_; David Polhill, _Esq_; Arthur Pollard, _Esq_; Thomas Potter, _Esq_; Richard Powys, _Esq_; Newdigate Poyntz, _Esq_; Thomas Prowse, _Esq_; _Mr._ John Perkins. _Mr._ William Pate, _Woollen-Draper_. _His Grace the Duke of_ Queensberry. _His Grace the Duke of_ Richmond, Lenox, _and_ Aubigny, 2 _Setts_. _His Grace the Duke of_ Rutland. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Rockingham. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Rochford. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Romney. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Raymond. _The Right Honourable the Lord Chief Baron_ Reynolds. Geard. Andrew Reiche, _Esq_; _2 Setts_. Richard Rawlinson, _LL. D. R. S. S._ Francis Reynolds, _Esq_; William Robinson, _Esq_; _Mr._ John Rocque. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Suffolk. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Shaftsbury. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Scarborough. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Strafford. _The Right Honourable the Earl_ Stanhope. _The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of_ Sarum. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Charles Noel Somerset. _Sir_ Jer. Vanacker Sambrooke, _Bart._ _Sir_ William Sanderson, _Bart._ _Sir_ Brownlow Sherard, _Bart._ _Sir_ Hans Sloane, _Bart._ _Sir_ William Stapleton, _Bart._ _The Honourable_ Edward Southwell, _Esq_; _The Honourable_ John Spencer, _Esq_; Samuel Sandys, _Esq_; _The Reverend Mr. Archdeacon_ Sayer. Charles Savage, _Esq_; John Sawbridge, _Esq_; Thomas Scawen, _Esq_; Gervaise Scroope, _Esq_; John Selwyn, _Esq_; Thomas Sergison, _Esq_; Edward Seymour, _Esq_; Peter Shakerley, _Esq_; _The Honourable_ John Sherard, _Esq_; Powell Snell, _Esq_; _The Reverend Dr._ Shippen, _Principal of_ Brasen-Nose _College_, Oxford. Uriah Shudal, _Esq_; Richard Shuttleworth, _Esq_; Theodore Smith, _Esq_; Robert Smith, _Esq_; James Sotheby, _Esq_; Paulet St. John, _Esq_; _Mr._ Charles Scriven. _Mr._ Symonds, _Bookseller_. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Tankerville. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Thomond. _The Right Honourable the Lord Viscount_ Torrington. _The Right Honourable the Lord Viscount_ Tyrconnel. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Talbot. _The Right Honourable and Reverend_ Richard Trevor, _D.D._ John Talbot, _Esq_; John Tempest, _Esq_; _The Honourable_ John Temple, _Esq_; _The Reverend Dr._ Thistlethwayte, _Warden of_ Wadham _College_, Oxon. Edward Thompson, _Esq_; Robert Trefusis, _Esq_; Cholmly Turner, _Esq_; William Vaughan, _Esq_; _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Warwick _and_ Holland. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Warrington, 4 _Setts_. _The Right Honourable the Earl_ Waldegrave. _The Right Honourable the Earl of_ Wilmington. _The Right Honourable Sir_ Robert Walpole. _The Right Honourable the Lord Chief Justice_ Willes. _Sir_ Thomas Webster, _Bart._ _Sir_ Thomas Wheate, _Bart._ _Sir_ William Wyndham, _Bart._ _Sir_ George Wynne, _Bart._ _Sir_ Charles Wager, _Knt._ _Sir_ George Walter, _Knt._ Edward Walpole, _Esq_; James West, _Esq_; Francis Whitworth, _Esq_; Lawrence Williams, _Esq_; Charles Hanbury Williams, _Esq_; Watkins Williams Wynn, _Esq_; William Wilmer, _Esq_; _Mr._ John Williams. _Mr._ Timothy Wyld. _The Rev. Mr._ John Wyatt, _Master of_ Felsted _School, in_ Essex. _The Right-Honourable Sir_ William Yonge, _Bart._ N A M E S O M I T T E D. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Petre. _The Right Honourable the Lord_ Sherard Manners. _The Honourable Sir_ John Eyles, _Bart._ _Postmaster General_. Papillion Ball, _Esq_; John Carew, _Esq_; _Mr._ Thomas Hyam, _Merchant_. _Mr._ Andrews Jelfe. Charles Peers, _Esq_; William Roope, _Esq_; ------------------------------------------------------------------------ AN ACCOUNT OF THE SPANISH INVASION In the YEAR MDLXXXVIII. THE Defeat of the SPANISH ARMADA being the most glorious Victory that was ever obtained at Sea, and the most important to the _British_ Nation, every Method deserves some Praise, that may in a suitable Manner propagate the Memory of it. Our Ancestors, that were personally interested in it, were so careful it should not pass into Oblivion, that they procured the Engagements between the two Fleets to be represented in ten curious Pieces of Tapestry, with the Portraits of the several _English_ Captains, taken from the Life, worked in the Borders, which are now placed, some in the Royal Wardrobe, some in the House of Lords, the most august Assembly of the Kingdom, there to remain as a lasting Memorial of the Triumphs of _British_ Valour, guided by _British_ Counsels. But because Time, or Accident, or Moths may deface these valuable Shadows, we have endeavoured to preserve their Likeness in the preceding Prints, which, by being multiplied and dispersed in various Hands, may meet with that Security from the Closets of the Curious, which the Originals must scarce always hope for, even from the Sanctity of the Place they are kept in. Thus far we have been able to go within our own Province; but as a more particular Detail of the Circumstances of this glorious Expedition, which lye blended in our Histories with other Matters, may not be altogether unacceptable, we shall beg Leave to offer the following brief Account of it, collected from the most authentic Writers and Manuscripts. SECT. I. THE Author and Undertaker of this ever memorable Expedition was _Philip_ II. King of _Spain_, eldest Son of the renowned Emperor _Charles_ V. In the Year 1554, he married _Mary_ I. Queen of _England_, with a View of uniting, by this Marriage, the _English_ Dominions to those large and noble Territories of which he was Heir-Apparent. But all his Projects were defeated by a False-Conception the Queen had in 1555; and especially by her Death, which happened on _Novemb._ 17, 1558.—In 1555, _October_ 25, he became King of _Spain_, and the Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging, upon the voluntary Resignation of his Father _Charles_ V. As to King _Philip_’s real Views and Motives in this Expedition, they seem to have been these: I. A firm Hope and certain Prospect as he imagin’d, of easily acquiring so considerable an Addition to his Dominions, as the flourishing Kingdoms of _England_ and _Ireland_. Kingdoms whose Advantages and Excellencies he was well acquainted withal; and from whence he could be continually supplied with Tin, Lead, Wool, and many other useful, necessary, and profitable Commodities. II. He was also excited by another Motive, which is generally sufficient for Conquerors; and it was this: _England_ and _Ireland_ stood very convenient for him, as being near his Dominions in the Low-Countries; and might, by their advantageous Situation, and the many good Harbours they abound with, have rendered him Master of the Trade and Navigation of these Northern Parts of the World; and, what is more, they would have enabled him to carry it on throughout all _North_ and _South-America_, exclusively of all others; which is such an Advantage as cannot well be expressed. III. Moreover these Islands had proved, and might always prove a grievous Thorn in his Side. For, by reason of their Situation, the _English_ could, at any Time, almost totally obstruct the Navigation of the _Netherlands_, and destroy all their Traffick by Sea. Because, as it must unavoidably be carried on almost within Sight of the _British_ Coasts, so long as the Inhabitants of those Islands remained independent of him[1], and were Masters at Sea, they could seize, with the utmost Ease, the Shipping sent from the Ports of _Flanders_ to the several Parts of the World. What lay therefore so convenient, and was in other Hands so dangerous a Neighbour, must be purchas’d at any Rate. IV. Revenge may be assigned as another Motive of this Expedition. Queen _Elizabeth_ had assisted all along the States of the United Provinces, in their several Attempts to shake off the _Spanish_ Yoke. Now, that surely was a very great Provocation: And Forgiveness of Injuries, it is well known, was then, no more than at present, a _Spaniard_’s Virtue. To be revenged therefore of such a constant Enemy as _Elizabeth_ had been, may well be suppos’d to have been an additional Inducement to this Undertaking. V. This other important Motive is assigned by _Hakluyt_[2]: “King _Philip_ deemed this to be the most ready and direct Course, to recover his hereditary Possession of the _Low-Countries_. For, having with little Advantage, for above twenty Years together, waged War against the _Netherlands_, after mature Deliberation, he thought it most convenient to assault them once more by Sea, which had been fruitlessly attempted several Times before for want of sufficient Forces. And he thought good to begin with _England_, being persuaded, that the Conquest of that Island was less difficult than the Conquest of _Holland_ and _Zealand_. Moreover, the _Spaniards_ were of Opinion, that it would be far more behoveful for their King to conquer _England_ and the _Low-Countries_ at once, than to be constrained continually to maintain a warlike Navy, to defend his _East_ and _West-India_ Fleets from the _English_.” * * * * * These (with a Desire of restoring the _Roman-Catholick_ Religion) seem to have been the real and true Motives of this great Expedition. The Reasons alleged by _Philip_ were these[3]: I. That _Elizabeth_ had, from the first assisted his rebellious Subjects in the _Netherlands_, with Men and Money, and spirited them up against him, her greatest Friend and Benefactor; whom she was indebted to for her Life, when her Sister Queen _Mary_ and _Gardiner_ were for removing her out of the Way. II. _Drake_, and others of her Subjects, had committed several Depredations in _Spain_ and _America_. III. She had been so unnatural as to stop his Money, when, for fear of Pirates, it had been landed in her Dominions; and had put an Embargo on the Vessels employed to carry it to the _Low-Countries_: (As is related by _Camden_, under the Year 1568.) IV. She had acknowledged his Enemy Don _Antonio_ King of _Portugal_, and armed him against _Spain_. V. That it was by her Instruction and Advice the Duke of _Alençon_ had been crowned King of _Brabant_. VI. And, moreover, she herself had accepted the Sovereignty of the _Low-Countries_, and sent the Earl of _Leicester_ thither with considerable Forces; which was an open Declaration of War. VII. That he undertook it, to revenge the Death of the innocent Queen of _Scots_. VIII. And in Compliance with the Holy Father _Innocent_ VIII.’s earnest Injunctions, who ceased not to exhort and importune him, to abolish Heresy in _England_, and replant the _Roman-Catholick_ Religion there. * * * * * In short therefore, the Aim and Design of the King of _Spain_ in this great Expedition, was to conquer _England_, in order to come more easily at the revolted _Netherlands_, and facilitate their Reduction to his Obedience; as also, for the Sake of so meritorious an Action, as the bringing this Island back to the Catholick Religion: And to be revenged, at the same Time, for the Disgrace, Contempt, and Dishonour, he had, at several Times, received from the _English_ Nation; and for divers others real or pretended Injuries, which had made a deep Impression on his proud and revengeful Spirit. Animated and spurred on by these Motives, King _Philip_ made such vast Preparations for his intended Conquest, as had hardily ever been known before in any Age, or Nation: Whether we consider the Time spent about them; or the prodigious Strength and Quantity of the Materials of all Kinds that were provided. As for the Time spent about these Preparations; King _Philip_ seems to have form’d this Design as early as the Year 1583. [4]For, in that Year, he ordered _Alexander_ Duke of _Parma_, Governor of the _Low-Countries_, to procure an exact Account and Description of the Harbours, Castles, Rivers, and Roads belonging to _England_, and transmit them to him; which was accordingly done: And in this _Francis Throckmorton_ appears to have been concerned. But, according to _Rapin_, [5]this Project was formed by _Philip_ only from the Time _Mary_ Queen of _Scots_ had been persuaded to convey to him her Right to _England_, as being the only Means to restore the _Catholick_ Religion[6]: According to the received Maxim in the Church of _Rome_, That an Heretick is unworthy and incapable of enjoying a Crown; _Philip_ thought he might justly claim that of _England_, as being the next _Catholick_ Prince descended from the House of _Lancaster_; namely, from _Catharine_ Daughter of _John_ of _Ghent_ Duke of _Lancaster_, married in 1389 to _Henry_, then Prince, and afterwards King, of _Castile_. Upon this Descent therefore, and the Queen of _Scots_ Conveyance and Will, he had projected the Conquest of _England_. However it be, or whenever these Preparations were begun, it is certain that King _Philip_ assembled so powerful a Fleet, and so well furnished with all kinds of Provisions and Ammunition, that, thinking it unconquerable by human Power, he gave it the Title of the INVINCIBLE ARMADA. [7]This Fleet consisted of one hundred and thirty two Ships, (besides twenty Caravels for the Service of the Army, and ten Salves with six Oars apiece,) containing fifty nine thousand one hundred, and twenty Tons; three thousand, one hundred, and sixty five Cannons; eight thousand, seven hundred, and sixty six Sailors; two thousand and eighty eight Galley-Slaves, and twenty one thousand, eight hundred, and fifty five Soldiers; besides Noblemen and Voluntiers[8]. For there was not a Family in _Spain_ of any Note, but what had a Son, a Brother, or a Kinsman in the Fleet[9]. Of these Voluntiers there were two hundred and twenty four; attended by four hundred and fifty six Servants bearing Arms. There were also two hundred and thirty eight Gentlemen more, maintained by the King; with one hundred and sixty three Servants. An hundred and seventy seven Persons, with two Engineers, one Physician, one Surgeon, and thirty Servants belonging to the Artillery; eighty five Physicians and Surgeons for the Hospital-Ships; three and twenty Gentlemen belonging to the Duke of _Medina-Sidonia_’s Court, and fifty Servants; seventeen Superintendants General of the Army; and one hundred Servants more, belonging to them, or to the Officers of Justice, who were twenty in Number[10]. Nay even there were in it one hundred and eighty Capuchins, Dominicans, Jesuits, and Mendicant Friars; with _Martin Alarco_, Vicar of the Inquisition. And because none were allowed to have Wives or Concubines on board, some Women had hired Ships to follow the Fleet; two or three of which Ships were driven by the Storm on the Coast of _France_[11]. Most of the Ships of this ARMADA[12] were of an uncommon Size, Strength, and Thickness, more like floating Castles than any thing else; and they were cased above Water with thick Planks to hinder the Cannon-Balls from piercing their Sides. The Masts also were braced round with strong pitched Ropes, to save them from being soon shatter’d or broke by the Shot. Then as to Ammunition, [13]this Fleet had a very great Number of Cannons, double Cannons, Culverins, and Field-Pieces for Land-Service; seven thousand Muskets and Calievers; ten thousand Halberts and Partizans; one hundred and twenty thousand Cannon-Balls; [14]one hundred Quintals of Lead for Bullets (each Quintal being a hundred weight,) twelve thousand Quintals of Match; fifty six thousand Quintals of Gunpowder; and also, Waggons, and other Carriages; Horses, Mules, and other Instruments and Necessaries for Conveyance by Land; Torches, Lanthorns, Canvas, Hides, Lead; Chains, Whips, Butchering-Knives, Halters, and other Instruments of Death and Slavery[15]; and Spades, Mattocks, Baskets, and every thing else requisite for Pioneers Work; as also eight hundred Mules for drawing the Ordnance and Carriages. Proportionable to these Forces was their great Store of Provisions of every Sort: [16]for, besides Raisins in great abundance, they had eight thousand Quintals of Fish; three thousand Quintals of Rice; six thousand three hundred and twenty [17]Septiers of Beans, Pease, _&c._ eleven thousand three hundred and ninety eight Pounds of Olive-Oyl; thirty three thousand eight hundred and seventy Measures of Vinegar; ninety six thousand Quintals of Biscuit; three thousand four hundred and fifty eight Quintals of Goats Cheese; six thousand five hundred Quintals of Bacon; one hundred and forty seven thousand Pipes of Wine; twelve thousand Pipes of Water, _&c._—Provisions in a word they had for six Months; and so well furnished were they, that Sir _Francis Drake_ observes, in a Letter of his, [18]they had Provisions of Bread and Wine sufficient to maintain forty thousand Men for a whole Year. The whole Fleet, in general, is said[19] to have contained thirty two thousand Persons, and cost every Day thirty thousand Ducats[20]. The General of the Land Forces, and the Commander in Chief in the whole Expedition, was Don _Alfonso Perez de Guzman_, Duke of _Medina Sidonia_; and the Admiral was Don _Juan Martinez de Recalde_. But it was not in _Spain_ only, that such great Preparations were carrying on, for the Invasion of _England_. For, _Alexander_ Duke of _Parma_ was also making on his Side prodigious and amazing Preparations, to assist in this grand Design. He gathered together out of _Spain_, _France_, _Savoy_, _Italy_, _Naples_, _Sicily_, _Germany_, and even out of _America_, a very considerable and choice Army; [21]consisting of about forty thousand Foot, and three thousand Horse; out of which he selected thirty thousand Foot, and eighteen hundred Horse, that were to be ready to pass into _England_. These Troops were quarter’d as follows: [22]Near _Nieuport_ there lay ready thirty Companies of _Italians_; ten of _Walloons_; and