The Project Gutenberg EBook of Gong Sun Long Zi (Thought of Gong Sun Long
Zi), by Gong Sun Long

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net


Title: Gong Sun Long Zi (Thought of Gong Sun Long Zi)

Author: Gong Sun Long

Posting Date: May 8, 2009 [EBook #7216]
Release Date: January, 2005
First Posted: March 27, 2003

Language: Chinese

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GONG SUN LONG ZI ***




Produced by Wan Ting Gong








Gong Sun Long Zi (Thought Of Gong Sun Long Zi)

by Gong Sun Long



The original Chinese:

公孫龍子


公孫龍



〔跡府〕

公孫龍，六國時辯士也。疾名實之散亂，因資材之所長，為「守白」之論
。假物取譬，以「守白」辯，謂白馬為非馬也。白馬為非馬者：言白，所
以名色；言馬，所以名形也。色非形，形非色也。夫言色，則形不當與；
言形，則色不宜從。今合以為物，非也。如求白馬於廄中，無有，而有驪
色之馬；然不可以應有白馬也。不可以應有白馬，則所求之馬亡矣，亡則
白馬竟穿曰：「素聞先生高誼，願為弟子久；但不取先生以白馬為非馬耳
。請去此術，則穿請為弟子」。龍曰：「先生之言悖！龍之所以為名者，
乃以白馬之論爾。今使龍去之，則無以教焉。且欲師之者，以智與學不如
也。今使龍去之，此先教而後師之也。先教而後師之者，悖。且白馬非馬
，乃仲尼之所取。龍聞楚王張繁弱之弓，載忘歸之矣，以射蛟兕於雲夢之
圃。而喪其弓，左右請求之，王曰：『止！楚王遺弓，楚人得之，又何求
焉？』仲尼聞之曰：『楚王仁義而未遂也。亦曰丑　公孫龍，趙平原君之
客也。孔穿，孔子之葉也。穿與龍會，穿謂龍曰：「臣居魯，側聞下風，
高先生之智，說先生之行，願受業之日久矣，乃今得見。然所不取先生者
，獨不取先生之以白馬為非馬耳。請去白馬非馬之學，穿請為弟子。」公
孫龍曰：「先生之言，悖！龍之學，以白馬為非馬著也。使龍去之，則龍
無以教。無以教，而乃學於龍也者，悖。且夫欲學於龍者，以智與學焉為
不逮也。今教龍去白馬非馬，是先教而後師之也。先教而後師之，不可。
先生之所以教龍者，似齊王之謂尹文也。齊王之謂尹文曰：『寡人甚好士
，以齊國無士何也？』尹文曰：『願聞大王之所謂士者』齊王無以應。尹
文曰：『今有人於此，事君則忠，事親則孝，交友則信，處鄉則順。有此
四行，可謂士乎？』齊王曰：『善！此真吾所謂士也。』尹文曰：『王得
此人，肯以為臣乎？』王曰：『所願而不可得也。』是時，齊王好勇，於
是尹文曰：『使此人廣庭大眾之中，見侵侮而終不敢鬥，王將以為臣乎？
』王曰：『鉅士也，見侮而不鬥，辱也。辱，則寡人不以為臣矣。』尹文
曰：『唯見辱而不鬥，未失其四行也。是人未失其四行，其所以為士也。
然而王一以為臣，一不以為臣，則向之所謂士者，乃非士乎？』齊王無以
應。尹文曰：『今有人君，將理其國，人有非，則非之。無非，則亦非之
。有功，則賞之。無功，則亦賞之。而怨人之不理也，可乎？』齊王曰：
『不可。』尹文曰：『臣竊觀下吏之理齊，其方若此矣。』王曰：『寡人
理國，信若先生之言，人雖不理，寡人不敢怨也。意未至然與？』尹文曰
：『言之，敢無說乎？王之令曰：殺人者死，傷人者刑。人有畏王之令者
，見侮而終不敢鬥，是全王之令也。而王曰：見侮而不敢鬥者，辱也。謂
之辱，非之也。無非，而王辱之，故因除籍不以為臣也。不以為臣者，罰
之也。此無罪而王罰之也。且王辱不敢鬥者，必榮敢鬥者也。榮敢鬥者是
而王是之，必以為臣矣。必以為臣者，賞之也。彼無功而王賞之。王之所
賞，吏之所誅也。上之所是，而法之所非也。賞罰是非，相與四謬，雖十
黃帝，不能理也。』齊王無以應焉。故龍以子之言有似齊王。子知難白馬
之非馬，不知所以難之說。以此猶知好士之名，而不知察士之類。」