eight of _Scots_, and as many of _Burgundians_: At _Dixmude_ were eighty Companies of _Netherlanders_; sixty of _Spaniards_; sixty of _Germans_; and above seven hundred fugitive _English_, _Scots_, and _Irish_, under the Command of Sir _William Stanley_, and _Charles Nevil_ Earl of _Westmoreland_. There were moreover four thousand Men posted at _Corrick_, and nine hundred at _Watene_. For the Transportation of these Forces, the Duke of _Parma_ prepar’d Ships at _Nieuport_, _Dunkirk_, _Antwerp_, and other Places; and caused some new ones to be built with such Expedition, that they seem’d, as _Strada_ expresses it, [23]to be transform’d in a Moment, from Trees into Ships. More particularly: [24]In the River of _Watten_ he caused seventy flat-bottom’d Boats to be built, each of which could carry thirty Horses; and to each of them were Bridges fitted for the convenient Shipping, or Landing of the Horses. There were in most of them, two Ovens for baking Bread, with a great Quantity of Saddles, Bridles, Harness, and a good Number of Draught-Horses, to draw the Engines, Cannons, and other Ammunition, after the _Spaniards_ should be landed. Of the same Form he had provided two hundred other Vessels at _Nieuport_, but not so large. And at _Dunkirk_ he had assembled thirty eight Men of War; for the navigating of which, he had hired Sailors from _Bremen_, _Hamburgh_, _Emden_, and _Genoa_. In their Ballast he had put a great Quantity of Beams, or thick Planks, sharpned at the Ends, and covered with Iron; but full of Clasps and Hooks on the Sides, that they might be easily joined together. At _Graveling_, he had provided twenty thousand Casks, which might in a short Time be fastened together with Nails and Cords, and reduced into the Form of a Bridge. Whatever, in a Word, was necessary for making Bridges, or for choaking up the Mouths of Havens and Rivers, was by him got in readiness. And he had even caused a great Pile of wooden Faggots to be laid near _Nieuport_, for erecting a Mount or Rampart. Whilst he was thus furnishing himself with all proper Vessels and other Necessaries, he caused the shallow and sandy Places of Rivers to be cleared; and had deep Channels cut in proper Places, from _Ghent_ to _Ysendyck_, _Sluys_, and _Nieuport_, on purpose to convey the Ships built at _Antwerp_, _Ghent_, _&c._ into the Sea. Finally, he assembled at _Bruges_ above one hundred Hoys loaden with Provisions, which he designed to bring into the Ports of _Flanders_, either by the Way of _Sluys_, or through the forementioned Channels. The Duke of _Guise_ had also twelve thousand Men on the Coast of _Normandy_, ready to land in the West of _England_ as soon as the SPANISH ARMADA had enter’d the Channel[25]; but the _Spaniards_ coming two Months later than they intended, (or for some other Reasons) the Duke dismissed his Forces about the End of _June_. And that this famous Expedition might be supported with spiritual as well as temporal Weapons[26], Pope _Sixtus_ V created _William Allen_, a seditious _English_ Priest, Cardinal; and sent him as his Legate into the _Low-Countries_, with a Bull; wherein, after enumerating the several Causes of Complaint the See of _Rome_ had against Queen _Elizabeth_, (namely her suppressing the Catholic Religion, her putting the Queen of _Scots_ to Death, _&c._) he renewed and confirmed the Sentence of Excommunication pronounced against her by his Predecessors _Pius_ V and _Gregory_ XIII, deprived her, as illegitimate, and an Usurper, from all Princely Dignity, and Dominion over the Kingdoms of _England_ and _Ireland_; absolved her Subjects from their Allegiance; and strictly enjoined them, upon Pain of GOD Almighty’s Displeasure, not to lend her any Help or Assistance, but to join the _Spanish_ Army, and the Duke of _Parma_’s Forces, as soon as they should be landed: Promising withal a plenary Indulgence and the Pardon of all their Sins, to as many as would engage in so laudable an Undertaking. * * * * * Such were the extraordinary Preparations made by the _Spaniards_ for invading _England_. Preparations so great and so dreadful, that all _Europe_ was alarmed at them. Most Sovereigns expected for some Time, with the utmost Horror and Astonishment, where the threatening Storm, which had been so long gathering, would at last fall. But this, though kept as a great Secret, did not long escape the great Sir _Francis Walsingham_’s Sagacity. [27]He had Intelligence from _Madrid_, that King _Philip_ had told his Council, he had dispatched an Express to _Rome_ with a Letter writ with his own Hand to the Pope, acquainting him with the true Design of his Preparations, and asking his Blessing upon it; which for some Reasons he would not yet disclose to them, ’till the Return of the Courier. The Secret being thus lodg’d with the Pope, _Walsingham_, by the means of a _Venetian_ Priest retain’d at _Rome_ as his Spy, got a Copy of the original Letter, which was stolen out of the Pope’s Cabinet by a Gentleman of the Bed-Chamber, who took the Keys out of the Pope’s Pocket whilst he slept. Upon this Intelligence _Walsingham_ found a Way to retard the _Spanish_ Invasion for a whole Year, by getting the _Spanish_ Bills protested at _Genoa_, which should have supplied them with Money to carry on their Preparations. Queen _Elizabeth_, it may well be supposed, could not help being extremely anxious about the issue of the great and dreadful Preparations that were going on, to deprive her of her Crown and Dignity, and perhaps of her [28]Life. This inclined her more readily to embrace some Overtures of Peace, made to her by the _Spaniard_[29]: But it being soon found out that they were intended only to lull her asleep, and induce her, by depending upon a Peace, to be careless of her own Defence; and moreover, _Henry_ III King of _France_ sending her Word, [30]she ought to stand upon her Guard; she did not therefore rely much on the Negociations in hand, but took all proper Measures for securing herself, and protecting her Dominions. Her Situation was indeed very melancholy, and her Fears well grounded: For she was without so much as one Ally abroad, except the _United-Provinces_, which themselves wanted Assistance; and at home she had a factious and discontented Party, ready to join with the Enemy: But, by the Assistance of Heaven, by her good Management, and the sincere Affection of the Generality of her People, she surmounted all Difficulties, and came off Conqueror. When she was sure the _Spaniards_ Preparations were design’d against her, that she might not be taken unprovided, she fitted out as strong a Fleet as she possibly could; and herein so great was the Diligence of her Subjects, [31]that though her Preparations were begun but about the 1st of _November_ 1587, yet her Fleet was ready to put to Sea by the 20th of _December_ the same Year. [32]_Charles_ Lord _Howard_ of _Effingham_, High Admiral of _England_, a Person of great Prudence and Bravery, was appointed Commander in Chief of this whole Fleet. His Instructions were, To repair to the Westward, in conjunction with Sir _Francis Drake_ Vice-Admiral, and Captain _John Hawkins_, and Captain _Martin Frobisher_ Rear-Admirals: At the same Time, the Lord _Henry Seymour_, second Son of the late Duke of _Somerset_, had Orders to lye on the Coast of _Flanders_, with forty _English_ and _Dutch_ Ships (the latter under the Command of _Justin_ of _Nassau_, Admiral of _Zealand_) to prevent the Duke of _Parma_’s putting out to Sea with his Forces. For Land Service, there were disposed along the Southern Coasts of _England_ twenty thousand Men. Besides which, two Armies were raised of choice, well-disciplin’d, and experienced Men; one (under the Command of _Robert Dudley_ Earl of _Leicester_, consisting of one thousand Horse, and twenty two thousand Foot,) was encamped at _Tilbury_, near the _Thames_ Mouth, for the Safeguard of the City of _London_; because it was given out that the _Spaniards_, after having joined the Duke of _Parma_, intended to come up the _Thames_, in order to make themselves Masters of the Metropolis of the Kingdom. The other Army, under the Command of _Henry Carey_ Lord _Hunsdon_, consisted of thirty four thousand Foot, and two thousand Horse, and was destined to guard the Queen’s Person. _Arthur_ Lord _Grey_, Sir _Francis Knolles_, Sir _John Norris_, Sir _Richard Bingham_, and Sir _Roger Williams_, Knights, and excellent Soldiers, were chosen to consult about the best Way of managing the War at Land. After mature Deliberation, they thought fit that the most convenient Landing-Places for the Enemy, as well out of _Spain_ as out of the _Low-Countries_, should be well mann’d and fortify’d, namely _Milford-Haven_, _Falmouth_, _Plymouth_, _Portland_, the Isle of _Wight_, _Portsmouth_, the open Coast of _Kent_ called the _Downs_, the _Thames_ Mouth, _Harwich_, _Yarmouth_, _Hull_, _&c._ that the Train’d Bands, all along the Maritime Counties, should meet in Arms upon a Signal given, to defend the said Ports, and do their best to prevent the Enemy’s landing; and, in Case of their landing, that they should lay all the Country waste round about, and leave neither Booty nor Forage for them; that they should annoy them Night and Day with continual Alarms, so as to give them no Rest; but not venture the Hazard of a Battle, ’till more Commanders with their Companies should come up; of whom one in every Shire was nominated Chief. Moreover, the active Queen, in order to quicken the Zeal and Diligence of her Subjects, especially of those who lay near the Sea-Coasts, caused Letters to be sent to the chief of them: Wherein, after putting them in mind of the common and imminent Danger the whole Nation was in, she told them, that she “expected on this extraordinary Occasion, a larger Proportion of Furniture, both for Horsemen and Footmen; thereby to be in their best Strength against any Attempt whatsoever, to be employed, whether about her own Person, or otherwise. And the Number she required them to signify to her Privy-Council[33].” She required moreover the Nobility in the several Counties, to provide themselves, and their Servants and Dependants in like manner, with Horses and Armour, to be ready to repair upon Summons to the Queen, for Defence of her Person: And to this Purpose Letters were address’d to them from the Lords of the Council, by her Command. Such were the Directions given. [34]And accordingly Cities, Counties, Towns, and Villages, the Cinque-Ports, and all other Havens of _England_, manifested as great Forwardness in their zealous Love and Duty, as either Subjects could perform, or Prince expect. The City of _London_, in particular, being requested by the Privy-Council, to find five thousand Men, and fifteen Ships, they willingly and cheerfully furnished thirty Ships provided with all Necessaries, and ten thousand able Men, well armed and trained; besides which, they kept in readiness thirty thousand Men more, prepared to march wherever there should be Occasion[35]; and also lent the Queen fifty one thousand nine hundred Pounds, in ready Money. Then, as to the rest of the Nation: [36]As soon as it was reported that the Queen was come near _London_, and the _Spanish_ Fleet appeared in the Channel, the greatest Part of the Nobility, except those that were obliged to stay in each County on account of their Offices, repaired to _London_, to preserve the Queen’s Person; bringing with them goodly Bands of Horsemen, about five thousand in all, and maintaining them at their own Charge ’till the _Spanish_ Navy was known to be passed beyond _Scotland_: These were the Lord Chancellor _Hatton_, the Earls of _Lincoln_, _Warwick_, _Leicester_, _Essex_, _Worcester_, and _Hereford_; the Lord Viscount _Montacute_; the Lords _Burghley_, _Compton_, _Morley_, _Rich_, _Dacres_, _Windsor_, _Audley_, _Sandes_, _Mordaunt_, _Lumley_, _Mountjoy_, _Stourton_, and _Darcy_. In a Word, all Persons throughout _England_ in general, unanimously concurred to be ready to serve for the Defence of the Queen and Kingdom[37]: In this there was no Difference between the Catholic and the Protestant, but herein appeared a perfect Sympathy, Concourse, and Consent of all Sorts of Persons, without respect of Religion. By this hearty Zeal, seconded with suitable Endeavours, it came to pass, that some Counties were able to bring into the Field twenty thousand, and others even forty thousand able fighting Men: The Maritime Counties, in particular, on the South and East of _England_, from _Cornwall_ to _Lincolnshire_, were so well furnished with a stout and well regulated Militia, that there was no Place for landing foreign Forces, but within eight and forty Hours there could resort to that Place above twenty thousand fighting Men, with Ordnance and other suitable Provisions. And that the Popish discontented Party at home might neither join the Enemy, nor favour their Descent, the Queen caused the most obnoxious of them to be imprisoned in _Wisbich-Castle_ in the Isle of _Ely_. She also directed [38]Sir _William Fitz-Williams_, Lord Deputy of _Ireland_, what to do, in case the Enemy should land in any Part of his Government, and pointed out to him what Precautions he should use to hinder the _Irish_ from rising. There remained only the King of _Scots_, of whom Queen _Elizabeth_ had most Reason to be afraid; since she had newly given him an unpardonable Provocation, namely, in causing his Mother to be publickly beheaded, who was a Sovereign Princess, independent of her. This was sufficient to dispose him, out of a Principle of Revenge, to favour the Descent of the _Spaniards_ in one Extremity of the Kingdom, by making a Diversion in the other. With that View he had been tampered with by the Duke of _Parma_, and had received from him Offers of Assistance[39]: But the politic Queen so effectually caress’d him, made him such advantageous Proposals, and so plainly convinc’d him, that the Loss of _England_ would not fail of being attended with that of _Scotland_[40]; that he, sensible of the common Danger wherewith he was threatened, declar’d the _Spaniards_ Enemies, and made Preparations against them with great Chearfulness and Alacrity: [41]Giving a strict Charge upon all the Sea-Coasts, that the _Spaniards_ should not be suffered to land in any Part, but that the _English_ might land, and be reliev’d of any Wants: [42]He moreover offer’d Queen _Elizabeth_ his Forces, his Person, and all that he could command, to be employed against the common Enemy: And he humourously observ’d upon this Occasion[43], _That he look’d for no other Favour from the Spaniards, than what_ Polyphemus _promis’d_ Ulysses, _that he should be reserv’d for the last Morsel_. * * * * * After this general Account, the Reader will undoubtedly be pleased to see a particular List of the Fleets on both Sides, which I have accordingly subjoined hereunto. SECT. II. A complete List of the _Spanish_ Fleet, called the INVINCIBLE ARMADA[44]. The Squadron of _Portuguese_ Galleons, _&c._ under the particular Command of the Generalissimo, the Duke of MEDINA SIDONIA. Number Number of of Ships. Burden Guns. Mariners. Soldiers. Tuns. The _St. Martin_, Captain 1000 50 177 300 General of all the Fleet, _St. John_, Admiral General, 1050 50 170 231 _St. Mark_, 792 117 292 _St. Philip_, 800 40 117 415 _St. Lewis_, 830 40 116 376 _St. Matthew_, 750 40 50 177 _St. James_, 520 30 100 300 Galleon of _Florence_, 961 52 100 300 _St. Christopher_, 352 30 90 300 _St. Bernard_, 352 30 100 280 Zabra _Augusta_, 166 13 55 55 Zabra _Julia_, 166 14 50 60 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 7739 389 1242 3086 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The Fleet of _Biscay_, commanded by Don JUAN MARTINEZ DE RECALDE, Captain General. _St. Ann_, Admiral, 768 30 114 323 _Grangrina_, Admiral, 1160 36 100 300 _St. James_, 660 30 102 250 _Conception of Zubelzu_, 468 20 70 100 _Conception of Juan del Cavo_, 418 24 70 164 _Magdalena de Juan Francesco 330 22 70 200 d’ Ayala_, _St. John_, 350 24 80 130 _Mary_, 165 24 100 180 _Manuel_, 520 16 54 130 _St. Mary de Monte Majore_, 707 30 50 220 _Mary of Aguiare_, 70 10 23 30 _Isabella_, 71 12 23 30 _Michael de Susa_, 96 12 24 30 _St. Stephen_, 78 12 26 30 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 5861 302 906 2117 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The Fleet of _Castile_, commanded by Don DIEGO FLOREZ DE VALDEZ, General. The _St. Christopher_ Galleon, 700 40 120 205 General, _St. John Baptist_ Galleon, 750 30 140 250 _St. Peter_ Galleon, 530 40 140 130 _St. John_ Galleon, 530 30 120 170 _St. James the Great_ Galleon, 530 30 132 230 _St. Philip and St. James_ 530 30 116 159 Galleon, _Ascension_ Galleon, 530 30 114 220 Galleon of our Lady _del 130 30 108 170 Barrio_, Galleon of St. _Medel_ and 530 30 110 170 _Celedon_, _St. Anne_ Galleon, 250 24 80 100 Ship, _Our Lord of Vigonia_, 750 30 130 190 _Trinity_, 780 30 122 200 _St. Katherine_, 862 30 160 200 _St. John Baptist_, 659 30 130 200 Pinnace of our Lady _della 24 25 30 Rosaria_, _St. Anthony of Padua_ 16 46 300 Pinnace, ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 8054 474 1793 2924 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The _Andalusian_ Squadron, commanded by Don PEDRO DE VALDEZ, General. The _General-Ship_, 1550 50 118 304 _St. Francis_ Admiral, 915 30 60 230 _St. John Baptist_ Galleon, 810 40 40 250 _St. Gargeran_, 569 20 60 170 _Conception_, 862 25 65 200 _Duquesa St. Ann_, 900 30 80 250 _Trinity_, 650 20 80 200 _St. Mary de Juncar_, 730 30 80 240 _St. Katherine_, 730 30 80 259 _St. Bartholomew_, 730 30 80 225 _Holy Ghost_ Pinnace, 10 33 40 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 8692 315 776 2359 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The Squadron of _Guypuscoa_, commanded by Don MIGHEL DE OQUENDA. _St. Ann_, General, 1200 50 60 300 Ship, _Our Lady of the Rose_, 945 30 64 230 