〔白馬論〕

「白馬非馬，可乎？」曰：「可。」曰：「何哉？」曰：「馬者，所以命
形也。白者，所以命色也。命色者，非命形也，故曰白馬非馬。」

曰：「有白馬，不可謂無馬也。不可謂無馬者，非馬也？有白馬為有馬，
白之非馬，何也？」

曰：「求馬，黃、黑馬皆可致。求白馬，黃、黑馬不可致。使白馬乃馬也
，是所求一也，所求一者，白者不異馬也。所求不異，如黃、黑馬有可有
不可，何也？可與不可其相非明。故黃、黑馬一也，而可以應有馬，而不
可以應有白馬，是白馬之非馬審矣。」

曰：「以馬之有色為非馬，天下非有無色之馬也。天下無馬，可乎？」

曰：「馬固有色，故有白馬。使馬無色，有馬如已耳，安取白馬？故白者
非馬也。白馬者，馬與白也；馬與白馬也，故曰：白馬非馬也。」

曰：「馬未與白為馬，白未與馬為白。合馬與白，復名白馬，是相與以不
相與為名，未可。故曰：白馬非馬，未可。」

曰：「以有白馬為有馬，謂有白馬為有黃馬，可乎？」曰：「未可。」曰
：「以有馬為異有黃馬，是異黃馬於馬也。異黃馬於馬，是以黃馬為非馬
。以黃馬為非馬，而以白馬為有馬；此飛者入池，而棺槨異處；此天下之
悖言亂辭也。」

曰：「有白馬，不可謂無馬者，離白之謂也。是離者有白馬不可謂有馬也
。故所以為有馬者，獨以馬為有馬耳，非有白馬為有馬。故其為有馬也，
不可以謂馬馬也。」

曰：「白者不定所白，忘之而可也。白馬者，言定所白也。定所白者，非
白也。馬者無去取於色，故黃、黑皆所以應。白馬者，有去取於色，黃、
黑馬皆所以色去，故唯白馬獨可以應耳。無去者非有去也。故曰：白馬非
馬。」



〔指物論〕

物莫非指，而指非指。天下無指，物無可以謂物。非指者，天下而物，可
謂指乎？

指也者，天下之所無也。物也者，天下之所有也。以天下之所有，為天下
之所無，未可。

天下無指，而物不可謂指也。不可謂指者。非指也。

非指者，物莫非指也。

天下無指，而物不可謂指者，非有非指也。非有非指者，物莫非指也。物
莫非指者，而指非指也。天下無指者，生於物之各有名，不為指也。不為
指而謂之指，是兼不為指。以有不為指之無不為指，未可。且指者，天下
之所兼。

天下無指者，物不可謂無指也。不可謂無指者，非有非指也。非有非指者
，物莫非指，指非非指也。指與物，非指也。使天下無物指，誰徑謂非指
？天下無物，誰徑謂指？天下有指，無物指，誰徑謂非指？徑謂無物非指
？且夫指固自為非指，奚待於物，而乃與為指？



〔通變論〕

曰：「二有一乎？」曰：「二無一。」
曰：「二有右乎？」
曰：「二無右。」
曰：「二有左乎？」
曰：「二無左。」
曰：「右可謂二乎？」
曰：「不可。」
曰：「左可謂二乎」
曰：「不可。」
曰：「左與右可謂二乎？」
曰：「可。」
曰：「謂變非不變，可乎？」
曰：「可。」
曰：「右有與，可謂變乎？」
曰：「可。」
曰：「變隻？」
曰：「右」
曰：「右苟變，安可謂右？苟不變，安可謂變？」
曰：「二苟無左又無右，二者左與右奈何？羊合牛非馬，牛合羊非雞。」
曰：「何哉？」
曰：「羊與牛唯異，羊有齒，牛無齒。而羊牛之非羊也，之非牛也，未可
。是不俱有，而或類焉。」

「羊有角、牛有角。牛之而羊也；羊之而牛也，未可。是俱有，而類之不
同也。」

「羊牛有角，馬無角；馬有尾，羊牛無尾。故曰：羊合牛非馬也。非馬者
，無馬也。無馬者，羊不二，牛不二，而羊牛二。是而羊，而牛，非馬，
可也。」

「若舉而以是；猶類之不同。若左右猶是舉。」

「牛羊有毛，雞有羽。謂雞足，一。數雞足，二。二而一，故三。謂牛羊
足，一。數足，四。四而一，故五。牛、羊足五，雞足三。故曰：牛合羊
非雞。非有以非雞也。

「與馬以雞，寧馬。材，不材，其無以類審矣。舉是亂名，是謂狂舉。」

曰：「他辯。」
曰：「青以白非黃，白以青非碧。」
曰：「何哉？」
曰：「青白不相與而相與，反而對也。不相鄰而相鄰，不害其方也。不害
其方者，反而對。各當其所，左右不驪。」