Admiral, _St. Saviour_, 958 30 50 330 _St. Stephen_, 936 30 70 200 _St. Martha_, 548 25 70 180 _St. Barba_, 525 15 50 160 _St. Bonaventura_, 369 15 60 170 _Mary_, 291 15 40 120 _Santa Cruce_, 680 20 40 150 _Ursa doncella_ Hulk, 500 18 40 160 _Annunciation_ Pinnace, 60 12 16 30 _St. Barnaby_, 60 12 16 30 _Magdalene_, 60 12 16 30 Pinnace, _Our Lady of 60 12 16 30 Guadalupe_, ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 7192 296 608 2120 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The _Eastern_ Fleet of Ships, called _Levantiscas_, commanded by Don MARTINEZ DE VERTENDONA. The _Ragazone_, General, 1294 35 90 350 _Rama_, Admiral, 728 30 80 210 _Rata, St. Mary_, crowned, 820 40 90 340 _St. John of Cecilia_, 880 30 70 290 _Trinity Valencera_, 1000 41 90 240 _Annunciation_, 730 30 90 200 _St. Nicolas, Prodaveli_, 834 30 84 280 _Juliana_, 780 36 80 330 _St. Mary of Pison_, 666 22 80 250 _Trinity Escala_, 900 25 90 302 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 8632 319 844 2792 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The Fleet of Ships, called _Urcas_, or _Hulks_, commanded by Don JUAN LOPEZ DE MEDINA. _Great Griffin_, General, 650 40 60 240 _St. Saviour_, Admiral, 650 30 60 230 _Sea Dog_, 200 10 30 80 _White Falcon_, 500 18 40 160 _Black Castle_, 750 25 50 250 _Bark of Hamburg_, 600 25 50 250 _House of Peace_, 600 25 50 250 _St. Peter the Greater_, 600 25 50 250 _Sampson_, 600 25 50 250 _St. Peter the Less_, 600 25 50 250 _Bark of Dantzick_, 450 26 50 210 _White Falcon, Mediana_, 300 18 30 80 _St. Andrew_, 400 15 40 160 _Little House of Peace_, 350 15 40 160 _Flying Raven_, 400 18 40 210 _White Dove_, 250 12 30 60 _Adventure_, 600 19 40 60 _Santa Barba_, 600 19 40 60 _Cat_, 400 9 30 50 _St. Gabriel_, 280 9 25 50 _Esayas_, 280 9 25 50 _St. James_, 600 19 40 60 _Peter Martin_, 200 30 30 80 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 10860 466 950 4170 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Pataches and Zabras commanded by Don ANTONIO DE MENDOZA. _Our Lady del Pilar de 300 12 50 120 Saragossa_, _English Charity_, 180 12 36 80 _St. Andrew of Scotland_, 150 12 30 51 _Crucifix_, 150 8 30 50 _Our Lady of the Port_, 150 8 30 50 _Conception of Caraffa_, 70 8 30 50 _Our Lady of Begova_, 70 8 30 50 _Conception of Capitillo_, 60 8 30 50 _St. Hieronymus_, 60 8 30 60 _Our Lady of Grace_, 60 8 30 60 _Conception of Francis 60 8 30 60 Lastero_, _Our Lady of Guadalupe_, 60 8 30 60 _St. Francis_, 60 8 30 60 _Holy Ghost_, 60 8 30 60 _Our Lady of Frenesda_, 60 8 30 60 _Zabra of the Trinity_, 60 8 30 60 _Zabra of our Lady del 60 8 30 60 Castro_, _St. Andrew_, 60 8 30 60 _Conception_, 60 8 30 60 _Conception of Sommariba_, 60 8 30 60 _Santa Clara_, 60 8 30 60 _St. Katherine_, 60 8 30 60 _St. John de Caraffa_, 60 8 30 60 _Assumption_, 60 8 30 60 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 2090 204 746 1103 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The four Galleasses of _Naples_, commanded by Don HUGO DE MONCADA. _St. Laurence_ General, 50 130 270 _Patrona_, 50 112 180 _Girona_, 50 120 170 _Neopolitana_, 50 115 124 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 200 477 744 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── These four Galleasses had Slaves 1200. The four Gallies of _Portugal_, commanded by Don DIEGO DE MEDRANA. The _Capitana_, 50 106 110 _Princess_, 50 106 110 _Diana_, 50 106 110 _Vazana_, 50 106 110 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 200 424 440 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── In these four Gallies were Slaves 888. The List of the ENGLISH FLEET[45]. Ships. Tuns. Sailors. Captains. The _Ark Raleigh_, 800 425 The Lord _Charles Howard_, Lord High Admiral. _Elizabeth 600 250 The Earl of _Cumberland_. Bonaventure_, _Rainbow_, 500 250 The Lord _Henry Seymor_. _Golden Lion_, 500 250 The Lord _Thomas Howard_. _White Bear_, 1000 500 The Lord _Edmund Sheffield_. _Vanguard_, 500 250 Sir _William Winter_. _Revenge_, 500 250 Sir _Francis Drake_, Vice-Admiral. _Elizabeth Jonas_, 900 500 Sir _Robert Southwell_. _Victory_, 800 400 Sir _John Hawkins_, Rear-Admiral. _Antelope_, 400 160 Sir _Henry Palmer_. _Triumph_, 1100 500 Sir _Martin Forbisher_. _Dreadnought_, 400 200 Sir _George Beeston_. _Mary-Rose_, 600 250 _Edward Fenton_. _Nonpareil_, 500 250 _Thomas Fennar_. _Hope_, 600 250 _Robert Cross_. _Galley Bonavolta_, 250 _William Buroughs_. _Swift-sure_, 400 200 _Edward Fennar_. _Swallow_, 300 160 _Richard Hawkins_. _Foresight_, 300 160 _Christopher Baker_. _Aid_, 250 120 _William Fennar_. _Bull_, 200 100 _Jeremy Turner_. _Tyger_, 200 100 _John Bostock_. _Tramontana_, 150 70 _Luke Ward_. _Scout_, 120 70 _Henry Ashley_. _Achates_, 100 60 _George Rigges_. _Charles_, 70 40 _John Roberts_. _Moon_, 60 40 _Alexander Clifford_. _Advice_, 50 40 _John Harris_. _Spy_, 50 40 _Ambrose Ward_. _Martin_, 50 35 _Walter Gower_. _Sun_, 40 30 _Richard Buckley_. _Signet_, 30 20 _John Shrive_. _Brigantine_, 35 _Thomas Scot_. _George_ Hoye, 120 24 _Richard Hodges_. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 11850 6279 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 2. Ships serving by Tunnage with the Lord Admiral. _White Lion_, 140 50 _Charles Howard_. _Disdain_, 80 45 _Jonas Bradbery_. _Lark_, 50 30 _Thomas Chichester_. _Edward of Malden_, 180 30 _William Pierce_. _Marigold_, 30 20 _William Newton_. _Black Dog_, 20 10 _John Davis_. _Catherine_, 20 10 _Fancy_, 50 20 _John Paul_. _Poppin_, 20 8 _Nightingal_, 160 16 _John Doate_. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 750 239 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 3. Ships serving with Sir FRANCIS DRAKE. The Galleon 400 160 _George Fennar_. _Leicester_, _Merchant Royal_, 400 160 _Robert Flyke_. _Edward 300 120 _James Lancaster_. Bonaventure_, _Roebuck_, 300 120 _Jacob Whitton_. _Golden Noble_, 250 110 _Adam Seigar_. _Griffin_, 200 100 _William Hawkins_. _Minion_, 200 80 _William Winter_. Bark _Talbot_, 200 90 _Henry White_. _Thomas Drake_, 200 80 _Henry Spendelow_. _Spark_, 200 90 _William Spark_. _Hopewell_, 200 100 _John Marchaunt_. Galleon _Dudley_, 250 100 _James Erizey_. _Virgin, 200 80 _John Greenfield_. God-save-her_, _Hope of Plymouth_, 200 70 _John Rivers_. Bark _Bond_, 150 70 _William Poole_. Bark _Bonner_, 150 70 _Charles Cæsar_. Bark _Hawkins_, 150 70 ... _Pridexe_. _Unity_, 80 70 _Humphry Sidnam_. _Elizabeth-Drake_, 60 30 _Thomas Seely_. Bark _Buggins_, 80 50 _John Langford_. Frigat _Elizabeth 80 50 _Roger Grant_. Fonnes_, Bark _Sellinger_, 160 80 _John Sellinger_. Bark _Mannington_, 160 80 _Ambrose Mannington_. _Golden Hind_, 50 30 _Thomas Flemming_. _Makeshift_, 60 40 _Peerce Leman_. _Diamond of 60 40 _Robert Holland_. Dartmouth_, _Speedwell_, 60 14 _Hugh Harding_. _Bear-Young_, 140 70 _John Young_. _Chance_, 60 40 _James Foues_. _Delight_, 50 30 _William Cox_. _Nightingale_, 40 30 _John Grisling_. _Carvel_, 30 24 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 5120 2348 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 4. _London_ Ships, fitted out by the City. _Hercules_, 300 120 _George Barnes_. _Toby_, 250 100 _Robert Barret_. _May-Flower_, 200 90 _Edward Banks_. _Minion_, 200 90 _John Dales_. _Royal-Defence_, 160 80 _John Chester_. _Ascension_, 200 100 _John Bacon_. _Gift of God_, 180 80 _Thomas Luntlowe_. _Primrose_, 200 90 _Robert Bringboorn_. _Margaret and John_, 200 90 _John Fisher_. _Golden Lion_, 140 70 _Robert Wilcox_. _Diana_, 80 70 Bark _Burre_, 160 70 _John Saracole_. _Teigur_, 200 90 _William Cæsar_. _Bersabe_, 160 70 _William Furthoe_. _Red Lion_, 200 90 _Jarvis Wild_. _Centurion_, 250 100 _Samuel Foxcraft_. _Passport_, 80 40 _Christopher Colthirst_. _Moonshine_, 60 30 _John Brough_. _Thomas 140 70 _William Adridge_. Bonaventure_, _Relief_, 60 30 _John King_. _Susan Ann Parnell_, 220 80 _Nicholas George_. _Violet_, 220 60 _Martin Hakes_. _Solomon_, 170 80 _Edmund Musgrave_. _Ann Francis_, 180 70 _Christopher Lister_. _George 200 80 _Eleazar Hikeman_. Bonaventure_, _Jane Bonaventure_, 100 50 _Thomas Hallwood_. _Vinyard_, 160 60 _Benjamin Cook_. _Samuel_, 140 50 _John Vassel_. _George Noble_, 150 80 _Henry Bellinger_. _Anthony_, 110 60 _George Harper_. _Toby_, 140 70 _Christopher Pigott_. _Salamander_, 120 60 ... _Samford_. _Rose Lion_, 110 50 _Barnaby Acton_. _Antelope_, 120 60 ... _Dennison_. _Jewel_, 120 60 ... _Rewell_. _Paunce_, 160 70 _William Butler_. _Providence_, 130 60 _Richard Chester_. _Dolphin_, 160 70 _William Hares_. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 6130 2710 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 5. Coasters with the Lord Admiral. Bark _Web_, 80 50 _John Trelawny_, 150 70 _Thomas Meeke_. _Hart of Dartmouth_, 60 30 _James Houghton_. Bark _Potts_, 180 80 _Anthony Potts_. _Little John_, 40 20 _Lawrence Cleyton_. _Bartholomew of 130 70 _Nicolas Wright_. Apsham_, _Rose of Apsham_, 110 50 _Thomas Sandy_. _Gift of Apsham_, 25 20 _Jacob of Lime_, 90 50 _Revenge of Lime_, 60 30 _Richard Bedford_. _William of 70 30 _John Smith_. Bridgewater_, _Crescent of 140 75 Dartmouth_, Galleon _of 100 50 _Richard Miller_. Weymouth_, _Katherine of 60 30 Weymouth_, _John of 70 50 _John Young_. Chichester_, _Hearty Ann_, 60 30 _John Winoll_. _Minion of Bristol_, 230 110 _John Satchfield_. _Unicorn of 130 66 _James Laughton_. Bristol_, _Handmaid of 85 56 _Christopher Pitt_. Bristol_, _Aid of Bristol_, 60 26 _William Megar_. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 1930 993 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 6. Coasters with the Lord HENRY SEYMOR. _Daniel_, 160 70 _Robert Johnson_. Galleon _Hutchins_, 150 60 _Thomas Tucker_. Bark _Lamb_, 150 60 _Leonard Harvel_. _Fancy_, 60 30 _Richard Fearn_. _Griffin_, 75 35 _John Dobson_. _Little Hare_, 50 25 _Matthew Railston_. _Handmaid_, 75 35 _John Gatenbury_. _Marygold_, 150 70 _Francis Johnson_. _Matthew_, 35 16 _Richard Mitchel_. _Susan_, 40 20 _John Musgrave_. _William of 140 30 _Barnaby Lewe_. Ipswich_, _Katherine of 125 50 _Thomas Grimble_. Ipswich_, _Primrose of 120 40 _John Cardinal_. Harwich_, _Ann-Bonaventure_, 60 50 _John Conny_. _William of Rye_, 80 60 _William Coxon_. _Grace of God_, 50 30 _William Fordred_. _Ellnathan of 120 70 _John Lidgier_. Dover_, _Reuben of 110 68 _William Crippt_. Sandwich_, _Hazard of 38 34 _Nicolas Turner_. Feversham_, _Grace of Yarmouth_, 150 70 _William Musgrave_. _May-flower_, 150 70 _Alexander Musgrave_. _William of 100 50 _Thomas Lambert_. Brickelsea_, _John Young_, 60 30 _Reynold Veyzey_. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 2248 1073 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 7. Volunteers with the Lord Admiral. _Samson_, 300 08 _John Mingfield_. _Francis of Foy_, 140 0 _John Resbley_. _Heath-Hen of 60 0 Weymouth_, _Golden Rial of 120 0 Weymouth_, Bark _Sutton of 70 0 _Hugh Preston_. Weymouth_, _Carowse_, 50 5 _Samaritan of 250 0 Dartmouth_, _William of 120 0 Plymouth_, _Gallego of 30 0 Plymouth_, Bark _Haulse_, 60 0 _Greenfield Haulse_. _Unicorn of 76 0 _Ralph Hawes_. Dartmouth_, _Grace of Apsham_, 100 0 _Walter Edney_. _Thomas 60 0 _John Pentyre_. Bonaventure_, _Rat of Wight_, 80 0 _Gilbert Lea_. _Margett_, 60 46 _William Hubberd_. _Elizabeth of 40 30 Laystaff_, _Raphael_, 40 30 _Fly-boat Young_, 60 40 _Nicolas Webb_. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 1716 859 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 8. Victuallers. Sailors Captain _Elizabeth 60 Bonaventure of London_, _Pelican_, 50 _Hope_, 40 _Unity_, 40 _Pearl_, 50 _Elizabeth of 60 London_, _John of London_, 70 _Barsaby_, 60 _Marygold_, 50 _White Hind_, 40 _Gift of God_, 40 _Jonas of 50 Alborough_, _Solomon of 60 Alborough_, _Richard Duffield_, 70 _Mary Rose_, 70 _Francis Burnell_. ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 810 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── _John of 40 Barnstaple_, _Greyhound of 65 Alborough_, _Jonas_, 30 _Fortune of 25 Alborough_, _Hearts-Ease_, 24 _Henry Harpham_. _Elizabeth of Low 30 Astoff_, A Galley, not 250 specified by Name, ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 474 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── SECT. III. BOTH Sides being thus fitted out, and prepared for Action, let us now proceed, _Thirdly_, To give an Account of the Expedition, and the several Engagements between the two Fleets, with the final Event of the whole. The King of _Spain_’s Instructions to his General, were[46], To repair to _Calais_ Road, and there wait for the Arrival of the Duke of _Parma_, who had Orders to join him with his Fleet and Forces; and, upon their meeting, to open a Letter directed to them both, with further Orders [particularly, to advance up the _Thames_, and attack _London_.] He was strictly enjoined, in the mean time, to sail along the Coasts of _Bretagne_ and _Normandy_, in order to avoid being discovered by the _English_ Fleet; and if unexpectedly he should meet them, not to offer Battle, but act only upon the Defensive. With these Instructions, the _Spanish_ Fleet set sail on the 19th of _May_ from the _Tagus_, and steer’d for the _Groyne_, the Place of general Rendezvous. But they had not been long at Sea, before they were so dispersed by a violent Storm, off of Cape _Finisterre_, that scarce the third Part of them reached, some Days after, the intended Port: And three of the Gallies, by the Stratagem of _David Gwyn_, an _English_ Slave, assisted by some of the _Moorish_ Rowers, were run into a Harbour of _France_[47]. In the mean time, the Lord _Howard_ having continued a good while upon the Narrow Seas between _England_ and _Flanders_[48], sent Sir _Francis Drake_ towards the Western Coasts, with about fifty Sail, great and small; intending to follow himself, with a stronger Force, if there should be Occasion. For the present he remained in the _Downs_, with the Lord _Henry Seymour_ his Vice-Admiral, where they had under their Command twenty Ships belonging to the City of _London_, with several other Vessels fitted out by the Coast-Towns, from the _Thames_ to _Newcastle_. But News being brought of the Armada’s being ready to put to Sea, the Admiral left the Lord _Henry Seymour_ with a convenient Number of Ships, to watch the Duke of _Parma_’s Motions; and setting Sail on the 21st of _May_, with about thirty Vessels of all Sorts, arrived on the 23d at _Plymouth_. Here he was joined by Sir _Francis Drake_, whom he constituted his Vice-Admiral, and whose Squadron, by the Addition of some Vessels from the Western Ports, amounted now to sixty Sail. The Lord _Howard_, upon his Arrival at _Plymouth_, gave Orders for the Victualling, and putting in Readiness, the whole Fleet, which now consisted in all of about ninety Ships and Barks. As soon as it was ready he put out to Sea, and cruized at the Channel’s Mouth, between _Ushent_ and _Scilly_, looking out for the _Spanish_ Fleet. He thus continued cruizing for several Days, sometimes upon the Coast of _France_, and sometimes upon that of _England_; and, at last, hearing nothing of the _Spaniards_, returned to _Plymouth_, for a new Supply of Victuals, and other Necessaries. Mean while, fourteen _Spanish_ Ships were discovered between _Ushent_ and _Scilly_, which were afterwards known to have been separated from the rest of the Fleet by the late Storm. But before they could be met with by any _English_ Ships, they had a Northerly Wind, which carried them back to the _Groyne_; where, and at the neighbouring Ports, the whole Fleet took in their Soldiers and Warlike Provisions. The _Spanish_ Fleet, as has been said above, had been dispersed, and somewhat disabled by a violent Storm. This had like to have proved more fatal to the _English_ than to the _Spaniards_ themselves[49]. For it being reported all over _Europe_, that the whole _Spanish_ Fleet was destroyed, Queen _Elizabeth_ and her Ministers thought that it was at least so damaged, as that it could not proceed ’till the next Year. Relying therefore upon this Intelligence, which they took for certain, Secretary _Walsingham_ signified the Queen’s Pleasure to the Lord High-Admiral, to send back four of his largest Ships into Port. His Lordship had, in the mean time, likewise Intelligences sundry ways, that the Enemy’s Fleet was dispersed into several Ports of _Spain_, distressed, spoiled, in want of Provisions, and with a great Mortality among the Men. This, however, happened to be only a false Rumour. The Lord-Admiral not thinking it safe to depend upon such Uncertainties, when the Nation’s All was at Stake, got the Order countermanded; alledging how dangerous it was to be too credulous in a matter of such Importance, and that he would rather keep the Ships out at his own Charge, than hazard his Country’s Safety. But, in order to be fully satisfied, (as he was sure that the Coasts of _England_ and _France_, which he had examined, were clear) he thought proper[50], with the Advice of a Council of War, to take the Opportunity of the first Northerly Wind, and go in quest of the _Spanish_ Fleet, in the _Groyne_, and other Ports of _Gallicia_; and there utterly destroy it, if it were already so disabled as was reported; or, if otherwise, to get certain Intelligence concerning its true State and Condition. Accordingly his Lordship made Sail for the Coast of _Spain_, with a Northerly Wind, and held the same Course for about three Days, from the 8th to the 10th of _July_. He was not then above forty Leagues from that Kingdom, when being informed that the Enemy’s Fleet was not so much damaged as reported, and the Wind coming to be Southerly, he judged it best (as his Instructions were to guard the _English_ Coasts,) to return to _Plymouth_; lest the same Wind should bring the Enemies out, and carry them by him, unseen, towards _England_. He arrived at _Plymouth_ the 12th of _July_, and with great Expedition supplied his Fleet with whatever Necessaries were wanting. His Caution was indeed very seasonable: For with the same Southerly Wind the Duke of _Medina Sidonia_ sailed, with the whole Fleet under his Command, from the _Groyne_, on the 12th of _July_, (the very same Day the Lord Admiral arrived at _Plymouth_,) and in two or three Days detached a Yatch to the Duke of _Parma_, with Notice of his being advanced so far. He pressed him at the same Time, to be ready with the Troops and Ships he was directed to provide, in order to pass over into _England_ under his Convoy, as soon as he should be arrived in the Streights of _Dover_. While the _Spanish_ Fleet lay at the _Groyne_[51], an _English_ Fisherman that was taken and brought to that Place, gave the Enemies, either out of Ignorance or Design, this false Account: “That the _English_ Fleet had lately been at Sea; but seeing no Prospect of the _Spaniards_ pursuing their Design that Year, was returned, and the greater Part of the Men belonging to the Ships discharged.” This false Intelligence made the Duke of _Medina Sidonia_ deviate from his Instructions; and as he vainly supposed that he could easily surprise our Fleet, and burn or otherwise destroy it, he resolved not to lose so glorious an Opportunity. Instead therefore of going directly to join the Duke of _Parma_, a Resolution was taken in the _Spanish_ Fleet, to bend their Course towards _England_. [52]On the 16th of _July_ there was a Calm and a thick Fog ’till Noon. Then the North East Wind blew very strong, and presently after the West Wind ’till Midnight; and then the East-South-East Wind; insomuch that the _Spanish_ Fleet being thereby dispersed, was hardly joined again ’till it came within Sight of _England_. At length this Fleet, after an indifferent Passage over the Bay of _Biscay_, arrived _July_ 19, in Sight of _England_ and entered the Channel. The first Land they made was the _Lizard_, which they took to be the _Ram’s Head_ near _Plymouth_; but Night approaching, they stood off, designing the next Morning to attack the _English_ Ships in _Plymouth_ Harbour. The same Day[53], the Lord Admiral was informed by Captain _Thomas Flemming_, Commander of the _Golden Hind_ Pinnace, who had been left in the Channel for Discovery, that [Sidenote: PLATE 1.] the _Spanish_ Fleet was seen near the _Lizard_, the Wind being then Southerly, or South-West. Tho’ the Wind blew hard into _Plymouth-Sound_, and the Intelligence was not received ’till about four o’ Clock in the Afternoon, yet his Lordship, with much Diligence and Industry, got out the same Evening with six of his Ships, and anchored with them alone the whole Night, without the Harbour. [54]The next Day, _July_ 20, the Lord High-Admiral, accompanied with fifty four Ships of his Fleet, that had plied out of the _Sound_, notwithstanding the South-West Wind, advanced towards the Enemy. They were scarce got as far as the _Eddystone_, when they discovered, about Noon, the _Spanish_ Fleet to the [Sidenote: PLATE 2.]Westward, opposite to _Fowey_, in form of a half Moon (the Points whereof were about seven Miles asunder) coming slowly up the Channel, tho’ with full Sails. The _English_ suffered them to pass by unmolested, that they might chace them in the rear, with all the Advantage of the Wind. The next Morning, _July_ 21, all the _English_ Ships being then come out of _Plymouth_, and in number near a hundred, had recovered the Wind of the _Spaniards_[55], two Leagues to the Westward of _Eddystone_. About Nine o’ Clock, the Lord-Admiral sent his Pinnace, named the _Defiance_[56], to denounce War against the Enemy, by the Discharge of all her Guns. He himself immediately seconded her from his own Ship, the _Ark-Royal_, by thundering furiously on one of the Enemy’s, commanded by _Alphonso de Leva_, which he mistook for the _St. Martin_, the Admiral’s Ship; but she was, after a smart Engagement, [Sidenote: PLATE 3.]rescued by the _Spaniards_. In the mean time, Sir _Francis Drake_, Captain _John Hawkins_, and Captain _Martin Forbisher_, vigorously engaged the Enemy’s sternmost Ships, under the Conduit of their Vice-Admiral _Recalde_; in one of which _Recalde_ himself was supposed to be. He did all that a gallant Officer could do to keep his Ships together; but the Fight was so briskly maintained, that, notwithstanding all his Endeavours, they were forced to retreat to the main Body of the Fleet; and at length, his own Ship being very much damaged with Shot, and grown unserviceable, he retired thither himself, tho’ with much ado. In this first Engagement _Recalde_’s Ship lost fifteen Men[57]. At the same time, the Duke of _Medina_ gathered together his Fleet[58], which was dispersed about; and hoisting more Sail, held on his Course with all the Speed he could make. Nor was it in his Power to do otherwise, seeing the Wind favoured the _English_, and their Ships were so light and nimble, that they would charge, wind, and tack about with incredible Swiftness; whereas the _Spanish_ great and heavy Slugs, stood like so many Butts for the _English_ Shot. Although the _Spaniards_ were so briskly charged by the _English_, they made a running Fight of it; and, after a smart Engagement of two Hours, the Lord High-Admiral thought fit to desist, because forty of his Ships were not yet come up, being scarce got out of _Plymouth_ Haven[59]. So not proceeding any farther, he gave the Signal for a Council of War;——Wherein his Lordship’s prudent and considerate Advice being very much approved, Orders were delivered to each Captain, in what manner they should pursue the Enemy. The Night following, one of the _Spanish_ Ships, called the _St. Katherine_, having received much Damage in the Fight, was brought into the midst of their Fleet, to be repaired[60]. And a large _Biscayan_ Ship of eight hundred Tuns, belonging to _Michael de Oquendo_, Admiral of the _Guypuscoan_ Squadron, on board of which was the Treasurer of the Fleet, was designedly set on Fire by a _Dutch_ Gunner, who had been ill used[61]; but the _Spaniards_ took out the best Part of the Money, when they saw the Ship in Danger; and after her upper Part was burnt and blown up, the Flame was extinguished by some Ships that came seasonably to her Assistance. But one of them, a great Galleon, commanded by Don _Pedro de Valdez_, sprung her Foremast and Boltsprit, by falling foul of another Vessel in the Hurry and Confusion; and so, not being able to keep Company with the rest of the Fleet, was left behind. The Night being extremely dark, and the Sea running so high, that no Succour could come to her, she fell the next Day, _July_ 22, into the Hands of [Sidenote: PLATE 4.]Sir _Francis Drake_; who had her conducted to _Dartmouth_, and sent the Captain, and some other Gentlemen who were on board, Prisoners to _Plymouth_, where they remained eighteen Months, ’till their Ransoms were paid. In this Galleon was found fifty five thousand Ducats of Gold, which _Drake_’s Men shared amongst themselves. [62]This Night the _Spanish_ Fleet bore along by the _Start_, and the next Morning was as far to the Leward as the _Berry_[63]. Sir _Francis Drake_ had been ordered to carry Lights; but being in full Chace of some _German_ Hulks, or Merchant-Men, which he discovered late in the Evening, and took for Enemies, he happened to neglect it; which occasioned most of the Fleet to lye by all Night, because not seeing the Lights, they knew not whom to follow. For that Reason, Sir _Francis_, and the rest of the Fleet, did not come up ’till the next Evening with the Lord Admiral; who, accompanied only with the _Bear_ and the _Mary Rose_, had pursued the Enemy, within Culverin Shot, all the foregoing Night. [64]Thro’ this Mistake, the rest of the _English_ Fleet staid so far behind, that the next Morning the nearest could scarce be seen half Mast high, and very many were quite out of Sight. _July_ 22. This whole Day the _Spanish_ Admiral spent in disposing his Fleet in the best Order he could think of. [65]He commanded _Alphonso de Leva_ to bring the first and the last Squadron together; and assigning every particular Ship its proper Station in Battle, according to the Plan agreed on in _Spain_, enjoined their respective Commanders to keep the same on Pain of Death. He also dispatch’d _Glich_, an Ensign, to the Prince of _Parma_, to advise him of his near Approach, and inform him of the State of the Navy. In the mean time, the forementioned Ship of _Oquendo_ having been much damaged by the Fire, the _Spanish_ Admiral ordered, after the Officers, Men, and Money were removed into another Vessel, [Sidenote: PLATE 5.]that she should be abandoned, and set adrift[66]. Whereupon, the Lord High-Admiral sent the Lord _Thomas Howard_, and Captain _Hawkins_ in a small Skiff on board her, who found her in a very pitiful Condition. Her Decks were fallen in, the Steerage broken, the Stern blown out, and about fifty poor Creatures burnt with Powder in a most miserable manner. The Stench, as well as the horrible Spectacle, soon made them return to the Lord-Admiral; who ordered the Bark _Fleming_ to conduct her into some Port, and accordingly she was brought the next Day into _Weymouth_. The Night following prov’d very calm; during which, the four Galleasses of _Naples_ singling themselves from the rest of the Enemy’s Fleet, gave Reason to suspect that they had a Design to distress some of the small _English_ Vessels, which were short of the Fleet; but their Courage failing them, they attempted nothing. On the 23d the Wind turning to the North-East, the _Spaniards_ took the Advantage of it; and when they came over against _Portland_, tacked about upon the _English_, who presently tacked likewise, and stood in to the North-West, towards the Shore, as did the _Spaniards_ also. But that Course not being good for the _English_ to recover the Wind of the _Spaniards_, the former cast about to the Eastward. And, after several Attempts on both Sides to get the Weather-gage, the _Spaniards_ offering to board the _English_, a smart Engagement began, which was managed with Confusion enough, and with Variety of Success. The Enemy seeing several of the _English_ Ships waited their coming, particularly the _Ark_, the _Nonpareil_, the _Elizabeth-Jonas_, the _Victory_, _&c._ they fell a stern the _Nonpareil_, which was the hindmost Ship; and in the mean time, the _Triumph_, with the _Merchant-Royal_, the _Centurion_, the _Margaret_ and _John_, the _Mary-Rose_, and the _Golden-Lion_, were so far to the Leeward, and at such a Distance from the rest of the Fleet, that the Galleasses took Courage, and bearing down upon them, attacked them very vigorously; but they gave them a warm Reception for an Hour and a half, ’till some of her Majesty’s Ships came to their Relief. The Wind then shifted to the South-East, and afterwards to the South-South-West; [Sidenote: PLATE 6.]whereupon a Body of _English_ Ships, and several Merchant-Men attacked the _Spanish_ Fleet so sharply to the Westward, that it was all forced to give way. The Lord-Admiral perceiving this, and observing at the same Time the Distress which the _Triumph_ and the five Ships above mentioned in her Company, were in, he ordered some Ships that were then near at hand, to follow him, and to set upon the _Spaniards_ a-fresh; and he strictly charged them, to go within Musket-Shot of the Enemy, before they discharged any one Piece of Ordnance, that they might have a better Mark, and more effectually succour the _Triumph_. This was immediately performed by the _Ark_, the _Elizabeth-Jonas_, the Galleon of _Leicester_, the _Golden Lion_, the _Victory_, the _Mary Rose_, the _Dreadnought_, and the _Swallow_; for in that order they proceeded. The Duke of _Medina_ perceiving their Design, came out with sixteen of his best Galleons, to intercept the Lord Admiral, and stop him from assisting the _Triumph_. But, after a very sharp Conflict, the _Spaniards_ were forced to give way, and for their greater Safety to gather themselves close into a Roundel, their best and largest Ships standing outermost, and fencing the lesser and the most battered. In this Conflict, _William Coxe_, Captain of a small Pinnace of Sir _William Winter_’s, nam’d the _Delight_, was slain by a great Shot, while he was bravely fighting against the Enemy. Towards the Evening, four or five of the _Spanish_ Vessels edged out of the South-Westward, where they were met by some of our Ships; amongst which, the _May-Flower of London_ valiantly discharged some Pieces of Cannon at them; and, on this and other Occasions, that Ship’s Company behaved with great Resolution and Courage. Thus the Fight continued from Morning till Night, being managed with great Bravery; but the _Spaniards_ Shot flew, for the most part, over the Heads of the _English_, without doing Execution[67]; the reason of which was, that the _English_ Ships being far less than the Enemy’s, made the Attack with more Quickness and Agility; and when they had given a Broad-Side, sheer’d off to a convenient Distance; and levell’d their Shot so directly at the larger and more unwieldy Ships of the _Spaniards_, as seldom to miss their Aim. Some advis’d the Lord-Admiral, with more Heat than Discretion, to grapple with and board them; but he thought it neither safe nor convenient; because the Enemy’s Fleet had a considerable Army on board, whereas ours had no such Advantage; besides their Ships far exceeded the _English_ in Number and Bulk, and were much stronger and higher built; insomuch that their Men having the Opportunity to ply the others from such lofty Decks, must inevitably have destroyed those that were obliged, as it were, to fight beneath them. And he foresaw likewise, that the Damage and Disgrace of a total Defeat would much outweigh the Advantage of a Victory, should he happen to obtain it; since, if he was vanquished, it would have much endangered the Safety of the whole Kingdom; but if he got the better, he could obtain no more than the naked Credit of putting a Fleet in Disorder, and baffling an Enemy.——In this Day’s Engagement, a great _Venetian_ Ship, with several other smaller ones were taken by the _English_[68]. On the 24th of _July_, there was but little done[69]; the Fight being only between four great Galleasses and some _English_ Vessels[70]. The _Spaniards_, upon this Occasion had great Advantage, since their Ships had Oars, and ours, by reason of a Calm, had no use of their Sails. However, the _English_ galled the Enemy very much with their Cannon and Chain-Shot; but at last, wanting Powder and other Necessaries to continue the Fight, the Lord Admiral sent some Vessels into the next Port for a Supply. In the mean time, a Council of War was held, wherein it was agreed, That the Fleet should be divided into four Squadrons, to be commanded, the first by the Lord Admiral himself in the _Ark-Royal_; the second by Sir _Francis Drake_ in the _Revenge_; the third by Captain _Hawkins_; and the fourth by Captain _Forbisher_. [71]This Afternoon, his Lordship gave order, that in the Night, six Merchant-Ships out of every Squadron (as being the lightest) should set upon the _Spanish_ Fleet in several Places at once; but it being calm all that Night, nothing could be done. The next Morning, _July 25_, both [Sidenote: PLATE 7.]Fleets being come over against the Isle of _Wight_, (which the _Spaniards_ had resolved to make themselves Masters of,) and not above a hundred Yards asunder, a terrible Fight began[72]. The _St. Ann_, a large _Portuguese_ Galleon, being short of the rest to the Southward, because not able to keep up with them, was attack’d by some of Captain _Hawkins_’s Squadron, which stood next to it; who causing themselves to be towed along, attempted to board her, and went so close, that their Boats were beaten off with Musket-Shot: _Leva_ and Don _Diego Telles Enriques_ perceiving the Galleon’s Danger, issued out of the _Spanish_ Fleet with three Galleasses, and endeavoured to rescue her; but they were so warmly received by the Lord Admiral himself, and the Lord _Thomas Howard_ in the _Golden Lion_, who, by reason of the Calm, had their Ships tow’d along with Boats, that the Galleon was got off with much Difficulty, and not without Loss; for one of the Galleasses was forc’d to be carried away upon the Careen; another, by a Shot from the _Ark_, lost her Lanthorn; and the third her Peak-head. Thus many Shots were interchanged between the _Ark_ and _Lion_ and the Galleasses, in Sight of both Fleets, which looked on, and could not come near by reason of the Calm. At length it began to blow a small Gale, whereupon the _Spanish_ Fleet edged up to succour their Galleasses, and so rescued them; but so roughly were the Galleasses handled, that after this none of them would venture upon any new Engagement. [73]Then the Fleets drawing near one another the Fight was renewed; but it did not continue long; except that the _Nonpareil_ and the _Mary Rose_ were for some time engaged with the Enemy, and striking their Topsails, lay a while by, and braved the whole Fleet of _Spain_. In the mean while, the _Triumph_, to the Northward of the _Spanish_ Fleet, was so far to Leward, that being apprehensive some of the Enemy might weather her, she towed off with the Help of several Boats, and so recovered the Wind. The _Bear_ and the _Elizabeth Jonas_ perceiving her in Distress, bore down to rescue her, and by their Boldness put themselves into the like Danger; but they, however, made their party good, ’till they had recovered the Wind. And thus ended this Day’s Fight, which was very sharp for the time. [74]The _Spaniards_ gave a different Account of this Day’s Engagement; for they said that the _English_ did miserably batter, with their great Guns, the _Spanish_ Admiral, who lay in the rear; came so near him as to kill many of his Men; brought his Mainmast by the board; and he was in great Danger of being lost, had not _Mexia_ and _Recalde_ come timely to his Assistance; but that, after this, the _Spanish_ Admiral