「故一於青不可，一於白不可。惡乎其有黃矣哉？黃其正矣，是正舉也。
其有君臣之於國焉，故強壽矣。」

「而且青驪乎白，而白不勝也。白足之勝矣，而不勝，是木賊金也。木賊
金者碧，碧則非正舉矣。」

「青白不相與而相與，不相勝，則兩明也。爭而明，其色碧也。」

「與其碧，寧黃。黃，其馬也。其與類乎，碧其雞也，其與暴乎。」

「暴則君臣爭而兩明也。兩明者，昏不明，非正舉也。」

「非正舉者，名實無當，驪色章焉，故曰：兩明也。兩明而道喪，其無有
以正焉。」



　〔堅白論〕

「堅、白、石、三，可乎？」
曰：「不可。」
曰：「二可乎？」
曰：「可。」
曰：「何哉？」
曰：「無堅得白，其舉也二；無白得堅，其舉也二。」
曰：「得其所白，不可謂無白。得其所堅，不可謂無堅。而之石也，之於
然，非三也？」

曰：「視不得其所堅，而得其所白者，無堅也。拊不得其所白，而得其所
堅。得其堅也，無白。」

曰：「天下無白，不可以視石。天下無堅，不可以謂石。堅白石不相外，
藏三，可乎？」

曰：「有自藏也，非藏而藏也。」
曰：「其白也，其堅也，而石必得以相盛盈，其自藏奈何？」
曰：「得其白，得其堅，見與不見離。不見離，一一不相盈，故離。離也
者，藏也。」

曰：「石之白，石之堅，見與不見，二與三，若廣修而相盈也，其非舉乎
。」

曰：「物白焉，不定其所白。物堅焉，不定其所堅。不定者兼，惡乎其石
也？」

曰：「循石，非彼無石，非石無所取乎白。（堅、白）石不相離者固乎。
然其無已。」

曰：「於石一也，堅白二也，而在於石。故有知焉；有不知焉，有見焉，
有不見焉。故知與不知相與離，見與不見相與藏。藏故，孰謂之不離？」

曰：「目不能堅，手不能白。不可謂無堅，不可謂無白。其異任也，其無
以代也。堅白域於石，惡乎離？」

曰：「堅未與石為堅，而物兼。未與物為兼，而堅必堅─其不堅石、物而
堅。天下未有若堅而堅藏。」

「白固不能自白，惡能白石物乎？若白者必白，則不白物而白焉，黃黑與
之然。」

「石其無有，惡取堅白石乎？故離也。離也者，因是。」

「力與知，果不若因是。且猶白以目見，目以火見，而火不見。則火與目
不見而神見。神不見，而見離。」

「堅以手，而手以捶，是捶與手知而不知。而神與不知。神乎，是之謂離
焉。」

「離也者天下，故獨而正。」



〔名實論〕

天地與其所產焉，物也。物以物其所物而不過焉，實也。
實以實其所實而不曠焉，位也。
出其所位，非位。位其所位，正也。
以其所正，正其所不正，疑其所正。
其正者，正其所實也。正其所實者，正其名也。
其名正，則唯乎其彼此焉。
謂彼而彼不唯乎彼，則彼謂不行；謂此而此不唯乎此，則此謂不行。
其以當，不當也；不當而當，亂也。
故彼彼當乎彼，則唯乎彼，其謂行彼；此此當乎此，則唯乎此，其謂行此
。

其以當而當，以當而當，正也。
故彼彼止於彼，此此止於此，可；彼此而彼且此，此彼而此且彼，不可。
夫名，實謂也。知此之非此也，知此之不在此也，則不謂也。知彼之非彼
也，知彼之不在彼也，則不謂也。
至矣哉！古之明王。審其名實，甚其所謂。至矣哉！古之明王。









End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Gong Sun Long Zi (Thought of Gong Sun
Long Zi), by Gong Sun Long

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GONG SUN LONG ZI ***

***** This file should be named 7216-0.txt or 7216-0.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/7/2/1/7216/

Produced by Wan Ting Gong

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.net/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     http://www.gutenberg.net

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.