and his Men, seconded by _Recalde_, and others, set upon the _English_ Admiral, who by the turning of the Wind happily escaped; that the _Spaniards_ from that time gave over the Chace, and keeping on their Course, dispatch’d a Messenger to the Duke of _Parma_, to desire him to come and join the Armada with his own Squadron as soon as possible; and to send them withal some great Shot for the use of the main Fleet. [75]However it be, the _English_ had so battered the Enemy in the last Conflict, that the latter had Recourse to the Form of a Roundel for their better Security. [76]On _Friday, July 26_, the Lord High-Admiral sent for the Lord _Thomas Howard_ the Lord _Sheffield_, _Roger Townshend_, Captain _Martin Forbisher_, Captain _John Hawkins_, on board his own Ship the _Ark_; and there confer’d on them the Honour of Knighthood, as well for a Reward of their good Services in the late Engagement, as for an Encouragement to the rest of the Officers. [77]Next, a Council of War being held, it was determined, as our Ships began to want Powder and Shot, that they should not attack the _Spaniards_ again ’till they came to the Streights of _Calais_; because they would there be joined and reinforced by the Squadron under the Command of the Lord _Henry Seymour_ and Sir _William Winter_, stationed in those Parts to block up the Duke of _Parma_; and might, at the same time, receive a plentiful Store of Ammunition from our Coasts. [78]So the _Spanish_ Fleet sailed forward, [Sidenote: PLATE 8.]this and the best part of the next Day, with a gentle Gale at South-West and by South, the _English_ following them close, and driving them like Sheep before them; and so far was this Invincible Armada from alarming the Sea-Coasts with any frightful Apprehensions, that a great many of the young Nobility and Gentry entered themselves Volunteers, and taking leave of their Parents, Wives, and Children, did, with incredible Chearfulness, hire Ships at their own Charge; and, in pure Love to their Country, joined the Grand Fleet in vast numbers: [79]Among which were, the Earls of _Oxford_, _Northumberland_, and _Cumberland_; the Lord _Dudley_; Sir _Thomas_, Sir _Robert_, and _William Cecil_; Sir _Henry Brooke_, Sir _William Hatton_, Sir _Charles Blount_, Sir _Walter Raleigh_, Sir _Robert Carey_, Sir _Ambrose Willoughby_, Sir _Thomas Vavasor_, Sir _Horatio Pallavicini_; _Thomas Gerard_, _Henry Nowel_, _Edward Darcy_, _Thomas Woodhouse_, _William Harvey_, _Arthur Gorges_, and others; [80]and at the same time, the Justices of Peace in the maritime Counties, as also the Earl of _Sussex_, Sir _George Carey_, and the Captains of the Forts and Castles along the Sea-Coasts, sent Ships, Men, Powder, Shot, Victuals, and all kinds of Provisions, for the Relief and Assistance of the main Fleet. [81]_July 27._ This Day, towards the Evening, the _Spanish_ Fleet came to an Anchor before _Calais_; [82]intending for _Dunkirk_, where they were to join the Prince of _Parma_’s Forces; [83]but their Pilots having told them, that, if they ventured any farther, they should be in danger of being carried away by the Force of the Tide into the Northern Channel, for that Reason they proceeded no farther than _Calais_; the _English_, on their part, followed them close, and anchored within Culverin-Shot of them; and, by the accession of the Ships under the Lord _Henry Seymour_ and Sir _William Winter_, consisted now of a hundred and forty Sail, all stout Ships, and nimble and good Sailors; tho’ the main Brunt of the Engagement lay but upon fifteen or sixteen of them. The _Spaniards_ now sent several Messengers, one after another, to the Duke of _Parma_, to press and importune him to send out forty Fly-Boats to their Assistance; without which, by reason of the Unwieldiness of their Ships, they could not, as they said, engage the light and active Vessels of the _English_; they entreated him likewise, with great Earnestness, to use all Speed in embarking his Army, and be ready to take the first Opportunity, under their Protection, of landing in _England_; but it seems he was not ready, and so could not answer their Summons; his flat-bottom’d Boats were all leaky, his Provisions not yet all brought in, and his Sailors, who had been hitherto kept together against their Wills, had deserted in great numbers; besides, thirty five Men of War belonging to _Holland_ and _Zealand_, commanded by Count _Justin de Nassau_, continued to block up the very Mouth of the Harbours of _Dunkirk_ and _Nieuport_, from whence alone he could put to Sea; and so well were they furnished with great Guns and small Arms, that he could not possibly put from Shore, without running a very great and manifest Danger; however, intending as soon as he conveniently could, to join the _Spanish_ Fleet, he sent a Pinnace to inform the Duke of _Medina_, “[84]That he could not be ready for them ’till the _Friday_ following, _September 4_;” but the _Spanish_ Fleet was forced to depart before that time, in the utmost Hurry and Confusion. [85]For, on _July 28_, the next Day [Sidenote: PLATE 9.]after their coming to an Anchor, the Lord Admiral, by the Queen’s express Command and Direction, singled out eight of his worst Ships; bestowed upon them good Plenty of Pitch, Tar, Rosin, and Wildfire; lined them well with Brimstone and other combustible Matter; and loaded all their Cannon with Bullets, Chains, and the like destructive Instruments; thus equip’d, he sent them with the Wind and Tide, about two o’ Clock in the Morning, into the midst of the _Spanish_ Fleet, under the Conduct of —— _Young_ and —— _Prowse_; who when they were come within Cannon-Shot, set Fire to the Trains, and then retired. The Approach of these Fire-Ships, and the dreadful Blaze which the Fire made all the Sea over, was no sooner perceived by the _Spaniards_, but it put their whole Fleet into the utmost Consternation. Many of the Soldiers on board had been at the Siege of _Antwerp_[86], and seen the destructive Machines made use of there: Suspecting therefore that these were big with other Engines of Slaughter, besides the destructive Element that show’d itself without, they began to raise a most hideous Clamour of, _Cut your Cables, or get up your Anchors_; [87]and in a panic Fright put to Sea with all the Confusion and Precipitancy imaginable. [88]The _Spaniards_ reported, however, That their Admiral, upon the Approach of the Fire-Ships, made the Signal for weighing Anchor, and standing out to Sea; and ordered that each Ship, after the Danger was over, should return to her Station; that he did return himself, and fired a Gun as a Signal for the rest to do the like; but the Report thereof was heard but by few; because their Fears had so dispersed them, that some were got a considerable way out to Sea, and others among the Shoals on the Coast of _Flanders_. However it was, the _Spanish_ Fleet being by this successful Stratagem thus driven from their Station in _Calais-Road_[89], another very sharp Engagement began the next Morning about Eight o’ Clock, _July 29_, and continued eight Hours. The chief Galleass, commanded by _Hugo de Moncada_, having in the last Night’s Confusion lost her Rudder, by falling foul of another Ship’s Cable, and floated up and down for some time before the Wind, endeavoured to save herself by rowing into [Sidenote: PLATE 10.]_Calais_ Harbour; which the Lord Admiral perceiving, he dispatch’d Mr. _Amias Preston_, one of his Lieutenants, into his Long-Boat, with Mr. _Thomas Gerrard_, Mr. _William Hervey_, and others, to take her; she did not however surrender ’till after a sharp and doubtful Dispute, wherein _Hugo de Moncada_ was killed, by a Shot in the Head; and the Soldiers and Rowers to the number of four hundred, either drowned or put to the Sword: [90]The Ship and Guns, after the _English_ had freed three hundred Galley-Slaves which were on board, and taken out fifty thousand Ducats of Gold, of the King of _Spain_’s Money, fell, as a Wreck to Monsieur _Gourden_, Governor of _Calais_[91]. [92]In the taking of this Galleass, Mr. _Gerard_ and Mr. _Harvey_ signalized themselves; for they entered it only with their Swords; a thing then commonly spoken of with Admiration, the like having never been hazarded before, considering the Height of this Galleass compar’d to a Ship’s Boat. [93]The rest of the _Spaniards_ in the mean time, managed their Fleet as well as they could, and stood over against _Graveling_, where the _English_ once more getting the Weather-Gage of them, deprived them of the Conveniency of _Calais-Road_, and kept them from receiving any Supplies from _Dunkirk_. [94]Whilst the Lord Admiral was employed in taking the forementioned Galleass, Sir _Francis Drake_ in the _Revenge_, with Mr. _Thomas Fennar_ in the _Nonpareil_, and the rest of his Squadron, warmly engaged the _Spanish_ Fleet; soon after Sir _John Hawkins_ in the _Victory_, accompanied with Mr. _Edward Fenton_ in the _Mary Rose_, Sir _George Beeston_ in the _Dreadnought_, Mr. _Richard Hawkins_ in the _Swallow_, and the rest of that Squadron; together with Sir _Robert Southwell_ in the _Elizabeth-Jonas_, and Mr. _Robert Cross_ in the _Hope_; bearing up with the Middle of the _Spanish_ Fleet, there continued all that Forenoon a furious Engagement, wherein Sir _George Beeston_ behaved himself very valiantly; they were in the mean time seconded by the Lord Admiral, the Lord _Thomas Howard_, and the Lord _Sheffield_, who also acquitted themselves very bravely: Astern of these a great Galleon was attack’d by the Earl of _Cumberland_ and Mr. _George Ryman_ in the _Bonaventure_, and was likewise battered by the Lord _Henry Seymour_ in the _Rainbow_, and Sir _William Winter_ in the _Vanguard_; and tho’ she then recovered the Fleet, yet she sunk the Night following. [95]On the other hand, the Duke of _Medina_, with the rest of the _Spanish_ Captains, as _Leva_, _Oquendo_, _Recalde_, _&c._ having with much ado got clear of the Shallows, were forced to stand the Brunt of the _English_ Fire, ’till they were miserably torn, and in several Places shot through; [96]and a great Galleon of _Biscay_, of five hundred Tuns, with two Saicks, were sunk. The Galleon _St. Matthew_, of eight hundred Tuns, commanded by Don _Diego de Piementelli_, coming to the Assistance of Don _Francisco de Toledo_, in the _St. Philip_, another Galleon of seven hundred Tuns, they were both miserably shattered by the Lord _Henry Seymour_ and Sir _William Winter_; [97]and being driven on the Coast of _Ostend_, were likewise there roughly handled by the _Zealanders_; but _Piementelli_ refusing to leave his Ship, (though the Duke of _Medina_ sent him his own,) did all he could to disengage himself; and therefore making towards the Coast of _Flanders_, he was there again attacked by five _Dutch_ Men of War, and forc’d at last to strike to _Peter Dousa_[98], one of the _Dutch_ Captains, who carried him into _Zealand_ and, for a Trophy of his Victory, hung his Flag in the Church of _Leyden_, which reach’d from the top of it to the bottom; [99]during which, a _Castilian_ Ship of four hundred Tuns, was cast away on the _Flemish_ Coast. The _St. Philip_, after having been driven almost as far as _Ostend_, where her Commander left her because she proved extremely leaky, was seized by some Ships of _Flushing_. Thus did the Fight continue for the best part of this whole Day; during which the _Spanish_ Fleet was closely pursued, extremely battered, and reduced to the utmost Distress[100]. The _English_ Commanders in general, shewed on all Occasions great Resolution and Bravery; and in this last Action, the Earl of _Cumberland_, the Lords _Henry Seymour_, _Thomas Howard_, and _Edmund Sheffield_; Sir _William Winter_, Sir _Robert Southwell_, Sir _George Beeston_, Sir _John Hawkins_; and the Captains _Edward Fenton_, _Richard Hawkins_, _George Ryman_, and [101]_Robert Cross_ signalized themselves in a remarkable manner; the latter, in particular, sunk the great Galleon of _Biscay_ above mentioned, and two other Vessels. As for the _Spaniards_, though some of them performed their Duty, and fought with great Bravery, yet, in general, they acted but faintly, and stood for the most part only upon the defensive, especially after they saw themselves disappointed of the Duke of _Parma_’s Assistance. “The Duke of _Medina_, we are told[102], to his Dishonour, was lodged in the Bottom of his Ship for his Safety, and the rest of the Commanders would never turn their Ships, nor stop them, to defend any of their own Friends that were forced to tarry behind, but suffered divers to perish; and so fearful was the Admiral, that if the _English_ had offered to board the _Spanish_ Ships, it was thought they would have yielded without making any Resistance.” [103]In this last Engagement the _Spaniards_ lost five thousand Men, a thousand whereof were drowned[104]; and the next Day two _Venetian_ Ships sunk, having eight hundred and forty three Men on board, which all perished. [105]After this Fight there remained of the whole _Spanish_; Fleet but one hundred and ten, or one hundred and twelve Ships, and those extremely battered and shot through, and having their Rigging much damaged with the Shot. [106]The next Day, _July 30_, the Lord Admiral ordered the Lord _Henry Seymour_, and Sir _William Winter_ to return back with their Squadron into the narrow Seas, to guard the Coasts; as for himself, he resolved to follow the _Spanish_ Fleet, ’till they came as far Northward as the _Forth_ in _Scotland_, if they bent their Course that way; and, in the mean time, he thought it best not to attack them any more, ’till he saw what they proposed to do: However, being persuaded that they intended to put into the Firth of _Forth_, his Lordship had devised Stratagems, and taken Measures to make an utter End of them there. [107]_July 31._ This Day the _Spaniards_ would fain have retreated, early in the Morning, thro’ the Streights of _Dover_; but the Wind coming up with hard Gales at North West, forced them towards the Coast of _Zealand_; the _English_ then gave over the Chace, because they perceived them hastening fast enough to their own Destruction; for with the Wind at West North-West, they could not fail of being driven among the Shallows and Sands of that Coast: But the Wind soon happening to come about to the South-West and by West, the _Spaniards_ tacked, and sailing before the Wind, got out of Danger. In the Evening, they held a Council of War, wherein it was unanimously resolved[108], That seeing they were in want of many Necessaries, especially of Cannon-Ball, that the Ships were very much shattered, their Anchors left in _Calais-Road_, their Provisions short, their Water spent, a great number of their Soldiers slain, many of their Men sick and wounded, and that there was no hopes of the Duke of _Parma_’s coming out to join them, they should return to _Spain_, by the North of _Scotland_. Pursuant to this Resolution, being now out of Danger, and in the main Ocean, and having thrown all their Horses and Mules over board [Sidenote: GENERAL CHART.]to save Water, they steer’d Northward, and the _English_ renew’d the Chace after them; now and then the _Spanish_ Ships slacken’d their Sails, and seem’d to stay for the coming up of the _English_, so that it was generally thought their Fleet would tack about, but they thought best, after all, to keep on their Course Northward. * * * * * Here it will not be improper to leave them for a while, and see what was doing in the mean time in _England_[109]. The 9th of _August_ Queen _Elizabeth_ was pleased, in order both to comfort her People, and to shew her own Magnanimity, to come and view her Army and Camp at _Tilbury_; the next Morning after her Arrival, she rode with a General’s Truncheon in her Hand, thro’ all the Ranks of the Army, like armed _Pallas_, attended by the Earls of _Leicester_ and _Essex_, _Henry Norris_, Lord Marshall, and others; having the Sword carried before her by the Earl of _Ormond_; and among other kind and obliging Discourses, made the following most excellent Speech to her Army[110]: MY LOVING PEOPLE, _WE have been persuaded by some that are careful of our Safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed Multitudes; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving People. Let Tyrants fear; I have always so behaved myself, that under_ GOD _I have placed my chiefest Strength and Safeguard in the loyal Hearts and Good-Will of my Subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see at this time, not for my Recreation and Disport, but being resolved, in the Midst and Heat of the Battle, to live or die amongst you all; to lay down for my_ GOD, _and for my Kingdom, and for my People, my Honour and my Blood, even in the Dust. I know I have the Body but of a weak and feeble Woman, but I have the Heart and Stomach of a King, and of a King of_ England _too; and think foul Scorn that_ Parma _or_ Spain, _or any Prince of_ Europe, _should dare to invade the Borders of my Realm; to which, rather than any Dishonour shall grow by me, I myself will take up Arms, I myself will be your General, Judge, and Rewarder of every one of your Virtues in the Field. I know already for your Forwardness, you have deserved Rewards and Crowns; and we do assure you, in the Word of a Prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my Lieutenant-General shall be in my stead, than whom never Prince commanded a more noble or worthy Subject; not doubting but by your Obedience to my General, by your Concord in the Camp, and your Valour in the Field, we shall shortly have a famous Victory over those Enemies of my_ GOD, _of my Kingdoms, and of my People_. [111]It is scarce to be conceived what a Spirit of Bravery this great Queen’s Presence and noble Behaviour infus’d into the Officers and Soldiers: [112]They saluted her with Cries, with Shouts, with all Tokens of Love, of Obedience, and of Readiness to fight for her; they praised her stately Person and princely Behaviour, prayed for her Life and Happiness, and cursed all her Enemies, both Traitors and Papists, with earnest Desire to venture their Lives for her Safety: [113]One who was an Eye Witness relates moreover, that “the whole Armie in every Quarter, did devoutely, at certaine Times, sing in her hearing, in a very tunable manner, divers Psalmes put into Forme of Prayers in Praise of Almighty GOD, which she greatly commended, and with very earnest Speech thanked GOD with them[114].” Next, if we look into _Flanders_, we shall find, [115]that on the 29th of _July_, the Duke of _Parma_ having paid his Addresses to our Lady of _Halle_, came to _Dunkirk_, tho’ something of the latest; for which Reason the _Spaniards_ received him in a very reproachful manner; as if, out of some By-Regards to Queen _Elizabeth_, he had designedly slipt so fair an Opportunity of doing Wonders for the Service of his Country. The Duke, to appease this Storm, punish’d those who had the Charge of Victualling his Fleet; but, however, he did not attempt to put to Sea, being still block’d up by the Lord _Henry Seymour_’s and Sir _William Winter_’s Squadron, which were returned from the Chace. In the mean time, he could not but secretly laugh at the saucy and insolent Brags of the _Spaniards_, whom he had heard talking at this vain rate, “That where ever they turn’d their Sails, a most certain Victory waited upon their Course, and that the _English_ would not have Courage enough to look them in the Face.” * * * * * To return now to the two Fleets. We left the _Spaniards_ sailing Northward, and the _English_ in Pursuit of them: [116]When the latter were come to fifty five Degrees thirteen Minutes North Latitude, and thirty Leagues East of _Newcastle_, the Lord High Admiral determined to attack the _Spanish_ Fleet again on the _Friday_ following, _August 2_, but he thought fit to alter his Resolution, chiefly upon these two Accounts: Because he plainly perceived by the Enemies Course, that they had no other Intention but to save themselves, by sailing North, round the _British_ Islands; and, because several of his Ships wanted Victuals and other Necessaries; which was not so much owing to any Neglect, as to the Victuallers not knowing where to send to the Fleet; for the Queen had most amply and carefully provided whatever was convenient and necessary. It was therefore concluded, to leave the _Spanish_ Fleet to pursue their Course, and to sail for the Firth of _Forth_; both to get Refreshment, and to perform some other Business which the Lord Admiral thought necessary to be done; but the Wind coming contrary, that is Westerly, the next Day his Lordship altered his Course, and sending only some Advice-Boats to observe the Enemies farther Motion, he returned with the whole Fleet back to _England_, where they arrived, some at _Yarmouth_, some at _Harwich_, and others at the _Downs_, about the 7th of _August_. The _Spaniards_ being now got clear of their troublesome Pursuers, resolv’d to make the best of their way for _Spain_. [117]Some Suspicions there were, that they design’d to betake themselves to the King of _Scots_, who was provok’d to an high degree for his Mother’s Death; and therefore, the better to keep him in Temper, _Ashby_, the Queen of _England_’s Ambassador in _Scotland_, made him very considerable Offers, which, however, were not performed: But the _Spaniards_ having now laid aside all Thoughts and Hopes of returning to attack the _English_; and perceiving their main Safety lay in their Flight, they made no Stop at any Port whatever. [118]About twenty five Ships now remain’d with the Duke of _Medina_, and forty with _Recalde_; [119]these, with the rest of the Fleet, sail’d about _Cathness_ for the Coast of _Ireland_, and pass’d between the _Orcades_ and _Fair-Isle_, to the sixty first Degree of North Latitude; [120]an unaccustom’d Place for the young Gallants of _Spain_, that had never felt Storms on the Sea, or cold Weather in _August_. [121]When the _English_ left off pursuing the _Spaniards_, the latter wanted of their whole Fleet fifteen or sixteen Ships; and had lost, in the several Engagements, and by Sickness, eight thousand Men at least. And here their ill Fortune did not stop, but continued to persecute them all the rest of their Voyage; [122]for on the Coast of _Scotland_ they lost the two following Ships, which had been so extremely battered by the _English_ Shot, that they founder’d at Sea; namely, the _St. Matthew_, a Ship of five hundred Tuns, in which four hundred and fifty Men were drowned; and a Biscainer of _St. Sebastian’s_, of four hundred Tuns, in which three hundred and fifty Men perished: [123]Moreover, in these or other Ships, above seven hundred Soldiers were cast on Shore in _Scotland_, who, by the Duke of _Parma_’s Mediation with the King of _Scots_, and with Queen _Elizabeth_’s Permission, were sent over, a Year after, into the _Low-Countries_. [124]About four Days after the _English_ Fleet left the _Spaniards_, they came to an Island in the North Part of _Scotland_, where they staid not, nor had any Relief: And at this Place the Duke of _Medina_ calling all the Ships together, charged them to make the best of their way for the Coasts of _Spain_ or _Portugal_, because they were in the utmost Distress for want of Victuals and other Provisions. [125]For an Addition to their Misfortunes, about the 23d of _August_, when there were seventy eight Ships of them together sailing in the Ocean, a violent Storm arose at South-South-West, which continued from Four o’ Clock in the Afternoon ’till Ten the next Morning, and separated them so, that not above twenty seven of them were to be seen together: And again, on the 2d of _September_, they had another violent Storm, with a Mist, which so dispersed them, that of the foresaid twenty seven, only three came together into _Dingle-Bay_; [126]and during their Passage round the North of _Scotland_, they had so terrible a Sickness, that their Mariners and Soldiers died daily in great Multitudes. As for the Particulars of the Ships sunk, and Men drowned, killed, and taken upon the Coast of _Ireland_, during the Month of _September_, they were as follows[127]: Men. In _Tirconnel_, in _Loughfoyle_ 1 Ship 1100 and others that escaped. {in 3 great Ships 1500 _Slego-Haven_ {in _Tirawley_ 1 Ship 400 {in 1 300 _Clare-Island_ In _Connaught_, {in _Finglasse_ 1 400 {in 1 200 _O’sla’rtie_ {in _Irrise_ 2 Ships, the Men escaped into other Vessels. {in 1 Ship 70 _Gallway-Bay_ {in the 2 Ships 600 _Shannon_ {in the same 1 Ship burnt, the Men embarked in another Ship. In _Munster_, {in _Traylie, 1 Ship 24 Sept. 7._ {in _Dingle_ 1 500 {in _Desmond, 1 300 Sept. 10._ ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── In all 17 Men Ships. 5394 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── [128]Besides which, _Our Lady of the Rosary_, the Admiral Ship of the _Guypuscoan_ Squadron, of near a thousand Tuns, and thirty Guns, that had fifty Brass Field-Pieces on board, was lost upon the Rocks in _Bleskey-Sound_; so that of five hundred Men, only one escap’d; and in this perished the Prince of _Ascula_, a natural Son of King _Philip_, _Mighel de Oquendo_ the Captain, and several other considerable and eminent Persons. According to other Accounts[129], nine _Spanish_ Ships were driven ashore between the Rivers of _Lough-Foile_ and _Lough-Swilley_, many whereof were broken to Pieces, and the _Spaniards_ forced to shelter among the wild _Irish_. [130]As for such of the _Spaniards_ as had the ill Fortune to be drove upon the _Irish_ Shore, they met with the most barbarous Treatment; for some of them were butcher’d by the wild _Irish_, and the rest put to the Sword by the Lord Deputy Sir _William Fitz-Williams_, who fearing they might join with the _Irish_ Malecontents, and observing that _Bingham_, Governor of _Connaught_ treated them with more Gentleness than he had several times ordered him to do; upon their Surrender, he dispatched _Fowle_, Deputy Marshal, to execute his Orders; who first dislodg’d them from the Places where they lay conceal’d, and then executed about two hundred of them: But this Rigour the Queen condemn’d, and complain’d of as too extreme: However, the rest being terrified by this way of proceeding, tho’ they were sick and half famish’d, yet chose to trust themselves to their shatter’d Barks, and the Mercy of the Seas; and so became many of them a Sacrifice to the Waves. The Duke of _Medina_, with twenty or twenty five Ships, keeping in the Ocean, return’d to _Spain_. [131]About forty of the _Spanish_ Ships fell in with the _Irish_ Coast, and intended to touch at Cape _Clear_, in hopes of meeting there with some Refreshment; but the Wind proving contrary, and the Weather tempestuous, many of them perish’d on that Coast; [132]of those that got off, some were driven by a strong West Wind into the _English_ Channel, where part of them were attack’d again and taken by the _English_, others by the _Rochellers_, and some arriv’d at _Newhaven_ (or _Havre de Grace_) in _Normandy_. Such were the _Spaniards_ Losses of Men and Ships, in their return round _Ireland_. The Losses they had suffered before, were thus: Loss Men. of Ships. _July_ 21. The _Spanish_ 1 40 Vice-Admiral Ship disabled at the first Engagement near _Eddystone_, D. _Pedro de Valdez_’s 1 422 Gall. taken _Oquendo_’s Ship, _St. 1 289 Anne_, burnt _July_ 23. A great _Venetian_ Ship, 1 and other smaller ones,} taken The chief Galleass, 1 686 taken A great Galleon, 1 sunk A Galleon of _Biscay_ 1 sunk Two Saicks 2 sunk The Galleon, _St. Matth._ 1 397 taken The Galleon _St. Philip_ 1 532 taken both by the _Flushingers._ A _Castilian_ Ship 1 wreck’d 30. Two _Venetian_ Ships 2 843 sunk _Aug._ The _St. Matthew_ sunk 1 450 A _Biscayner_ 1 350 sunk both on the Coast of _Scotland_. Two lost upon the Coast 2 of _Norway_, ────────────────────────────────────────────────── Total Men of 8000 Ships at 18 least. ────────────────────────────────────────────────── So that by adding their several Losses together, it plainly appears, they lost THIRTY FIVE Ships, and above THIRTEEN THOUSAND Men; besides many others of which no Estimate was or could be made[133]; and above two thousand Prisoners were taken in the Fight in _Ireland_, and the _Low-Countries_: Those taken in _Ireland_ were brought to _England_[134], and confined in _Bridewell_ ’till they were ransomed. The most eminent of the Prisoners were, Don _Pedro de Valdez_, Don _Vasquez de Silvea_, Don _Alonzo de Sayes_, and others taken in the Channel; in _Ireland_, Don _Alonzo de Luzon_, _Roderigo de Lasso_, _&c._ in _Zealand_, Don _Diego Piementelli_, _&c._ In a Word, there was hardly a noble Family in all _Spain_, that did not lose a Son, a Brother, or a Kinsman; upon which account the Mourning was so universal in that whole Kingdom, [135]that King _Philip_ was obliged by Proclamation to shorten the usual Time; as the _Romans_ of old, upon their great Defeat of _Cannæ_, found it necessary to limit the publick Mourning to thirty Days. [136]The shatter’d Remains of the _Spanish_ Fleet after having weather’d many Storms, and suffered all the Inconveniences of War and Weather, arriv’d at last, about the End of _September_, at _St. Andero_, and other Ports of _Spain_, laden with nothing but Shame and Dishonour. The Duke of _Medina_ was forbid the Court, and ordered to go and live privately; _Martinez de Recalde_ died immediately after his Return; and two of their Ships were accidentally burnt in the Harbour not long after their Arrival. Surely such a Series of ill Success was hardly ever known in any other Age or Nation. As for the _English_ they lost only Captain _Coxe_’s Ship abovementioned, and not more than one hundred Men. * * * * * Such was the End of the formidable _Spanish_ Armada, that had been three Years fitting out at a vast Expence; and which in less than three Months was shamefully beaten, and put to a most ignominious Flight, [137]without taking at the same time, in several Engagements, and in many Days Fight, any _English_ Ship or Boat, or making one Prisoner; not having so much as fired a Cottage at Land, or taken a Cock-Boat of ours at Sea, as the Lord _Bacon_ observes[138], it wandered through the Wilderness of the Northern Seas; and, according to the Curse in Scripture, _Came out against us one way, and fled before us seven ways_. Well might the _Spaniards_ marvel at this, and be heartily vexed, as one of their Friends observes they did; [139]so as some of them to say in their Anguish of Heart, “That in all these Fights, CHRIST shewed himself a _Lutheran_! Surely it is most manifest, as he goes on, That in all this Voiage, from the Armada’s coming out of _Lisbon_, even to the very last, GOD shewed no Favour to the _Spaniards_ any one Day, as he did continually to the _English_.” For this signal Deliverance, the Thanks of all true Lovers of their Country, and of the Protestant Religion, are due to that Almighty Being, by whose Assistance their Ancestors obtained the Victory; and it ought at the same time, to make them love and reverence the Memory of that wise and excellent Queen, by whose Prudence and good Management they were enabled to conquer. [140]Upon the first News of this wonderful Deliverance and Victory, the Kingdom was filled with Joy, and a Sense of Gratitude to GOD. The first Notice given of it in publick, was on the 20th of _August_, when _Nowel_ Dean of St. _Paul_’s preached at the Cross a Thanksgiving Sermon before the Lord-Mayor, Aldermen, and the Companies in their best Liveries. Again _September_ the 8th being another and chief Thanksgiving Day, the Preacher at St. _Paul_’s Cross moved the People to give Thanks for their Enemies Overthrow; and at the same time were set upon the lower Battlements of the Church, eleven Ensigns or Banners taken from the _Spanish_ Fleet; one Streamer in particular, on which was represented the Virgin _Mary_ with her Son in her Arms, was held in a Man’s Hand over the Pulpit: These Banners were afterwards carried to the Cross in _Cheapside_[141]; and the next Day, _September 9_, were hanged on _London-Bridge_ towards _Southwark_, where the Fair was kept. The 17th of _November_, being _Sunday_, was another Rejoicing-Day, as well upon account of the Queen’s Accession to the Throne, as for this Victory. Her Majesty intended to have been at _Paul_’s Cross, to hear a Sermon preach’d by Dr. _Cooper_ Bishop of _Winchester_, and Provision had accordingly been made for her Reception; but upon some Occasion or other, her coming was put off ’till the _Sunday_ following: The 19th being _Tuesday_ was a general Thanksgiving-Day throughout the whole Kingdom. The next _Sunday, November 24_, the Queen, attended by her Privy Council, by the Nobility, and other honourable Persons, as well Spiritual as Temporal, in great number, the _French_ Ambassador, the Judges, the Heralds, and Trumpeters all on Horseback, came in a Chariot supported by four Pillars, and drawn by two white Horses, to St. _Paul_’s Church; where alighting at the West Door, she fell on her Knees, and audibly praised GOD for her own and the Nation’s signal Deliverance; and, after a Sermon suitable to the Occasion, preached by Dr. _Pierce_, Bishop of _Sarum_, she exhorted the People in a most Royal and Christian manner, to a due Performance of the religious Duty of Thanksgiving; then going to the Bishop of _London_’s Palace, where she dined, she returned in the same Order as before, by Torch-light, to _Somerset-House_. Those brave Men that had ventur’d their Lives in the Defence of their Country, were considered and rewarded by the Queen. [142]She settled a Pension on the Lord High-Admiral for his great Service, and bestow’d a handsome yearly Allowance on the poor and disabled Seamen; and upon all Occasions she distinguish’d the rest of the Officers, Soldiers, and Sailors with particular Marks of her Regard and Esteem; but their Rewards consisted generally more in Words than in Deeds. A short EXPLANATION and ACCOUNT of what is contained in each of the ten Tapestry-Plates, and the ten Charts. The first Plate of the Tapestry and Chart I. represent the _Spanish_ Fleet coming up the _Channel_, opposite to the _Lizard_, as it was first discovered. See _Account of the Spanish Invasion_, p. 12, 13. Plate II. and Chart II. The _Spanish_ Fleet against _Fowey_, drawn up in the Form of a Half Moon, and the _English_ Fleet pursuing them. _Account_, _&c._ p. 13. Plate III. and Chart III. At the left Hand Corner is represented the first Engagement between the _Spanish_ and _English_ Fleets: After which the _English_ give Chace to the _Spaniards_, who draw themselves up into a Roundel. _Account_, _&c._ _ibid._ Plate IV. and Chart IV. _De Valdez_’s Galleon springs her Foremast, and is taken by Sir _Francis Drake_. The Lord-Admiral with the _Bear_ and _Mary Rose_, pursue the Enemy, who are in the Form of a Half Moon. _Account_, _&c._ p. 13, 14. Plate V. and Chart V. The Admiral of the _Guypuscoan_ Squadron being set on Fire, is taken by the _English_. The rest of the _Spanish_ Fleet continue their Course in the Form of a Half Moon: And when both Fleets were against the Isle of _Portland_, they come to an Engagement. _Account_, _&c._ p. 14. Plate VI. and Chart VI. Some _English_ Ships attack the _Spanish_ Fleet to the Westward. The _Spaniards_ draw themselves into a Roundel: And afterwards keeping on their Course, are followed by the _English_. _Account_, _&c._ p. 14, 15. Plate VII. and Chart VII. Represent the sharpest Engagement that happen’d between the two Fleets, on _July 25_, against the Isle of _Wight_. _Account_, _&c._ p. 15. In Plate VIII. and Chart VIII. the _Spanish_ Fleet is seen sailing up the _Channel_, intending to stop at _Dunkirk_ or _Calais_, where they were to be join’d by the Duke of _Parma_: The _English_ follow them close. _Account_, _&c._ p. 16. Plate IX. and Chart IX. The _Spaniards_ come to an Anchor before _Calais_, from whence they are dislodg’d by the Fireships sent amongst them in the Night: The _English_ prepare to pursue them. _Account_, _&c._ p. 16, 17. Plate X. and Chart X. The _Spaniards_ make the best of their way for the Northern Seas; and are, in the mean time, very much battered by the _English_, who closely pursue them. The chief Galleass is stranded near _Calais_. _Account_, _&c._ p. 17, 18, 19. The Reader is desired to observe, that the Border in Plate II, IV, VI, VIII, X, is an exact Representation of the Border to the Tapestry-Hangings, which is ornamented with the Portraits of the principal Commanders; and is the same in all the Pieces of the Tapestry; only the Heads are differently placed. But for more Variety, and in order to bring in the Heads of Sir _Robert Carey_, the Earl of _Northumberland_, Sir _Roger Townshend_, and Sir _Thomas Gerard_, another Border has been contrived, being that which is round Plate I, III, V, VII, IX. We are inform’d by _Joachim de Sandrart_[143], that the _Designs_ of the Tapestry were made by _Henry Cornelius Vroom_, a famous Painter of _Harlem_, eminent for his great Skill in drawing all Sorts of Shipping; and that it was _Wove_ by _Francis Spiring_. EXPLANATION of the MEDALS and other ORNAMENTS round the Charts. Gen. Chart. On the left Side BRITANNIA is represented darting Thunder and Lightning, upon ENVY, SUPERSTITION, and the Kingdom of _Spain_, delineated by those of _Castile_ and _Leon_, which lye groveling below: On the other Side, TRUE RELIGION, represented by a Woman sitting, and holding a Bible in one Hand, thunders down upon HYPOCRISY, IGNORANCE, and POPERY: The Medal at the Top has, on one Side, the _Spanish_ Fleet in a Storm, and this Inscription, FLAVIT · יְהֹוָה‎‬ · ET · DISSIPATI · SVNT· 1588. _The Lord blew, and they were dispers’d._ On the Reverse is represented a Church founded upon a Rock, (meaning the Protestant Religion,) which the Waves beat against, and the Heavens seem to frown upon; the Inscription is ALLIDOR · NON · LÆDOR, _I am beat_ (by the Waves) _but not hurt_. That at the Bottom, which is of Silver, and in the Collection of Dr. _Mead_, has on one Side, the Pope, Cardinals, and Bishops; the Emperor, King _Philip_, and other Princes in their Robes of State, sitting in Consultation, bound about their Eyes with Fillets, the Ends of which are sticking up, and the Floor of the Room they are assembled in all full of Pricks: The Inscription above them, O COECAS · HOMINVM · MENTES · O · PECTORA · COECA. _O the blind Understandings of Men! O their blind Hearts!_ About the Circle, DVRVM · EST · CONTRA · STIMVLOS · CALCITRARE, _It is hard to kick against the Pricks_: On the Reverse, A Fleet of Ships dash’d against Rocks, and sinking: Above, VENI · VIDE· VIVE, 1588. _Come, see, live_, 1588: TV · DEVS · MAGNVS · ET · MAGNA · FACIS · TV · SOLVS · DEVS, _Thou, o God, art great, and dost great things, thou art God alone._ Chart I. and II. Above is a profile Face of Queen _Elizabeth_ (taken from a Minute of _Is. Oliver_, in the Collection of Dr. _Mead_,) before which sits HISTORY with an Olive-Branch, recording her great Actions; and behind her, FAME sounding her Praises. On each Side of the Queen are moreover several warlike Instruments taken out of the _Spanish_ Fleet, and now preserved in the Tower. From Queen _Elizabeth_’s Picture hangs the Anchor of Hope, the Arms of the Admiralty, surrounded by the Winds; and below stands NEPTUNE, the God of the Sea, in his Chariot, to denote the Queen’s Dominion of the Narrow Seas. At the Corner of the first Chart BRITANNIA sitting upon a Rock in the Sea, and looking scornfully upon the _Spanish_ Fleet, has this very pertinent Motto by her, _Maturate fugam_, _&c._ _Hence to your Lord my Royal Mandate bear, The Realms of Ocean, and the Fields of Air, Are mine, not his._ VIRG. _Æn. l_. I. Chart III. and IV. At the Top is a Picture of the Lord High-Admiral, (taken from an original Painting of _Frederico Zucchero_, in Possession of his Grace the Duke of _Kent_) having on one Side PRUDENCE, _Janus_ like, with a double Face; and on the other, COURAGE: Among which are intermix’d several _Spanish_ Weapons, now in the Tower. The Silver Coin, which was struck on this glorious Occasion by the _Zealanders_, has on one side two Ships engag’d, and under CLASSIS · HISP. Round the Circle, VENIT · IVIT · FVIT, 1588. _The Spanish Fleet came, went, was_, 1588. On the Reverse, the Arms of _Zealand_, with this Inscription, SOLI · DEO · GLORIA, _Glory to God alone_: Under the Lord-Admiral, VICTORY fitting, holds in her right Hand a Laurel Crown, and his Lordship’s Arms: In her left, a Chain, to which are fastened below the Duke of _Medina_, and the other chief _Spanish_ Commanders. Chart V. and VI. At the Top is a Portrait of Sir _Francis Drake_, (taken out of Mr. _Knapton_’s Collection of illustrious Men,) and adorned on each Side with proper Naval Ornaments. The Coin at the Top has on one Side the Arms of _Zealand_ crown’d, with this Inscription, NON · NOBIS · DOMINE · NON · NOBIS, 1588. _Not to us, o Lord, not to us_: Reverse, The _Spanish_ Fleet flying, thus circumscribed, SED · NOMINI · TVO · DA · GLORIAM, _But to thy Name give the Praise_: That at the Bottom represents on one Side Queen _Elizabeth_, sitting in a triumphal Chariot, holding in her right Hand a Palm Branch, the Emblem of Victory; and in her left a Book open, in which is the Beginning of the LORD’S Prayer in _Dutch_, and round the Circle, TANDEM · BONA · CAVSA · TRIVMPHAT, 1588. _At last the good Cause triumphs_: Upon the Reverse, a Tree in which is a Nest full of small Birds, that jointly defend themselves against a Bird of Prey, by whom they are attack’d: At the Bottom BELLVM · NECESS. _A War of Necessity_: Round the Circle, SI · NON · VIRIBVS · AT · CAVSA · POTIORES, _Superior, if not in Strength, yet in the Goodness of our Cause_. At the Bottom of these two Charts is represented Sir _Francis Drake_, distributing amongst his Officers and Sailors, the Money, _&c._ that was found in a great Galleon brought to _Dartmouth_, See _Account_, _&c._ p. 13, 14. Others are driving the Prisoners before them. Chart VII. and VIII. At the upper Part are the Portraits of Sir _M. Forbisher_, and Sir _J. Hawkins_ (taken from _Holland’s Herologia Anglicana_) with a naval Crown between them, and other suitable Decorations. Below them, upon a _Columna Rostrata_, (_i.e._ a Pillar adorned with the Beaks of Ships,) stands _Victory_, holding a Shield, upon which are the Names of those brave Persons that were knighted by the Lord-Admiral, as is represented at the Bottom. See _Account_, _&c._ p. 16. Others are bringing Weapons out of the _Spanish_ Ships. Chart IX. and X. At the Top is a curious Portrait of Queen _Elizabeth_, (taken from a Gold _Alto Relievo_, in the Collection of Dr. _Mead_,) thundering down upon _Philip_ II. King of _Spain_, Pope _Sixtus_ V. (taken from a Copper Medal in the Collection of _Tho. Sadler_ Esq;) and _Alexander_ Duke of _Parma_, whom she holds in Chains. At the two bottom Corners are two Boys weeping, and pointing at the _Spanish_ Fleet, which is represented as shipwreck’d, and in the utmost Distress. The Coin at the left Hand Corner of the Top, was struck by the _Zealanders_, and exhibits the _Spanish_ Fleet in a violent Storm, the Sun above, breaking out of a thick Cloud; the Inscription is, POST · NVBILA · PHOEBVS, _After cloudy Weather Sun-shine_; or, _After a Storm a Calm_. On the Coin at the Right Hand, are four Persons upon their Knees, looking up to Heaven, with this Inscription, HOMO · PROPONIT · DEVS · DISPONIT, _Man proposeth, God disposeth_: The Reverse, which is not copied here, had this Inscription, HISPANI · FVGIVNT · ET · PEREVNT · NEMINE · SEQVENTE. The above Medals, excepting those taken from the Collections mentioned, are from _Histoire Metallique des Pays Bas, par G. van Loon_. _This Account was drawn up by the Rev. Mr. Philip Morant, M.A. Rector of St. Mary’s_, Colchester. --------------------------------------------------------- _ERRATA._ Page 3. Col. 1. Line ult. _for_ Sailor _read_ Sailors. of Notes, _Ibid._ _for_ Books _read_ Book. Page 8. Col. 1. Line 54. _for del Barrio 130_ _read 530._ _Ibid._ Col. 2. Line 38. _for_ Rama _read_ Lama. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ APPENDIX. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ APPENDIX. --- NOTE. The Spanish Armada made an effort, July 25, 1588, to land and take possession of the Isle of Wight, when a spirited engagement took place, which caused the Spanish admiral to pursue his course to Calais Roads. The next day the Lord High Admiral of the English fleet called on board of his own ship, the “Arke-Royal,” and conferred the honor of knighthood on the Lord Thomas Howard, the Lord Sheffield Roger Townshend, Martin Frobisher, and John Hawkins, as a reward for their undaunted spirit and bravery in this great fight at sea, having power from the Queen so to do. As brief biographical sketches of these important commanders may be interesting, the following have been taken from various historical, biographical, and genealogical works:— THE LORD HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM. Charles, second Lord Howard of Effingham, and Lord High Admiral of England, was son of the first lord and grandson of Thomas, second Duke of Norfolk. He was born 1536, and after much service was appointed, in 1585, Lord High Admiral of England, and was chief in command against the Spanish Armada, in 1588. As he was a staunch Roman Catholic, history will forever honor the tremendous efforts made by him to frustrate the landing of this powerful combination of land and sea forces, fitted out as it were under the auspices of the Pope of Rome, and his loyalty to his Queen and country. In 1596, he commanded the fleet while the Earl of Essex commanded the land forces in the expedition against Cadiz. For this meritorious service he was created Earl of Nottingham. In 1599, in anticipation of another invasion by the King of Spain, he was given the sole command of the army and navy, with the title of Lieutenant-General of all England. He commanded the troop that subdued the Essex rebellion, and under James I. was employed in several distinguished capacities, and died December 14, 1624, aged eighty-eight, having some years before resigned the office of Lord High Admiral, in the behalf of the favorite Villiers, Earl of Buckingham, receiving in exchange a pension of £1,000, and the acquittal of a debt of £1,800 due the Crown. THE LORD THOMAS HOWARD. The Lord Thomas Howard was a son of the fourth Duke of Norfolk. His lordship was a distinguished commander in the memorable engagement between the English fleet and the Spanish Armada, in 1588. In 1591 he had command of a squadron of ships sent out to attack the Spanish Plate fleet, homeward bound from America, and distinguished himself, with Sir Thomas Vasseur, in capturing a part of this fleet. He was, in 1596, in the fleet commanded by Charles Howard, Lord High Admiral of England. This Thomas Howard led the third squadron, and it was this fleet which took the town of Cadiz. The same year, on his return, he was summoned to Parliament by the title of Lord Howard of Walden. The next year, to divert the Spaniard from a descent on Ireland, the Queen sent out a fleet of one hundred and twenty, divided into three squadrons, commanded by the Earl of Essex, Lord Thomas Howard, and Sir Walter Raleigh. On his return to England, he was installed one of the Knights of the Garter, May 24, 1597. In 1601, he was one of the commanders of the forces to whom the Earl of Essex surrendered, and on the 19th February following he was one of the peers that sat on his trial, being then constable of the Tower. Meeting King James I. at Theobalds, in May, 1603, he was sworn of the Privy Council, and July 21st following was advanced to the Earldom of Suffolk. He was also made a Commissioner for making Knights of the Bath, also for executing the office of Earl Marshal of England. In 1605, being Lord Chamberlain together with the Lord Mounteagle, the Gunpowder Plot was discovered. He was elected Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 1613, and July 11, 1614, was constituted Lord High Treasurer of England. The earl died in London, May 28, 1626. SIR ROGER TOWNSHEND. Sir Roger Townshend of Raynham, Knight, was descended, according to Collins and other learned antiquaries, through a long line of ancestry from Lodovic or Lewis, a Norman nobleman, who married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Sir Thomas de Hauteville or Havile, Lord of Raynham, through which match the Raynham estate came into the family and is now the chief seat of the Marquis Townshend. This Sir Roger was born about 1550, and was heir to his great grandfather, Sir Roger Townshend, Kt., whose will was proved at Norwich, Co. Norfolk, May 10, 1552. He was a gentleman of high rank and great worth in his native county Norfolk, and while Spain was preparing the Invincible Armada of 1588 to invade England, he manifested the greatest spirit and energy in fitting out and manning ships at his own expense to repel the invaders, going in person in the cause of his country, and on account of his undaunted spirit and bravery in the several engagements previous to the 26th of July, he was knighted that day on board the _Ark Royal_, by the Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham, who had power from Queen Elizabeth so to do. This Sir Roger was in the thickest of the fight and suffered the loss of many of his men, and we have evidence from a letter dated at Margate, Kent, August 10, 1588, in which Lord Howard writes Burghley “that of all the men brought by Sir Roger Townshend he has but one left alive.” He lived but two years afterwards, dying in the flower of his age at a seat he had purchased of Thomas Sutton, Esq., at Newington, Co. Middlesex, and was buried June 30, 1590, in the church of St. Giles, Cripplegate, London. SIR JOHN HAWKINS. Sir John Hawkins, a seaman of distinguished ability who flourished during the reign of Elizabeth, was born at Plymouth about 1520, and his early life was spent in trading voyages to the south of Europe and African coast. With the assistance of several merchants he fitted out a small fleet in 1562, and obtained by force and purchase a cargo of negroes, which he carried to the Spanish West India Colonies and there sold them; this we believe was the first adventure in the African slave trade made by Englishmen. He made many voyages of this kind, and was at last attacked by the Spanish authorities in the Port of S. Juan de Ulloa, and saved only two of his ships and returned to England in January, 1568, after suffering much hardship. This was his last commercial enterprise. Hawkins was appointed in 1573 treasurer of the navy, and in 1588 we find him serving as Rear Admiral against the Spanish Armada, and for his great spirit and bravery he was knighted by the Admiral Charles Lord Howard of Effingham. He went to intercept the Plate fleet and harrass the trade of Spain with Frobishers and others in 1590, but failed in the first object and succeeded in the second. In 1595, he was sent with Drake to command an expedition against the Spaniards in the West Indies; but they failed to agree and soon after separated. Sir John Hawkins died November 21, 1595, and his colleague, Drake, soon after. Hawkins founded a hospital at Chatham for poor and sick seamen. He also sat in Parliament for Plymouth. SIR MARTIN FROBISHER. Sir Martin Frobisher was born at Doncaster, Yorkshire, of humble parentage, and brought up to the sea, and in early life displayed the talents of a great navigator, and was the first Englishman who attempted to find a northwest passage to China. Under the patronage of Ambrose Dudley, Earl of Warwick, he fitted out two barks of twenty-five tons, and a pinnace of ten tons, and sailed from Deptford, January 8, 1576, and on July 11th discovered Freeseland and the strait which still bears his name, and after making numerous discoveries he returned to England, arriving at Harwich 2d October of the same year. On this voyage he took possession of the country in Queen Elizabeth’s name and brought back with him specimens of gold ore. This circumstance raised prodigious expectations, and the Queen lent him a ship of two hundred tons for his next expedition, on which he sailed accompanied with a party of one hundred and forty persons (also two barks of thirty tons each) from Gravesend, May 26, 1577. He made numerous discoveries, but his instructions were to search for ore, and being in the Countess of Warwick Island he took a lading of it and arrived in England the end of September, 1577, and was most graciously received by the Queen, who fitted out another fleet of twelve vessels which sailed from Harwich May 31, 1578, and sighted Freeseland June 20th, and took possession of the country in the Queen’s name, calling it West England, and after collecting much ore sailed for and arrived in England after a stormy and dangerous passage in the beginning of October. In 1588 he commanded the _Triumph_ in the engagement against the Spanish Armada and received the honor of knighthood for his valor at sea by the Lord High Admiral, 26 July of the same year. In 1590, he commanded a squadron to the Spanish Coast, and in 1594 he was sent with four men-of-war to the assistance of Henry IV. of France, against a body of leaguers and Spaniards then in possession of part of Brittany, who had fortified themselves very strongly at Croyzon near Brest. Here, in an assault upon that fort, November 7th he was wounded by a ball in the hip, of which he died soon after he had brought the fleet safely back to Plymouth, and was buried in that town. SIR WALTER RALEIGH. Sir Walter Raleigh, a distinguished statesman, scholar, and warrior, in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., was born in 1552, at Budleigh in Devonshire, and educated at Oriel College, Oxford. At the age of seventeen he made one of a troop of an hundred gentlemen volunteers whom Queen Elizabeth permitted to go to France, under the command of Henry Champernon, for the service of the Protestant princes. He next served in the Netherlands; and, on his return from the Continent, his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, having obtained a grant of lands in North America, he engaged with a considerable number of gentlemen to go out to Newfoundland: but the expedition proving unsuccessful, Sir Walter returned to England, after being exposed to several dangers, and proceeded thence to Ireland, where he made his bravery so conspicuous in quelling the insurgents, that he was received at court with considerable favor, and obtained permission and supplies to prosecute his discoveries in America, which ended in his settling a colony in that country, called, in honor of his maiden sovereign, Virginia; and he is said to have first introduced tobacco and potatoes into Europe. In the mean time the Queen conferred on him the distinction of knighthood, and rewarded him by several lucrative grants, including a large share of the forfeited Irish estates. When his country’s safety was threatened by the famous Spanish Armada, he raised and disciplined the militia of Cornwall; and afterwards, by joining the fleet with a squadron of ships belonging to gentlemen volunteers, assisted in obtaining the signal victory which it pleased Providence to give to the English over the Spaniards on that occasion. He was now made gentleman of the privy chamber; but shortly after fell into disgrace, and was confined for some months, partly on account of a tract which he had published, entitled “the School for Atheists,” which was unfairly construed by his enemies into a vindication of atheistical principles; and partly for a clandestine attachment to one of the Queen’s maids of honor, the daughter of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton; which lady, however, he afterwards honorably married. During his seclusion he planned the discovery of the extensive country of Guiana, in South America, in which he took an active part himself, as soon as he was set at liberty: but the season being unfavorable, he returned to England, and was soon after appointed to a command in the important expedition to Cadiz, of which the success was in a great measure owing to Sir Walter’s valor and prudence. This, joined to several other important services, restored him completely to the favor of Elizabeth, towards the end of her reign. Her successor, James, prejudiced against him by Robert Cecil, disapproving of his martial spirit, and jealous of his abilities, availed himself of a court conspiracy against this great man, charging him with participating in an attempt to place upon the throne Arabella Stuart, and of carrying on a secret correspondence with the King of Spain. By the base subservience of the jury, he was brought in guilty of high treason, even to the surprise of the Attorney-General Coke himself, who declared that he had only charged him with misprision of treason. Raleigh was reprieved, and committed to the Tower, where his wife, at her earnest solicitation, was allowed to reside with him, and where his youngest son was born. Twelve years was Sir Walter detained a prisoner in the Tower; during which time, besides various minor compositions, he wrote his “History of the World;” a work distinguished for the richness of its information, the judiciousness of its reflections, and the vigor of its style. At length his release was obtained, in 1616, by the advance of a large sum of money to the new favorite, Villiers; and, to retrieve his broken fortunes, he planned another expedition to America. He obtained a patent under the great seal for making a settlement in Guiana; but, in order to retain a power over him, the king did not grant him a pardon for the sentence passed upon him for his alleged treason. Having reached the Orinoco, he dispatched a portion of his force to attack the new Spanish settlement of St. Thomas, which was captured; but he had to lament the death of his eldest son, who fell on that occasion. The expected plunder proved of little value: and Sir Walter, having in vain tried to induce his captains to attack other Spanish settlements, arrived at Plymouth in July, 1618. Being brought before the court of King’s Bench, his plea of an implied pardon by his subsequent command, was overruled; and the doom of death being pronounced against him, it was carried into execution the following day, October 28, 1819, in Old Palace Yard. His behavior at the scaffold was calm, and, after addressing the people at some length in his own justification, he received the stroke of death with perfect composure; remarking to the sheriff, with a smile, as he felt the edge of the axe, “This is a sharp medicine, but it is a physician that will cure all diseases.” JOHN PINE. Very little is known of the parentage of John Pine, the original engraver and publisher of this work. He flourished between the years 1720-1750, and ranked second to none in his profession. He was a most intimate friend of Hogarth, who showed his admiration for him by painting him in the manner of Rembrandt. The years of his birth and death are uncertain. His chief works are the Ceremonies used at the Revival of the Order of the Bath; a splendid edition of Horace, illustrated with copies of antiques, bas-reliefs, gems, and coins: also a print of the House of Commons. His engravings of the tapestry hangings of the House of Lords are sufficient evidence of his ability as an engraver. These splendid representations of the engagements between the English fleet and the Spanish Armada were destroyed by fire when the Houses of Parliament were burned, Oct. 16, 1834. [Illustration: General Chart] [Illustration: Charts I and II] [Illustration: Plate I] [Illustration: Plate II] [Illustration: Charts III and IV] [Illustration: Plate III] [Illustration: Plate IV] [Illustration: Charts V and VI] [Illustration: Plate V] [Illustration: Plate VI] [Illustration: Charts VII and VIII] [Illustration: Plate VII] [Illustration: Plate VIII] [Illustration: Charts IX and X] [Illustration: Plate IX] [Illustration: Plate X] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ FOOTNOTES. Footnote 1: See _Grotii_ Hist. lib. i. p. 117. Fol. Footnote 2: Vol. I. p. 591, 592. Footnote 3: _Strada_, Dec. II. l. 9. Footnote 4: _Strada_, Dec. ii. l. 9. Footnote 5: Vol. II. p. 135. Footnote 6: _Mary_ Queen of _Scots_, the Day before she suffer’d Death, did under her own Hand in the _French_ Tongue, declare, “That her Son _James_ should not inherit _England_, if he remained a Protestant, but that the Right of the Kingdom should be translated to _Philip_ King of _Spain_.” _Rug. Tritonii Vita Vin. Laurei Cardin._ Footnote 7: This Account is according to the Lists below. But it will be proper to observe, that Authors do very much differ in their Accounts of this ARMADA, and the several things belonging to it. According to _Thuanus_, it consisted of 150 Ships of all Sorts; 140 says _Grotius_; 130 _Camden_ and _Strype_, 135 _Strada_; 128 _Speed_; 150 _Hakluyt_; 160 others, _&c._—Tuns 57868, _Spanish_ Book, _Hakluyt_, _Purchas_.—Cannons 2650, _Hakluyt_, _Thuanus_ (1600 of Brass, and 1050 of Iron.) 2630, _Camden_.—Sailor 8450 _Spanish_ Books, 8000 _Thuanus_, 8350 _Camden_, 7449 _Strada_.—Soldiers, 20000 _Thuanus_ and _Stow_, 19295 _Spanish_ Book, 19290 _Camden_, 18857 _Strada_. Footnote 8: _Thuanus_, lib. 89. Footnote 9: Discourse of the ARMADA by _D. Archdeacon_, being a Translation of the _Spanish_ Account, _Lond._ 1588. _Lediard_’s Naval History, p. 234, _&c._ Footnote 10: According to _Strada_ there were 220 Noblemen and Gentlemen, 354 Voluntiers: Their Servants 624; Priests, Surgeons, and other Officers, and Servants 669. _Decas_ ii. lib. 9. Footnote 11: _Thuanus_, lib. 89. Footnote 12: Being the chosen Vessels of all K. _Philip_’s Dominions, excessive monstrous, beyond all the Navies that ever had been seen in _Christendom_. Letter to _B. Mendoza_, p. 16. Footnote 13: Discourse of the ARMADA by _D. Archdeacon_, _Thuanus_, _Lediard_, _Hakluyt_, _Purchas_, _&c._ Footnote 14: 1200,000, _Thuan._ 20,200 _Harris_, 220,000 _Speed_, 119,000 _Spanish_ Book. Footnote 15: _Laquei certe, & plura necis instrumenta, aut servitutis inter spolia visitata sunt._ _Grotii_ Hist. p. 118. See Letter to _B. Mendoza_, in the _Postscript_, p. 37. Footnote 16: Discourse of the ARMADA, _&c._ _Thuanus_, _Lediard_, _&c._ Footnote 17: A Septier is twelve Bushels. Footnote 18: _Strype_’s Annals, tom. iii. p. 451. Footnote 19: _Hakluyt_, vol. I. p. 593. Footnote 20: And, as _Thuanus_ computes it, before it sailed from _Lisbon_, it had stood K. _Philip_ in _Centies vicies centena millia aureorum_, lib. 89. above two Millions. Footnote 21: _Strada_, Dec. II. l. 9. Footnote 22: _Hakluyt_, _Speed_’s Chron. Footnote 23: _Decad._ l. II. p. 9. Footnote 24: _Thuan._ lib. 89. _Hakluyt_ and _Purchas_. Footnote 25: _Stow_, p. 746. Footnote 26: _Thuan._ l. 89. Footnote 27: _Welwood_’s Memoirs, p. 8, 9. Footnote 28: _Camden_, _Thuanus_, l. 89. Footnote 29: _Eo consilio, ut Regina, ob colloquium pacis de defensione secura, facilius opprimeretur: quam tamen illa minime neglexit._ Thuan. l. 89. Footnote 30: _Grotius_, p. 119. _Hakluyt_ vol. i. p. 595. Footnote 31: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 32: _Camden._ Footnote 33: _Strype_’s Annals, tom. iii. p. 516. Footnote 34: _Stow_ Chron. p. 744. Footnote 35: _Stow_’s Survey, Edit. 1720. B. i. p. 283. Footnote 36: Letter to _B. Mendoza_, p. 23, 24, _&c._ Footnote 37: Ibid. p. 6, 7, 8. Footnote 38: _Camden._ Footnote 39: _Strada_, Dec. ii. lib. 9. Footnote 40: _Camden._ _Rapin_, vol. ii. p. 136. Footnote 41: Letter to _B. Mendoza_, p. 30, 35. Footnote 42: See his Letter in _Rymer_’s _Fœdera_, tom. xvi. p. 18. Footnote 43: _Camden._ Footnote 44: Taken from the _Spanish_ Book printed in 1588. compar’d with _Lediard_. Footnote 45: From a MS. in the Royal Library, 14 B XIII. Footnote 46: _Strada_, Dec. ii. lib. 9. Footnote 47: _Hakluyt, Camden._ Footnote 48: MSS. in the _Cottonian_ Library, _Jul._ F X. 17. fol. III. Footnote 49: _Camden_ Ann. and _Burchett_. Footnote 50: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 51: _Lediard_’s Naval Hist. p. 254. Footnote 52: _Camden._ Footnote 53: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 54: _Camden, Hakluyt, Purchas, Cotton MSS, &c._ Footnote 55: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 56: It is called the _Disdain_ in _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 57: _Eman. Fremosa_’s Examination, printed in 1588. In the following Engagements they lost twenty five Men more. _Ibid._ Footnote 58: _Camden._ Footnote 59: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 60: _Camden._ Footnote 61: A _Spanish_ Officer had quarrel’d with him, and called him Traytor, imagining he had not done his Duty in the last Engagement. _Strada_, Dec, ii. lib. 9. Footnote 62: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 63: _Camden._ Footnote 64: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 65: _Camden._ Footnote 66: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 67: _Camden._ Footnote 68: _Purchas, &c._ Footnote 69: Some Authors say, there was a Cessation on both Sides, _Camden, &c._ Footnote 70: _Purchas, Speed, &c._ Footnote 71: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 72: _Camden, Cotton MSS. Strada._ Footnote 73: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 74: _Camden._ Footnote 75: _Purchas, Harris._ Footnote 76: _Camden, Cotton MSS._ Footnote 77: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 78: _Camden._ Footnote 79: _Camden_, _Thuanus_, Letter to _B. Mendoza_, p. 28. Footnote 80: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 81: _Ibid._ Footnote 82: _Harris._ Footnote 83: _Camden._ Footnote 84: _Eman. Fremosa_’s Examination. Footnote 85: _Camden, Thuanus._ Footnote 86: See _Strada de Bello Belgico_, Dec. ii. lib. 6. Footnote 87: Each of their Ships lost two Anchors here. _Em. Fremosa’s_ Examinat. Footnote 88: _Camden, Burchett._ Footnote 89: _Eman. Fremosa_’s Examinat. Footnote 90: _Thuanus, Lediard._ Footnote 91: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 92: Letter to _B. Mendoza_, p. 28. Footnote 93: _Hakluyt, Purchas, Harris._ Footnote 94: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 95: _Camden, Burchett._ Footnote 96: _Eman. Francisco_’s Examinat. Footnote 97: _Thuanus, Purchas, Harris._ Footnote 98: _Purchas_ and _Harris_ call him _Bauderdues_. Footnote 99: _Em. Fremosa_’s and _Em. Francisco_’s Examinat. Footnote 100: _Burchett._ Footnote 101: This worthy Commander, for his gallant Behaviour in this Action, and afterwards at the Overthrow and Burning of the _Spanish_ Navy in the Bay of _Cadiz_ 1588, and Taking the Town 1596, when he was Vice-Admiral, was Knighted, and the following Motto added to his Arms, SE INSERIT ASTRIS. Footnote 102: Letter to _B. Mendoza_, p. 18. Footnote 103: _Em. Fremosa_’s Examinat. Footnote 104: _J. Antonio_’s Examinat. Footnote 105: _Em. Francisco_’s and _J de le Concedo_’s Examinat. Footnote 106: _Cotton MSS. Thuanus._ Footnote 107: _Camden, Burchett, Strada._ Footnote 108: _Harris, Lediard._ Footnote 109: _Speed_, p. 862. Footnote 110: _Cabala_, p. 373. Footnote 111: _Camden._ Footnote 112: Letter to _B. Mendoza_, p. 22. Footnote 113: _Ibid._ Footnote 114: One Night, as the Queen was in the Camp, guarded by her Army, the Lord Treasurer _Burleigh_ came thither, and delivered to the Earl of _Leicester_ the Examination of Don _Pedro_, who was taken and brought in by Sir _Francis Drake_; the Sum of which was this: Don _Pedro_ being asked what was the Intent of their coming, stoutly answer’d the Lords, What, but to subdue your Nation, and root it out. Good, said the Lords, and what meant you then to do with the Catholicks? He answered, We meant to send them (good Men) directly unto Heaven, as all you that are Hereticks to Hell. Yea but, said the Lords, What meant you to do with your Whips of Cord and Wyer? (whereof they had great Store in their Ships,) What, said he, we meant to whip you Hereticks to Death, that have assisted my Master’s Rebels, and done such Dishonours to our Catholick King and People. Yea, but what would you have done said they, with their young Children. They, said he, which were above seven Years old should have gone the Way their Fathers went; the rest should have lived, branded in the Forehead with the Letter _L_, for _Lutheran_, to perpetual Bondage, _Cabala_, p. 372. Letter to _Mendoza_, p. 37.——It was also published, that the Lords of _Spain_ which were in the Navy, had made a special Division amongst themselves, of all the Noblemens Houses in _England_ by their Names, and had in a sort quartered _England_ among themselves, and had determined of sundry manners of cruel Death, both of the Nobility and the rest of the People. The Ladies, Women, and Maidens were also destined to all Villany; the rich Merchants Houses in _London_ were put into a Register, by their very Names, and limited to the Companies of the Squadrons of the Navy for their Spoil. Letter to _Mendoza_, p. 37. Footnote 115: _Camden, Thuanus._ Footnote 116: _Cotton MSS._ Footnote 117: _Camden._ Footnote 118: _J. Antonio_’s Examinat. Footnote 119: _Harris, &c._ Footnote 120: _Appendix_ to Letter to _Mendoza_, p. 1. Footnote 121: _J. A. de Monoma_’s Examinat. Footnote 122: _Ibid._ Footnote 123: _Camden._ Footnote 124: _Thuanus._ Footnote 125: _Eman. Fremosa_’s Examinat. and Re-Examinat. Footnote 126: Certain Advertisements out of _Ireland_, Printed in 1588. Footnote 127: _Ibid._ Footnote 128: _Ibid._ Footnote 129: _Appendix_ to Letter to _Mendoza_, p. 2. Footnote 130: _Camden._ Footnote 131: _Speed, Harris._ Footnote 132: _Grotius, Strada._ Footnote 133: This Account is taken from the relation given above, and from certain Advertisements out of _Ireland_, and Depositions of Prisoners, printed in 1588, with which _Strada_ and the _Spanish_ Writers agree. But our Historians vary extremely in this, as well as other Particulars: _Hakluyt_, vol. i. p. 604. and others, say the _Spaniards_ lost eighty one Ships out of their hundred and thirty two; and that there return’d to _Spain_ only one of the Galleasses of _Naples_, one of the four Galleons of _Portugal_, and thirty three of the Galleons and Hulks from divers Provinces, _&c._ _Stow_ affirms there return’d to _Spain_ only threescore Sail; and others say only fifty three. See _Purchas, Thuanus_ l. lxxxix. _Harris, Speed, &c._ Footnote 134: _Strype’s Annals_ vol. iii. p. 533. Don _Pedro de Valdez_, who was Sir _Francis Drake_’s Prisoner, remained three or four Years in _England_, and paid three thousand five hundred Pounds for his Ransom, _Ibid._ p. 532. Footnote 135: _Strada, Grotius._ Footnote 136: _Camden._ Footnote 137: See Letter to _Mendoza_, p. 17. Footnote 138: Of a War with _Spain_. See his Works, Fol. vol. iii. p. 523, _&c._ Footnote 139: Letter to _Mendoza_, p. 17. Footnote 140: _Strype’s Ann._ vol. iii. p. 525. _Stow’s Ann._ Footnote 141: Letter to _B. Mendoza_, p. 37. Footnote 142: _Camden._ Footnote 143: _Academia Artis Pictoriæ Norwergæ_, p. 274. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was corrected. ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Spanish Armada, 1588, by John Pine *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPANISH ARMADA, 1588 *** ***** This file should be named 56927-0.txt or 56927-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/5/6/9/2/56927/ Produced by deaurider, Barry Abrahamsen, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.